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| | #REDIRECT [[Muhammad Bakhtiyar Khalji]] |
| {{Use dmy dates|date=March 2017}}
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| {{infobox royalty
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| |name=Ikhtyiar Uddin Muhammad bin Bakhtiyar Khalji
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| |image=The end of Buddhist Monks, A.D. 1193.jpg
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| |successor= [[Muhammad Shiran Khalji]]
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| |occupation=Military general, ruler
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| |birth_place=[[Garmsir]], [[Helmand Province|Helmand]], [[Afghanistan]]
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| |death_place=[[Devkot]], [[Dakshin Dinajpur|South Dinajpur]], [[Bengal]]
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| |death_date=1206
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| | burial_place = Pirpal Dargah, Narayanpur, [[Gangarampur (community development block)|Gangarampur]], [[Dakshin Dinajpur district|South Dinajpur]]
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| | burial_date = 1206
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| | house-type= Clan
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| | house = [[Khalaj people|Khilji]]
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| }}{{Islam in Bangladesh}}
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| '''Ikhtiyār al-Dīn Muḥammad Bakhtiyār Khaljī''',<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Ikhtiyar-al-Din-Muhammad-Bakhtiyar-Khalji |title=Ikhtiyār al-Dīn Muḥammad Bakhtiyār Khiljī {{!}} Muslim general |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia Britannica |access-date=2018-09-09}}</ref> also known as '''Bakhtiyar Khalji''',<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Faruqui |first=Munis D. |year=2005 |title=Review of The Bengal Sultanate: Politics, Economy and Coins (AD 1205-1576) |journal=The Sixteenth Century Journal |volume=36 |issue=1 |pages=246–248 |doi=10.2307/20477310 |issn=0361-0160 |quote=Hussain argues ... was actually named Muhammad Bakhtiyar Khalji and not the broadly used Muhammad bin Bakhtiyar Khalji |jstor=20477310}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |title=The Bengal Sultanate: Politics, Economy and Coins (AD 1205-1576) |last=Hussain |first=Syed Ejaz |publisher=Manohar |year=2003 |page=27 |isbn=9788173044823 |location=New Delhi}}</ref> was a [[Khalaj people|Turko]]-[[Pashtuns|Afghan]]<ref>{{Cite book|last=|first=|title=Know Your State West Bengal|publisher=Arihant Experts|year=2019|isbn=|location=|pages=15|quote=Turk-Afghan Rule: Muhammad Bakhtiyar Khilji's invasion to Bengal marked the advent of Turk-Afghan rule in Bengal.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Chandra|first=Satish|title=Medieval India: From Sultanat to the Mughals-Delhi Sultanat (1206-1526)|publisher=|year=2004|isbn=|location=|pages=226|quote=Although the Afghans formed a large group in the army of the Delhi Sultanat, only few Afghan nobles had been accorded important positions . That is why Bakhtiyar Khalji who was part - Afghan had to seek his fortune in Bihar and Bengal .}}</ref> military general who led the [[Muslim conquests]] of the eastern Indian regions of [[Bengal]] and [[Bihar]] and established himself as their ruler.<ref>Majumdar, Dr. R.C., ''History of Mediaeval Bengal'', Page 1, First published 1973, Reprint 2006, Tulshi Prakashani, Kolkata, {{ISBN|81-89118-06-4}}.</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iUk5k5AN54sC&pg=PA81|title=Advanced Study in the History of Medieval India |isbn=9788120706170 |last1=Mehta |first1=Jaswant Lal |year=1979 |page=81}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DnZuAAAAMAAJ&q=Bakhtiyar+Khalji+bengal+and+bihar|title=India and the Afghans: A study of a neglected region, 1370-1576 A.D |isbn=9788185078687 |last1=Thakur |first1=Amrendra Kumar | year=1992| page=148}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Szfqq7ruqWgC&pg=PA59|title=Bangladesh: Past and Present |isbn=9788176484695 |last1=Ahmed |first1=Salahuddin |year=2004 |page=59}}</ref>
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| Khalji's invasions the [[Indian subcontinent]] between A.D. 1197 and 1206 led to mass flight and murder of [[Buddhist monasticism|Buddhist monks]], and caused grave damage to the traditionally Buddhist institutions of higher learning in Northern India.<ref name="Hartmut_2002">{{cite book |author=Hartmut Scharfe |title=Handbook of Oriental Studies |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7s19sZFRxCUC&pg=PA150 |year=2002 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=90-04-12556-6 |page=150 |quote=Nalanda, together with the colleges at Vikramasila and Odantapuri, suffered gravely during the conquest of Bihar by the Muslim general Muhammad Bhakhtiyar Khalji between A.D. 1197 and 1206, and many monks were killed or forced to flee.}}</ref> In [[Bengal]], Khalji's reign was responsible for displacement of Buddhism by [[Islam]].<ref name="Arnold1896" /><ref>Hindu-Muslim Relations in Bengal, 1905-1947: Study in Cultural Confrontation, Page 11, Nachiketa Publications, 1974, Hossainur Rahman</ref> His rule is said to have begun the [[Muslim rule in India|Islamic rule]] in Bengal, most notably those of [[Bengal Sultanate]] and [[Mughal Bengal]].<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gKhChF3yAOUC |title=The Rise of Islam and the Bengal Frontier, 1204-1760 |first=Richard Maxwell |last=Eaton |pages=28–34 |year=1996 |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=9780520205079}}</ref>
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| Bakhtiyar also launched the [[Bakhtiyar Khalji's Tibet campaign|Tibet campaign]], in which he was killed in 1206. He was succeeded by [[Muhammad Shiran Khalji]].
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| ==Early life==
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| Bakhtiyar Khalji was born and raised in [[Garmsir]], [[Helmand Province|Helmand]], in present-day southern [[Afghanistan]]. He was member of the [[Khalaj people|Khalaj]] tribe,<ref name="Siraj-548">{{cite book |author=Minhāju-s Sirāj |year=1881 |title=Tabaḳāt-i-nāsiri: a general history of the Muhammadan dynastics of Asia, including Hindustān, from A.H. 194 (810 A.D.) to A.H. 658 (1260 A.D.) and the irruption of the infidel Mughals into Islām |series=Bibliotheca Indica #78 |publisher=Royal Asiatic Society of Bengal (printed by Gilbert & Rivington) |location=Calcutta, India |volume=1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=u_ixTEEz8ssC&pg=548 |page=548 |translator= [[Henry George Raverty]]}}</ref><ref name="EB-Khalji">''the Khiljī tribe had long been settled in what is now Afghanistan ...'' [http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9045252/Khalji-Dynasty Khalji Dynasty]. ''[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]''. 2010. ''Encyclopædia Britannica''. 23 August 2010.</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=Satish Chandra |title=Medieval India: From Sultanat to the Mughals-Delhi Sultanat (1206-1526) - Part One |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=L5eFzeyjBTQC&pg=PA41 |year=2004 |publisher=Har-Anand |isbn=978-81-241-1064-5 |page=41 |quote=The Khaljis were a Turkish tribe from southwest Ghur. However, Bakhtiyar was ungainly in appearance...}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |editor-last=Sarkar |editor-first=Jadunath |editor-link=Jadunath Sarkar |year=1973 |orig-year=First published 1948 |title=The History of Bengal |volume=II |location=Patna |publisher=Academica Asiatica |pages=3, 8 |oclc=924890}}</ref> a tribe of [[Turkic peoples|Turkic]] origin that was going through a process of [[Pashtunization]]<ref>{{cite book|last1=Chaurasia|first1=Radhey Shyam|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8XnaL7zPXPUC|title=History of medieval India: from 1000 A.D. to 1707 A.D.|publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Distributors|year=2002|isbn=81-269-0123-3|page=28|quote=The Khiljis were a Turkish tribe but having been long domiciled in Afghanistan, and adopted Afghan habits and customs. They were treated as [[Afghanistan|Afghan]]s in [[Delhi Sultanate|Delhi Court]]|access-date=2010-08-23}}</ref> after being settled in south-eastern [[Afghanistan]] for over 200 years, which eventually led to the creation of the [[Ghilji]] tribe.<ref name="iri3">{{cite encyclopedia|title=ḴALAJ i. TRIBE|encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Iranica|author=Pierre Oberling|date=15 December 2010|access-date=4 July 2020|url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/khalaj-i-tribe-turkistan|quote=Indeed, it seems very likely that [the Khalaj] formed the core of the Pashto-speaking Ghilji tribe, the name [Ghilji] being derived from Khalaj.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=Ashirbadi Lal Srivastava |title=The History of India, 1000 A.D.-1707 A.D. |edition=Second |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Bdw9AAAAMAAJ |year=1966 |publisher=Shiva Lal Agarwala |oclc=575452554|page=98|postscript=:"His ancestors, after having migrated from Turkistan, had lived for over 200 years in the Helmand valley and Lamghan, parts of Afghanistan called Garmasir or the hot region, and had adopted Afghan manners and customs. They were, therefore, wrongly looked upon as Afghans by the Turkish nobles in India as they had intermarried with local Afghans and adopted their customs and manners. They were looked down as non Turks by Turks."}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=Abraham Eraly |author-link=Abraham Eraly |title=The Age of Wrath: A History of the Delhi Sultanate |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vyEoAwAAQBAJ&pg=PT178 |year=2015 |publisher=Penguin Books |isbn=978-93-5118-658-8 |page=126|postscript=:"The prejudice of Turks was however misplaced in this case, for Khaljis were actually ethnic Turks. But they had settled in Afghanistan long before the Turkish rule was established there, and had over the centuries adopted Afghan customs and practices, intermarried with the local people, and were therefore looked down on as non-Turks by pure-bred Turks."}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=Radhey Shyam Chaurasia |title=History of medieval India: from 1000 A.D. to 1707 A.D. |year=2002|publisher=Atlantic |isbn=81-269-0123-3 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8XnaL7zPXPUC |page=28|postscript=:"The Khaljis were a Turkish tribe but having been long domiciled in Afghanistan, had adopted some Afghan habits and customs. They were treated as Afghans in Delhi Court. They were regarded as barbarians. The Turkish nobles had opposed the ascent of Jalal-ud-din to the throne of Delhi."}}</ref>
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| He was head of the military force that conquered parts of eastern India at the end of the 12th century and at the beginning of the 13th century.
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| ===Rise===
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| Tradition has it that Khalji's conquest of [[Bengal]] at the head of 18 horsemen was foretold.<ref name="Siraj-556">{{harvcol|Minhāju-s Sirāj|1881|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=u_ixTEEz8ssC&pg=556 556–557]}}</ref> He was of common birth,<ref name="Siraj-549">{{harvcol|Minhāju-s Sirāj|1881|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=u_ixTEEz8ssC&pg=549 549]}}</ref> had long arms extending below his knees,<ref name="Siraj-556"/> a short physical stature, and an unfavorable countenance. He was first appointed as the ''Dewan-i-Ard'' at [[Ghor]]. Then he approached [[India]] in about the year 1193 and tried to enter in the army of [[Qutb al-Din Aibak]], but was refused rank. Then he went further eastward and took a job under Malik Hizbar al-Din, then in command of a platoon at Badayun in northern India.<ref name="Siraj-549"/> After a short period he went to [[Oudh]] where Malik Husam al-Din, recognised him for his worth.<ref name="Siraj-549"/> Husam gave him a landed estate in the south-eastern corner of modern [[Mirzapur district]]. Khalji soon established himself there and carried out successful raids into weakly-defended regions to the east.<ref>{{cite book |editor-last=Sarkar |editor-first=Jadunath |editor-link=Jadunath Sarkar |year=1973 |orig-year=First published 1948 |title=The History of Bengal |volume=II |location=Patna |publisher=Academica Asiatica |pages=2–3 |oclc=924890 |quote=granting him in ''jagir'' two ''parganas'' in the south-eastern corner of the modern Mirzāpur district ... having supplanted the petty Gahadvār chiefs of this tract, he began ravaging the open country to the east ... he confined himself to scouring the open country undefended by the field army of any organised State.}}</ref>
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| ==Conquests==
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| Khalji's career took a new turn when he subjugated [[Bihar]] in 1200.<ref>{{cite book |editor-last=Sarkar |editor-first=Jadunath |editor-link=Jadunath Sarkar |year=1973 |orig-year=First published 1948 |title=The History of Bengal |volume=II |location=Patna |publisher=Academica Asiatica |page=3 |oclc=924890 |quote=Bakhtyār led his army a second time in the direction of Bihar in the year following the sack of the fortified monastery of that name. This year, ''i.e.'' 1200 A.D., he was busy consolidating his hold over that province.}}</ref> This effort earned him political clout in the court at [[Delhi]]. In the same year he took his forces into Bengal. As he came upon the city of [[Nabadwip]], it is said that he advanced so rapidly that only 18 horsemen from his army could keep up. He conquered Nabadwip from the old emperor [[Lakshmana Sena]] in 1203.<ref>{{cite web |title=District Website of Nadia |publisher=Government of West Bengal |url=http://nadia.nic.in/Tourism-Details/tourism-details.html}}''Retrieved: 11 January 2014''</ref> Subsequently, Khalji went on to capture the capital and the principal city, [[Gaur, West Bengal|Gaur]],<ref>{{cite book |editor-last=Sarkar |editor-first=Jadunath |editor-link=Jadunath Sarkar |year=1973 |orig-year=First published 1948 |title=The History of Bengal |volume=II |location=Patna |publisher=Academica Asiatica |page=8 |oclc=924890 |quote=Bakhtyār fairly completed his conquest of the Varendra tract with the ... city of Gaur before the year 599 A.H.}}</ref> and intruded into much of Bengal.<ref>{{cite book |last=Sen |first=Amulyachandra |date=1954 |title=Rajagriha and Nalanda |series=Institute of Indology |volume= 4 |location=Calcutta |publisher=Calcutta Institute of Indology, Indian Publicity Society |page=52 |oclc=28533779}}</ref>
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| Bakhtiyar Khalji's invasions are believed to have severely damaged the Buddhist establishments at [[Odantapuri]], and [[Vikramashila]].<ref name="Hartmut_2002" /> Minhaj-i-Siraj's ''[[Tabaqat-i Nasiri]]'' suggests that Bakhtiyar Khalji destroyed a Buddhist monastery<ref name="Hartmut_2002" /> which the author equates in his description with a city he calls "Bihar", from what the soldiers learn is called a ''[[vihara]]''.<ref name="Andre_2002">{{cite book |author=André Wink |title=Al-Hind: The Slave Kings and the Islamic conquest, 11th-13th centuries |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uQ7k2vQlYxEC&pg=PA147 |year=2002 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=0-391-04174-6 |pages=146–148}}</ref> According to American scholar Hartmut Scharfe, the Tibetan sources suggest that this monastery was the one at Vikramashila;<ref name="Hartmut_2002"/> historian André Wink believes that this monastery must have been Odantapuri.<ref name="Andre_2002"/> According to the early 17th century Buddhist scholar [[Taranatha]], the invaders massacred many monks at Odantapuri, and destroyed Vikramashila.<ref name="Andre_2002"/>
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| ==Death and aftermath==
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| Ikhtiyar al-Dīn Muḥammad Khalji left the town of [[Devkot]] in 1206 to [[Bakhtiyar Khalji's Tibet campaign|attack Tibet]], leaving [[Ali Mardan Khalji]] in [[Ghoraghat Upazila]] to watch the eastern frontier from his headquarters at [[Barisal]]. Khalji's forces suffered a disastrous defeat at the hands of Tibetan guerrilla forces at [[Chumbi Valley]] during [[Bakhtiyar Khilji's Tibet campaign|his Tibetan expedition]] through an unfamiliar mountainous terrain, which forced him to retreat. Khalji then returned to Devkot with about one hundred surviving soldiers. Upon Ikhtiyar Khalji's return while he was lying ill at Devkot, he was assassinated by Ali Mardan.<ref name="Sengupta2011">{{cite book |author=Nitish K. Sengupta |title=Land of Two Rivers: A History of Bengal from the Mahabharata to Mujib |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kVSh_TyJ0YoC&pg=PA63 |date=1 January 2011 |publisher=Penguin Books India |isbn=978-0-14-341678-4 |pages=63–64}}</ref><ref name="GillYule2010">{{cite book |author1=William John Gill |author2=Henry Yule |title=The River of Golden Sand: The Narrative of a Journey Through China and Eastern Tibet to Burmah |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Uuk2OQeMwsMC&pg=PA43 |year=2010 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-108-01953-8 |pages=43}}</ref>
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| The Khalji noblemen then appointed [[Muhammad Shiran Khalji]] as Bakhtiyar's successor. Loyal troops under Shiran Khalji avenged Ikhtiyar's death, imprisoning Ali Mardan. Eventually Ali Mardan fled to Delhi and provoked the Sultan of Delhi [[Qutb al-Din Aibak]] to invade Bengal. Ali Mardan returned with the governor of Oudh, Kayemaz Rumi, and dethroned Shiran. Shiran fled to Dinajpur where he later died.<ref>[http://www.historyfiles.co.uk/KingListsFarEast/IndiaBengal.htm#Khilji Khilji Malik]</ref> [[Ghiyasuddin Iwaj Shah|Ghiyas-ud-din Iwaz Khalji]] became the successor. Ali Mardan escaped and was made Governor of Bengal by [[Qutb-ud-din Aibak]], but was killed in 1212. Ghiyas-ud-din again assumed power and proclaimed his independence.<ref name="Chandra4143">{{cite book |last=Chandra |first=Satish |date=2004 |title=Medieval India: From Sultanat to the Mughals-Delhi Sultanat (1206–1526) – Part One |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=L5eFzeyjBTQC |publisher=Har-Anand Publications |pages=41–43 |isbn=9788124110645}}</ref>
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| ==Legacy==
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| [[Al Mahmud]], a leading Bangladeshi poet, composed a book of poetry titled ''Bakhtiyarer Ghora'' (''Horses of Bakhtiyar'') in the early 1990s.<ref>{{cite web |title=Al Mahmud |publisher=Truly Bangladesh |url=http://www.trulybangladesh.com/en/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=335:al-mahmud-&catid=90:contemporary-authors&Itemid=110 |access-date=22 January 2014}}</ref> He depicted Khalji as the praiseworthy hero of Muslim conquest of Bengal. During Bakhtiyar Khalji's reign, Islam gained a large number of converts in India.<ref name="Arnold1896">{{cite book |last=Arnold |first=Sir Thomas Walker |year=1896 |title=The Preaching of Islam: A History of the Propagation of the Muslim Faith |url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_O45CAAAAIAAJ/page/n245 |publisher=Archibald Constable and Co |pages=227–228}}</ref> Muhammad Bakhtiyar Khalji had the Khutbah read and coins struck in his own name. Mosques, [[madrasas]], and [[khanqah]]s arose in the new abode of Islam through Bakhtiyar's patronage, and his example was imitated by his [[Amir]]s.<ref>{{cite book |last=Ichimura |first=Shōhei |title=Buddhist Critical Spirituality: Prajñā and Śūnyatā |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xTW6XNxOxbkC&pg=PA65 |year=2001 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-81-208-1798-2 |page=65 (note 87)}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Sen |first=Gertrude Emerson |date=1964 |title=The Story of Early Indian Civilization |publisher=Orient Longmans |oclc=610346317}}</ref>
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| ==See also==
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| * [[List of rulers of Bengal]]
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| * [[Mahmud of Ghazni|Sultan Mahmud Ghaznavi]]
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| * [[Ghazi Saiyyad Salar Masud]]
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| * [[Bakhtiarpur]]
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| ==References==
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| {{reflist|30em}}
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| ==External links==
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| {{Wikiquote}}
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| * History of the Muslims of Bengal – Volume 1A: Muslim Rule in Bengal (600-170/1203-1757), by Muhammad Mohar Ali, [[Imam Muhammad ibn Saud Islamic University]], Department of Culture and Publications.
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| * {{cite Banglapedia|author=Ahmed, ABM Shamsuddin|article=Bakhtiyar Khalji}}
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| * {{cite Banglapedia|author=Chowdhury, AM|article=Sena Dynasty}}
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| {{S-start}}
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| {{Succession box
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| | before=[[Sena dynasty]]<br />[[Lakshman Sen|King Lakshman Sen]]
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| | title=[[List of rulers of Bengal|Khalji Dynasty of Bengal]]
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| | years=1204–1206
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| | after=[[Muhammad Shiran Khalji]]}}
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| {{S-end}}
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| {{Khalji dynasty}}
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| {{DEFAULTSORT:Ikhtiyar ad-Din Muhammad Bin Bakhtiyar Khalji}}
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| [[Category:Mamluk dynasty (Delhi)]]
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| [[Category:History of Bengal]]
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| [[Category:History of Bangladesh]]
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| [[Category:Medieval India]]
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| [[Category:Rulers of Bengal]]
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| [[Category:1206 deaths]]
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| [[Category:12th-century Indian monarchs]]
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| [[Category:Indian Muslims]]
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| [[Category:Year of birth unknown]]
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| [[Category:Buddhism and Islam]]
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| [[Category:Indian people of Turkic descent]]
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