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Some researchers suggest that urban planners around the world work in different "[[planning cultures]]", adapted to their local cities and cultures.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Friedman |first=John |year=2012 |chapter=Varieties of Planning Experience: Toward a Globalized Planning Culture? | editor1-last=Weber |editor1-first=Rachel |editor2-last=Crane |editor2-first=Randall |title=The Oxford Handbook of Urban Planning |location=Oxford, England |publisher=Oxford University Press |pages=87–98 |isbn=978-0-19-537499-5}}</ref> However, professionals have identified skills, abilities and basic knowledge sets that are common to urban planners across national and regional boundaries.<ref>{{cite web|title=American Institutes of Certified Planners Certification|url=https://www.planning.org/aicp/|website=American Planning Association|publisher=American Planning Association|access-date=20 July 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Professional standards|url=http://www.rtpi.org.uk/membership/professional-standards/|website=Royal Institute of Town Planners|publisher=Royal Town Planning Institute|access-date=20 July 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=About ISOCARP|url=https://isocarp.org/about-isocarp/|publisher=International Society of City and Regional Planners|access-date=20 July 2017}}</ref> | Some researchers suggest that urban planners around the world work in different "[[planning cultures]]", adapted to their local cities and cultures.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Friedman |first=John |year=2012 |chapter=Varieties of Planning Experience: Toward a Globalized Planning Culture? | editor1-last=Weber |editor1-first=Rachel |editor2-last=Crane |editor2-first=Randall |title=The Oxford Handbook of Urban Planning |location=Oxford, England |publisher=Oxford University Press |pages=87–98 |isbn=978-0-19-537499-5}}</ref> However, professionals have identified skills, abilities and basic knowledge sets that are common to urban planners across national and regional boundaries.<ref>{{cite web|title=American Institutes of Certified Planners Certification|url=https://www.planning.org/aicp/|website=American Planning Association|publisher=American Planning Association|access-date=20 July 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Professional standards|url=http://www.rtpi.org.uk/membership/professional-standards/|website=Royal Institute of Town Planners|publisher=Royal Town Planning Institute|access-date=20 July 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=About ISOCARP|url=https://isocarp.org/about-isocarp/|publisher=International Society of City and Regional Planners|access-date=20 July 2017}}</ref> | ||
== Criticisms and debates in urban planning == | |||
The school of [[neoclassical economics]] argues that planning is unnecessary, or even harmful, because [[Efficient-market hypothesis|market efficiency]] allows for effective land use.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last=Klosterman|first=Richard E.|date=1985|title=Arguments for and against Planning|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/40112168|journal=The Town Planning Review|volume=56|issue=1|pages=5–20|doi=10.3828/tpr.56.1.e8286q3082111km4|jstor=40112168|issn=0041-0020}}</ref> A [[Pluralist democracy|pluralist]] strain of political thinking argues in a similar vein that the government should not intrude in the political competition between different interest groups which decides how land is used.<ref name=":1" /> The traditional justification for urban planning has in response been that the planner does to the city what the engineer or architect does to the home, that is, make it more amenable to the needs and preferences of its inhabitants.<ref name=":1" /> | |||
The widely adopted consensus-building model of planning, which seeks to accommodate different preferences within the community has been criticized for being based upon, rather than challenging, the power structures of the community.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last1=McAuliffe|first1=Cameron|last2=Rogers|first2=Dallas|date=March 2019|title=The politics of value in urban development: Valuing conflict in agonistic pluralism|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1473095219831381|journal=Planning Theory|volume=18|issue=3|pages=300–318|doi=10.1177/1473095219831381|s2cid=150714892|issn=1473-0952}}</ref> Instead, [[agonism]] has been proposed as a framework for urban planning decision-making.<ref name=":0" /> | |||