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{{short description|Indian radio astronomer}}
{{short description|Indian radio astronomer}}
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| name              = <br/>Govind Swarup <br/>[[Fellow of the Royal Society|FRS]]
| name              = <br/>Govind Swarup <br/>[[Fellow of the Royal Society|FRS]]<ref name="Royal Society">{{cite web |title=Govind Swarup |url=https://royalsociety.org/people/govind-swarup-12374/ |website=The Royal Society |access-date=9 September 2021}}</ref>
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| doctoral_advisor  = [[Ronald N. Bracewell]]
| doctoral_advisor  = [[Ronald N. Bracewell]]
| doctoral_students = [[Vijay Kumar Kapahi]], [[P.K. Manoharan]], [[Gopal Krishna (astronomer)|Gopal Krishna]]  
| doctoral_students = [[Vijay Kumar Kapahi]], [[Gopal Krishna (astronomer)|Gopal Krishna]]  
| known_for        = [[Radioastronomy]]; [[R&D]]
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'''Govind Swarup''' (March 23, 1929 – September 7, 2020) was a radio astronomer and one of the pioneers of [[radio astronomy]], known not only for his many important research contributions in several areas of [[astronomy]] and [[astrophysics]], but also for his outstanding achievements in building ingenious, innovative and powerful observational facilities for front-line research in radio astronomy. He was the key scientist behind concept, design and installation of the [[Ooty Radio Telescope]] (India) and the [[Giant Metrewave Radio Telescope]] (GMRT) near Pune. Under his leadership, a strong group in radio astrophysics has been built at Tata Institute of Fundamental Research that is comparable to the best in the world.<ref>"2007 Grote Reber Medal to Professor Govind Swarup" [http://www.atnf.csiro.au/news/newsletter/jun07/Swarup.htm CSIRO Newsletter]</ref>
'''Govind Swarup''' (March 23, 1929 – September 7, 2020) was a pioneer in [[radio astronomy]].  In addition to research contributions in multiple areas of [[astronomy]] and [[astrophysics]], he was a driving force behind the building of "ingenious, innovative and powerful observational facilities for front-line research in radio astronomy".<ref name="INSA"/>
 
Swarup was the key scientist behind concept, design and installation of the [[Ooty Radio Telescope]] ([[Ootacamund]], India) and the [[Giant Metrewave Radio Telescope]] (GMRT) near [[Pune]].<ref name="Jauncey">{{cite web |last1=Jauncey |first1=Dave |title=2007 Grote Reber Medal to Professor Govind Swarup |url=http://www.atnf.csiro.au/news/newsletter/jun07/Swarup.htm |website=CSIRO Newsletter|date=2007 |publisher=Australia Telescope National Facility |access-date=9 September 2021}}</ref><ref name="Gupta">{{cite journal |last1=Gupta |first1=Amitava Sen |last2=Ananthakrishnan |first2=Subra |last3=Gupta |first3=Yashwant |title=In Memoriam: Govind Swarup |journal=The Radio Science Bulletin |date=June 2020 |volume=2020 |issue=373 |pages=64–68 |doi=10.23919/URSIRSB.2020.9318439 |url=https://rahist.nrao.edu/Swarup-RSB.pdf |access-date=9 September 2021}}</ref>
Swarup was the founding director of the [[National Centre for Radio Astrophysics]] (NCRA) at the [[Tata Institute of Fundamental Research]] (TIFR).<ref name="Nityananda">{{cite news |last1=Nityananda |first1=Rajaram |title=Remembering Govind Swarup – Astronomer, Builder, Leader |url=https://science.thewire.in/the-sciences/govind-swarup-radio-astronomy-gmrt-ooty-telescope-ncra-tifr-rajaram-nityananda/ |access-date=9 September 2021 |work=Science The WIRE |date=10 September 2020}}</ref>
Under his leadership, a strong group in radio astrophysics was built at Tata Institute of Fundamental Research that is comparable to the best in the world.<ref name="Raychaudhury"/>
 
He published over 125 research papers, edited 4 books, and held at least two patents.<ref name="IIAP"/> He contributed to the fields of [[solar radio emission]], [[radio galaxies]], [[quasars]], [[pulsars]], [[interplanetary scintillation]],  [[dark matter]] and [[cosmology]].<ref name="Gupta"/><ref name="Ananthakrishnan"/><ref name="Orchiston"/>


== Early life and education ==
== Early life and education ==
Govind Swarup was born at Thakurdwara, Uttar Pradesh in 1929. He received BSc degree in 1948 and MSc in Physics in 1950 from the [[Allahabad University]] and PhD from [[Stanford University]] in 1961.  He was awarded Doctor of Engineering (Honoris Causa), [[University of Roorkee]] in 1987 and Doctor of Science (Honoris Causa), [[Banaras Hindu University]] in 1996. He was at the [[National Physical Laboratory of India|National Physical Laboratory]], New Delhi (1950–53 and 1955–56), CSIRO, Australia (1953–55), Research Associate at [[Harvard University]] (1956–57), Research Assistant at Stanford University (1957–60) and Assistant Professor at Stanford University (1961–63). He was also Doctor of Science (Honoris Causa), Banaras Hindu University in 1996 and Pt. Ravishankar Shukla University, Raipur in 2010.
Govind Swarup was born in the town of [[Thakurdwara]] in [[Uttar Pradesh]] in 1929. He attended  [[Allahabad University]], where he received his BSc degree (1948) and MSc in Physics (1950).<ref name="IIAP"/><ref name="Swarup"/><ref name="Ramachandran">{{cite news |last1=Ramachandran |first1=R. |title=Govind Swarup (1929-2020): Star among astronomers |url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/other/obituary/star-among-astronomers/article32632879.ece |access-date=10 September 2021 |work=Frontline |date=October 9, 2020}}</ref>
 
Swarup spent several years at the [[National Physical Laboratory of India|National Physical Laboratory]] in Delhi with [[K. S. Krishnan]] (1950–53),<ref name="IIAP"/> measuring the [[Electron paramagnetic resonance|spin resonance]] of electrons.<ref name="Raychaudhury"/><ref name="Gupta"/><ref name="IIAP"/> Because there was interest in the newly developing field of radio astronomy, arrangements were made to send Swarup and another student to the  Radio Physics Division of [[CSIRO]], in [[Sydney, Australia]], to work with [[Joseph Pawsey]] and learn to build radio arrays for studying the sun. In March 1953 Swarup arrived at Potts Hill in New South Wales on a 2-year fellowship. He worked closely with Pawsey, [[Wilbur Norman Christiansen]], [[John Gatenby Bolton]], [[Bernard Mills]] and others.
Swarup was also able to arrange for parts from a discarded 32-element array to be sent from Australia to the National Laboratory in India.  He returned to the National Laborary from 1955–56.<ref name="Gupta"/><ref name="Nakamura">{{cite book |last1=Nakamura |first1=Tsuko |last2=Orchiston |first2=Wayne |title=The emergence of astrophysics in Asia : opening a new window on the universe |date=November 3, 2017 |publisher=Springer |location=Cham |isbn=978-3319620800 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=m-M8DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA526 |access-date=10 September 2021}}</ref>
 
When the array parts were seriously delayed, Swarup went to the United States.<ref name="Ramachandran"/>  He worked as a Research Associate at the Radio Astronomy Station of [[Harvard University]] at [[Fort Davis, Texas]] (1956–57).  He then became a Research Assistant at [[Stanford University]] (1957–60) in California, completing his doctoral thesis with [[Ron Bracewell]].<ref name="Raychaudhury"/><ref name="Gupta"/><ref name="IIAP"/>
Swarup  received his PhD from [[Stanford University]] in 1961<ref name="IIAP"/><ref name="Swarup"/> and became an Assistant Professor at Stanford University (1961–63).<ref name="IIAP"/><ref name="Swarup">{{cite journal |last1=Swarup |first1=Govind |title=The Journey of a Radio Astronomer: Growth of Radio Astronomy in India |journal=Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics |date=8 September 2021 |volume=59 |issue=1 |pages=1–19 |doi=10.1146/annurev-astro-090120-014030 |s2cid=234854820 |url=https://www.annualreviews.org/doi/abs/10.1146/annurev-astro-090120-014030}}</ref>
 
Swarup was later awarded a number of honorary degrees:  Doctor of Engineering, [[University of Roorkee]] in 1987 and Doctor of Science, [[Banaras Hindu University]] in 1996.<ref name="IIAP">{{cite web |title=Govind Swarup |url=http://www.iiap.res.in/Swarup |website=Indian institute of Astrophysics |access-date=9 September 2021}}</ref>  He was also given an honorary Doctor of Science by  [[Pandit Ravishankar Shukla University]], Raipur in 2010.


==Career==
==Career==
Initially he joined National Physical laboratory for two years.
Returning from Stanford to India in March 1963, Swarup joined [[TIFR]] as a Reader at the request of Dr. [[Homi J. Bhabha|Homi Bhabha]]. In 1965, he became Associate Professor, Professor in 1970, and Professor of Eminence in 1989. He became Project Director of the GMRT in 1987, Centre Director of the [[National Centre for Radio Astrophysics]] (NCRA) of TIFR in 1993 and retired from TIFR in 1994.<ref name="Raychaudhury">{{cite journal |last1=Raychaudhury |first1=Somak |title=Govind Swarup: Pioneer radio astronomer, beacon of frugal science |journal=Nature India |date=9 September 2020 |doi=10.1038/nindia.2020.134 |doi-broken-date=31 October 2021 |url=https://www.natureasia.com/en/nindia/article/10.1038/nindia.2020.134 |access-date=9 September 2021}}</ref><ref name="Swarup"/>
Returning from Stanford to India in March 1963, he joined [[TIFR]] as a Reader at the request of Dr. [[Homi J. Bhabha|Homi Bhabha]]. In 1965, he became Associate Professor, Professor in 1970, and Professor of Eminence in 1989. He became Project Director of the GMRT in 1987, Centre Director of the [[National Centre for Radio Astrophysics]] (NCRA) of TIFR in 1993 and retired from TIFR in 1994.


== Major Contributions ==
== Major Contributions ==
During 1953–65 Prof. Swarup made the discovery of 'Type U' solar radio bursts; developed a gyro-radiation model for explaining the microwave solar emission and made studies of the radio emission from the Quiet Sun. In 1959 he developed a round trip transmission technique for phase measurements, which has been used in almost all the radio interferometers in the world. In 1962 he found the first example of a steep spectrum 'bridge' of radio emission between the two radio lobes of the powerful radio galaxy, Cyg-A, using the Stanford Compound Interferometer; such bridges allow estimates of the age of a radio galaxy.
===CSIRO and Harvard ===
While at [[CSIRO]], Swarup and R. Parthasarathy converted Potts Hill's L-shaped grating radio interferometer telescope to an operating wavelength of 500&nbsp;MHz. They used it to make daily observations and developed a one-dimensional map of the Quiet Sun.<ref name="Ramachandran"/><ref name="Nakamura"/><ref name="Swarup"/>
While at the [[Harvard College Observatory]] Swarup  discovered 'Type U' solar radio bursts.<ref name="Gupta"/><ref name="Pontifical">{{cite web |title=Govind Swarup |url=http://www.pas.va/content/accademia/en/academicians/deceased/swarup.html |website=The Pontifical Academy of Sciences |access-date=9 September 2021}}</ref><ref name="Reid">{{cite journal |last1=Reid |first1=Hamish A. S. |title=A Review of Recent Solar Type III Imaging Spectroscopy |journal=Frontiers in Astronomy and Space Sciences |date=24 September 2020 |volume=7 |pages=56 |doi=10.3389/fspas.2020.00056 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name="Kontar">{{cite journal |last1=Reid |first1=Hamish A. S. |last2=Kontar |first2=Eduard P. |title=Imaging spectroscopy of type U and J solar radio bursts with LOFAR |journal=Astronomy & Astrophysics |date=October 2017 |volume=606 |pages=A141 |doi=10.1051/0004-6361/201730701 |arxiv=1706.07410 |bibcode=2017A&A...606A.141R |s2cid=54537557 |url=https://www.aanda.org/articles/aa/full_html/2017/10/aa30701-17/aa30701-17.html |access-date=9 September 2021}}</ref>


During 1963–70, he constructed a 530 m long and 30 m wide parabolic-cylindrical [[radio telescope]] of a unique and innovative design at [[Ooty]] in South India, which was placed on a suitably inclined hill so as to make its long axis of rotation parallel to that of the earth, enabling it to track celestial radio sources in hour angle for 9.5 hrs. Using the method of [[lunar occultation]], it provided for the first time high-resolution angular data (1 to 10 arc sec) for more than 1,000 weak radio sources, which provided an independent evidence for the Big Bang model. Ooty Occultation observations of the galactic centre source, Sgr-A, yielded the first 2-dimensional separation of its thermal and non-thermal emission. During the 1980s, Swarup studied characteristics of jets, cores and hot spots of quasars based on polarisation observations.
===Stanford ===
At Stanford Swarup continued to make studies of radio emissions from the Quiet Sun and developed a gyro-radiation model of solar emissions of  microwave radiation.  He explained the emission mechanism of [[sunspots]] in terms of gyroresonance processes.<ref name="Alissandrakis">{{cite journal |last1=Alissandrakis |first1=Costas E. |title=Structure of the Solar Atmosphere: A Radio Perspective |journal=Frontiers in Astronomy and Space Sciences |date=22 October 2020 |volume=7 |pages=574460 |doi=10.3389/fspas.2020.574460 |bibcode=2020FrASS...7...74A |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name="Gary">{{cite journal |last1=Alissandrakis |first1=Costas E. |last2=Gary |first2=Dale E. |title=Radio Measurements of the Magnetic Field in the Solar Chromosphere and the Corona |journal=Frontiers in Astronomy and Space Sciences |date=6 January 2021 |volume=7 |pages=591075 |doi=10.3389/fspas.2020.591075 |bibcode=2021FrASS...7...77A |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name="Vourlidas">{{cite journal |last1=Vourlidas |first1=Angelos |last2=Gary |first2=Dale E. |last3=Shibasaki |first3=Kiyoto |title=Sunspot Gyroresonance Emission at 17 GHz: A Statistical Study |journal=Publications of the Astronomical Society of Japan |date=25 February 2006 |volume=58 |issue=1 |pages=11–20 |doi=10.1093/pasj/58.1.11 |url=https://academic.oup.com/pasj/article/58/1/11/2025579 |access-date=10 September 2021}}</ref><ref name="Kakinuma">{{cite journal |last1=Kakinuma |first1=T. |last2=Swarup |first2=G. |title=A Model for the Sources of the Slowly Varying Component of Microwave Solar Radiation. |journal=The Astrophysical Journal |date=November 1962 |volume=136 |pages=975 |doi=10.1086/147450 |bibcode=1962ApJ...136..975K |url=https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1962ApJ...136..975K/abstract |access-date=10 September 2021}}</ref>


During 1984–96, he conceived and directed the design and construction of the [[Giant Metrewave Radio Telescope]] (GMRT), consisting of 30 fully steerable parabolic dishes of 45m diameter that are located in a Y-shape array of about 25&nbsp;km in extent in Western India. A novel concept developed by him made it possible to construct such large antennas very economically. GMRT is a highly versatile instrument. It is the world's largest radio telescope operating in the frequency range of about 130–1430&nbsp;MHz. He made observations with the GMRT of the emission and absorption of atomic hydrogen from objects in the early Universe. Along with S.K. Sirothia, he investigated deficiency of radio sources at 327&nbsp;MHz towards the prominent cold spot of the cosmic microwave background radiation. To summarise, he made important contributions in areas such as solar radio emission, interplanetary scintillations, [[pulsars]], [[radio galaxies]], [[quasars]] and [[cosmology]].
In 1959, Swarup developed a technique for the round-trip transmission of phase measurements that enabled the phase equalization of all 32 antennas in an array to be carried out in minutes rather than weeks.<ref name="Thompson7">{{cite book |last1=Thompson |first1=A. Richard |last2=Moran |first2=James M. |last3=Swenson |first3=George W. |chapter=Chapter 7: System Design |title=Interferometry and Synthesis in Radio Astronomy |date=2017 |pages=255–307 |isbn=978-3-319-444314 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/314253134 |access-date=10 September 2021}}</ref><ref name="Swarup"/> Published in 1961, this technique has been used in radio interferometers world-wide.<ref name="Pontifical"/><ref name="Yang">{{cite journal |last1=Swarup |first1=G. |last2=Yang |first2=K. |title=Phase adjustment of large antennas |journal=IRE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation |date=January 1961 |volume=9 |issue=1 |pages=75–81 |doi=10.1109/TAP.1961.1144953 |bibcode=1961ITAP....9...75S |url=https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/1144953/authors#authors |access-date=10 September 2021}}</ref>
He published over 125 research papers and edited 4 books. He had two patents.
 
In 1962 Swarup used the Stanford compound-grating interferometer to examine [[Cygnus A]].  Previous researchers had shown that the [[radio galaxy]] contained two distinct radio lobes.  In 1963 Swarup reported the presence of a continuous  "bridge"  of radio emissions between the two lobes, the first instance of a steep spectrum bridge. Such bridges are used to estimate the age of a radio galaxy.<ref name="Pontifical"/><ref name="Gopal-Krishna">{{cite journal |last1=Gopal-Krishna |title=Historical Notes Prof. Govind Swarup's connection to the archetypal radio galaxy Cygnus A |journal=Current Science |date=10 May 2021 |volume=120 |issue=9 |pages=1530–1531 |url=https://www.currentscience.ac.in/Volumes/120/09/1530.pdf |access-date=10 September 2021}}</ref><ref name="Thompson">{{cite book |last1=Thompson |first1=A. Richard |last2=Moran |first2=James M. |last3=Swenson, Jr. |first3=George W. |title=Interferometry and synthesis in radio astronomy |date=2017 |location=Cham, Switzerland |isbn=9783319444291 |pages=28–30 |edition=Third |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tNlCDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA29 |access-date=10 September 2021}}</ref><ref name="Bracewell">{{cite journal |last1=Swarup |first1=A. G. |last2=Thompson |first2=A. R. |last3=Bracewell |first3=R. N. |title=The Structure of Cygnus. |journal=The Astrophysical Journal |date=July 1963 |volume=138 |pages=305 |doi=10.1086/147644 |bibcode=1963ApJ...138..305S |url=http://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu/pdf/1963ApJ...138..305S |access-date=10 September 2021}}</ref><ref name="Picken">{{cite journal |last1=Picken |first1=J. S. |last2=Swarup |first2=G. |title=The Stanford compound-grating interferometer |journal=The Astronomical Journal |date=June 1964 |volume=69 |pages=353 |doi=10.1086/109283 |bibcode=1964AJ.....69..353P |url=http://adsabs.harvard.edu/full/1964AJ.....69..353P |access-date=10 September 2021}}</ref>
 
===Kalyan Radio Telescope ===
Returning to India on April 2, 1963, Swarup began to assemble a group at the Tata Institute of Fundamental Research near Mumbai.  With the antennae from Potts Hill, they constructed the Kalyan Radio Telescope, the first radio telescope array in India. Located at Kalyan, near Mumbai, India, it was completed in 1965.<ref name="Gupta"/><ref name="Ananthakrishnan">{{cite journal |last1=Ananthakrishnan |first1=S. |last2=Balasubramanian |first2=V. |title=Beginnings and Growth of Radio Astronomy in TIFR |journal=Resonance |date=July 2021 |volume=26 |issue=7 |pages=895–917 |doi=10.1007/s12045-021-1191 |doi-broken-date=31 October 2021 |url=https://www.ias.ac.in/article/fulltext/reso/026/07/0895-0917 |access-date=10 September 2021}}</ref><ref name="Orchiston">{{cite journal |last1=Orchiston |first1=Wayne |last2=Phakatkar |first2=S. |title=A Tribute to Professor Govind Swarup, FRS: the Father of Indian Radio Astronomy |journal=Journal of Astronomical History and Heritage |date=2019 |volume=22 |issue=1 |pages=3–44 |bibcode=2019JAHH...22...03O |url=http://adsabs.harvard.edu/full/2019JAHH...22...03O |access-date=10 September 2021}}</ref>
 
===Ooty Radio Telescope (ORT) ===
Swarup's next major installation was the [[Ooty Radio Telescope]] (ORT) at [[Ooty]] in South India.  It became operational in 1970, first observing a lunar occultation event on February 18, 1970.<ref name="Hindu"/>  The design was "unique and innovative",<ref name="Pontifical"/> "the first large equatorial cylindrical parabolic radio telescope with steerability in both directions".<ref name="Ananthakrishnan"/>  530 m long 30 m wide, it was located at an incline on a hill so that it would have a long axis of rotation parallel to the axis of the earth.  The design made it possible to track the [[hour angle]] of celestial radio sources for 9.5 hrs.<ref name="Pontifical"/><ref name="Gupta"/><ref name="Ananthakrishnan"/><ref name="Sarma">{{cite journal |last1=Swarup |first1=G. |last2=Sarma |first2=N. V. G. |last3=Joshi |first3=M. N. |last4=Kapahi |first4=V. K. |last5=Bagri |first5=D. S. |last6=Damle |first6=S. H. |last7=Ananthakrishnan |first7=S. |last8=Balasubramanian |first8=V. |last9=Bhave |first9=S. S. |last10=Sinha |first10=R. P. |title=Large Steerable Radio Telescope at Ootacamund, India |journal=Nature Physical Science |date=April 1971 |volume=230 |issue=17 |pages=185–188 |doi=10.1038/physci230185a0 |bibcode=1971NPhS..230..185S |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/physci230185a0 |access-date=10 September 2021}}</ref><ref name="Raychaudhury"/><ref name="Orchiston"/>
 
ORT has been used for a  number of important observations. Using [[lunar occultation]], it provided independent evidence for the [[Big Bang model]].<ref name="Hindu">{{cite news |title=50th anniversary of Ooty Radio Telescope celebrated |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Coimbatore/50th-anniversary-of-ooty-radio-telescope-celebrated/article30854888.ece |access-date=10 September 2021 |work=The Hindu |date=February 19, 2020}}</ref><ref name="Raychaudhury"/>
Occultation observations of [[Sagittarius A*]] at the [[Galactic Center]] of the [[Milky Way]] galaxy supported the separation of its emissions into two dimensions, thermal and non-thermal.<ref name="Padmanabhan">{{cite book |last1=Padmanabhan |first1=Thanu |title=Astronomy in India : a historical perspective |date=2014 |publisher=Springer |location=New Delhi |isbn=9788184899979 |pages=86–88 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=grZTBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA86 |access-date=10 September 2021}}</ref>  After fifty years, ORT continues to be used to observe [[solar winds]], [[coronal mass ejections]], and [[pulsars]].<ref name="Hindu"/>
 
In 1979, Swarup went on sabbatical at the [[Very Large Array]] (VLA) in New Mexico, where studied jets and hot spots.<ref name="Saikia">{{cite journal |last1=Saikia |first1=Dhruba J. |title=Govind Swarup: Tribute to a Legend |journal=Resonance |date=July 2021 |volume=26 |issue=7 |pages=869–893 |doi=10.1007/s12045-021-1190-4 |s2cid=238773607 |url=https://www.ias.ac.in/article/fulltext/reso/026/07/0869-0893 |access-date=10 September 2021}}</ref>
During the 1980s, he studied the polarization of radio cores of galaxies and [[quasars]].<ref name="Pontifical"/><ref name="Kodali">{{cite journal |last1=Saikia |first1=D. J. |last2=Swarup |first2=G. |last3=Kodali |first3=P. D. |title=Polarization properties of radio cores in galaxies and quasars |journal=Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society |date=1 September 1985 |volume=216 |issue=2 |pages=385–394 |doi=10.1093/mnras/216.2.385 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/234334510 |access-date=10 September 2021}}</ref><ref name="Gupta"/><ref name="Ananthakrishnan"/>
 
===Giant Metrewave Radio Telescope (GMRT) ===
Beginning in 1985, Swarup began construction of the [[Giant Metrewave Radio Telescope]] (GMRT), at [[Khodad]] near [[Pune]].  The telescope was completed in 1997. Inspired by the [[Very Large Array]], and the [[Arecibo Telescope]],  GMRT contains 30 steerable parabolic dishes, each of them 45m in diameter, arranged in a Y-shape array over a 25&nbsp;km area.<ref name="Jauncey"/><ref name="Kellerman">{{cite book |last1=Kellermann |first1=Kenneth I. |last2=Bouton |first2=E.N. |last3=Brandt |first3=S.S. |title=Open skies : The National Radio Astronomy Observatory and its impact on US radio astronomy |date=2020 |publisher=Springer |location=Cham, Switzerland |isbn=978-3-030-32345-5 |pages= |doi=10.1007/978-3-030-32345-5_6 |s2cid=226629186 |url=https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-32345-5_6#citeas |access-date=10 September 2021}}</ref><ref name="Ananthakrishnan"/>
Using a novel SMART (Stretched Mesh Attached to Rope Trusses) design concept,<ref name="Earth">{{cite news |title=One of the world&#039;s largest radio telescope being set up near Pune will look for incontrovertible evidence for the Big Bang theory on the origin of the universe |url=https://www.downtoearth.org.in/news/--29269 |access-date=10 September 2021 |work=DownToEarth |date=15 January 1994}}</ref> GMRT is highly versatile. It is the world's largest radio telescope for the detection of frequencies in the range of 130–1430&nbsp;MHz<ref name="Pontifical"/> and has been used by researchers from over 40 countries.<ref name="Ananthakrishnan"/>  GMRT was recognized as a key historical achievement in electrical and electronic engineering and given [[IEEE]] Milestone status in 2020.<ref name="Banerjee">{{cite news |last1=Banerjee |first1=Shoumojit |title=GMRT accorded prestigious IEEE Milestone status |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/mumbai/gmrt-accorded-prestigious-ieee-milestone-status/article33196253.ece |access-date=10 September 2021 |work=The Hindu |date=November 27, 2020}}</ref><ref name="IEEE">{{cite web |title=GMRT accorded the prestigious IEEE Milestone status |url=https://dae.gov.in/node/1420 |website=Government of India |access-date=10 September 2021}}</ref>
 
One of the concerns behind the development of the GMRT was the question of [[dark matter]] and the nature of the [[universe]]. A sensitive radio telescope at an appropriate frequency (327&nbsp;MHz) was needed to test predictions about whether the universe contained [[hot dark matter]] (HDM) or [[cold dark matter]] (CDM).
<ref name="Kanekar">{{cite journal |last1=Kanekar |first1=Nissim |last2=Chowdhury |first2=Aditya |last3=Chengalur |first3=Jayaram N. |title=Atomic Hydrogen in Distant Galaxies |journal=Resonance |date=July 2021 |volume=26 |issue=7 |pages=919–938 |doi=10.1007/s12045-021-1192-2 |s2cid=238813513 |url=https://www.ias.ac.in/article/fulltext/reso/026/07/0919-0938 |access-date=10 September 2021}}</ref>
Swarup has used the GMRT to observe the emission and absorption of atomic hydrogen from objects in the early Universe, examine the cosmic cold spot, and study radio emissions from [[Venus]].<ref name="Gupta"/><ref name="Ananthakrishnan"/><ref name="Orchiston"/>


== Awards and Memberships of technological Committees ==
== Awards and Memberships of technological Committees ==


'''Membership of Professional Societies:'''  
'''Membership of Professional Societies:'''  
[[Royal Society]], London; Indian National Science Academy; [[Indian Academy of Sciences]]; National Academy of Sciences, Allahabad, India; [[Third World Academy of Sciences]]; Indian Geophysical Union; Maharashtra Academy of Sciences; Institution of Electronics & Telecommunication Engineers; Indian Physics Association; [[Indian Physical Society]]; International Academy of Astronautics; Pontifical Academy of Sciences; [[Royal Astronomical Society]], London; [[Astronomical Society of India]] (President 1975–77); [[International Astronomical Union]] (IAU) (President, Commission 40 on Radio Astronomy, 1979–82); Executive Committee, Inter Union Commission for Frequency Allocation (IUCAF till 1995); IAU Working Group for Future Large Scale Facilities (1994–2000); Chairman, Indian National Committee for International Union of Radio Science (URSI) (1986–88 & 1995–97); Post-detection Sub-Committee of SETI of International Astronautical Federation (Chairman, 1994–98); Chairman, URSI Committee for Developing Countries (1996–2002); URSI Standing Committee for Future General Assemblies (1999–2002). Editorial Boards, Indian Journal of Radio & Space Physics (1990–2000), [[National Academy of Sciences, India]]; (1997–2000).
[[Royal Society]], London;<ref name="Gupta"/>
[[Royal Astronomical Society]], London;<ref name="Gupta"/>
[[Indian Academy of Sciences]];<ref name="Gupta"/>
Indian National Science Academy;<ref name="Gupta"/>
National Academy of Sciences, Allahabad, India;<ref name="Gupta"/>
[[Third World Academy of Sciences]];<ref name="Gupta"/>
Indian Geophysical Union;  
Maharashtra Academy of Sciences;
Institution of Electronics & Telecommunication Engineers;  
Indian Physics Association;  
[[Indian Physical Society]];  
International Academy of Astronautics;  
Pontifical Academy of Sciences;
 
'''Positions held:'''
[[Astronomical Society of India]] (President 1975–77);  
[[International Astronomical Union]] (IAU) (President, Commission 40 on Radio Astronomy, 1979–82);<ref name="IAU">{{cite web |title=Govind Swarup |url=http://www.iau.org/administration/membership/individual/2363/ |website=International Astronomical Union |access-date=9 September 2021}}</ref>
Executive Committee, Inter Union Commission for Frequency Allocation (IUCAF till 1995);  
IAU Working Group for Future Large Scale Facilities (1994–2000);  
Chairman, Indian National Committee for International Union of Radio Science (URSI) (1986–88 & 1995–97);  
Post-detection Sub-Committee of SETI of International Astronautical Federation (Chairman, 1994–98);  
Chairman, URSI Committee for Developing Countries (1996–2002);  
URSI Standing Committee for Future General Assemblies (1999–2002).  
Editorial Boards, Indian Journal of Radio & Space Physics (1990–2000),  
[[National Academy of Sciences, India]]; (1997–2000).<ref name="Pontifical"/>


'''Awards:'''  
'''Awards:'''  
1973 [[Padma Shri]]; 1972 [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize for Science and Technology|S.S. Bhatnagar]], [[Council of Scientific & Industrial Research]], India; 1974 [[Jawaharlal Nehru Fellowship]] for 2 years; 1984 P.C. Mahalanobis Medal, [[Indian National Science Academy]]; 1986 Biren Roy Trust Medal, Indian Physical Society, Calcutta; 1987 Dr. Vainu Bappu Memorial Award, Indian National Science Academy; 1987 Tskolovosky Medal, Federation of Cosmonautics, USSR; 1987 Meghnad Saha Medal, National Academy of Sciences, India; 1988 [[TWAS Prize]] in Physics; 1990 John Howard Dellinger Gold Medal, International Union of Radio Sciences; 1990 R.D. Birla Award in Physics, Indian Physics Association; 1991 FIE Foundation Award for Eminence in Science & Technology, Ichhalkaranji, India; 1993 Gujar Mal Modi Science Award, Modi Foundation, India; 1993 The C.V. Raman Medal, Indian National Science Academy; 1994 Sir Devaprasad Sarbadhikari Medal, Calcutta University; 1995 M.P. Birla Award, Birla Institute of Astronomy and Planetarium Sciences, Calcutta; 1999 12th [[Khwarizmi International Award]], Iran; 2001 H.K. Firodia Award; 2005 Herschel Medal of the Royal Astronomical Society; 2006, Lifetime Achievement Award by the [[University of Pune]]; 2007 Grote Reber Medal; 2007, Presidents Medal by the [[Indian Science Congress]]; 2009 Homi Bhabha Award for Lifetime Achievement by the Prime minister of India.
1973 [[Padma Shri]];  
1972 [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize for Science and Technology|S.S. Bhatnagar]], [[Council of Scientific & Industrial Research]], India;  
1974 [[Jawaharlal Nehru Fellowship]] for 2 years;  
1984 P.C. Mahalanobis Medal, [[Indian National Science Academy]];<ref name="INSA">{{cite web |title=Indian Fellow |url=http://insaindia.org/detail.php?id=N75-0291 |website=Indian National Science Academy |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160304090859/http://insaindia.org/detail.php?id=N75-0291|access-date=9 September 2021|archive-date = 4 March 2016}}</ref>
1986 Biren Roy Trust Medal, Indian Physical Society, Calcutta;  
1987 Dr. Vainu Bappu Memorial Award, Indian National Science Academy;  
1987 Tskolovosky Medal, Federation of Cosmonautics, USSR;  
1987 Meghnad Saha Medal, National Academy of Sciences, India;
1988 [[TWAS Prize]] in Physics;  
1990 John Howard Dellinger Gold Medal, International Union of Radio Sciences;  
1990 R.D. Birla Award in Physics, Indian Physics Association;  
1991 FIE Foundation Award for Eminence in Science & Technology, Ichhalkaranji, India;  
1993 Gujar Mal Modi Science Award, Modi Foundation, India;  
1993 The C.V. Raman Medal, Indian National Science Academy;<ref name="INSA"/>
1994 Sir Devaprasad Sarbadhikari Medal, Calcutta University;  
1995 M.P. Birla Award, Birla Institute of Astronomy and Planetarium Sciences, Calcutta;  
1999 12th [[Khwarizmi International Award]], Iran;  
2001 H.K. Firodia Award;  
2005 Herschel Medal of the Royal Astronomical Society;<ref name="Pontifical"/>
2006, Lifetime Achievement Award by the [[University of Pune]];  
2007 Grote Reber Medal;<ref name="Jauncey"/>
2007 Presidents Medal by the [[Indian Science Congress]];  
2009 Homi Bhabha Award for Lifetime Achievement by the Prime minister of India.<ref name="Rishiraj-Dutta">{{cite news |last1=Rishiraj-Dutta |title=Radio Astronomer Prof. Govind Swarup Passed Away |url=https://thenationaltv.com/News/radio-astronomer-govind-swarup-death |access-date=9 September 2021 |work=National TV |date=September 8, 2020}}</ref>


==Personal life==
==Personal life==
Prof. Govind Swarup was married to Bina Swarup and resided in Pune, India. He had one daughter and one son. His daughter Anju Basu is married to Rajiv Basu and his son, Vipin Swarup is married to Natasha Swarup.
Prof. Govind Swarup was married to Bina Swarup and resided in Pune, India. He had one daughter and one son. His daughter Anju Basu is married to Rajiv Basu and his son, Vipin Swarup is married to Natasha Swarup.<ref name="Gupta"/>


Prof. Swarup had an elder brother in Kanpur, Mahesh Swarup Agarwal, who was an industrialist.
Swarup had an elder brother in Kanpur, Mahesh Swarup Agarwal, who was an industrialist.


== References ==
== References ==
Line 65: Line 147:
==External links==
==External links==
{{Commons category|Govind Swarup}}
{{Commons category|Govind Swarup}}
* [http://www.atnf.csiro.au/news/newsletter/jun07/Swarup.htm 2007 Grote Rober Medal to Govind Swarup]
* {{cite journal |last1=Swarup |first1=Govind |title=The Journey of a Radio Astronomer: Growth of Radio Astronomy in India |journal=Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics |date=8 September 2021 |volume=59 |issue=1 |pages=1–19 |doi=10.1146/annurev-astro-090120-014030 |s2cid=234854820 |url=https://www.annualreviews.org/doi/abs/10.1146/annurev-astro-090120-014030}}
* [http://www.casinapioiv.va/content/accademia/en/academicians/ordinary/swarup.html Pontifical Academy of Sciences, Profile]
* Swarup, Govind. [https://books.google.com/books/about/Stanford_microwave_spectroheliograms_for.html?id=ZM4EAAAAIAAJ&redir_esc=y ''Stanford Microwave Spectroheliograms''], United States Airforce: Radioscience Laboratory, Stanford Electronics Laboratories, Stanford University, 1960.
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20160304090859/http://insaindia.org/detail.php?id=N75-0291 Indian national Science Academy, Profile]
* [http://www.iiap.res.in/Swarup  Indian institute of Astrophysics]
* [http://www.atnf.csiro.au/news/newsletter/jun07/Swarup.htm 2007 Grote berR Medal to Prof Govind Swarup"- Dave Jauncy ATNF]
* [http://www.tifr.res.in/~aset/Bhabha/talk050109.html "Great Discoveries kin Radioastronomy and key questions today”,  Govind swarup, TIFR]
* [http://www.iau.org/administration/membership/individual/2363/ Govind Swarup, International Astronomical Union]
* [http://www.ncra.tifr.res.in/ncra/people/academic/emeritus-professor/Swarup Professor Emeritus, NCRA, Govind Swarup]
* [http://physicsinventions.com/index.php/tag/govind-swarup/ "Exotic galaxy reveals tantalizing tale”, Govind Swarup]
* [http://www.ias.ac.in/php/fell_detail.php3?name=Swarup&intials=Govind&year=23-03-1929  IAS Govind Swaup Profile]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20121203013237/http://spdo4.jb.man.ac.uk/uploaded/51800_20_memo_Swarup.pdf Preloaded Parabolic Antennas for Square KM Array, govind Swarup, TIFR, & Uday Shankar, Raman Research Institute]
* [https://archive.today/20130629212000/http://www.malaysiasun.com/index.php/sid/247135/scat/89d96798a39564bd  “Prof Govind Swarup awarded Grote Reber lifetime Achievement award in radio astronomy”, Malaysia Sun]
* [http://www.setileague.org/iaaseti/abst2007/pesek07.pdf Setileague]
* [https://books.google.com/books/about/Stanford_microwave_spectroheliograms_for.html?id=ZM4EAAAAIAAJ&redir_esc=y Stanford Microwave Spectroheliograms, Govind Swarup, United States Airforce]
* [https://archive.today/20130628180939/http://bollywood.bhaskar.com/article/100118022250_in_his_speech_dr_padma_shri_govind_swarup_sharp_on_the_pitfalls_of_modern_educat.html ”Country needs More Basic Science”, Govind Swarup, Dainik Bhaskar ]


{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Science & Engineering}}
{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Science & Engineering}}

Latest revision as of 07:45, 1 November 2021


Govind Swarup
FRS[1]
Born(1929-03-23)23 March 1929
Thakurdwara, United Provinces, British India
Died7 September 2020(2020-09-07) (aged 91)
Pune
NationalityIndian
Known forRadioastronomy; R&D
Awards
  • 1972 Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize
  • 1973 Padma Shri
  • 1984 INSA P.C. Mahalanobis Medal
  • 1986 IPS Biren Roy Trust Medal
  • 1987 INSA Vainu Bappu Memorial Award
  • 1987 Tskolovosky Medal
  • 1987 NASI Meghnad Saha Medal
  • 1988 TWAS Prize
  • 1990 IURS John Howard Delinger Gold Medal
  • 1990 R. D. Birla Award
  • 1991 FIE Foundation Award
  • 1993 Gujar Mal Modi Science Award
  • 1993 INSA C. V. Raman Medal
  • 1994 UoC Sir Devaprasad Sarbadhikari Medal
  • 1995 M. P. Birla Award
  • 1999 Khwarizmi International Award
  • 2001 H. K. Firodia Award
  • 2005 RAS Herschel Medal
  • 2006 UoP Lifetime Achievement Award
  • 2007 Grote Reber Medal
  • 2007 ISC President's Medal
  • 2009 Homi Bhabha Award
Scientific career
FieldsRadioastronomy
InstitutionsTIFR
Doctoral advisorRonald N. Bracewell
Doctoral studentsVijay Kumar Kapahi, Gopal Krishna

Govind Swarup (March 23, 1929 – September 7, 2020) was a pioneer in radio astronomy. In addition to research contributions in multiple areas of astronomy and astrophysics, he was a driving force behind the building of "ingenious, innovative and powerful observational facilities for front-line research in radio astronomy".[2]

Swarup was the key scientist behind concept, design and installation of the Ooty Radio Telescope (Ootacamund, India) and the Giant Metrewave Radio Telescope (GMRT) near Pune.[3][4] Swarup was the founding director of the National Centre for Radio Astrophysics (NCRA) at the Tata Institute of Fundamental Research (TIFR).[5] Under his leadership, a strong group in radio astrophysics was built at Tata Institute of Fundamental Research that is comparable to the best in the world.[6]

He published over 125 research papers, edited 4 books, and held at least two patents.[7] He contributed to the fields of solar radio emission, radio galaxies, quasars, pulsars, interplanetary scintillation, dark matter and cosmology.[4][8][9]

Early life and education[edit | edit source]

Govind Swarup was born in the town of Thakurdwara in Uttar Pradesh in 1929. He attended Allahabad University, where he received his BSc degree (1948) and MSc in Physics (1950).[7][10][11]

Swarup spent several years at the National Physical Laboratory in Delhi with K. S. Krishnan (1950–53),[7] measuring the spin resonance of electrons.[6][4][7] Because there was interest in the newly developing field of radio astronomy, arrangements were made to send Swarup and another student to the Radio Physics Division of CSIRO, in Sydney, Australia, to work with Joseph Pawsey and learn to build radio arrays for studying the sun. In March 1953 Swarup arrived at Potts Hill in New South Wales on a 2-year fellowship. He worked closely with Pawsey, Wilbur Norman Christiansen, John Gatenby Bolton, Bernard Mills and others. Swarup was also able to arrange for parts from a discarded 32-element array to be sent from Australia to the National Laboratory in India. He returned to the National Laborary from 1955–56.[4][12]

When the array parts were seriously delayed, Swarup went to the United States.[11] He worked as a Research Associate at the Radio Astronomy Station of Harvard University at Fort Davis, Texas (1956–57). He then became a Research Assistant at Stanford University (1957–60) in California, completing his doctoral thesis with Ron Bracewell.[6][4][7] Swarup received his PhD from Stanford University in 1961[7][10] and became an Assistant Professor at Stanford University (1961–63).[7][10]

Swarup was later awarded a number of honorary degrees: Doctor of Engineering, University of Roorkee in 1987 and Doctor of Science, Banaras Hindu University in 1996.[7] He was also given an honorary Doctor of Science by Pandit Ravishankar Shukla University, Raipur in 2010.

Career[edit | edit source]

Returning from Stanford to India in March 1963, Swarup joined TIFR as a Reader at the request of Dr. Homi Bhabha. In 1965, he became Associate Professor, Professor in 1970, and Professor of Eminence in 1989. He became Project Director of the GMRT in 1987, Centre Director of the National Centre for Radio Astrophysics (NCRA) of TIFR in 1993 and retired from TIFR in 1994.[6][10]

Major Contributions[edit | edit source]

CSIRO and Harvard[edit | edit source]

While at CSIRO, Swarup and R. Parthasarathy converted Potts Hill's L-shaped grating radio interferometer telescope to an operating wavelength of 500 MHz. They used it to make daily observations and developed a one-dimensional map of the Quiet Sun.[11][12][10] While at the Harvard College Observatory Swarup discovered 'Type U' solar radio bursts.[4][13][14][15]

Stanford[edit | edit source]

At Stanford Swarup continued to make studies of radio emissions from the Quiet Sun and developed a gyro-radiation model of solar emissions of microwave radiation. He explained the emission mechanism of sunspots in terms of gyroresonance processes.[16][17][18][19]

In 1959, Swarup developed a technique for the round-trip transmission of phase measurements that enabled the phase equalization of all 32 antennas in an array to be carried out in minutes rather than weeks.[20][10] Published in 1961, this technique has been used in radio interferometers world-wide.[13][21]

In 1962 Swarup used the Stanford compound-grating interferometer to examine Cygnus A. Previous researchers had shown that the radio galaxy contained two distinct radio lobes. In 1963 Swarup reported the presence of a continuous "bridge" of radio emissions between the two lobes, the first instance of a steep spectrum bridge. Such bridges are used to estimate the age of a radio galaxy.[13][22][23][24][25]

Kalyan Radio Telescope[edit | edit source]

Returning to India on April 2, 1963, Swarup began to assemble a group at the Tata Institute of Fundamental Research near Mumbai. With the antennae from Potts Hill, they constructed the Kalyan Radio Telescope, the first radio telescope array in India. Located at Kalyan, near Mumbai, India, it was completed in 1965.[4][8][9]

Ooty Radio Telescope (ORT)[edit | edit source]

Swarup's next major installation was the Ooty Radio Telescope (ORT) at Ooty in South India. It became operational in 1970, first observing a lunar occultation event on February 18, 1970.[26] The design was "unique and innovative",[13] "the first large equatorial cylindrical parabolic radio telescope with steerability in both directions".[8] 530 m long 30 m wide, it was located at an incline on a hill so that it would have a long axis of rotation parallel to the axis of the earth. The design made it possible to track the hour angle of celestial radio sources for 9.5 hrs.[13][4][8][27][6][9]

ORT has been used for a number of important observations. Using lunar occultation, it provided independent evidence for the Big Bang model.[26][6] Occultation observations of Sagittarius A* at the Galactic Center of the Milky Way galaxy supported the separation of its emissions into two dimensions, thermal and non-thermal.[28] After fifty years, ORT continues to be used to observe solar winds, coronal mass ejections, and pulsars.[26]

In 1979, Swarup went on sabbatical at the Very Large Array (VLA) in New Mexico, where studied jets and hot spots.[29] During the 1980s, he studied the polarization of radio cores of galaxies and quasars.[13][30][4][8]

Giant Metrewave Radio Telescope (GMRT)[edit | edit source]

Beginning in 1985, Swarup began construction of the Giant Metrewave Radio Telescope (GMRT), at Khodad near Pune. The telescope was completed in 1997. Inspired by the Very Large Array, and the Arecibo Telescope, GMRT contains 30 steerable parabolic dishes, each of them 45m in diameter, arranged in a Y-shape array over a 25 km area.[3][31][8] Using a novel SMART (Stretched Mesh Attached to Rope Trusses) design concept,[32] GMRT is highly versatile. It is the world's largest radio telescope for the detection of frequencies in the range of 130–1430 MHz[13] and has been used by researchers from over 40 countries.[8] GMRT was recognized as a key historical achievement in electrical and electronic engineering and given IEEE Milestone status in 2020.[33][34]

One of the concerns behind the development of the GMRT was the question of dark matter and the nature of the universe. A sensitive radio telescope at an appropriate frequency (327 MHz) was needed to test predictions about whether the universe contained hot dark matter (HDM) or cold dark matter (CDM). [35] Swarup has used the GMRT to observe the emission and absorption of atomic hydrogen from objects in the early Universe, examine the cosmic cold spot, and study radio emissions from Venus.[4][8][9]

Awards and Memberships of technological Committees[edit | edit source]

Membership of Professional Societies: Royal Society, London;[4] Royal Astronomical Society, London;[4] Indian Academy of Sciences;[4] Indian National Science Academy;[4] National Academy of Sciences, Allahabad, India;[4] Third World Academy of Sciences;[4] Indian Geophysical Union; Maharashtra Academy of Sciences; Institution of Electronics & Telecommunication Engineers; Indian Physics Association; Indian Physical Society; International Academy of Astronautics; Pontifical Academy of Sciences;

Positions held: Astronomical Society of India (President 1975–77); International Astronomical Union (IAU) (President, Commission 40 on Radio Astronomy, 1979–82);[36] Executive Committee, Inter Union Commission for Frequency Allocation (IUCAF till 1995); IAU Working Group for Future Large Scale Facilities (1994–2000); Chairman, Indian National Committee for International Union of Radio Science (URSI) (1986–88 & 1995–97); Post-detection Sub-Committee of SETI of International Astronautical Federation (Chairman, 1994–98); Chairman, URSI Committee for Developing Countries (1996–2002); URSI Standing Committee for Future General Assemblies (1999–2002). Editorial Boards, Indian Journal of Radio & Space Physics (1990–2000), National Academy of Sciences, India; (1997–2000).[13]

Awards: 1973 Padma Shri; 1972 S.S. Bhatnagar, Council of Scientific & Industrial Research, India; 1974 Jawaharlal Nehru Fellowship for 2 years; 1984 P.C. Mahalanobis Medal, Indian National Science Academy;[2] 1986 Biren Roy Trust Medal, Indian Physical Society, Calcutta; 1987 Dr. Vainu Bappu Memorial Award, Indian National Science Academy; 1987 Tskolovosky Medal, Federation of Cosmonautics, USSR; 1987 Meghnad Saha Medal, National Academy of Sciences, India; 1988 TWAS Prize in Physics; 1990 John Howard Dellinger Gold Medal, International Union of Radio Sciences; 1990 R.D. Birla Award in Physics, Indian Physics Association; 1991 FIE Foundation Award for Eminence in Science & Technology, Ichhalkaranji, India; 1993 Gujar Mal Modi Science Award, Modi Foundation, India; 1993 The C.V. Raman Medal, Indian National Science Academy;[2] 1994 Sir Devaprasad Sarbadhikari Medal, Calcutta University; 1995 M.P. Birla Award, Birla Institute of Astronomy and Planetarium Sciences, Calcutta; 1999 12th Khwarizmi International Award, Iran; 2001 H.K. Firodia Award; 2005 Herschel Medal of the Royal Astronomical Society;[13] 2006, Lifetime Achievement Award by the University of Pune; 2007 Grote Reber Medal;[3] 2007 Presidents Medal by the Indian Science Congress; 2009 Homi Bhabha Award for Lifetime Achievement by the Prime minister of India.[37]

Personal life[edit | edit source]

Prof. Govind Swarup was married to Bina Swarup and resided in Pune, India. He had one daughter and one son. His daughter Anju Basu is married to Rajiv Basu and his son, Vipin Swarup is married to Natasha Swarup.[4]

Swarup had an elder brother in Kanpur, Mahesh Swarup Agarwal, who was an industrialist.

References[edit | edit source]

  1. ↑ "Govind Swarup". The Royal Society. Retrieved 9 September 2021.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 "Indian Fellow". Indian National Science Academy. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 9 September 2021.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Jauncey, Dave (2007). "2007 Grote Reber Medal to Professor Govind Swarup". CSIRO Newsletter. Australia Telescope National Facility. Retrieved 9 September 2021.
  4. ↑ 4.00 4.01 4.02 4.03 4.04 4.05 4.06 4.07 4.08 4.09 4.10 4.11 4.12 4.13 4.14 4.15 4.16 Gupta, Amitava Sen; Ananthakrishnan, Subra; Gupta, Yashwant (June 2020). "In Memoriam: Govind Swarup" (PDF). The Radio Science Bulletin. 2020 (373): 64–68. doi:10.23919/URSIRSB.2020.9318439. Retrieved 9 September 2021.
  5. ↑ Nityananda, Rajaram (10 September 2020). "Remembering Govind Swarup – Astronomer, Builder, Leader". Science The WIRE. Retrieved 9 September 2021.
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 6.5 Raychaudhury, Somak (9 September 2020). "Govind Swarup: Pioneer radio astronomer, beacon of frugal science". Nature India. doi:10.1038/nindia.2020.134 ( (inactive $1) 31 October 2021). Retrieved 9 September 2021.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of October 2021 (link)
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 7.5 7.6 7.7 "Govind Swarup". Indian institute of Astrophysics. Retrieved 9 September 2021.
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 8.3 8.4 8.5 8.6 8.7 Ananthakrishnan, S.; Balasubramanian, V. (July 2021). "Beginnings and Growth of Radio Astronomy in TIFR". Resonance. 26 (7): 895–917. doi:10.1007/s12045-021-1191 ( (inactive $1) 31 October 2021). Retrieved 10 September 2021.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of October 2021 (link)
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 9.3 Orchiston, Wayne; Phakatkar, S. (2019). "A Tribute to Professor Govind Swarup, FRS: the Father of Indian Radio Astronomy". Journal of Astronomical History and Heritage. 22 (1): 3–44. Bibcode:2019JAHH...22...03O. Retrieved 10 September 2021.
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 10.3 10.4 10.5 Swarup, Govind (8 September 2021). "The Journey of a Radio Astronomer: Growth of Radio Astronomy in India". Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics. 59 (1): 1–19. doi:10.1146/annurev-astro-090120-014030. S2CID 234854820.
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 11.2 Ramachandran, R. (9 October 2020). "Govind Swarup (1929-2020): Star among astronomers". Frontline. Retrieved 10 September 2021.
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 Nakamura, Tsuko; Orchiston, Wayne (3 November 2017). The emergence of astrophysics in Asia : opening a new window on the universe. Cham: Springer. ISBN 978-3319620800. Retrieved 10 September 2021.
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 13.2 13.3 13.4 13.5 13.6 13.7 13.8 "Govind Swarup". The Pontifical Academy of Sciences. Retrieved 9 September 2021.
  14. ↑ Reid, Hamish A. S. (24 September 2020). "A Review of Recent Solar Type III Imaging Spectroscopy". Frontiers in Astronomy and Space Sciences. 7: 56. doi:10.3389/fspas.2020.00056.
  15. ↑ Reid, Hamish A. S.; Kontar, Eduard P. (October 2017). "Imaging spectroscopy of type U and J solar radio bursts with LOFAR". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 606: A141. arXiv:1706.07410. Bibcode:2017A&A...606A.141R. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201730701. S2CID 54537557. Retrieved 9 September 2021.
  16. ↑ Alissandrakis, Costas E. (22 October 2020). "Structure of the Solar Atmosphere: A Radio Perspective". Frontiers in Astronomy and Space Sciences. 7: 574460. Bibcode:2020FrASS...7...74A. doi:10.3389/fspas.2020.574460.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: article number as page number (link)
  17. ↑ Alissandrakis, Costas E.; Gary, Dale E. (6 January 2021). "Radio Measurements of the Magnetic Field in the Solar Chromosphere and the Corona". Frontiers in Astronomy and Space Sciences. 7: 591075. Bibcode:2021FrASS...7...77A. doi:10.3389/fspas.2020.591075.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: article number as page number (link)
  18. ↑ Vourlidas, Angelos; Gary, Dale E.; Shibasaki, Kiyoto (25 February 2006). "Sunspot Gyroresonance Emission at 17 GHz: A Statistical Study". Publications of the Astronomical Society of Japan. 58 (1): 11–20. doi:10.1093/pasj/58.1.11. Retrieved 10 September 2021.
  19. ↑ Kakinuma, T.; Swarup, G. (November 1962). "A Model for the Sources of the Slowly Varying Component of Microwave Solar Radiation". The Astrophysical Journal. 136: 975. Bibcode:1962ApJ...136..975K. doi:10.1086/147450. Retrieved 10 September 2021.
  20. ↑ Thompson, A. Richard; Moran, James M.; Swenson, George W. (2017). "Chapter 7: System Design". Interferometry and Synthesis in Radio Astronomy. pp. 255–307. ISBN 978-3-319-444314. Retrieved 10 September 2021.
  21. ↑ Swarup, G.; Yang, K. (January 1961). "Phase adjustment of large antennas". IRE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation. 9 (1): 75–81. Bibcode:1961ITAP....9...75S. doi:10.1109/TAP.1961.1144953. Retrieved 10 September 2021.
  22. ↑ Gopal-Krishna (10 May 2021). "Historical Notes Prof. Govind Swarup's connection to the archetypal radio galaxy Cygnus A" (PDF). Current Science. 120 (9): 1530–1531. Retrieved 10 September 2021.
  23. ↑ Thompson, A. Richard; Moran, James M.; Swenson, Jr., George W. (2017). Interferometry and synthesis in radio astronomy (Third ed.). Cham, Switzerland. pp. 28–30. ISBN 9783319444291. Retrieved 10 September 2021.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  24. ↑ Swarup, A. G.; Thompson, A. R.; Bracewell, R. N. (July 1963). "The Structure of Cygnus". The Astrophysical Journal. 138: 305. Bibcode:1963ApJ...138..305S. doi:10.1086/147644. Retrieved 10 September 2021.
  25. ↑ Picken, J. S.; Swarup, G. (June 1964). "The Stanford compound-grating interferometer". The Astronomical Journal. 69: 353. Bibcode:1964AJ.....69..353P. doi:10.1086/109283. Retrieved 10 September 2021.
  26. ↑ 26.0 26.1 26.2 "50th anniversary of Ooty Radio Telescope celebrated". The Hindu. 19 February 2020. Retrieved 10 September 2021.
  27. ↑ Swarup, G.; Sarma, N. V. G.; Joshi, M. N.; Kapahi, V. K.; Bagri, D. S.; Damle, S. H.; Ananthakrishnan, S.; Balasubramanian, V.; Bhave, S. S.; Sinha, R. P. (April 1971). "Large Steerable Radio Telescope at Ootacamund, India". Nature Physical Science. 230 (17): 185–188. Bibcode:1971NPhS..230..185S. doi:10.1038/physci230185a0. Retrieved 10 September 2021.
  28. ↑ Padmanabhan, Thanu (2014). Astronomy in India : a historical perspective. New Delhi: Springer. pp. 86–88. ISBN 9788184899979. Retrieved 10 September 2021.
  29. ↑ Saikia, Dhruba J. (July 2021). "Govind Swarup: Tribute to a Legend". Resonance. 26 (7): 869–893. doi:10.1007/s12045-021-1190-4. S2CID 238773607. Retrieved 10 September 2021.
  30. ↑ Saikia, D. J.; Swarup, G.; Kodali, P. D. (1 September 1985). "Polarization properties of radio cores in galaxies and quasars". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 216 (2): 385–394. doi:10.1093/mnras/216.2.385. Retrieved 10 September 2021.
  31. ↑ Kellermann, Kenneth I.; Bouton, E.N.; Brandt, S.S. (2020). Open skies : The National Radio Astronomy Observatory and its impact on US radio astronomy. Cham, Switzerland: Springer. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-32345-5_6. ISBN 978-3-030-32345-5. S2CID 226629186. Retrieved 10 September 2021.
  32. ↑ "One of the world's largest radio telescope being set up near Pune will look for incontrovertible evidence for the Big Bang theory on the origin of the universe". DownToEarth. 15 January 1994. Retrieved 10 September 2021.
  33. ↑ Banerjee, Shoumojit (27 November 2020). "GMRT accorded prestigious IEEE Milestone status". The Hindu. Retrieved 10 September 2021.
  34. ↑ "GMRT accorded the prestigious IEEE Milestone status". Government of India. Retrieved 10 September 2021.
  35. ↑ Kanekar, Nissim; Chowdhury, Aditya; Chengalur, Jayaram N. (July 2021). "Atomic Hydrogen in Distant Galaxies". Resonance. 26 (7): 919–938. doi:10.1007/s12045-021-1192-2. S2CID 238813513. Retrieved 10 September 2021.
  36. ↑ "Govind Swarup". International Astronomical Union. Retrieved 9 September 2021.
  37. ↑ Rishiraj-Dutta (8 September 2020). "Radio Astronomer Prof. Govind Swarup Passed Away". National TV. Retrieved 9 September 2021.

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