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| {{Short description|Hindu temple of the god Murugan in Thiruparankundram, India}}
| | #REDIRECT [[Subramaniya Swamy Temple, Thiruparankundram]] |
| {{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
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| {{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}
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| {{Infobox Hindu temple
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| | name = Arulmigu Subramaniya Swamy Temple
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| | native_name = '''அருள்மிகு சுப்பிரமணிய சுவாமி திருக்கோயில்'''
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| | image = Thiruparamkundram (1).jpg
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| | alt = Temple's Main Entrance
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| | caption = View of the entrance
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| | district = [[Madurai district|Madurai]]
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| | deity = [[Kartikeya|Subramaniya Swamy]]
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| | festivals = [[Vaisakha|Vaikasi Visagam]], Avani Festival, [[Sura Samhaaram|Skanda Sasti Festival]] and Masi Festival
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| | temple_board = [[Hindu Religious and Charitable Endowments Department|Tamil Nadu Hindu Religious and Charitable Endowments Department]]
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| | location = [[Thiruparankundram]]
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| | state = [[Tamil Nadu]]
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| | country = [[India]]
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| | map_type = India Tamil Nadu
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| | map_caption = Location in Tamil Nadu
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| | coordinates = {{coord|9.8798|78.0711|type:landmark_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
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| | architecture = [[Tamil architecture]]
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| | inscriptions =
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| | creator = [[Pandyas]]
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| | website = {{URL|http://www.thiruparankundrammurugantemple.tnhrce.in/}}
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| | established = 6th century
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| }}
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| '''Arulmigu Subramaniya Swamy Temple, Thiruparankundram''' is a [[Hindu]] temple and one of the [[Six Abodes of Murugan]], located at [[Thiruparankundram]]. The temple is built in rock-cut architecture and believed to have been built by the [[Pandyas]] during the 6th century. According to the legend it is where [[Kartikeya|Murugan]] slayed the demon [[Surapadman]] and married [[Deivayanai]], the divine daughter of the king of heaven, [[Indra]], and he is said to have worshipped [[Shiva]] here as Parangirinathar.
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| The temple is located {{convert|8|km|mi}} from [[Madurai]] in [[India]]. In the main shrine, apart from Muruga, deities of [[Shiva]], [[Vishnu]], [[Vinayaka]] and [[Durga]] are housed. The temple follows [[Shaivite]] tradition of worship. Six daily rituals and three yearly festivals are held at the temple, of which the Kantha Sashti festival during the [[Tamil calendar|Tamil month]] of ''Aippasi'' (October - November) being the most prominent. The temple is maintained and administered by the Hindu Religious and Endowment Board of the [[Government of Tamil Nadu]].
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| == Location ==
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| The temple is situated close to [[Madurai]], and is well connected to it with both public buses and private taxis. The Thirupparankundram railway station (Code: TDN) services the [[Thiruparankundram]] town and connects it to [[Madurai]], [[Coimbatore]], [[Mysore]], etc.The nearest airport is [[Madurai Airport]], at a distance of 11 kilometers.
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| ==Legend==
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| [[File:Thiruparamkundram (14).jpg |250px|left|thumb|Sculpture showing the divine marriage]]
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| Thiruparamkundram finds mention in ''[[Kanda Puranam]]'' detailing the slaying of [[Surapadman]] by Muruga. As per Hindu legend, Surapadma, a demon king, once obtained boons from Shiva on account of severe penance. He started ruling the 1008 worlds on account of the power attained. He married Padumakomalai and had several sons. Viramkendiram became his capital, a city created in the seas and he started troubling the [[Deva (Hinduism)|Deva]]s. He imprisoned [[Indra]] (the king of celestial deities) and also desired his wife Indrani. Indra sought the help of Muruga. Muruga sent his messenger Viravakutevar to the demon, but he was unmoved. A severe battle was fought in Thiruparamkundram where Muruga killed all the sons of the demon except Iraniyan. Surapadman hid under the sea and Muruga split him into two pieces, which went on the become the divine vehicles, peacock and rooster.<ref>{{cite book|title=Hinduism: An Alphabetical Guide|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DH0vmD8ghdMC&q=surapadman&pg=PA399|page=399|last=Dalal|first=Roshen|publisher=Penguin Books India|year=2010|isbn=9780143414216}}</ref> The day when Muruga slayed Surapadma is celebrated as Skanda Sashti festival in all the Murugan temples.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Skanda-Ṣaṣṭi: A Festival in Tamil India|jstor=1061761|journal=History of Religions|publisher=The University of Chicago Press|volume=8|issue=3|year=1969|page=241|last1=Clothey|first1=Fred|doi=10.1086/462586|s2cid=162341469}}</ref>
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| Indra, the king of Devas was impressed and he married [[Deivayanai]], his divine daughter to Muruga at Thiruparamkundram. Muruga is believed to have worshipped [[Shiva]] here as Parangirinathar. ''Kanthar Anoobothi'', a treatise of the divine marriage records that Muruga asked all the divine angels and gods who attended the marriage to fly back to heaven in their own vehicles in ''Mano veham'' (speed of thought).<ref>{{cite book|title=Transition, Infinity, and Ecstasy|first=Suresh|last=Hariramsai|pages=82–3|publisher=Partridge Publishing|year=2016|isbn=9781482869446|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uYRuCwAAQBAJ&q=thiruparankundram}}</ref>
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| ==History==
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| [[File:Thiruparamkundram (22).jpg |250px|thumb|Image of Lakshmi Theertham, the [[Pushkarni|temple tank]]]]
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| Inscriptional evidences point out that this temple, being carved out of a hill, was most probably earlier a Jain cave. There is another theory that earlier to this, the Murugan temple existed much before the 6th century and converted into Jain worship centre by Jain monks under the aegis of Pandya king Koon pandiyan. The temple was later converted into a Hindu temple under the tutelage of Gajapathy, the minister of a later Pandya King, during the later part of the 8th century. The temple has several additions during the regime of [[Madurai Nayak]]s who commissioned the pillared halls in the temple.<ref name=Meena/> In modern times, the temple is maintained and administered by the Hindu Religious and Endowment Board of the [[Government of Tamil Nadu]].<ref name=official>{{cite web|title=Arulmighu Subramania Swamy Temple|url=http://www.thiruparankundrammurugantemple.tnhrce.in/|access-date=29 January 2017|publisher=Hindu Religious Endowment Board, Government of Tamil Nadu}}</ref>
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| ==Architecture<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Rajarajan|first=R.K.K.|year=1991|title=Further Light on Tirupparaṅkuṉṟam Caves|url=https://www.academia.edu/4172694|journal=Annali del Istituto Orientale, Naples|volume=51|issue=4|pages=395–408}}</ref>==
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| |image1=Thiruparamkundram (29).jpg
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| |caption1=[[Gajasurasamhara]], form of [[Shiva]]
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| |image2=Thiruparamkundram (25).jpg
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| |caption2=[[Vishnu]] as Ulagalantha Perumal
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| The temple is built rock-cut architecture dating back to the Pandya period of 6th century and the life sized sculptures in the ''mandapa''s of the [[Nayakar|Nayaka]] period during the 16th century.<ref>Rajarajan, R.K.K. (2006) ''Art of the Vijayanagara-Nāyakas: Architecture and Iconography.'' 2 Vols., Sharada Publishing House, New Delhi. Pages xxxii + 248 with 25 plans, 350 plates, {{ISBN|81-88934-30-5}}
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| </ref> An ''Aasthaana Mandapa'' with several artistically carved [[Column|pillar]]s lead one to the towering {{convert|150|ft|m}} high seven-tiered rajagopuram at the entrance.<ref name=Meena>{{cite book|title=Temples in South India|last=V.|first=Meena|publisher=Harikumar Arts|location=Kanniyakumari|pages=16–17}}</ref> The granite hill behind the temple is {{convert|1050|ft|m|abbr=on}} has a shrine of Kasi Viswanatha at the top. The image of Vinayaka in the temple in the temple is sported holding sugarcane and fruits.<ref>{{cite book|title=Pilgrimage to Temple Heritage, Volume 1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nAt8AgAAQBAJ&q=thiruparankundram&pg=PA551|page=551|editor-last=Mathew|editor-first=Biju|publisher=Info Kerala Communications Pvt Ltd|isbn=9788192128443|year=2013}}</ref>
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| The Kambathadi Mandapam, Ardha Mandapam, and Mahamandapam, the three halls leading to the sanctum, are situated at varying elevation. The main shrine is an early rock cut temple which has cells that house the sanctums of Subramanya, Durga, Vinayakar, Shiva and [[Vishnu]]. All the statues are carved on the wall of the parankundram rock. The presiding deity shiva is known Parangirinathar and the female deity his consort [[Parvathi]] is known as Aavudai Nayaki. Panels depicting Shiva's dance of bliss are seen outside the sanctum.<ref name=Meena/>
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| A notable feature of this [[temple]] is that the Shiva and Vishnu face each other in the main shrine, considered a rare thing in ancient Hindu temples. Outside the temple there is tank, where according to the temple tradition, the fishes are served with salt and rice flakes by the devotees. There is also a Vedic school adjacent to the banks of the temple pond. In front of the ''Dwajasthambam'', the flag staff, there is a carved [[Nandi (bull)|Nandi]], Mayil (peacock) and Mouse (the vehicle of Ganesha). There is a flight of six steps called the "Shadashara Padigal", before Ardha Mandapam. The rock carvings of Mahisshasura Mardini, Karpaga Vinayagar, Andarabaranar and Uggirar are seen in the hall. There are five divine water bodies, namely, Saravana Poigai, Lakshmi Theertham, Saniyasi Kinaru (well), Kasi Sunai, and Sathiya Koopam.<ref name=Meena/>
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| == Literary mention==
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| Saint [[Sambandar]], the famous Shaiva Saint of the 7th Century, has visited Thirupparamkunram and has sung ''[[Tevaram]]'' on Shiva. Gnana Sambanda has met the three Tamil chiefs, the [[Chera]], the [[Chola]] and the [[Pandya]] in this temple and has blessed all the three of them. [[Sundarar]] and [[Sambandar]] composed the Tevaram Pathigam here. [[Nakkirar I|Nakkirar]] sang many poems on Muruga. ''Tiruppugazh'', ''Kandapuranam'' and other works speak of the glory of this shrine.<ref name="dinamalar"/>
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| ==Festivals==
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| Skanda Shashti festival celebrated during the [[Tamil calendar|Tamil month]] of ''Aippasi'' (October - November) is the most prominent festival of the temple. Muruga killing Surapadma is enacted during the last of the six days and the festive image of Muruga is taken in different mounts around the streets of the temple during the festival. [[Brahmotsavam]] here falls in the [[Tamil people|Tamil]] month of [[Panguni]]. The Vishnu named Pavalakanivai Perumal, and Muruga are taken in procession to Madurai to celebrate [[Minakshi|Minakshi's]] wedding (Chittirai festival), with residents of Madurai dressed in festive clothing. Nakkirar's association with this temple is also celebrated as a festival. [[Karthigai Deepam]] festival is also celebrated during the Tamil month of ''Karthigai'' by lighting a lamp on top of the hill. Vaikasi Visakam, and the float festival in ''Thai''(Tamil month) are the other festivals celebrated in the temple. Since the image of Vishnu is in the temple, [[Vaikunta Ekadashi]] is also celebrated.<ref name="dinamalar">{{cite web|title=Sri Subramania Swamy temple|url=http://temple.dinamalar.com/en/new_en.php?id=1072|publisher=Dinamalar|access-date=31 May 2014|year=2014}}</ref>
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| ==References==
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| {{reflist}}
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| ==External links==
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| {{commonscat|Tirupparamkunram Murugan Temple}}
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| <!-- DISCUSS ADDING EXTERNAL LINKS IN THE TALK PAGE -->
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| * [http://sss.vn.ua/india/tamilnadu/madurai/thirupparankundram_en.htm Photo gallery of Thirupparamkunram Murugan Temple]
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| {{Murugan temples}}
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| [[Category:Hindu temples in Madurai district]]
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| [[Category:Hindu temples in Madurai]]
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| [[Category:Religious buildings and structures in Madurai]]
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| [[Category:Buildings and structures in Madurai]]
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| [[Category:Murugan temples in Tamil Nadu]]
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| [[Category:Kaumaram]]
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