1988 Maldives coup d'état attempt: Difference between revisions

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{{Redirect-distinguish|Operation Cactus|Operation Cactus-Lilly}}
{{Short description|Coup attempt thwarted by India}}
{{more citations needed|date=April 2019}}
{{more citations needed|date=April 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
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| place            = [[Maldives]], Indian Ocean
| place            = [[Maldives]], Indian Ocean
| casus            = Armed Coup led by PLOTE sought to overthrow the government in Maldives.
| casus            = Armed Coup led by PLOTE sought to overthrow the government in Maldives.
| result            = Indian/Maldivian victory<br/> Government rule restored in Maldives
| result            = Indian/Maldivian government victory
*Coup failed
| combatant1        = {{flagicon|India}} [[India]] <br/> {{flagicon|Maldives}} [[Maldives]]
| combatant1        = {{flagicon|India}} [[India]] <br/> {{flagicon|Maldives}} [[Maldives]]
| combatant2        = [[File:Bandera del PLOTE (Tàmils).svg|22px|border]] [[People's Liberation Organisation of Tamil Eelam]] <br /> {{flagicon|Maldives}} Maldivian rebels
| combatant2        = [[File:Bandera del PLOTE (Tàmils).svg|22px|border]] [[People's Liberation Organisation of Tamil Eelam]] <br /> {{flagicon|Maldives}} Maldivian rebels
| commander1        = {{flagicon|IND}} [[Ramaswamy Venkataraman|R. Venkataraman]]<br />{{flagicon|India}} [[Rajiv Gandhi]]<br />{{flagicon|India}}Vice-Admiral S.V.V. Gopalachari<br />{{flagicon|India}} Brigadier Farouk Bulsara<br />{{flagicon|India}} Colonel Subhash Joshi<br/>{{flagicon|Maldives}} [[Maumoon Abdul Gayoom]]
| commander1        = {{flagicon|IND}} [[Ramaswamy Venkataraman|R. Venkataraman]]<br />{{flagicon|India}} [[Rajiv Gandhi]]<br />{{flagicon|India}}Vice-Admiral S.V.V. Gopalachari<br />{{flagicon|India}} Brigadier Farouk Bulsara<br />{{flagicon|India}} Colonel Subhash Joshi<br/>{{flagicon|Maldives}} [[Maumoon Abdul Gayoom]]<br/>{{flagicon|Maldives}} Colonel [[Mohamed Zahir]]
| commander2        = [[File:Bandera del PLOTE (Tàmils).svg|22px|border]] [[Uma Maheswaran]]<br />[[File:Bandera del PLOTE (Tàmils).svg|22px|border]]&nbsp;Wasanti{{KIA}}<br />{{flagicon|Maldives}}&nbsp;Abdullah Luthufi{{POW}}<br />{{flagicon|Maldives}}&nbsp;Sagaru Ahmed Nasir{{POW}}<br />{{flagicon|Maldives}}&nbsp;Ahmed Ismail Manik Sikka{{POW}}
| commander2        = [[File:Bandera del PLOTE (Tàmils).svg|22px|border]] [[Uma Maheswaran]]<br />[[File:Bandera del PLOTE (Tàmils).svg|22px|border]]&nbsp;Wasanti{{KIA}}<br />{{flagicon|Maldives}}&nbsp;Abdullah Luthufi{{POW}}<br />{{flagicon|Maldives}}&nbsp;Sagaru Ahmed Nasir{{POW}}<br />{{flagicon|Maldives}}&nbsp;Ahmed Ismail Manik Sikka{{POW}}
| strength1        = 500 Indian paratroopers
| strength1        = 500 Indian paratroopers<br>
Maldivian National Security Service (presently known as [[Maldives National Defense Force]])
1,400 [[Maldives National Defense Force|Maldivian National Security Service]]
| strength2        = 800–1000 gunmen
| strength2        = 100-250 gunmen
| casualties1      = 19 Maldivians killed, out of which 8 were [[National Security Service (Maldives)|NSS]] (National Security Service) personnel, 39 injured of which 18 were NSS personal. 4 hostages killed, 3 hostages unaccounted for.
| casualties1      = 14 killed (8 NSS), 39 injured (18 NSS), 27 captured.
| casualties2      = Several mercenaries were killed and some were captured. 27 hostages were taken, 20 were retrieved. 4 killed and the other 3 unknown.
| casualties2      = 5-11 killed, 75 captured (68 PLOTE, 7 Maldivians).
}}
}}


The '''1988 Maldives coup d'état attempt''' was the attempt by a group of [[Maldivians]] led by businessman Abdullah Luthufi and assisted by armed mercenaries of a [[Sri Lankan Tamil|Tamil]] secessionist organisation from [[Sri Lanka]], the [[People's Liberation Organisation of Tamil Eelam]] (PLOTE), to overthrow the government in the island republic of [[Maldives]]. The mercenaries quickly gained control of the capital, including the major government buildings, airport, port, television and radio stations. The intervention by Indian armed forces - codenamed 'Operation Cactus' trounced the attempted coup.
The '''1988 Maldives coup d'état attempt''' was by a group of [[Maldivians]] led by businessman Abdullah Luthufi and assisted by armed mercenaries of a [[Sri Lankan Tamil|Tamil]] secessionist organisation from [[Sri Lanka]], the [[People's Liberation Organisation of Tamil Eelam]] (PLOTE), to overthrow the government in the island republic of [[Maldives]]. The mercenaries quickly gained control of the capital, including the major government buildings, airport, port, television and radio stations. The intervention by the [[Indian Armed Forces]], codenamed '''Operation Cactus''', defeated the attempted coup.


==Prelude==
==Prelude==
Whereas the 1980 and 1983 coup d'état attempts against [[Maumoon Abdul Gayoom]]'s presidency were not considered serious, the third coup d'état attempt in November 1988 alarmed the international community.<ref>{{cite book |title=Indda's Major Military & Rescue Operations |isbn=9789386369390 |page=180}}</ref> About 80 armed [[PLOTE]] mercenaries<ref>[http://www.ipcs.org/ipcs/databaseIndex2.jsp?database=1001&country2=Maldives Institute of Peace and Conflict Studies<!-- Bot generated title -->] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061002135900/http://www.ipcs.org/ipcs/databaseIndex2.jsp?database=1001&country2=Maldives |date=2 October 2006 }}</ref> landed in the capital [[Malé]] before dawn aboard speedboats from a hijacked Sri Lankan freighter. Disguised as visitors, a similar number had already infiltrated Malé earlier. The mercenaries quickly gained control of the capital, including the major government buildings, airport, port, television and radio stations. The mercenaries then marched towards the [[Muliaage|Presidential Palace]] where [[Maumoon Abdul Gayoom|President Gayoom]] was residing with his family. But before they reached the Presidential Palace, President Gayoom was escorted by Maldivian National Security Advisor to the Defence Minister's home. The Defence Minister then escorted the President to a safe house. Meanwhile, the mercenaries had seized the Presidential Palace and managed to take the Maldivian Education Minister as hostage. President Gayoom requested military intervention from [[Sri Lanka]] and [[Pakistan]], but both denied any help, citing a lack of military capabilities. The president then requested [[Singapore]]'s intervention, but Singapore declined, citing the same reasons. After that, he contacted the [[United States]], but was told that it will take them 2–3 days to reach the Maldives from their nearest military base in [[Diego Garcia]], 1000 km away. The president then contacted the [[United Kingdom]], which advised them to seek assistance from [[India]]. Following this, President Gayoom contacted the Indian government for assistance. India swiftly accepted their request and an emergency meeting was arranged at the [[Secretariat Building, New Delhi|Secretariat Building]] in New Delhi. Within 16 hours of the [[SOS]], India was ready to commence their operation.
Whereas the 1980 and 1983 coup d'état attempts against [[Maumoon Abdul Gayoom]]'s presidency were not considered serious, the third coup d'état attempt in November 1988 alarmed the international community.<ref>{{cite book |title=Indda's Major Military & Rescue Operations |isbn=9789386369390 |page=180}}</ref> About 80 armed [[PLOTE]] mercenaries<ref>[http://www.ipcs.org/ipcs/databaseIndex2.jsp?database=1001&country2=Maldives Institute of Peace and Conflict Studies<!-- Bot generated title -->] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061002135900/http://www.ipcs.org/ipcs/databaseIndex2.jsp?database=1001&country2=Maldives |date=2 October 2006 }}</ref> landed in the capital [[Malé]] before dawn aboard speedboats from a hijacked Sri Lankan freighter. Disguised as visitors, a similar number had already infiltrated Malé earlier. The mercenaries quickly gained control of the capital, including the major government buildings, airport, port, television and radio stations. The mercenaries then marched towards the [[Muliaage|Presidential Palace]] where [[Maumoon Abdul Gayoom|President Gayoom]] was residing with his family. But before they reached the Presidential Palace, President Gayoom was escorted by Maldivian National Security Advisor to the Defense Minister's home. The Defense Minister then escorted the President to a safe house. Meanwhile, the mercenaries had seized the Presidential Palace and managed to take the Maldivian Education Minister as hostage. President Gayoom requested military intervention from [[Sri Lanka]] and [[Pakistan]], but both denied any help, citing a lack of military capabilities. The president then requested [[Singapore]]'s intervention, but Singapore declined, citing the same reasons. After that, he contacted the [[United States]], but was told that it would take [[United States Armed Forces|US forces]] 2–3 days to reach the Maldives from their nearest military base in [[Diego Garcia]], 1000 km away. The president then contacted the [[United Kingdom]], which advised them to seek assistance from [[India]]. Following this, President Gayoom contacted the Indian government for assistance. India swiftly accepted their request and an emergency meeting was arranged at the [[Secretariat Building, New Delhi|Secretariat Building]] in New Delhi. Within 16 hours of the [[SOS]], India was ready to commence their operation.


==Operation Cactus==
==Operation Cactus==
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[[Rejaul Karim Laskar]], a member of the then-ruling political party in India- [[Indian National Congress]], stated that India's intervention in the attempted coup became necessary as in the absence of Indian intervention, external powers would have been tempted to intervene or even to establish bases in [[Maldives]], which being in [[India]]'s backyard would have been detrimental to [[India]]'s [[national interest]].<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Laskar|first1=Rejaul|title=Rajiv Gandhi’s Diplomacy: Historic Significance and Contemporary Relevance|journal=Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary Diplomatist|date=September 2014|volume=2|issue=9|page=47|url=http://www.diplomatist.com/dipom09y2014/article015.html|access-date=8 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180221161446/http://www.diplomatist.com/dipom09y2014/article015.html|archive-date=21 February 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref> India, therefore, intervened with "Operation Cactus".
[[Rejaul Karim Laskar]], a member of the then-ruling political party in India- [[Indian National Congress]], stated that India's intervention in the attempted coup became necessary as in the absence of Indian intervention, external powers would have been tempted to intervene or even to establish bases in [[Maldives]], which being in [[India]]'s backyard would have been detrimental to [[India]]'s [[national interest]].<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Laskar|first1=Rejaul|title=Rajiv Gandhi’s Diplomacy: Historic Significance and Contemporary Relevance|journal=Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary Diplomatist|date=September 2014|volume=2|issue=9|page=47|url=http://www.diplomatist.com/dipom09y2014/article015.html|access-date=8 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180221161446/http://www.diplomatist.com/dipom09y2014/article015.html|archive-date=21 February 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref> India, therefore, intervened with "Operation Cactus".


The operation started on the night of 3 November 1988, when [[Ilyushin Il-76]] aircraft of the [[Indian Air Force]] airlifted the elements of the [[50th Parachute Brigade (India)|50th Independent Parachute Brigade]], commanded by [[Brigadier]] Farukh Bulsara, the 6th Battalion of the [[Parachute Regiment (India)|Parachute Regiment]] and the [[17 (Parachute) Field Regiment (Zojila & Poongli Bridge)|17th Parachute Field Regiment]] from [[Agra Air Force Station]] and flew them non-stop over 2,000 kilometres (1,240&nbsp;mi) to land them over the [[Malé International Airport]] on [[Hulhule Island]]. The [[Indian Army]] paratroopers arrived on Hulhule in nine hours after the appeal from President Gayoom.<ref name="Op Cactus">{{cite web|author=Chordia, AK|date=n.d.|title=Operation Cactus|url=http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/History/1990s/Cactus.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090921164330/http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/History/1990s/Cactus.html|archive-date=21 September 2009|access-date=26 April 2012|publisher=Bharat-Rakshak.com}}</ref><ref name="Kapoor2002">{{cite book|last=Kapoor|first=Subodh|title=The Indian Encyclopaedia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K81vPRQf1A8C&pg=PA5311|year=2002|publisher=Cosmo Publications|isbn=978-81-7755-257-7|pages=5310–11}}</ref>
The operation started on the night of 3 November 1988, when [[Ilyushin Il-76]] aircraft of the [[Indian Air Force]] airlifted the elements of the [[50th Parachute Brigade (India)|50th Independent Parachute Brigade]], commanded by [[Brigadier]] [[Farukh Bulsara]], the 6th Battalion of the [[Parachute Regiment (India)|Parachute Regiment]] and the [[17 (Parachute) Field Regiment (Zojila & Poongli Bridge)|17th Parachute Field Regiment]] from [[Agra Air Force Station]] and flew them non-stop over 2,000 kilometres (1,240&nbsp;mi) to land them over the [[Malé International Airport]] on [[Hulhule Island]]. The [[Indian Army]] paratroopers arrived on Hulhule in nine hours after the appeal from President Gayoom.<ref name="Op Cactus">{{cite web|author=Chordia, AK|date=n.d.|title=Operation Cactus|url=http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/History/1990s/Cactus.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090921164330/http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/History/1990s/Cactus.html|archive-date=21 September 2009|access-date=26 April 2012|publisher=Bharat-Rakshak.com}}</ref><ref name="Kapoor2002">{{cite book|last=Kapoor|first=Subodh|title=The Indian Encyclopaedia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K81vPRQf1A8C&pg=PA5311|year=2002|publisher=Cosmo Publications|isbn=978-81-7755-257-7|pages=5310–11}}</ref>


The Indian paratroopers immediately secured the [[airfield]], crossed over to Malé using commandeered boats and rescued President Gayoom. The paratroopers restored control of the capital to President Gayoom's government within hours. Some of the mercenaries fled toward [[Sri Lanka]] in a hijacked freighter. Those unable to reach the ship in time were quickly rounded up and handed over to the Maldives government. Nineteen people reportedly died in the fighting, most of them mercenaries. The dead included two hostages killed by the mercenaries. The [[Indian Navy]] frigates ''[[INS Godavari (F20)|Godavari]]'' and ''[[INS Betwa (F39)|Betwa]]'' intercepted the freighter off the Sri Lankan coast, and captured the mercenaries. The swift intervention by the Indian military and accurate intelligence successfully quelled the attempted coup d'état in the island nation.<ref name="Op Cactus1" />
The Indian paratroopers immediately secured the [[airfield]], crossed over to Malé using commandeered boats and rescued President Gayoom. The paratroopers restored control of the capital to President Gayoom's government within hours. Some of the mercenaries fled toward [[Sri Lanka]] in a hijacked freighter. Those unable to reach the ship in time were quickly rounded up and handed over to the Maldives government. Nineteen people reportedly died in the fighting, most of them mercenaries. The dead included two hostages killed by the mercenaries. The [[Indian Navy]] frigates ''[[INS Godavari (F20)|Godavari]]'' and ''[[INS Betwa (F39)|Betwa]]'' intercepted the freighter off the Sri Lankan coast, and captured the mercenaries. The swift intervention by the Indian military and accurate intelligence successfully quelled the attempted coup d'état in the island nation.<ref name="Op Cactus1" />


==Reaction==
==Reaction==
India received international praise for the operation. United States President [[Ronald Reagan]] expressed his appreciation for India's action, calling it "a valuable contribution to regional stability". British Prime Minister [[Margaret Thatcher]] reportedly commented, ‘"Thank God for India: President Gayoom's government has been saved". But the intervention nevertheless caused some disquiet among India's neighbours in South Asia.<ref>{{cite web|author=David Brewster|url= http://pragati.nationalinterest.in/2014/04/operation-cactus-indias-1988-intervention-in-the-maldives/|title= Operation Cactus: India’s 1988 Intervention in the Maldives. Retrieved 14 August 2014}}</ref>
India received international praise for the operation. United States President [[Ronald Reagan]] expressed his appreciation for India's action, calling it "a valuable contribution to regional stability". British Prime Minister [[Margaret Thatcher]] reportedly commented, "Thank God for India: President Gayoom's government has been saved". But the intervention nevertheless caused some disquiet among India's neighbours in South Asia.<ref>{{cite web|author=David Brewster|url= http://pragati.nationalinterest.in/2014/04/operation-cactus-indias-1988-intervention-in-the-maldives/|title= Operation Cactus: India’s 1988 Intervention in the Maldives. Retrieved 14 August 2014}}</ref>


==Aftermath==
==Aftermath==

Revision as of 14:47, 18 January 2022

"Operation Cactus" redirects here. It is not to be confused with Operation Cactus-Lilly.

1988 Maldives coup d'état attempt
Part of Indian Intervention in the Sri Lankan civil war

An Indian Air Force Ilyushin Il-76 transport aircraft of the model used to transport Indian paratroopers to Malé.
Date3 November 1988
Location
Maldives, Indian Ocean
Result

Indian/Maldivian government victory

  • Coup failed
Belligerents
India India
Maldives Maldives		 People's Liberation Organisation of Tamil Eelam
Maldives Maldivian rebels
Commanders and leaders
India R. Venkataraman
India Rajiv Gandhi
IndiaVice-Admiral S.V.V. Gopalachari
India Brigadier Farouk Bulsara
India Colonel Subhash Joshi
Maldives Maumoon Abdul Gayoom
Maldives Colonel Mohamed Zahir		 Uma Maheswaran
 Wasanti †
Maldives Abdullah LuthufiTemplate:POW
Maldives Sagaru Ahmed NasirTemplate:POW
Maldives Ahmed Ismail Manik SikkaTemplate:POW
Strength

500 Indian paratroopers

1,400 Maldivian National Security Service		 100-250 gunmen
Casualties and losses
14 killed (8 NSS), 39 injured (18 NSS), 27 captured. 5-11 killed, 75 captured (68 PLOTE, 7 Maldivians).

The 1988 Maldives coup d'état attempt was by a group of Maldivians led by businessman Abdullah Luthufi and assisted by armed mercenaries of a Tamil secessionist organisation from Sri Lanka, the People's Liberation Organisation of Tamil Eelam (PLOTE), to overthrow the government in the island republic of Maldives. The mercenaries quickly gained control of the capital, including the major government buildings, airport, port, television and radio stations. The intervention by the Indian Armed Forces, codenamed Operation Cactus, defeated the attempted coup.

Prelude

Whereas the 1980 and 1983 coup d'état attempts against Maumoon Abdul Gayoom's presidency were not considered serious, the third coup d'état attempt in November 1988 alarmed the international community.[1] About 80 armed PLOTE mercenaries[2] landed in the capital Malé before dawn aboard speedboats from a hijacked Sri Lankan freighter. Disguised as visitors, a similar number had already infiltrated Malé earlier. The mercenaries quickly gained control of the capital, including the major government buildings, airport, port, television and radio stations. The mercenaries then marched towards the Presidential Palace where President Gayoom was residing with his family. But before they reached the Presidential Palace, President Gayoom was escorted by Maldivian National Security Advisor to the Defense Minister's home. The Defense Minister then escorted the President to a safe house. Meanwhile, the mercenaries had seized the Presidential Palace and managed to take the Maldivian Education Minister as hostage. President Gayoom requested military intervention from Sri Lanka and Pakistan, but both denied any help, citing a lack of military capabilities. The president then requested Singapore's intervention, but Singapore declined, citing the same reasons. After that, he contacted the United States, but was told that it would take US forces 2–3 days to reach the Maldives from their nearest military base in Diego Garcia, 1000 km away. The president then contacted the United Kingdom, which advised them to seek assistance from India. Following this, President Gayoom contacted the Indian government for assistance. India swiftly accepted their request and an emergency meeting was arranged at the Secretariat Building in New Delhi. Within 16 hours of the SOS, India was ready to commence their operation.

Operation Cactus

Rejaul Karim Laskar, a member of the then-ruling political party in India- Indian National Congress, stated that India's intervention in the attempted coup became necessary as in the absence of Indian intervention, external powers would have been tempted to intervene or even to establish bases in Maldives, which being in India's backyard would have been detrimental to India's national interest.[3] India, therefore, intervened with "Operation Cactus".

The operation started on the night of 3 November 1988, when Ilyushin Il-76 aircraft of the Indian Air Force airlifted the elements of the 50th Independent Parachute Brigade, commanded by Brigadier Farukh Bulsara, the 6th Battalion of the Parachute Regiment and the 17th Parachute Field Regiment from Agra Air Force Station and flew them non-stop over 2,000 kilometres (1,240 mi) to land them over the Malé International Airport on Hulhule Island. The Indian Army paratroopers arrived on Hulhule in nine hours after the appeal from President Gayoom.[4][5]

The Indian paratroopers immediately secured the airfield, crossed over to Malé using commandeered boats and rescued President Gayoom. The paratroopers restored control of the capital to President Gayoom's government within hours. Some of the mercenaries fled toward Sri Lanka in a hijacked freighter. Those unable to reach the ship in time were quickly rounded up and handed over to the Maldives government. Nineteen people reportedly died in the fighting, most of them mercenaries. The dead included two hostages killed by the mercenaries. The Indian Navy frigates Godavari and Betwa intercepted the freighter off the Sri Lankan coast, and captured the mercenaries. The swift intervention by the Indian military and accurate intelligence successfully quelled the attempted coup d'état in the island nation.[6]

Reaction

India received international praise for the operation. United States President Ronald Reagan expressed his appreciation for India's action, calling it "a valuable contribution to regional stability". British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher reportedly commented, "Thank God for India: President Gayoom's government has been saved". But the intervention nevertheless caused some disquiet among India's neighbours in South Asia.[7]

Aftermath

In July 1989, India repatriated the mercenaries captured on board the hijacked freighter to Maldives to stand trial. President Gayoom commuted the death sentences passed against them to life imprisonment under Indian pressure.[8]

The 1988 coup d'état had been headed by a once prominent Maldivian businessperson named Abdullah Luthufi, who was operating a farm on Sri Lanka. Former Maldivian President Ibrahim Nasir was accused, but denied any involvement in the coup d'état. In fact, in July 1990, President Gayoom officially pardoned Nasir in absentia in recognition of his role in obtaining Maldives' independence.[6]

The operation also strengthened Indo-Maldivian relations as a result of the successful restoration of the Gayoom government.

Published accounts

Documentaries

Operation Cactus : How India Averted Maldives Crisis in 1988 (2018) is a TV documentary which premièred on Veer by Discovery Channel series, Battle Ops.[9]

See also

References

  1. ↑ Indda's Major Military & Rescue Operations. p. 180. ISBN 9789386369390.
  2. ↑ Institute of Peace and Conflict Studies Archived 2 October 2006 at the Wayback Machine
  3. ↑ Laskar, Rejaul (September 2014). "Rajiv Gandhi's Diplomacy: Historic Significance and Contemporary Relevance". Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary Diplomatist. 2 (9): 47. Archived from the original on 21 February 2018. Retrieved 8 March 2018.
  4. ↑ Chordia, AK (n.d.). "Operation Cactus". Bharat-Rakshak.com. Archived from the original on 21 September 2009. Retrieved 26 April 2012.
  5. ↑ Kapoor, Subodh (2002). The Indian Encyclopaedia. Cosmo Publications. pp. 5310–11. ISBN 978-81-7755-257-7.
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 [1] Archived 11 October 2010 at the Wayback Machine
  7. ↑ David Brewster. "Operation Cactus: India's 1988 Intervention in the Maldives. Retrieved 14 August 2014".
  8. ↑ Madagascar Security Concerns – Flags, Maps, Economy, History, Climate, Natural Resources, Current Issues, International Agreements, Population, Social Statistics, Political System
  9. ↑ "This R-Day, get ready for Discovery channel's 'Battle Ops'". The Hindu. 25 January 2018. Retrieved 22 April 2018.

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