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{{use dmy dates|date=January 2019}} | {{use dmy dates|date=January 2019}} | ||
{{Short description|cultivating caste of Odisha, India}} | {{Short description|cultivating caste of Odisha, India}} | ||
'''Khandayat or Khandait''' is a | '''Khandayat or Khandait''' is a Martial caste from [[Odisha]], [[East India|East india]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Behuria|first=N. C.|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=Q2EKAQAAIAAJ&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=Khandayat|title=Orissa State Gazetteer|date=1990|publisher=Gazetteers Unit, Department of Revenue, Government of Orissa|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Behura|first=Nab Kishore|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=o6Gz0ZDw7PQC&pg=PA42&dq=Khandayat+landed+militia&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjF3oe9l8LwAhUUxTgGHcn5An0Q6AEwBXoECAMQAw#v=onepage&q=Khandayat&f=false|title=Family Welfare in India: A Cross-cultural Study|last2=Mohanty|first2=Ramesh P.|date=2005|publisher=Discovery Publishing House|isbn=978-81-7141-920-3|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Patnaik|first=Nihar Ranjan|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=1AA9W9_4Z9gC&pg=PA155&dq=Khandayat+landed+militia&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjy64LzmcLwAhW0V3wKHbfgD5k4FBDoATAIegQIARAD#v=onepage&q=Land%20militia&f=false|title=Economic History of Orissa|date=1997|publisher=Indus Publishing|isbn=978-81-7387-075-0|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Pati|first=Rabindra Nath|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=_5seKkk3GkIC&pg=PA116&dq=Khandayat+landed+militia&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjd_cj8tc3wAhXfwjgGHahrBtcQ6AEwA3oECAMQAw#v=onepage&q=Khandayat%20landed%20militia&f=false|title=Family Planning|date=2008|publisher=APH Publishing|isbn=978-81-313-0352-8|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=LjQXYzVn_GYC&dq=Khandayat+landed+militia&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=Landed+militia|title=Regional Development Dialogue|date=2009|publisher=United Nations Centre for Regional Development.|language=en}}</ref> They were feudal chiefs, military generals, zamindars, large land holders and agriculturalists.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Bhola|first=Sudhira Chandra|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=4eLsAAAAMAAJ&dq=Khandayat+Feudal&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=Khandayat|title=British Economic Policy in Orissa|date=1990|publisher=Discovery Publishing House|isbn=978-81-7141-075-0|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Samal|first=J. K.|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=NO4xIxxt0kYC&printsec=frontcover&dq=jk+samal+economy+history+of+odisha&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjh6u62usbwAhW3wjgGHQ87DjYQ6AEwAHoECAAQAw#v=onepage&q=khandait%20&f=false|title=Economic History of Orissa, 1866-1912|date=1990|publisher=Mittal Publications|isbn=978-81-7099-218-9|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Ernst|first=Waltraud|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=9eKbW3ukh9oC&q=biswamoy+pati+khandayats&pg=PA89&redir_esc=y#v=snippet&q=Privileged%20tenure%20holders%20&f=false|title=India's Princely States: People, Princes and Colonialism|last2=Pati|first2=Biswamoy|date=2007-10-18|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-134-11988-2|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Bailey|first=Frederick George|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VNHRWtDWsRIC&pg=PA132|title=Politics and Social Change|publisher=University of California Press|year=1970|page=132}}</ref> Numerically they are the largest caste of the state.<ref>{{cite book|title=Punjab Journal of Politics|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ktksAAAAIAAJ&q=khandayat+largest+caste+in+odisha|year=1986|publisher=Department of Political Science, Guru Nanak Dev University}}</ref> | ||
{{Infobox caste | {{Infobox caste | ||
Revision as of 13:58, 24 June 2022
Khandayat or Khandait is a Martial caste from Odisha, East india.[1][2][3][4][5] They were feudal chiefs, military generals, zamindars, large land holders and agriculturalists.[6][7][8][9] Numerically they are the largest caste of the state.[10]
| Khandayat | |
|---|---|
| Religions | Hinduism |
| Languages | Odia |
| Populated states | Odisha |
Etymology
The name Khandayat is originated from the word "Khanda" which means Sword and khandayat means sword wielding.[11][12]
History
Traditionally, they are quasi-martial caste who claim themselves to be of Kshatriya status, but they were considered by the Brahmins and others to be in the Shudra varna category[13][full citation needed] due to the majority of Khandayats being peasants. Pradhan also attributes this to Brahmin patronage of Rajputs, who also claimed to be of Kshatriya status.[14][clarification needed] Communities such as Adivasis, Bhuyans, Chasas, and Agharias started identifying as Khandayats in order to gain status, distance themselves from their original castes/communities, and exploit Zamindar land rights.[15]
References
- ↑ Behuria, N. C. (1990). Orissa State Gazetteer. Gazetteers Unit, Department of Revenue, Government of Orissa.
- ↑ Behura, Nab Kishore; Mohanty, Ramesh P. (2005). Family Welfare in India: A Cross-cultural Study. Discovery Publishing House. ISBN 978-81-7141-920-3.
- ↑ Patnaik, Nihar Ranjan (1997). Economic History of Orissa. Indus Publishing. ISBN 978-81-7387-075-0.
- ↑ Pati, Rabindra Nath (2008). Family Planning. APH Publishing. ISBN 978-81-313-0352-8.
- ↑ Regional Development Dialogue. United Nations Centre for Regional Development. 2009.
- ↑ Bhola, Sudhira Chandra (1990). British Economic Policy in Orissa. Discovery Publishing House. ISBN 978-81-7141-075-0.
- ↑ Samal, J. K. (1990). Economic History of Orissa, 1866-1912. Mittal Publications. ISBN 978-81-7099-218-9.
- ↑ Ernst, Waltraud; Pati, Biswamoy (18 October 2007). India's Princely States: People, Princes and Colonialism. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-134-11988-2.
- ↑ Bailey, Frederick George (1970). Politics and Social Change. University of California Press. p. 132.
- ↑ Punjab Journal of Politics. Department of Political Science, Guru Nanak Dev University. 1986.
- ↑ Ghosh, G. K. (2000). Legends of Origin of the Castes and Tribes of Eastern India. Firma KLM. ISBN 978-81-7102-046-1.
- ↑ Pati, Biswamoy (2003). Identity, Hegemony, Resistance: Towards a Social History of Conversions in Orissa, 1800-2000. Three Essays Collective. ISBN 978-81-88789-04-7.
- ↑ Indian History Congress (1997). Proceedings. Indian History Congress.
- ↑ Pradhan, Prasanta Kumar (1996). "Story of the Peasant Militias or the Khandayats or Orissa: A Socio-Historical Approach". Proceedings of the Indian History Congress. 57: 752–745 – via JSTOR.
- ↑ Ernst, Waltraun; Pati, Biswamoy (2007). India's Princely States: People, Princes and Colonialism. ISBN 9781134119882. Retrieved 13 September 2016.
Further reading
- Ernst, Waltraud; Pati, Biswamoy, eds. (2007). India's Princely States: People, Princes and Colonialism. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-13411-988-2.
- Pati, Biswamoy (2001). Situating Social History: Orissa, 1800-1997. Orient Blackswan. ISBN 978-8-12502-007-3.
- Senapati, Fakir Mohan (2005). Six Acres and a Third: The Classic Nineteenth-century Novel about Colonial India. Mishra, Rabi Shankar (trans.). University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-52022-883-2.
- Roy, Bhaskar (2004). "Khandayats moving into political gear in Orissa". Times of India.