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{{short description| | {{short description|Fitness club and anti-British underground revolutionary organization}} | ||
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{{Anushilan Samiti}} | {{Anushilan Samiti}} | ||
'''Anushilan Samiti''' ({{lang-bn|অনুশীলন সমিতি||bodybuilding society}}) was an Indian | '''Anushilan Samiti''' ({{lang-bn|অনুশীলন সমিতি||bodybuilding society}}) was an Indian fitness club, which was actually used as an underground society for anti-British revolutionaries.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-08-15 |title=Kolkata: Five spots linked to the freedom struggle you must know about |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/kolkata/kolkata-five-spots-linked-to-the-freedom-struggle-you-must-know-about-5906868/ |access-date=2022-03-15 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> In the first quarter of the 20th century it supported revolutionary violence as the means for ending [[British rule in India]]. The organisation arose [[History of the Anushilan Samiti|from a conglomeration]] of local youth groups and gyms (akhara) in [[Bengal]] in 1902. It had two prominent, somewhat independent, arms in [[East Bengal|East]] and [[West Bengal]], [[Dhaka Anushilan Samiti]] (centred in [[Dhaka]]), and the [[Jugantar]] group (centred in [[Kolkata|Calcutta]]). | ||
From its foundation to its dissolution during the 1930s, the Samiti challenged British rule in India by engaging in militant nationalism, including bombings, assassinations, and politically motivated violence. The Samiti collaborated with other [[Revolutionary movement for Indian independence|revolutionary organisations in India]] and abroad. It was led by the nationalists [[Aurobindo Ghosh]] and his brother [[Barindra Ghosh]], | From its foundation to its dissolution during the 1930s, the Samiti challenged British rule in India by engaging in militant nationalism, including bombings, assassinations, and politically motivated violence. The Samiti collaborated with other [[Revolutionary movement for Indian independence|revolutionary organisations in India]] and abroad. It was led by the nationalists [[Aurobindo Ghosh]] and his brother [[Barindra Ghosh]], influenced by philosophies like [[Carbonari|Italian Nationalism]], and the [[Pan-Asianism]] of [[Kakuzo Okakura]]. The Samiti was involved in a number of noted incidents of revolutionary attacks against British interests and administration in India, including [[Alipore bomb case|early attempts]] to assassinate [[British Raj]] officials. These were followed by the [[Delhi-Lahore Conspiracy|1912 attempt]] on the life of the Viceroy of India, and the [[Hindu-German Conspiracy|Seditious conspiracy]] during World War I, led by [[Rash Behari Bose]] and [[Jatindranath Mukherjee]] respectively. | ||
The organisation moved away from its philosophy of violence in the 1920s due to the influence of the [[Indian National Congress]] and the [[Indian independence movement|Gandhian non-violent movement]]. A section of the group, notably those associated with [[Sachindranath Sanyal]], remained active in the revolutionary movement, founding the [[Hindustan Republican Association]] in north India. A number of Congress leaders from Bengal, especially [[Subhash Chandra Bose]], were accused by the British Government of having links with the organisation during this time. | The organisation moved away from its philosophy of violence in the 1920s due to the influence of the [[Indian National Congress]] and the [[Indian independence movement|Gandhian non-violent movement]]. A section of the group, notably those associated with [[Sachindranath Sanyal]], remained active in the revolutionary movement, founding the [[Hindustan Republican Association]] in north India. A number of Congress leaders from Bengal, especially [[Subhash Chandra Bose]], were accused by the British Government of having links with the organisation during this time. | ||
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===Origins=== | ===Origins=== | ||
By 1902, Kolkata (formerly Calcutta) had three secret societies working toward the violent overthrow of British rule in India: one founded by Calcutta student Satish Chandra Basu with the patronage of Calcutta barrister [[Pramatha Mitra]], another led by [[Sarala Devi]], and the third founded by [[Aurobindo Ghose]]. Ghose and his brother [[Barin Ghosh|Barin]] were among the strongest proponents of militant Indian nationalism at the time.<ref name=Sen244>{{Harvnb|Sen|2010|p=244}} The militant nationalists thought of more direct and violent ways of ending British rule in India ... The chief apostle of militant nationalism in Bengal was Aurobindo Ghose. In 1902, there were three secret societies in Calcutta - Anushilan Samiti, founded by Pramatha Mitra, a barrister of the High Court of Calcutta; a society sponsored by Aurobindo Ghose and a society started by Sarala Devi ... the government found it difficult to suppress revolutionary activities in Bengal owing to ... leaders like Jatindranath Mukherjee, Rashbehari Bose and Jadugopal Mukherjee.</ref><ref name=Banglapedia>{{cite book |last=Mohanta |first=Sambaru Chandra |year=2012 |chapter=Mitra, Pramathanath |chapter-url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Mitra,_Pramathanath |editor1-last=Islam |editor1-first=Sirajul |editor1-link=Sirajul Islam |editor2-last=Jamal |editor2-first=Ahmed A. |title=Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh |edition=Second |publisher=[[Asiatic Society of Bangladesh]]}}</ref> Nationalist writings and publications by Aurobindo and Barin, including ''[[Bande Mataram (publication)|Bande Mataram]]'' and ''[[Jugantar Patrika]](Yugantar)'', had a widespread influence on Bengal youth and helped Anushilan Samiti to gain popularity in Bengal. The [[1905 partition of Bengal]] stimulated radical nationalist sentiments in Bengal's [[Bhadralok]] community, helping the Samiti to acquire the support of educated, politically conscious and disaffected members of local youth societies. The Samiti's program emphasized physical training, training its recruits with daggers and lathis (bamboo staffs used as weapons). The [[Dhaka]] branch was led by [[Pulin Behari Das]], and branches spread throughout East Bengal and Assam.<ref name=Popplewell104>{{Harvnb|Popplewell|1995|p=104}}</ref> More than 500 branches were opened in [[eastern Bengal and Assam]], linked by "close and detailed organization" to Pulin's headquarters at Dhaka. This branch soon overshadowed its parent organisation in Calcutta. Branches of Dhaka Anushilan Samiti emerged in [[Jessore (city)|Jessore]], [[Khulna]], [[Faridpur District|Faridpur]], [[Rajnagar Upazila|Rajnagar]], Rajendrapur, Mohanpur, Barvali and Bakarganj, with an estimated membership of 15,000 to 20,000. Within two years, Dhaka Anushilan changed its aims from those of the [[Swadeshi movement]] to that of political terrorism.<ref name=Heehs6>{{Harvnb|Heehs|1992|p=6 | By 1902, Kolkata (formerly Calcutta) had three secret societies working toward the violent overthrow of British rule in India: one founded by Calcutta student Satish Chandra Basu with the patronage of Calcutta barrister [[Pramatha Mitra]], another led by [[Sarala Devi]], and the third founded by [[Aurobindo Ghose]]. Ghose and his brother [[Barin Ghosh|Barin]] were among the strongest proponents of militant Indian nationalism at the time.<ref name=Sen244>{{Harvnb|Sen|2010|p=244}} The militant nationalists thought of more direct and violent ways of ending British rule in India ... The chief apostle of militant nationalism in Bengal was Aurobindo Ghose. In 1902, there were three secret societies in Calcutta - Anushilan Samiti, founded by Pramatha Mitra, a barrister of the High Court of Calcutta; a society sponsored by Aurobindo Ghose and a society started by Sarala Devi ... the government found it difficult to suppress revolutionary activities in Bengal owing to ... leaders like Jatindranath Mukherjee, Rashbehari Bose and Jadugopal Mukherjee.</ref><ref name=Banglapedia>{{cite book |last=Mohanta |first=Sambaru Chandra |year=2012 |chapter=Mitra, Pramathanath |chapter-url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Mitra,_Pramathanath |editor1-last=Islam |editor1-first=Sirajul |editor1-link=Sirajul Islam |editor2-last=Jamal |editor2-first=Ahmed A. |title=Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh |edition=Second |publisher=[[Asiatic Society of Bangladesh]]}}</ref> Nationalist writings and publications by Aurobindo and Barin, including ''[[Bande Mataram (publication)|Bande Mataram]]'' and ''[[Jugantar Patrika]](Yugantar)'', had a widespread influence on Bengal youth and helped Anushilan Samiti to gain popularity in Bengal. The [[1905 partition of Bengal]] stimulated radical nationalist sentiments in Bengal's [[Bhadralok]] community, helping the Samiti to acquire the support of educated, politically conscious and disaffected members of local youth societies. The Samiti's program emphasized physical training, training its recruits with daggers and lathis (bamboo staffs used as weapons). The [[Dhaka]] branch was led by [[Pulin Behari Das]], and branches spread throughout East Bengal and Assam.<ref name=Popplewell104>{{Harvnb|Popplewell|1995|p=104}}</ref> More than 500 branches were opened in [[eastern Bengal and Assam]], linked by "close and detailed organization" to Pulin's headquarters at Dhaka. This branch soon overshadowed its parent organisation in Calcutta. Branches of Dhaka Anushilan Samiti emerged in [[Jessore (city)|Jessore]], [[Khulna]], [[Faridpur District|Faridpur]], [[Rajnagar Upazila|Rajnagar]], Rajendrapur, Mohanpur, Barvali and Bakarganj, with an estimated membership of 15,000 to 20,000. Within two years, Dhaka Anushilan changed its aims from those of the [[Swadeshi movement]] to that of political terrorism.<ref name=Heehs6>{{Harvnb|Heehs|1992|p=6}}</ref> | ||
The organisation's political views were expressed in the journal ''Jugantar'', founded in March 1906 by [[Abhinash Bhattacharya]], Barindra, [[Bhupendranath Dutt]] and [[Debabrata Basu]].<ref name=Sanyalp30>{{harvnb|Sanyal|2014|p=30}}</ref> It soon became an organ for the radical views of Aurobindo and other Anushilan leaders, and led to the Calcutta Samiti group being dubbed the "Jugantar party".{{citation needed|date=October 2018}} Early leaders were [[Rash Behari Bose]], [[Bhavabhushan Mitra]], [[Jatindranath Mukherjee]] and [[Jadugopal Mukherjee]].<ref name="Sen244" /> Aurobindo published similar messages of violent nationalism in journals such as ''Sandhya'', ''[[Navashakti]]'' and ''[[Bande Mataram]]''. | The organisation's political views were expressed in the journal ''Jugantar'', founded in March 1906 by [[Abhinash Bhattacharya]], Barindra, [[Bhupendranath Dutt]] and [[Debabrata Basu]].<ref name=Sanyalp30>{{harvnb|Sanyal|2014|p=30}}</ref> It soon became an organ for the radical views of Aurobindo and other Anushilan leaders, and led to the Calcutta Samiti group being dubbed the "Jugantar party".{{citation needed|date=October 2018}} Early leaders were [[Rash Behari Bose]], [[Bhavabhushan Mitra]], [[Jatindranath Mukherjee]] and [[Jadugopal Mukherjee]].<ref name="Sen244" /> Aurobindo published similar messages of violent nationalism in journals such as ''Sandhya'', ''[[Navashakti]]'' and ''[[Bande Mataram]]''. | ||
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Anushilan Samiti established early links with foreign movements and Indian nationalists abroad. In 1907, Barin Ghosh sent [[Hem Chandra Kanungo]] (Hem Chandra Das) to [[Paris]] to learn bomb-making from Nicholas Safranski, a Russian revolutionary in exile.<ref name="Popplewell104"/> In 1908, young recruits [[Khudiram Bose]] and [[Prafulla Chaki]] were sent on a mission to [[Muzaffarpur]] to assassinate chief presidency magistrate D. H. Kingsford.{{citation needed|date=October 2018}} They bombed a carriage they mistook for Kingsford's,<ref name="Roy5" /> killing two Englishwomen. Bose was arrested while attempting to flee and Chaki committed suicide. Police investigation of the killers connected them with Barin's country house in [[Manicktala]] (a suburb of Calcutta) and led to a number of arrests, including Aurobindo and Barin.<ref name="Roy5" /> The ensuing trial, held under tight security, led to a death sentence for Barin (later commuted to life imprisonment). The case against Aurobindo Ghosh collapsed after Naren Gosain, who had turned crown witness, was shot in [[Alipore jail]] by [[Satyendranath Basu]] and [[Kanailal Dutta]], who were also being tried.{{citation needed|date=October 2018}} Aurobindo retired from active politics after being acquitted.<ref name="Roy6" /> This was followed by a 1909 Dhaka conspiracy case, which brought 44 members of the Dhaka Anushilan Samiti to trial.<ref name="Popplewell111">{{Harvnb|Popplewell|1995|p=111}}</ref><ref name="Roy105">{{Harvnb|Roy|2006|p=105}}</ref> Nandalal Bannerjee (the officer who arrested Khudiram) was shot and killed in 1908, followed by the assassinations of the prosecutor and informant for the Alipore case in 1909. | Anushilan Samiti established early links with foreign movements and Indian nationalists abroad. In 1907, Barin Ghosh sent [[Hem Chandra Kanungo]] (Hem Chandra Das) to [[Paris]] to learn bomb-making from Nicholas Safranski, a Russian revolutionary in exile.<ref name="Popplewell104"/> In 1908, young recruits [[Khudiram Bose]] and [[Prafulla Chaki]] were sent on a mission to [[Muzaffarpur]] to assassinate chief presidency magistrate D. H. Kingsford.{{citation needed|date=October 2018}} They bombed a carriage they mistook for Kingsford's,<ref name="Roy5" /> killing two Englishwomen. Bose was arrested while attempting to flee and Chaki committed suicide. Police investigation of the killers connected them with Barin's country house in [[Manicktala]] (a suburb of Calcutta) and led to a number of arrests, including Aurobindo and Barin.<ref name="Roy5" /> The ensuing trial, held under tight security, led to a death sentence for Barin (later commuted to life imprisonment). The case against Aurobindo Ghosh collapsed after Naren Gosain, who had turned crown witness, was shot in [[Alipore jail]] by [[Satyendranath Basu]] and [[Kanailal Dutta]], who were also being tried.{{citation needed|date=October 2018}} Aurobindo retired from active politics after being acquitted.<ref name="Roy6" /> This was followed by a 1909 Dhaka conspiracy case, which brought 44 members of the Dhaka Anushilan Samiti to trial.<ref name="Popplewell111">{{Harvnb|Popplewell|1995|p=111}}</ref><ref name="Roy105">{{Harvnb|Roy|2006|p=105}}</ref> Nandalal Bannerjee (the officer who arrested Khudiram) was shot and killed in 1908, followed by the assassinations of the prosecutor and informant for the Alipore case in 1909. | ||
After Aurobindo's retirement, the western Anushilan Samiti found a more prominent leader in [[Bagha Jatin]] and emerged as the [[Jugantar]]. Jatin revitalised links between the central organisation in Calcutta and its branches in [[Bengal]], [[Bihar]], [[Orissa, India|Orissa]] and [[Uttar Pradesh]], establishing hideouts in the [[Sunderbans]] for members who had gone underground. | After Aurobindo's retirement, the western Anushilan Samiti found a more prominent leader in [[Bagha Jatin]] and emerged as the [[Jugantar]]. Jatin revitalised links between the central organisation in Calcutta and its branches in [[Bengal]], [[Bihar]], [[Orissa, India|Orissa]] and [[Uttar Pradesh]], establishing hideouts in the [[Sunderbans]] for members who had gone underground.{{citation needed|date=April 2022}} The group slowly reorganised, aided by [[Amarendra Chatterjee]], [[M. N. Roy|Naren Bhattacharya]] and other younger leaders. Some of its younger members, including [[Taraknath Das]], left India.{{citation needed|date=October 2018}} Over the next two years, the organisation operated under the cover of two apparently-separate groups: Sramajeebi Samabaya (the Labourer's Cooperative) and S.D. Harry and Sons.<ref name="Roy6">{{Harvnb|Roy|1997|p=6}} Aurobihdo's retirement from active politics after his acquittal ... Two centres were established, one was the Sramajibi Samabaya ... and the other in the name of S.D. Harry and Sons.</ref> Around this time Jatin attempted to establish contacts with the [[10th Jat Regiment]], garrisoned at [[Fort William (India)|Fort William]] in Calcutta, and Narendra Nath committed a number of robberies to raise money.{{citation needed|date=October 2018}} Shamsul Alam, a Bengal police officer preparing a conspiracy case against the group, was assassinated by Jatin associate Biren Dutta Gupta. His assassination led to the arrests which precipitated the [[Howrah-Sibpur Conspiracy case]].<ref>{{Harvnb|Roy|1997|pp=6–7}} Shamsul Alam, an Intelligence officer who was then preparing to arrest all the revolutionaries ... was murdered by Biren Datta Gupta, one of Jatin Mukherjee's associates. This led to the arrests in the Howrah Conspiracy case.</ref> | ||
In 1911, Dhaka Anushilan members shot dead Sub-inspector Raj Kumar and Inspector Man Mohan Ghosh, two Bengali police officers investigating unrest linked to the group, in [[Mymensingh]] and [[Barisal]]. This was followed by the assassination of [[Crime Investigation Department (India)|CID]] head constable Shrish Chandra Dey in Calcutta. In February 1911, Jugantar bombed a car in Calcutta, mistaking an Englishman for police officer Godfrey Denham. [[Rash Behari Bose]] (described as "the most dangerous revolutionary in India")<ref name="Popplewell112">{{Harvnb|Popplewell|1995|p=112}}</ref> extended the group's reach into [[north India]], where he found work in the Indian Forest Institute in [[Dehra Dun]]. Bose forged links with radical nationalists in [[Punjab Province (British India)|Punjab]] and the [[United Provinces of British India|United Provinces]], including those later connected to [[Har Dayal]].<ref name="Popplewell167">{{Harvnb|Popplewell|1995|p=167}}</ref> During the 1912 transfer of the imperial capital to New Delhi, Viceroy [[Charles Hardinge]]'s [[howdah]] was bombed; his [[mahout]] was killed, and Lady Hardinge was injured.<ref name="Popplewell114">{{Harvnb|Popplewell|1995|p=114}}</ref> | In 1911, Dhaka Anushilan members shot dead Sub-inspector Raj Kumar and Inspector Man Mohan Ghosh, two Bengali police officers investigating unrest linked to the group, in [[Mymensingh]] and [[Barisal]]. This was followed by the assassination of [[Crime Investigation Department (India)|CID]] head constable Shrish Chandra Dey in Calcutta. In February 1911, Jugantar bombed a car in Calcutta, mistaking an Englishman for police officer Godfrey Denham. [[Rash Behari Bose]] (described as "the most dangerous revolutionary in India")<ref name="Popplewell112">{{Harvnb|Popplewell|1995|p=112}}</ref> extended the group's reach into [[north India]], where he found work in the Indian Forest Institute in [[Dehra Dun]]. Bose forged links with radical nationalists in [[Punjab Province (British India)|Punjab]] and the [[United Provinces of British India|United Provinces]], including those later connected to [[Har Dayal]].<ref name="Popplewell167">{{Harvnb|Popplewell|1995|p=167}}</ref> During the 1912 transfer of the imperial capital to New Delhi, Viceroy [[Charles Hardinge]]'s [[howdah]] was bombed; his [[mahout]] was killed, and Lady Hardinge was injured.<ref name="Popplewell114">{{Harvnb|Popplewell|1995|p=114}}</ref> | ||
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===Major influences=== | ===Major influences=== | ||
{{See also|Communist Party of India| | {{See also|Communist Party of India|Communist Consolidation}} | ||
A major section of the Anushilan movement had been attracted to Marxism during the 1920s and 1930s, many of them studying Marxist–Leninist literature whilst serving long jail sentences. A majority broke away from the Anushilan Samiti and joined the [[Communist Consolidation]], and later the [[Communist Party of India]] (CPI). Some of the Anushilan Marxists were hesitant to join the Communist Party, few joined the [[Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)|RSP]] however, since they distrusted the political lines formulated by the [[Communist International]].<ref name="Saha, Murari Mohan 2001. p. 20-21">Saha, Murari Mohan (ed.), ''Documents of the Revolutionary Socialist Party: Volume One 1938–1947''. Agartala: Lokayata Chetana Bikash Society, 2001. pp. 20–21</ref> They also did not embrace [[Trotskyism]], although they shared some Trotskyite critiques of the leadership of [[Joseph Stalin]]. | A major section of the Anushilan movement had been attracted to Marxism during the 1920s and 1930s, many of them studying Marxist–Leninist literature whilst serving long jail sentences. A majority broke away from the Anushilan Samiti and joined the [[Communist Consolidation]] the [[Marxism|Marxist]] group in [[Cellular Jail]], and they later the [[Communist Party of India]] (CPI). Some of the Anushilan Marxists were hesitant to join the Communist Party, few joined the [[Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)|RSP]] however, since they distrusted the political lines formulated by the [[Communist International]].<ref name="Saha, Murari Mohan 2001. p. 20-21">Saha, Murari Mohan (ed.), ''Documents of the Revolutionary Socialist Party: Volume One 1938–1947''. Agartala: Lokayata Chetana Bikash Society, 2001. pp. 20–21</ref> They also did not embrace [[Trotskyism]], although they shared some Trotskyite critiques of the leadership of [[Joseph Stalin]]. | ||
==Impact== | ==Impact== | ||
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==In popular culture== | ==In popular culture== | ||
The revolutionaries of the Samiti became household names in Bengal. Many of these educated and youthful men were widely admired and romanticised throughout India.<ref name="Chowdhry2000p138" /> ''[[Ekbar biday de Ma ghure ashi]]'' (Bid me farewell, mother), a 1908 | The revolutionaries of the Samiti became household names in Bengal. Many of these educated and youthful men were widely admired and romanticised throughout India.<ref name="Chowdhry2000p138" /> ''[[Ekbar biday de Ma ghure ashi]]'' (Bid me farewell, mother), a 1908 [[Lament (disambiguation)|lament]] written by Bengali folk poet Pitambar Das that mourns the execution of [[Khudiram Bose]],{{citation needed|date=October 2018}} was popular in Bengal decades after Bose's death.<ref name="Sarkar2014p107" /> The railway station where Bose was arrested is now named Khudiram Bose Pusa Railway Station in his honour. | ||
The 1926 nationalist novel ''Pather Dabi'' (Right of the way) by Bengali author [[Sarat Chandra Chattopadhyay]] tells the story of a secret revolutionary nationalist organisation fighting the Raj. The protagonist of the novel, Sabyasachi, is believed to have been modelled after [[Rash Behari Bose]], while the revolutionary organisation is thought to have been influenced by the Bengali Samiti. The novel was banned by The Raj as "seditious", but acquired wild popularity. It formed the basis of a 1977 Bengali language film, ''Sabyasachi'', with [[Uttam Kumar]] playing the lead role of the protagonist. | The 1926 nationalist novel ''Pather Dabi'' (Right of the way) by Bengali author [[Sarat Chandra Chattopadhyay]] tells the story of a secret revolutionary nationalist organisation fighting the Raj. The protagonist of the novel, Sabyasachi, is believed to have been modelled after [[Rash Behari Bose]], while the revolutionary organisation is thought to have been influenced by the Bengali Samiti. The novel was banned by The Raj as "seditious", but acquired wild popularity. It formed the basis of a 1977 Bengali language film, ''Sabyasachi'', with [[Uttam Kumar]] playing the lead role of the protagonist. | ||
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}}. | }}. | ||
* {{Citation |last=Heehs |first=Peter |author-link=Peter Heehs |year=1993 |title=The Bomb in Bengal: The Rise of Revolutionary Terrorism in India, 1900–1910 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-563350-4}}. | * {{Citation |last=Heehs |first=Peter |author-link=Peter Heehs |year=1993 |title=The Bomb in Bengal: The Rise of Revolutionary Terrorism in India, 1900–1910 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-563350-4}}. | ||
* {{Citation |last=Heehs |first=Peter |author-link=Peter Heehs |date=July 1994 |title=Foreign Influences on Bengali Revolutionary Terrorism 1902-1908 |journal=Modern Asian Studies |volume=28 |issue=3 |pages=533–536 |issn=0026-749X |doi=10.1017/s0026749x00011859}}. | * {{Citation |last=Heehs |first=Peter |author-link=Peter Heehs |date=July 1994 |title=Foreign Influences on Bengali Revolutionary Terrorism 1902-1908 |journal=Modern Asian Studies |volume=28 |issue=3 |pages=533–536 |issn=0026-749X |doi=10.1017/s0026749x00011859|s2cid=144649406 }}. | ||
* {{Citation |last=Heehs |first=Peter |author-link=Peter Heehs |year=1992 |title=History of Bangladesh 1704-1971 (Vol I) |location=Dhaka |publisher=Asiatic Society of Bangladesh |isbn=978-9845123372}}. | * {{Citation |last=Heehs |first=Peter |author-link=Peter Heehs |year=1992 |title=History of Bangladesh 1704-1971 (Vol I) |location=Dhaka |publisher=Asiatic Society of Bangladesh |isbn=978-9845123372}}. | ||
* {{Citation |last=Heehs |first=Peter |author-link=Peter Heehs |year=2008 |title=The Lives of ''Sri Aurobindo'' |location=New York |publisher=Columbia University Press |isbn=978-0-231-14098-0}}. | * {{Citation |last=Heehs |first=Peter |author-link=Peter Heehs |year=2008 |title=The Lives of ''Sri Aurobindo'' |location=New York |publisher=Columbia University Press |isbn=978-0-231-14098-0}}. | ||
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|isbn=81-250-0299-5 | |isbn=81-250-0299-5 | ||
}}. | }}. | ||
* {{Citation |last=Roy |first=Shantimoy |year=2006 |chapter=India Freedom Struggle and Muslims |editor-last=Engineer |editor-first=Asghar Ali |editor-link=Asghar Ali Engineer |title=They Too Fought for India's Freedom: The Role of Minorities |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-XQCYl6T1vIC&pg=PA105 |series=Sources of History |volume=III |publisher=Hope India Publications |page=105 |isbn=9788178710914}}. | * {{Citation |last=Roy |first=Shantimoy |year=2006 |chapter=India Freedom Struggle and Muslims |editor-last=Engineer |editor-first=Asghar Ali |editor-link=Asghar Ali Engineer |title=They Too Fought for India's Freedom: The Role of Minorities |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-XQCYl6T1vIC&pg=PA105 |series=Sources of History |volume=III |publisher=Hope India Publications |page=105 |isbn=9788178710914}}. | ||
* {{Citation |last=Samanta |first=A. K. |date=1995 |title=Terrorism in Bengal, Vol. II |publisher=Government of West Bengal}}. | * {{Citation |last=Samanta |first=A. K. |date=1995 |title=Terrorism in Bengal, Vol. II |publisher=Government of West Bengal}}. | ||
* {{Citation |last=Sanyal |first=Shukla |year=2014 |title=Revolutionary Pamphlets, Propaganda and Political Culture in Colonial Bengal |location=Delhi |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-107-06546-8}}. | * {{Citation |last=Sanyal |first=Shukla |year=2014 |title=Revolutionary Pamphlets, Propaganda and Political Culture in Colonial Bengal |location=Delhi |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-107-06546-8}}. | ||
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[[Category:1906 establishments in India]] | [[Category:1906 establishments in India]] | ||
[[Category:Hindu–German Conspiracy]] | [[Category:Hindu–German Conspiracy]] | ||
[[Category:Organizations established in 1906]] | [[Category:Organizations established in 1906]] | ||