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| {{Short description|Rajput Rebellion 1708-1710}}
| | #REDIRECT [[Rajput Rebellion (1708–1710)]] |
| {{Use dmy dates|date=June 2021}}
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| {{Use Indian English|date=June 2021}}
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| {{Infobox military conflict | | {{Redirect category shell| |
| | conflict = Rajput rebellion 1708—1710
| | {{R from move}} |
| | image = The_rulers_of_Jodhpur,_Amber_and_Udaipur.jpg
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| | caption = A Mewari painting showing the alliance between Maharaja Ajit Singh, Maharana Amar Singh II, Maharaja Jai Singh II and Durgadas Rathore.
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| | date = 21 April 1708 - 11 June 1710
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| | place = Rajputana (Modern day [[Rajasthan]],[[Haryana]] and [[Delhi NCR]])
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| | combatant1 = [[File:Flag of Jodhpur.svg|25px]] [[Jodhpur State|Kingdom of Marwar]]<br>[[File:Drapeau Jaipur.png|25px]] [[Jaipur State|Kingdom of Amber]]<br>'''Supported By'''<br>[[File:Mewar.svg|25px]][[Mewar|Kingdom of Mewar]]
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| | combatant2 = [[File:Alam of the Mughal Empire.svg|25px]] [[Mughal Empire]]
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| | commander1 = [[Jai Singh II]]<br>[[Ajit Singh of Marwar|Ajit Singh]]<br>[[Durgadas Rathore]]
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| | commander2 = [[Bahadur Shah I]]<br>Azad Khan<br>Sayyid Hussain Barha{{KIA}}<br>Mir Khan<br>Muhammad Shah
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| | strength1 =
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| | strength2 =
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| | casualties1 =
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| | casualties2 =
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| | result = Rajput Victory.<ref name=RZ>{{Cite book|first=Jadunath|last=Sarkar|title=A History of Jaipur: C.1503-1938|publisher=Orient Blackswan|year=1994|pages=162|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?redir_esc=y&id=O0oPIo9TXKcC&q=bahadur+shah+was+absent#v=snippet&q=bahadur%20shah%20was%20absent&f=false}}</ref>
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| *Mughal Emperor sued for peace.<ref name=RZ/><ref name=KJ>{{Cite book|first=Ramesh Chandra|last=Majumdar|title=The history and culture of the Indian People|publisher=Bharatiya Vidhya Bhawan|year=1977|pages=140-141|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=BXtDAAAAYAAJ&dq=1708+ajit+singh&source=gbs_navlinks_s|quote=}}</ref><ref name=HG>{{Cite book|first=O.P.|last=Bhatia|title=History of India, from 1701 to 1856|publisher=Surjeet Book Depot|year=1968|pages=|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=smdXAAAAMAAJ&dq=ajit+singh+1708&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=Jai+Singh|quote=They also won over Rana Amar Singh . Virtually the whole of Rajputana was up in arms to liberate their ancestral country from Mughal domination . By July , 1708 , Ajit Singh was able to recapture Jodhpur . Jai Singh regained Amber.}}</ref><ref name=VP>{{Cite book|first=Edward James|last=Rapson|title=Cambridge History of India|publisher=MacMillan|year=1937|pages=322|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=q3lDAAAAYAAJ&q=ajit+singh+1708&dq=ajit+singh+1708&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwj7-NLsn6jxAhVB7HMBHYicAQw4ChDoATADegQIBxAB|quote=}}</ref>
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| *The Rajput Rajas were given gifts.<ref name=RZ/><ref name=KJ>{{Cite book|first=Ramesh Chandra|last=Majumdar|title=The history and culture of the Indian People|publisher=Bharatiya Vidhya Bhawan|year=1977|pages=140-141|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=BXtDAAAAYAAJ&dq=1708+ajit+singh&source=gbs_navlinks_s|quote=}}</ref><ref name=HG>{{Cite book|first=O.P.|last=Bhatia|title=History of India, from 1701 to 1856|publisher=Surjeet Book Depot|year=1968|pages=|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=smdXAAAAMAAJ&dq=ajit+singh+1708&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=Jai+Singh|quote=They also won over Rana Amar Singh . Virtually the whole of Rajputana was up in arms to liberate their ancestral country from Mughal domination . By July , 1708 , Ajit Singh was able to recapture Jodhpur . Jai Singh regained Amber.}}</ref><ref name=VP>{{Cite book|first=Edward James|last=Rapson|title=Cambridge History of India|publisher=MacMillan|year=1937|pages=322|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=q3lDAAAAYAAJ&q=ajit+singh+1708&dq=ajit+singh+1708&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwj7-NLsn6jxAhVB7HMBHYicAQw4ChDoATADegQIBxAB|quote=}}</ref>
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| *Restoration of the Rajput holdings which had been annexed by the previous Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb.<ref name=RZ/><ref name=KJ>{{Cite book|first=Ramesh Chandra|last=Majumdar|title=The history and culture of the Indian People|publisher=Bharatiya Vidhya Bhawan|year=1977|pages=140-141|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=BXtDAAAAYAAJ&dq=1708+ajit+singh&source=gbs_navlinks_s|quote=}}</ref><ref name=HG>{{Cite book|first=O.P.|last=Bhatia|title=History of India, from 1701 to 1856|publisher=Surjeet Book Depot|year=1968|pages=|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=smdXAAAAMAAJ&dq=ajit+singh+1708&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=Jai+Singh|quote=They also won over Rana Amar Singh . Virtually the whole of Rajputana was up in arms to liberate their ancestral country from Mughal domination . By July , 1708 , Ajit Singh was able to recapture Jodhpur . Jai Singh regained Amber.}}</ref><ref name=VP>{{Cite book|first=Edward James|last=Rapson|title=Cambridge History of India|publisher=MacMillan|year=1937|pages=322|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=q3lDAAAAYAAJ&q=ajit+singh+1708&dq=ajit+singh+1708&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwj7-NLsn6jxAhVB7HMBHYicAQw4ChDoATADegQIBxAB|quote=}}</ref>
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| The '''Rajput rebellion''' began in 1708 because of the harsh treatment of the Rajput Rajas by the Mughal emperor. It erupted into a two-year rebellion that forced the Mughal emperor to sue for peace, give them gifts, and restore the Rajput holdings which had been annexed by the previous Mughal emperor [[Aurangzeb]].<ref name=RZ/><ref name=KJ>{{Cite book|first=Ramesh Chandra|last=Majumdar|title=The history and culture of the Indian People|publisher=Bharatiya Vidhya Bhawan|year=1977|pages=140-141|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=BXtDAAAAYAAJ&dq=1708+ajit+singh&source=gbs_navlinks_s|quote=}}</ref><ref name=HG>{{Cite book|first=O.P.|last=Bhatia|title=History of India, from 1701 to 1856|publisher=Surjeet Book Depot|year=1968|pages=|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=smdXAAAAMAAJ&dq=ajit+singh+1708&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=Jai+Singh|quote=They also won over Rana Amar Singh . Virtually the whole of Rajputana was up in arms to liberate their ancestral country from Mughal domination . By July , 1708 , Ajit Singh was able to recapture Jodhpur . Jai Singh regained Amber.}}</ref><ref name=VP>{{Cite book|first=Edward James|last=Rapson|title=Cambridge History of India|publisher=MacMillan|year=1937|pages=322|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=q3lDAAAAYAAJ&q=ajit+singh+1708&dq=ajit+singh+1708&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwj7-NLsn6jxAhVB7HMBHYicAQw4ChDoATADegQIBxAB|quote=}}</ref>
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| ==Background==
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| After the death of [[Aurangzeb]] a battle for succession began amongst the Mughal princes. Jai Singh II was a teenager then and commanded a thousand troops under [[Bidar Bakht]]. On 8 June 1707 Bidar Bakht and his father [[Muhammad Azam Shah|Azam Humayun]] were killed in battle. Jai Singh was helpless and was forced to retreat with the battered army. Bahadur Shah after becoming the new Emperor started towards Rajputana where the Rathors under Durgadas had been fighting the Mughals for thirty years. Ajit Singh had taken [[Jodhpur]] after the death of Aurangzeb and ousted Mehrab Khan and the Mughal garrisons.<ref name=PD>{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_DLQeSBLpUwsC|page=100-103|quote=|title=Rajasthan Through the Ages|date=2008-01-01|publisher=Sarup & Sons|isbn=9788176258418|language=en}}</ref><ref name=RZ/> During this campaign Bahadur shah was suspicious of Jai Singh II as he had been a good friend of Bidar Bakht and fought Bahadur at Jajau. Jai Singhs younger brother Bijay Singh on the other side had been with Bahadur Shah for a longer period, so when Bahadur Shah stopped at [[Amber]] on 10 January 1708 on his way to Marwar, he made Bijay Singh the Raja of Amber and removed Jai Singh from his post and made him an ordinary Jagirdar. When Bahadur Shah reached close to Marwar, Ajit Singh started negotiations after seeing the size of the Imperial army. On 24 March Bahadur Shah was forced to march south due to his brother Kam Baksh's rebellion. The emperor forced Ajit Singh and Jai Singh II to march with him and empowered Bijay Singh by giving him the title of Mirza Raja. However Bijay Singh was powerless in Amber as Jai Singhs men had neutralized the Mughal authorities there. Bahadur Shah had thus repeated the Marwar scenario of Aurangzeb which had previously resulted to the thirty year war with the Rathors. Ajit Singh and Jai Singh II fled from the Mughal camp when they got a chance at Mandleshwar on 21 April 1708, they met Maharana Amar Singh and made an alliance. Jai singh II also married the Maharana's daughter.<ref name=PD/> The Rajput rebellion had thus begun.<ref name=RZ/>
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| ==Rebellion==
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| Bahadur Shah was forced to move south and could not come back till 12 June 1710, during this time the Rajput states of [[Marwar]] and [[Amber]] united against the Turks and all of Rajputana had taken up arms. Jai Singh and Durgadas Rathore were made the leaders of this rebellion.<ref name=RZ/> The Mughal regent Asad Khan tried his best to sue for peace with the Rajput Rajas however it was too late. Ajit Singh and Jai Singh had taken their capitals back from the Mughal Garrisons. Jodhpur was captured in July and Amber in October 1708.<ref name=PD/> Sayyid Hussain Barha and Churaman Jat were sent with a big force to retake Amber, however Barha was shot dead with his brothers and the Mughals were defeated. Three thousand Mughals were killed at Sambhar, Jai Singh in his letter to Chattrasal has written that "among the dead were all three Faujdars".<ref name=RZ/> The Rajputs also took all the Mughal treasury of Sambhar and distributed it among the people.<ref name=KS>{{Cite book|first=V.S.|last=Bhatnagar|title=Life and times of Sawai Jai Singh|publisher=Impex India|year=1974|pages=62-63|url=https://books.google.co.in/books/about/Life_and_Times_of_Sawai_Jai_Singh_1688_1.html?id=plFuAAAAMAAJ&redir_esc=y|quote=The Rajputs broke open the treasury and disbursed its contents among the people.....three thousand enemy soldiers, as Jai Singh wrote to Chattrasal Bundela on October, 16, 1708 were killed in the bloody engagement.......The Rajputs had despatched their armies towards Rohtak, Delhi and Agra and had established ouposts at Rewari and Narnaul.}}</ref> When Bahadur Shah got to know of this defeat he immediately tried to sue for peace by offering to restore Ajit Singh and Jai Singh to their thrones, however the Rajputs demanded the restoration of their lands that had been forcefully taken by Aurangzeb in 1679 and the expulsion of the Mughals from Rajputana. The Mughal Emperor was not ready to do this and the war continued. Mughal faujdars were sent to pillage the farms and villages, although they met with resistance in every fort that they crossed. Mir Khan, the faujdar of Narnol had gathered 7,000 mughals and was joined by 6,000 Jats under Churaman. However on January 1710 this army was effectively checked by Gaj Singh Naruka of Javli, who was loyal to Jai Singh. On 24 March 1710 Muhammad Shah, the qiledar of [[Tonk, India|Tonk]] was defeated and forced to abandon his holdings.<ref name=RZ/> The Rajput Rajas had formed military outposts at Rewari and Narnaul, 45 miles from Delhi and sent their armies towards Delhi, Rohtaka and Agra to harass the Mughals. Jai Singh also started sending letters to the Bundelas, Sikhs and the Marathas in order to spread discontent in the country against the Mughals.<ref name=KS/>
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| ==Aftermath==
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| When Bahadur Shah returned he had no choice but to negotiate with the Rajputs. Gifts and letters were sent to the two rebel Rajas in May 1710. The rise of [[Banda Singh Bahadur]] and death of the faujdar of Sarhind further caused fear in the Mughal court and on 11 June 1710 Jai Singh and Ajit Singh were invited to the Mughal court and were given robes of honour, presents and governorships of [[Malwa]] and [[Gujarat]].<ref name=RZ/>
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| ==References==
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| {{reflist}}
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| [[Category:Battles involving the Indian kingdoms]]
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| [[Category:History of Rajasthan]]
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| [[Category:Battles involving the Rajputs]]
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