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{{use Indian English|date=November 2016}} | {{use Indian English|date=November 2016}} | ||
{{Infobox royalty | {{Infobox royalty | ||
| title = ''[[Emperor#Indian Subcontinent|Samraat'']], ''naradhipati'', ''rajadhiraja'' | | title = ''[[Emperor#Indian Subcontinent|Samraat'']], ''naradhipati'', ''rajadhiraja'' | ||
| succession = second-last [[Aulikara dynasty|Aulikara ruler]] of [[Malwa]] | | succession = second-last [[Aulikara dynasty|Aulikara ruler]] of [[Malwa]] | ||
| image = The defeat of the Ephalites, or White Huns A.D. 528.jpg | | image = The defeat of the Ephalites, or White Huns A.D. 528.jpg | ||
| caption = The defeat of the [[Alchon Huns|Huna Mlecchas]] of [[Mihirakula]] by Yashodharman at [[Sondani]] in 528 | | caption = The defeat of the [[Alchon Huns|Huna Mlecchas]] of [[Mihirakula]] by king Yashodharman at [[Sondani]] in 528 AD. | ||
| issue | | issue = [[Shiladitya of Malwa]], [[Yashomati]] | ||
| religion = [[Hindu]] | | religion = [[Hindu]] | ||
| reign = 515–545 | | reign = 515–545 AD | ||
}} | }} | ||
[[File:Sri Yashodharman.jpg|thumb|260px|The name [[File:Gupta allahabad shrii.jpg|14px]][[File:Gupta allahabad y.svg|14px]][[File:Gupta allahabad sho.jpg|16px]][[File:Gupta allahabad dh.svg|10px]][[File:Gupta allahabad rmm.jpg|14px]] ''Śrī Yaśodharmma'' ("Lord Yashodharman") in [[Gupta script]] in Line 4 of the [[Mandsaur stone inscription of Yashodharman-Vishnuvardhana]].<ref name="EG"/>]] | [[File:Sri Yashodharman.jpg|thumb|260px|The name [[File:Gupta allahabad shrii.jpg|14px]][[File:Gupta allahabad y.svg|14px]][[File:Gupta allahabad sho.jpg|16px]][[File:Gupta allahabad dh.svg|10px]][[File:Gupta allahabad rmm.jpg|14px]] ''Śrī Yaśodharmma'' ("Lord Yashodharman Virk") in [[Gupta script]] in Line 4 of the [[Mandsaur stone inscription of Yashodharman-Vishnuvardhana]].<ref name="EG"/>]] | ||
'''Yashodharman''' ([[Gupta script]]: [[File:Gupta allahabad y.svg|14px]][[File:Gupta allahabad sho.jpg|16px]][[File:Gupta allahabad dh.svg|10px]][[File:Gupta allahabad rmm.jpg|14px]] ''Ya-śo-dha-rmma'',<ref name="EG">{{cite book |last1=Fleet |first1=John Faithfull |title=Inscriptions Of The Early Gupta Kings And Their Successors |date=1960 |pages=150–158 |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.463254/page/n387}}</ref> {{IAST3|Yaśodharman}}) (r. 515 – 545) was a ruler of [[Malwa]], in central [[India]], during the early part of the 6th century. He probably belonged to the [[Second Aulikara dynasty]].<ref>{{cite book |author=J. L. Jain |title=Development and Structure of an Urban System |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Oi7lzN6-W5MC&pg=PA30 |year=1994 |publisher=Mittal Publications |isbn=978-81-7099-552-4 |page=30 }}</ref> He [[Aulikara Empire|conquered]] much of the [[Indian subcontinent]] between c. 530-540 | '''Yashodharman''' ([[Gupta script]]: [[File:Gupta allahabad y.svg|14px]][[File:Gupta allahabad sho.jpg|16px]][[File:Gupta allahabad dh.svg|10px]][[File:Gupta allahabad rmm.jpg|14px]] ''Ya-śo-dha-rmma'',<ref name="EG">{{cite book |last1=Fleet |first1=John Faithfull |title=Inscriptions Of The Early Gupta Kings And Their Successors |date=1960 |pages=150–158 |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.463254/page/n387}}</ref> {{IAST3|Yaśodharman}}) (r. 515 – 545) was a jat ruler of [[Malwa]], in central [[India]], during the early part of the 6th century. He probably belonged to the [[Second Aulikara dynasty]].<ref>{{cite book |author=J. L. Jain |title=Development and Structure of an Urban System |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Oi7lzN6-W5MC&pg=PA30 |year=1994 |publisher=Mittal Publications |isbn=978-81-7099-552-4 |page=30 }}</ref> He [[Aulikara Empire|conquered]] much of the [[Indian subcontinent]] between c. 530-540 AD according to [[Mandsaur pillar inscription of Yashodharman|Mandsaur pillar inscription]].<ref name="Sagar"/> | ||
== History == | == History == | ||
{{Main|Battle of Sondani}} | {{Main|Battle of Sondani}} | ||
Towards the end of the 5th century, India came under attack from the ''[[Hunas]]''. Yashodharman and possibly the Gupta emperor, [[Narasimhagupta]], [[Battle of Sondani|defeated a | Towards the end of the 5th century, India came under attack from the ''[[Hunas]]''. Yashodharman and possibly the Gupta emperor, [[Narasimhagupta]], [[Battle of Sondani|defeated a | ||
''Huna'' army]] and their ruler Mihirakula in 528 | ''Huna'' army]] and their ruler Mihirakula in 528 AD and drove them out of India.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Dani |first1=Ahmad Hasan |last2=Litvinovskiĭ |first2=Boris Abramovich |title=History of Civilizations of Central Asia: The crossroads of civilizations: A.D. 250 to 750 |date=1999 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publ. |isbn=9788120815407 |page=175 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FcKtIPVQ6REC&pg=PA175 |language=en}}</ref> | ||
Three inscriptions of Yasodharman have been found in [[Mandsaur]]. One of these, the [[Mandsaur stone inscription of Yashodharman-Vishnuvardhana]] is of samvat 589 (532 AD). | Three inscriptions of Yasodharman have been found in [[Mandsaur]]. One of these, the [[Mandsaur stone inscription of Yashodharman-Vishnuvardhana]] is of samvat 589 (532 AD). | ||
===Mandsaur stone inscription of Yashodharman-Vishnuvardhana (532 | ===Mandsaur stone inscription of Yashodharman-Vishnuvardhana (532 AD)=== | ||
{{Location map+ | {{Location map+ | ||
|India | |India | ||
|float = right | |float = right | ||
|width = 220 | |width = 220 | ||
|caption = The 532 | |caption = The 532 AD [[Mandsaur stone inscription of Yashodharman-Vishnuvardhana]] mentions victorious campaigns against northern kings (probably referring to the victory against the [[Alchon Huns]] at [[Sondani]]), and against "mighty kings of the east", including a campaign across the [[Vindhya range]]. | ||
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}} | }} | ||
{{Main|Mandsaur stone inscription of Yashodharman-Vishnuvardhana}} | {{Main|Mandsaur stone inscription of Yashodharman-Vishnuvardhana}} | ||
The Mandsaur stone inscription of Yashodharman-Vishnuvardhana was written in 532 | The Mandsaur stone inscription of Yashodharman-Vishnuvardhana was written in 532 AD, and records the construction of a well by a person named Daksha in Dashapura (modern [[Mandsaur]], also often spelled [[Mandasor]]), during the rule of Yashodharman.<ref name="Bakker"/> The inscription mentions the victories of local ruler [[Yasodharman]] (and possibly [[Chalukya]] ruler [[Vishnuvardhana]]) over Northern and Eastern kingdoms. These kingdoms are not further specified, but it is known that Yashodhaman occupied most of the territories of the [[Alchon Huns]] or [[Hunas]] to the north, and the most of the territories of the [[Gupta Empire]] to the east following his victories.<ref>Historical Geography of Madhyapradesh from Early Records by P. K. Bhattacharyya [https://books.google.com/books?id=njYpsvmr2dsC&pg=PA200 p.200]</ref><ref name="Davidson">Indian Esoteric Buddhism: Social History of the Tantric Movement by Ronald M. Davidson [https://books.google.com/books?id=n_VquVQvnBwC&pg=PA31 p.31]</ref> Only one more Gupta inscription is known after that date, a land grant in the area of [[Kotivarsha]] ([[Bangarh]] in [[West Bengal]]) by the last Gupta emperor [[Vishnugupta (Gupta Empire)|Vishnugupta]].<ref name="Davidson"/> The victory against the Alchons Huns is also described in the [[Mandsaur pillar inscription of Yashodharman]].<ref name="Bakker">[[Hans Bakker]] 50 years that changed India (Timeline)</ref> | ||
{{Quote|"(L. 5.)— And, again, victorious over the earth is this same king of men, the glorious Vishnuvardhana, the conqueror in war; by whom his own famous lineage, which has the [[Aulikara]]-crest, has been brought to a state of dignity that is ever higher and higher. By him, having brought into subjection, with peaceful overtures and by war, <u>the | {{Quote|"(L. 5.)— And, again, victorious over the earth is this same king of men, the glorious Vishnuvardhana, the conqueror in war; by whom his own famous lineage, which has the [[Aulikara]]-crest, has been brought to a state of dignity that is ever higher and higher. By him, having brought into subjection, with peaceful overtures and by war, <u>the | ||
mighty kings of the east and many (kings) of the north</u>, this second name of "Supreme King of Kings and Supreme Lord", pleasing in the world (but) difficult of attainment, is carried on high."|Mandsaur stone inscription of Yashodharman and Vishnuvardhana<ref name="Fleet">Fleet, John F. Corpus Inscriptionum Indicarum: Inscriptions of the Early Guptas. Vol. III. Calcutta: Government of India, Central Publications Branch, 1888, 150sq.</ref>}} | mighty kings of the east and many (kings) of the north</u>, this second name of "Supreme King of Kings and Supreme Lord", pleasing in the world (but) difficult of attainment, is carried on high."|Mandsaur stone inscription of Yashodharman and Vishnuvardhana<ref name="Fleet">Fleet, John F. Corpus Inscriptionum Indicarum: Inscriptions of the Early Guptas. Vol. III. Calcutta: Government of India, Central Publications Branch, 1888, 150sq.</ref>}} | ||
===Mandsaur pillar inscription of Yashodharman (515–550 | ===Mandsaur pillar inscription of Yashodharman (515–550 AD)=== | ||
[[File:Sondani victory pillar of Yashodharman.jpg|thumb|Victory pillar of Yashodharman at Sondani, [[Mandsaur]].]] | [[File:Sondani victory pillar of Yashodharman.jpg|thumb|Victory pillar of Yashodharman at [[Sondani]], [[Mandsaur]].]] | ||
{{Location map+ | {{Location map+ | ||
|India | |India | ||
|float = right | |float = right | ||
|width = 220 | |width = 220 | ||
|caption = In the [[Mandsaur pillar inscription of Yashodharman|Mandsaur pillar inscription]], Yashodharman claims he now controls the territory from the neighbourhood of Lauhitya ([[Brahmaputra River]]) to the "Western Ocean" (Western [[Indian Ocean]]), and from the [[Himalayas]] to mountain [[Mahendragiri (Odisha)|Mahendra]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Salomon |first1=Richard |title=New Inscriptional Evidence For The History Of The Aulikaras of Mandasor |journal=Indo-Iranian Journal |date=1989 |volume=32 |issue=1 |page=11 |issn=0019-7246|jstor=24654606 }}</ref> He also claims he defeated the [[Hunas]] at [[Sondani inscription|Sondani]].<ref name="p.145">Corpus Inscriptionum Indicarum Vol 3 [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.358795 p.145]</ref> | |caption = In the [[Mandsaur pillar inscription of Yashodharman|Mandsaur pillar inscription]], Yashodharman claims he now controls the territory from the neighbourhood of Lauhitya ([[Brahmaputra River]]) to the "Western Ocean" (Western [[Indian Ocean]]), and from the [[Himalayas]] to mountain [[Mahendragiri (Odisha)|Mahendra]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Salomon |first1=Richard |title=New Inscriptional Evidence For The History Of The Aulikaras of Mandasor |journal=Indo-Iranian Journal |date=1989 |volume=32 |issue=1 |page=11 |doi=10.1163/000000089790082971 |issn=0019-7246|jstor=24654606 }}</ref> He also claims he defeated the [[Hunas]] at [[Sondani inscription|Sondani]].<ref name="p.145">Corpus Inscriptionum Indicarum Vol 3 [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.358795 p.145]</ref> | ||
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==Territory== | ==Territory== | ||
{{Main|Aulikara Empire}} | {{Main|Aulikara Empire}} | ||
In Line 5 of the Mandsaur pillar inscription, Yashodharman claims he vanquished his enemies and now controls the territory from the neighbourhood of the (river) Lauhitya ([[Brahmaputra River]]) to the "Western Ocean" (Western [[Indian Ocean]]), and from the [[Himalayas]] to mountain [[Mahendragiri (Odisha)|Mahendra]].<ref name="Sagar">Foreign Influence on Ancient India by Krishna Chandra Sagar [https://books.google.com/books?id=0UA4rkm9MgkC&pg=PA216 p.216 | In Line 5 of the Mandsaur pillar inscription, Yashodharman claims he vanquished his enemies and now controls the territory from the neighbourhood of the (river) Lauhitya ([[Brahmaputra River]]) to the "Western Ocean" (Western [[Indian Ocean]]), and from the [[Himalayas]] to mountain [[Mahendragiri (Odisha)|Mahendra]].<ref name="p.145">Corpus Inscriptionum Indicarum Vol 3 [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.358795 p.145]</ref><ref name="Sagar">Foreign Influence on Ancient India by Krishna Chandra Sagar [https://books.google.com/books?id=0UA4rkm9MgkC&pg=PA216 p.216]</ref> | ||
Yashodharman thus conquered vast territories from the Hunas and the Guptas,<ref>Tribal Culture, Faith, History And Literature, Narayan Singh Rao, Mittal Publications, 2006 [https://books.google.com/books?id=Pplg_F0VyVEC&pg=PA18 p.18]</ref> although his short-lived empire would ultimately disintegrate between c. 530–540 | Yashodharman thus conquered vast territories from the Hunas and the Guptas,<ref>Tribal Culture, Faith, History And Literature, Narayan Singh Rao, Mittal Publications, 2006 [https://books.google.com/books?id=Pplg_F0VyVEC&pg=PA18 p.18]</ref> although his short-lived empire would ultimately disintegrate between c. 530–540 AD.<ref name="Sagar"/> | ||
==References== | ==References== | ||
Revision as of 13:15, 25 June 2022
| Yashodharman | |
|---|---|
| 'Samraat, naradhipati, rajadhiraja' | |
 | |
| second-last Aulikara ruler of Malwa | |
| Reign | 515–545 AD |
| Issue | Shiladitya of Malwa, Yashomati |
| Religion | Hindu |
Śrī Yaśodharmma ("Lord Yashodharman Virk") in Gupta script in Line 4 of the Mandsaur stone inscription of Yashodharman-Vishnuvardhana.[1]Yashodharman (Gupta script: Ya-śo-dha-rmma,[1] IAST: Yaśodharman) (r. 515 – 545) was a jat ruler of Malwa, in central India, during the early part of the 6th century. He probably belonged to the Second Aulikara dynasty.[2] He conquered much of the Indian subcontinent between c. 530-540 AD according to Mandsaur pillar inscription.[3]
History
Towards the end of the 5th century, India came under attack from the Hunas. Yashodharman and possibly the Gupta emperor, Narasimhagupta, defeated a Huna army and their ruler Mihirakula in 528 AD and drove them out of India.[4]
Three inscriptions of Yasodharman have been found in Mandsaur. One of these, the Mandsaur stone inscription of Yashodharman-Vishnuvardhana is of samvat 589 (532 AD).
Mandsaur stone inscription of Yashodharman-Vishnuvardhana (532 AD)
The 532 AD Mandsaur stone inscription of Yashodharman-Vishnuvardhana mentions victorious campaigns against northern kings (probably referring to the victory against the Alchon Huns at Sondani), and against "mighty kings of the east", including a campaign across the Vindhya range.
The Mandsaur stone inscription of Yashodharman-Vishnuvardhana was written in 532 AD, and records the construction of a well by a person named Daksha in Dashapura (modern Mandsaur, also often spelled Mandasor), during the rule of Yashodharman.[5] The inscription mentions the victories of local ruler Yasodharman (and possibly Chalukya ruler Vishnuvardhana) over Northern and Eastern kingdoms. These kingdoms are not further specified, but it is known that Yashodhaman occupied most of the territories of the Alchon Huns or Hunas to the north, and the most of the territories of the Gupta Empire to the east following his victories.[6][7] Only one more Gupta inscription is known after that date, a land grant in the area of Kotivarsha (Bangarh in West Bengal) by the last Gupta emperor Vishnugupta.[7] The victory against the Alchons Huns is also described in the Mandsaur pillar inscription of Yashodharman.[5]
"(L. 5.)— And, again, victorious over the earth is this same king of men, the glorious Vishnuvardhana, the conqueror in war; by whom his own famous lineage, which has the Aulikara-crest, has been brought to a state of dignity that is ever higher and higher. By him, having brought into subjection, with peaceful overtures and by war, the mighty kings of the east and many (kings) of the north, this second name of "Supreme King of Kings and Supreme Lord", pleasing in the world (but) difficult of attainment, is carried on high."
— Mandsaur stone inscription of Yashodharman and Vishnuvardhana[8]
Mandsaur pillar inscription of Yashodharman (515–550 AD)
In the Mandsaur pillar inscription, Yashodharman claims he now controls the territory from the neighbourhood of Lauhitya (Brahmaputra River) to the "Western Ocean" (Western Indian Ocean), and from the Himalayas to mountain Mahendra.[9] He also claims he defeated the Hunas at Sondani.[10]
Twin monolithic pillars at Sondani in Mandsaur District were erected by Yasodharman as a record of his victory.[11][12] In a part of the Sondani inscription, Yasodharman thus praises himself for having defeated king Mihirakula:[13]
"He (Yasodharman) to whose two feet respect was paid, with complimentary presents of the flowers from the lock of hair on the top of (his) head, by even that (famous) king Mihirakula, whose forehead was pained through being bent low down by the strength of (his) arm in (the act of compelling) obeisance"
Territory
In Line 5 of the Mandsaur pillar inscription, Yashodharman claims he vanquished his enemies and now controls the territory from the neighbourhood of the (river) Lauhitya (Brahmaputra River) to the "Western Ocean" (Western Indian Ocean), and from the Himalayas to mountain Mahendra.[10][3]
Yashodharman thus conquered vast territories from the Hunas and the Guptas,[15] although his short-lived empire would ultimately disintegrate between c. 530–540 AD.[3]
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Fleet, John Faithfull (1960). Inscriptions Of The Early Gupta Kings And Their Successors. pp. 150–158.
- ↑ J. L. Jain (1994). Development and Structure of an Urban System. Mittal Publications. p. 30. ISBN 978-81-7099-552-4.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Foreign Influence on Ancient India by Krishna Chandra Sagar p.216
- ↑ Dani, Ahmad Hasan; Litvinovskiĭ, Boris Abramovich (1999). History of Civilizations of Central Asia: The crossroads of civilizations: A.D. 250 to 750. Motilal Banarsidass Publ. p. 175. ISBN 9788120815407.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 Hans Bakker 50 years that changed India (Timeline)
- ↑ Historical Geography of Madhyapradesh from Early Records by P. K. Bhattacharyya p.200
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 Indian Esoteric Buddhism: Social History of the Tantric Movement by Ronald M. Davidson p.31
- ↑ Fleet, John F. Corpus Inscriptionum Indicarum: Inscriptions of the Early Guptas. Vol. III. Calcutta: Government of India, Central Publications Branch, 1888, 150sq.
- ↑ Salomon, Richard (1989). "New Inscriptional Evidence For The History Of The Aulikaras of Mandasor". Indo-Iranian Journal. 32 (1): 11. doi:10.1163/000000089790082971. ISSN 0019-7246. JSTOR 24654606.
- ↑ 10.0 10.1 Corpus Inscriptionum Indicarum Vol 3 p.145
- ↑ Fleet, John F. Corpus Inscriptionum Indicarum: Inscriptions of the Early Guptas. Vol. III. Calcutta: Government of India, Central Publications Branch, 1888, 147–148
- ↑ Mandasor Pillar Inscription of Yashodharman
- ↑ Coin Cabinet of the Kunsthistorisches Museum Vienna
- ↑ Punjab Monitor, April 2013 [1], from Fleet, John F. Corpus Inscriptionum Indicarum: Inscriptions of the Early Guptas. Vol. III. Calcutta: Government of India, Central Publications Branch, 1888, 147–148.
- ↑ Tribal Culture, Faith, History And Literature, Narayan Singh Rao, Mittal Publications, 2006 p.18