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{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2016}}
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{{Infobox officeholder
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| name                = Kanshi Ram
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'''Kanshi Ram''' (15 March 1934 – 9 October 2006), also known as '''Bahujan Nayak'''<ref>{{cite news |title=Kanshi Ram should be given the Bharat Ratna: Mayawati |work=DNA |date=15 March 2016 |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-kanshi-ram-should-be-given-the-bharat-ratna-mayawati-2189533 |access-date=2016-04-24}}</ref> or '''Manyavar'''<ref>{{cite web | title=How 'manyavar' Kanshiram stood up for a colleague and changed Indian politics | website=ThePrint | date=2018-10-09 | url=https://theprint.in/politics/how-manyavar-kanshiram-stood-up-for-a-colleague-and-changed-indian-politics/131612/ | access-date=2020-09-17}}</ref> or '''Saheb''',<ref>{{cite news |title=This bard wants Kanshi Ram loyalists to spread wings |first=Rajesh Kumar |last=Singh |work=Hindustan Times |date=30 July 2015|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/lucknow/this-bard-wants-kanshi-ram-loyalists-to-spread-wings/article1-1374661.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150814004143/http://www.hindustantimes.com/lucknow/this-bard-wants-kanshi-ram-loyalists-to-spread-wings/article1-1374661.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-date=14 August 2015 |access-date=2016-10-16}}</ref> was an Indian politician and [[social reformer]] who worked for the upliftment and political mobilisation of the [[Bahujan]]s, the [[untouchability|backward or lower caste people including untouchable groups]] at the bottom of the [[caste system in India]].<ref name="Narayan 2012">{{cite web | last=Narayan | first=Badri | title=Ambedkar and Kanshi Ram - so alike, yet so different | website=The Hindu | date=11 May 2012 | url=http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/ambedkar-and-kanshi-ram-so-alike-yet-so-different/article3405293.ece | access-date=2016-05-15}}</ref> Towards this end, Kanshi Ram founded [[Dalit Shoshit Samaj Sangharsh Samiti]] (DS-4), the All India Backward and Minority Communities Employees' Federation ([[BAMCEF]]) in 1971 and the [[Bahujan Samaj Party]] (BSP) in 1984. He ceded leadership of the BSP to his protégé [[Mayawati]] who has served four terms as [[Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh]].
'''Kanshi Ram''' (15 March 1934 – 9 October 2006), also known as '''Bahujan Nayak'''<ref>{{cite news |title=Kanshi Ram should be given the Bharat Ratna: Mayawati |work=DNA |date=15 March 2016 |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-kanshi-ram-should-be-given-the-bharat-ratna-mayawati-2189533 |access-date=2016-04-24}}</ref> or '''Manyavar'''<ref>{{cite web | title=How 'manyavar' Kanshiram stood up for a colleague and changed Indian politics | website=ThePrint | date=2018-10-09 | url=https://theprint.in/politics/how-manyavar-kanshiram-stood-up-for-a-colleague-and-changed-indian-politics/131612/ | access-date=2020-09-17}}</ref> or '''Saheb''',<ref>{{cite news |title=This bard wants Kanshi Ram loyalists to spread wings |first=Rajesh Kumar |last=Singh |work=Hindustan Times |date=30 July 2015|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/lucknow/this-bard-wants-kanshi-ram-loyalists-to-spread-wings/article1-1374661.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150814004143/http://www.hindustantimes.com/lucknow/this-bard-wants-kanshi-ram-loyalists-to-spread-wings/article1-1374661.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-date=14 August 2015 |access-date=2016-10-16}}</ref> was an Indian politician and [[social reformer]] who worked for the upliftment and political mobilisation of the [[Bahujan]]s, the [[untouchability|backward or lower caste people including untouchable groups]] at the bottom of the [[caste system in India]].<ref name="Narayan 2012">{{cite web | last=Narayan | first=Badri | title=Ambedkar and Kanshi Ram – so alike, yet so different | website=The Hindu | date=11 May 2012 | url=http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/ambedkar-and-kanshi-ram-so-alike-yet-so-different/article3405293.ece | access-date=2016-05-15}}</ref> Towards this end, Kanshi Ram founded [[Dalit Shoshit Samaj Sangharsh Samiti]] (DS-4), the All India Backward and Minority Communities Employees' Federation ([[BAMCEF]]) in 1971 and the [[Bahujan Samaj Party]] (BSP) in 1984. He ceded leadership of the BSP to his protégé [[Mayawati]] who has served four terms as [[Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh]].


==Early life==
==Early life==
Kanshi Ram was born to a [[Ramdasia]] [[Sikh]]<ref name="Ramdasia">{{cite web | last=Bal | first=Hartosh Singh | title=The BJP has usurped part of Kanshi Ram’s dream | website=The Caravan | date=2017-04-01 | url=https://caravanmagazine.in/perspectives/stolen-turf-bjp-usurped-kanshi-ram-dream | access-date=2020-09-22}}</ref> family of [[Chamar]] caste on 15 March 1934 in [[Ropar district]], [[Punjab Province (British India)|Punjab]], [[British India]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=‘I will be the best PM and Mayawati is my chosen heir’|url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/storyOld.php?storyId=23080|access-date=2020-09-21|website=archive.indianexpress.com}}</ref> Some sources say his birthplace was the village of Pirthipur Bunga<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/punjab/kejriwal-to-visit-bsp-founder-kanshi-ram-s-family/story-UBJGoXVvIZDM3Pbojua3oO.html|title=Kejriwal to visit BSP founder Kanshi Ram’s family|date=2016-03-07|work=hindustantimes.com|access-date=2018-05-20|language=en}}</ref> and others that it was Khawaspur village.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-03-15|title=Kanshi Ram Death Anniversary: Know contributions made by Bahujan Nayak for upliftment of Dalits|url=https://newsd.in/kanshiram-birth-anniversary-know-contributions-made-by-bahujan-nayak-for-upliftment-of-dalits/|access-date=2020-09-21|website=Newsd.in|language=en-US}}</ref>
Kanshi Ram was born to a [[Ramdasia]] [[Sikh]]<ref name="Ramdasia">{{cite web | last=Bal | first=Hartosh Singh | title=The BJP has usurped part of Kanshi Ram's dream | website=The Caravan | date=2017-04-01 | url=https://caravanmagazine.in/perspectives/stolen-turf-bjp-usurped-kanshi-ram-dream | access-date=2020-09-22}}</ref> family of [[Chamar]] caste on 15 March 1934 in [[Ropar district]], [[Punjab Province (British India)|Punjab]], [[British India]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=I will be the best PM and Mayawati is my chosen heir|url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/storyOld.php?storyId=23080|access-date=2020-09-21|website=archive.indianexpress.com}}</ref> Some sources say his birthplace was the village of Pirthipur Bunga<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/punjab/kejriwal-to-visit-bsp-founder-kanshi-ram-s-family/story-UBJGoXVvIZDM3Pbojua3oO.html|title=Kejriwal to visit BSP founder Kanshi Ram's family|date=2016-03-07|work=hindustantimes.com|access-date=2018-05-20|language=en}}</ref> and others that it was Khawaspur village.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-03-15|title=Kanshi Ram Death Anniversary: Know contributions made by Bahujan Nayak for upliftment of Dalits|url=https://newsd.in/kanshiram-birth-anniversary-know-contributions-made-by-bahujan-nayak-for-upliftment-of-dalits/|access-date=2020-09-21|website=Newsd.in|language=en-US}}</ref>


After studies at various local schools,<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0bo0AwAAQBAJ&pg=PT25|title=Kanshiram: Leader of the Dalits|last=Narayan|first=Badri|year=2014|publisher=Penguin UK|isbn=9789351186700|language=en|page=25}}</ref> Ram graduated in 1956 with a [[Bachelor of Science|BSc]] degree from Government College Ropar.<ref name="bose">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=N3MGWTeMUNMC&pg=PT35&lpg=PT35|title=Behenji: A Political Biography of Mayawati|last=Bose|first=Ajoy|year=2009|publisher=Penguin UK|isbn=9788184756500|language=en|page=35}}</ref>
After studies at various local schools,<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0bo0AwAAQBAJ&pg=PT25|title=Kanshiram: Leader of the Dalits|last=Narayan|first=Badri|year=2014|publisher=Penguin UK|isbn=9789351186700|language=en|page=25}}</ref> Ram graduated in 1956 with a [[Bachelor of Science|BSc]] degree from Government College Ropar.<ref name="bose">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=N3MGWTeMUNMC&pg=PT35|title=Behenji: A Political Biography of Mayawati|last=Bose|first=Ajoy|year=2009|publisher=Penguin UK|isbn=9788184756500|language=en|page=35}}</ref>


==Career==
==Career==
Kanshi Ram joined the offices of the Explosive Research and Development Laboratory in Pune<ref name="India 14">{{cite news |title=The man who saw tomorrow |work=The Indian Express |date=24 May 2014 |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/entertainment-others/the-man-who-saw-tomorrow-2/ |access-date=2016-10-16}}</ref> under the government's [[Reservation in India|scheme of affirmative action]]. It was at this time that he first experienced caste discrimination<ref name="bose"/>{{how|date=March 2019}} and in 1964 he became an activist. Those who admire him point out that he was spurred to this after reading [[B. R. Ambedkar]]'s book ''[[Annihilation of Caste]]'' and witnessing the discrimination against a Dalit employee who wished to observe a holiday celebrating Ambedkar's birth. Kanshi Ram strongly inspired by B. R. Ambedkar and his philosophy.<ref>{{cite book|last=Waghmore|first=Suryakant|title=Civility against Caste: Dalit Politics and Citizenship in Western India|page=39|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PPenAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA39|publisher=Sage}}</ref>
Kanshi Ram joined the offices of the [[High Energy Materials Research Laboratory|Explosive Research and Development Laboratory]] in [[Pune]]<ref name="India 14">{{cite news |title=The man who saw tomorrow |work=The Indian Express |date=24 May 2014 |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/entertainment-others/the-man-who-saw-tomorrow-2/ |access-date=2016-10-16}}</ref> under the government's [[Reservation in India|scheme of affirmative action]]. It was at this time that he first experienced caste discrimination<ref name="bose"/>{{how|date=March 2019}} and in 1964 he became an activist. Those who admire him point out that he was spurred to this after reading [[B. R. Ambedkar]]'s book ''[[Annihilation of Caste]]'' and witnessing the discrimination against a Dalit employee who wished to observe a holiday celebrating Ambedkar's birth. Kanshi Ram strongly inspired by B. R. Ambedkar and his philosophy.<ref>{{cite book|last=Waghmore|first=Suryakant|title=Civility against Caste: Dalit Politics and Citizenship in Western India|date=30 September 2013|page=39|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PPenAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA39|publisher=Sage|isbn=9788132118862}}</ref>


Ram initially supported the [[Republican Party of India]] (RPI) but became disillusioned with its co-operation with the [[Indian National Congress]]. In 1971, he founded the All India SC, ST, OBC and Minority Employees Association and in 1978 this became BAMCEF, an organisation that aimed to persuade educated members of the Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes, Other Backwards Classes and Minorities to support Ambedkarite principles. BAMCEF was neither a political nor a religious body and it also had no aims to agitate for its purpose. Suryakant Waghmore says it appealed to "the class among the Dalits that was comparatively well-off, mostly based in urban areas and small towns working as government servants and partially alienated from their untouchable identities".<ref>{{cite book|last=Waghmore|first=Suryakant|title=Civility against Caste: Dalit Politics and Citizenship in Western India|page=40|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PPenAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA40|publisher=Sage}}</ref>
Ram initially supported the [[Republican Party of India]] (RPI) but became disillusioned with its co-operation with the [[Indian National Congress]]. In 1971, he founded the All India SC, ST, OBC and Minority Employees Association and in 1978 this became BAMCEF, an organisation that aimed to persuade educated members of the Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes, Other Backwards Classes and Minorities to support Ambedkarite principles. BAMCEF was neither a political nor a religious body and it also had no aims to agitate for its purpose. Suryakant Waghmore says it appealed to "the class among the Dalits that was comparatively well-off, mostly based in urban areas and small towns working as government servants and partially alienated from their untouchable identities".<ref>{{cite book|last=Waghmore|first=Suryakant|title=Civility against Caste: Dalit Politics and Citizenship in Western India|date=30 September 2013|page=40|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PPenAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA40|publisher=Sage|isbn=9788132118862}}</ref>


Later, in 1981, Ram formed another social organisation known as Dalit Shoshit Samaj Sangharsh Samiti (DSSSS, or DS4). He started his attempt of consolidating the Dalit vote and in 1984 he founded the [[Bahujan Samaj Party]] (BSP). He fought his first election in 1984 from [[Janjgir-Champa (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Janjgir-Champa]] seat in [[Chhattisgarh]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/chhattisgarh-polls-towards-a-photo-finish/article5359312.ece|title=Chhattisgarh polls: Towards a photo finish|last=Bagchi|first=Suvojit|date=2013-11-17|work=The Hindu|access-date=2018-08-09|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> The BSP found success in [[Uttar Pradesh]], initially struggled to bridge the divide between Dalits and [[Other Backward Class]]es<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.outlookindia.com/article.aspx?232896 |title=The Dalit Chanakya |first=Ramnarayan |last=Rawat |author-link=Ramnarayan Rawat |work=Outlook |date=23 October 2006 |access-date=2016-10-16}}</ref> but later under leadership of Mayawati bridged this gap.<ref>{{cite news|last=Lal|first=Ratan Mani|title=17 castes included Shakyas, Rajbhar, Saini, Maurya and others members of this community are more inclined towards Mayawati and her BSP.|url=http://www.firstpost.com/politics/why-badaun-gangrape-could-mark-mayawatis-big-political-return-1553959.html}}</ref>
Later, in 1981, Ram formed another social organisation known as Dalit Shoshit Samaj Sangharsh Samiti (DSSSS, or DS4). He started his attempt of consolidating the Dalit vote and in 1984 he founded the [[Bahujan Samaj Party]] (BSP). He fought his first election in 1984 from [[Janjgir-Champa (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Janjgir-Champa]] seat in [[Chhattisgarh]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/chhattisgarh-polls-towards-a-photo-finish/article5359312.ece|title=Chhattisgarh polls: Towards a photo finish|last=Bagchi|first=Suvojit|date=2013-11-17|work=The Hindu|access-date=2018-08-09|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> The BSP found success in [[Uttar Pradesh]], initially struggled to bridge the divide between Dalits and [[Other Backward Class]]es<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.outlookindia.com/article.aspx?232896 |title=The Dalit Chanakya |first=Ramnarayan |last=Rawat |author-link=Ramnarayan Rawat |work=Outlook |date=23 October 2006 |access-date=2016-10-16}}</ref> but later under leadership of Mayawati bridged this gap.<ref>{{cite news|last=Lal|first=Ratan Mani|title=17 castes included Shakyas, Rajbhar, Saini, Maurya and others members of this community are more inclined towards Mayawati and her BSP.|url=http://www.firstpost.com/politics/why-badaun-gangrape-could-mark-mayawatis-big-political-return-1553959.html}}</ref>


In 1982 he wrote his book ''The Chamcha Age'', in which he used the term ''chamcha'' (stooge) to describe Dalit leaders such as [[Jagjivan Ram]] and [[Ram Vilas Paswan]].<ref name="India 14"/> He argued that Dalits should work politically for their own ends rather than compromise by working with other parties.<ref name="India 2014">{{cite news |title=Return of the chamcha age |work=The Indian Express |date=3 November 2014 |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/return-of-the-chamcha-age/ | access-date=2016-02-27}}</ref>
In 1982 he wrote his book ''The Chamcha Age'', in which he used the term ''chamcha'' (stooge) to describe Dalit leaders such as [[Jagjivan Ram]] and [[Ram Vilas Paswan]].<ref name="India 14"/> He argued that Dalits should work politically for their own ends rather than compromise by working with other parties.<ref name="India 2014">{{cite news |title=Return of the chamcha age |work=The Indian Express |date=3 November 2014 |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/return-of-the-chamcha-age/ | access-date=2016-02-27}}</ref>


After forming BSP Ram said the party would fight first election to lose, next to get noticed and the third election to win.<ref>{{cite news|title=a new party loses the first election, gets noticed in the next and wins the third, these are Kanshiram ji's words - Yogendra Yadav|url=http://www.catchnews.com/politics-news/yogendra-yadav-on-swaraj-india-we-need-a-secular-politics-that-is-not-shy-of-offending-anyone-1475938166.html}}</ref> In 1988 he contested [[Allahabad (Lok Sabha constituency)|Allahabad seat]] up against a future Prime Minister [[V. P. Singh]] and performed impressively but lost polling close to 70,000 votes.<ref>{{cite news|last1=SUBRAHMANIAM|first1=VIDYA|title=A quarter century of Kanshi Ram & Mayawati|url=http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/lead/a-quarter-century-of-kanshi-ram-mayawati/article261256.ece}}</ref>
After forming BSP Ram said the party would fight first election to lose, next to get noticed and the third election to win.<ref>{{cite news|title=a new party loses the first election, gets noticed in the next and wins the third, these are Kanshiram ji's words – Yogendra Yadav|url=http://www.catchnews.com/politics-news/yogendra-yadav-on-swaraj-india-we-need-a-secular-politics-that-is-not-shy-of-offending-anyone-1475938166.html}}</ref> In 1988 he contested [[Allahabad (Lok Sabha constituency)|Allahabad seat]] up against a future Prime Minister [[V. P. Singh]] and performed impressively but lost polling close to 70,000 votes.<ref>{{cite news|last1=SUBRAHMANIAM|first1=VIDYA|title=A quarter century of Kanshi Ram & Mayawati|url=http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/lead/a-quarter-century-of-kanshi-ram-mayawati/article261256.ece}}</ref>


He unsuccessfully contested from [[East Delhi (Lok Sabha constituency)]] (against HKL Bhagat) and [[Amethi (Lok Sabha constituency)]] (against Rajiv Gandhi) in 1989 and came in the third position on both the seats. Then he represented the 11th [[Lok Sabha]] (1996-1998) from [[Hoshiarpur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Hoshiarpur]],<ref name="IIS Windows Server 1934">{{cite web | title=Biographical Sketch of Member of XI Lok Sabha: KANSHI RAM, SHRI B.S.P. - HOSHIARPUR (PUNJAB) | website=IIS Windows Server | date=15 March 1934 | url=http://164.100.47.192/loksabha/writereaddata/biodata_1_12/3518.htm | access-date=2016-05-02 }}{{Dead link|date=February 2020 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Kanshiram was also elected as member of [[Lok Sabha]] from [[Etawah (Lok Sabha constituency)|Etawah]] in Uttar Pradesh. In 2001 he publicly announced [[Mayawati]] as his successor.
He unsuccessfully contested from [[East Delhi (Lok Sabha constituency)]] (against HKL Bhagat) and [[Amethi (Lok Sabha constituency)]] (against Rajiv Gandhi) in 1989 and came in the third position on both the seats. Then he represented the 11th [[Lok Sabha]] (1996-1998) from [[Hoshiarpur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Hoshiarpur]],<ref name="IIS Windows Server 1934">{{cite web | title=Biographical Sketch of Member of XI Lok Sabha: KANSHI RAM, SHRI B.S.P. – HOSHIARPUR (PUNJAB) | website=IIS Windows Server | date=15 March 1934 | url=http://164.100.47.192/loksabha/writereaddata/biodata_1_12/3518.htm | access-date=2016-05-02 }}{{Dead link|date=February 2020 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Kanshiram was also elected as member of [[Lok Sabha]] from [[Etawah (Lok Sabha constituency)|Etawah]] in Uttar Pradesh.


In the late 1990s, Ram described the BJP as the most corrupt (''mahabrasht'') party in India and the [[Indian National Congress|Indian National Congress INC]], [[Samajwadi Party]] and [[Janata Dal]] as equally corrupt.<ref name="India Today 15041997 1997">{{cite web | title=Continuity of govt policies may be a casualty as BJP, BSP take turns to rule | website=India Today 15041997 | date=15 April 1997 | url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/continuity-of-govt-policies-may-be-casualty-as-bjp-bsp-take-turns-to-rule/1/275675.html | access-date=2016-04-24}}</ref><ref name="Rediff.com 1998">{{cite web | title=Rediff On The NeT Elections '98: BSP to vote against Vajpayee | website=Rediff.com | date=20 March 1998 | url=http://www.rediff.com/news/1998/mar/20kanshi.htm | access-date=2016-04-24}}</ref>
After [[Demolition of the Babri Masjid]] in 1992, [[Mulayam Singh Yadav]] and Kanshi Ram joined hands to keep communal forces out of power by creating unity among the backward and Dalit castes and giving the popular slogan "Mile Mulayam-Kanshi Ram, Hawa mein ud gaye Jai Shri Ram". The chariot of communal was stopped. After the election, a coalition government of [[Samajwadi Party]] and [[Bahujan Samaj Party]] was formed in UP under the leadership of [[Mulayam Singh Yadav]], although due to some differences and Mayawati's ambition, this alliance broke up in June 1995, Mayawati became first time [[Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh]] in support of [[BJP]].
In the late 1990s, Ram described the BJP as the most corrupt (''mahabrasht'') party in India and the [[Indian National Congress|Indian National Congress INC]], [[Samajwadi Party]] and [[Janata Dal]] as equally corrupt. In 2001 He declared Mayawati as his successor.<ref name="India Today 15041997 1997">{{cite web | title=Continuity of govt policies may be a casualty as BJP, BSP take turns to rule | website=India Today 15041997 | date=15 April 1997 | url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/continuity-of-govt-policies-may-be-casualty-as-bjp-bsp-take-turns-to-rule/1/275675.html | access-date=2016-04-24}}</ref><ref name="Rediff.com 1998">{{cite web | title=Rediff on the NeT Elections '98: BSP to vote against Vajpayee | website=Rediff.com | date=20 March 1998 | url=http://www.rediff.com/news/1998/mar/20kanshi.htm | access-date=2016-04-24}}</ref>


==Proposed conversion to Buddhism==
==Proposed conversion to Buddhism==
In 2002, Ram announced his intention to convert to [[Buddhism]] on 14 October 2006, the 50th anniversary of [[Ambedkar]]'s conversion. He intended for 50,000,000 of his supporters to convert at the same time. Part of the significance of this plan was that Ram's followers include not only untouchables, but persons from a variety of castes, who could significantly broaden Buddhism's support. However, he died on 9 October 2006.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2006/10/10/stories/2006101003771200.htm|title=Kanshi Ram cremated as per Buddhist rituals |work=The Hindu |date=2006-10-10 |access-date=2016-10-16}}</ref>
In 2002, Ram announced his intention to convert to [[Buddhism]] on 14 October 2006, the 50th anniversary of [[Ambedkar]]'s conversion. He intended for 50,000,000 of his supporters to convert at the same time. Part of the significance of this plan was that Ram's followers include not only untouchables, but persons from a variety of castes, who could significantly broaden Buddhism's support. However, he died on 9 October 2006.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2006/10/10/stories/2006101003771200.htm|title=Kanshi Ram cremated as per Buddhist rituals |work=The Hindu |date=2006-10-10 |access-date=2016-10-16}}</ref>


Mayawati his successor said "Saheb Kanshi Ram and I had decided that we will convert and adopt Buddhism when we will get "absolute majority" at the Centre. We wanted to do this because we can make a difference to the religion by taking along with us millions of people. If we convert without power then only we two will be converting. But when you have power you can really create a stir".<ref>[http://www.rediff.com/news/2006/oct/16look.htm?zcc=rl Mayawati claims Saheb Kanshi Ram's legacy]</ref>
[[Mayawati]] his successor said "Saheb Kanshi Ram and I had decided that we will convert and adopt [[Buddhism in India|Buddhism]] when we will get "absolute majority" at the centre. We wanted to do this because we can make a difference to the religion by taking along with us millions of people. If we convert without power then only we two will be converting. But when you have power you can really create a stir".<ref>[http://www.rediff.com/news/2006/oct/16look.htm?zcc=rl Mayawati claims Saheb Kanshi Ram's legacy]</ref>


==Death==
==Death==
Ram was a [[diabetes|diabetic]]. He suffered a heart attack in 1994, an arterial clot in his brain in 1995, and a paralytic [[stroke]] in 2003.<ref name="times">[https://archive.today/20130125111750/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Mobile/Pages/StoryPage.aspx?ID=ada7e2c5-9ca5-4923-bab3-3b391fd38783&BC=Lifestyle-Wellness HT News]</ref> He died in New Delhi on 9 October 2006 of a severe heart attack at the age of 72.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/10/10/obituaries/10ram.html|title=Kanshi Ram, 72, a Voice for India’s Outcasts, Dies|last=Hevesi|first=Dennis|date=2006-10-10|work=The New York Times|access-date=2018-05-20|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> He had been virtually bed-ridden for more than two years.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-kanshi-ram-breathes-his-last-1057545|title=Kanshi Ram breathes his last |date=2006-10-09|work=dna|access-date=2018-05-20|language=en-US}}</ref> According to his wishes,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/news/2006/oct/10kanshi.htm |title=Kanshi Ram's ashes will not be immersed: Mayavati |publisher=Rediff.com |access-date=2012-08-04}}</ref> his funeral rites were performed according to Buddhist tradition, with Mayawati lighting the pyre.<ref name="times"/> His ashes were placed in an urn and kept at Prerna Sthal, where many people paid their respects.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/StoryPage/Print/162979.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121022094453/http://www.hindustantimes.com/StoryPage/Print/162979.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-date=22 October 2012 |title=Maya gives city traffic blues! |publisher=Hindustan Times |date=19 October 2006 |access-date=2012-08-04}}</ref>
Ram was a [[diabetes|diabetic]]. He suffered a heart attack in 1994, an arterial clot in his brain in 1995, and a paralytic [[stroke]] in 2003.<ref name="times">[https://archive.today/20130125111750/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Mobile/Pages/StoryPage.aspx?ID=ada7e2c5-9ca5-4923-bab3-3b391fd38783&BC=Lifestyle-Wellness HT News]</ref> He died in New Delhi on 9 October 2006 of a severe heart attack at the age of 72.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/10/10/obituaries/10ram.html|title=Kanshi Ram, 72, a Voice for India's Outcasts, Dies|last=Hevesi|first=Dennis|date=2006-10-10|work=The New York Times|access-date=2018-05-20|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> He had been virtually bed-ridden for more than two years.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-kanshi-ram-breathes-his-last-1057545|title=Kanshi Ram breathes his last |date=2006-10-09|work=dna|access-date=2018-05-20|language=en-US}}</ref> According to his wishes,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/news/2006/oct/10kanshi.htm |title=Kanshi Ram's ashes will not be immersed: Mayavati |work=Rediff.com |access-date=2012-08-04}}</ref> his funeral rites were performed according to Buddhist tradition, with Mayawati lighting the pyre.<ref name="times"/> His ashes were placed in an urn and kept at Prerna Sthal, where many people paid their respects.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/StoryPage/Print/162979.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121022094453/http://www.hindustantimes.com/StoryPage/Print/162979.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-date=22 October 2012 |title=Maya gives city traffic blues! |work=Hindustan Times|date=19 October 2006 |access-date=2012-08-04}}</ref>


In his condolence message, Indian Prime Minister [[Manmohan Singh]] described Ram as "one of the greatest social reformers of our time&nbsp;.. his political ideas and movements had a significant impact on our political evolution&nbsp;... He had a larger understanding of social change and was able to unite various underprivileged sections of our society and provide a political platform where their voices would be heard." Under Ram's leadership, the BSP won 14 parliamentary seats in the 1999 federal elections.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/6032563.stm Indian Dalit leader passes away]</ref>
In his condolence message, Indian Prime Minister [[Manmohan Singh]] described Ram as "one of the greatest social reformers of our time&nbsp;.. his political ideas and movements had a significant impact on our political evolution&nbsp;... He had a larger understanding of social change and was able to unite various underprivileged sections of our society and provide a political platform where their voices would be heard." Under Ram's leadership, the BSP won 14 parliamentary seats in the 1999 federal elections.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/6032563.stm Indian Dalit leader passes away]</ref>


==Books==
==Books==
In 1982, Ram wrote ''The Chamcha Age'' (The Era of the Stooges), a book in which he used the term ''chamcha'' (stooge) for Dalit leaders who he alleged had selfish reasons to work for parties such as the [[Indian National Congress]] (INC)<ref name="India 14"/> and [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP).<ref name="India 2014"/> His book ''Birth of BAMCEF'' was also published.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://164.100.47.194/loksabha/writereaddata/biodata_1_12/3518.htm|title=Biographical Sketch of Member of XI Lok Sabha|website=164.100.47.194|access-date=2018-05-20}}</ref> His biography, ''Kanshiram: Leader Of The Dalits'' was written by Badri Narayan Tiwari.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dalitliterature.com/product/kanshiram-leader-of-the-dalits/|title=Kanshiram: Leader of the Dalits {{!}} DALITLITERATURE|website=DALITLITERATURE|language=en-US|access-date=2018-05-20}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.livemint.com/Leisure/L6346mmJ2rPkz3gKWfoo3O/Book-Review--Kanshiram-Leader-Of-The-Dalits.html|title=Book Review {{!}} Kanshiram: Leader Of The Dalits|last=Bose|first=Ajoy|date=2014-05-31|work=livemint|access-date=2018-05-20}}</ref> His speeches are compiled in books like ''Bahujan Nayak Kanshiram Ke Avismarniya Bhashan'' by Anuj Kumar, ''Writings & Speeches of Kanshiram'' compiled by S. S. Gautam and ''The Editorials of Kanshi Ram'' by Bahujan Samaj Publications in 1997.
In 1982, kanshiram wrote ''The Chamcha Age'' (The Era of the Stooges), a book in which he used the term ''chamcha'' (stooge) for Dalit leaders who he alleged had selfish reasons to work for parties such as the [[Indian National Congress]] (INC)<ref name="India 14"/> and [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP).<ref name="India 2014"/> His book ''Birth of BAMCEF'' was also published.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://164.100.47.194/loksabha/writereaddata/biodata_1_12/3518.htm|title=Biographical Sketch of Member of XI Lok Sabha|website=164.100.47.194|access-date=2018-05-20}}</ref> His biography, ''Kanshiram: Leader of the Dalits'' was written by Badri Narayan Tiwari.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dalitliterature.com/product/kanshiram-leader-of-the-dalits/|title=Kanshiram: Leader of the Dalits {{!}} DALITLITERATURE|website=DALITLITERATURE|language=en-US|access-date=2018-05-20}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.livemint.com/Leisure/L6346mmJ2rPkz3gKWfoo3O/Book-Review--Kanshiram-Leader-Of-The-Dalits.html|title=Book Review {{!}} Kanshiram: Leader of the Dalits|last=Bose|first=Ajoy|date=2014-05-31|work=livemint|access-date=2018-05-20}}</ref> His speeches are compiled in books like ''Bahujan Nayak Kanshiram Ke Avismarniya Bhashan'' by Anuj Kumar, ''Writings & Speeches of Kanshiram'' compiled by S. S. Gautam & [[A.R. Akela]] and ''The Editorials of Kanshi Ram'' by Bahujan Samaj Publications in 1997.


==Legacy==
==Legacy==
[[File:Image of India.jpg|thumb|Statues of Mayawati (L) and Kanshi Ram (R) at [[Ambedkar Memorial Park]]]]
[[File:Image of India.jpg|thumb|Statues of Mayawati (L) and Kanshi Ram (R) at [[Ambedkar Memorial Park]]]]
There are many government programmes and schemes<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/allahabad/Kanshi-Ram-Shahri-Samagraya-Vikas-Yojna-developed/articleshow/4163383.cms|title=Kanshi Ram Shahri Samagraya Vikas Yojna developed|work=The Times of India|access-date=2018-05-20}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/Kanshiram-housing-scheme-gets-Rs-100Cr-in-new-avatar/articleshow/18082791.cms|title=Kanshiram housing scheme gets Rs 100Cr in new avatar |work=The Times of India|access-date=2018-05-20}}</ref> and public institutions named after Kanshi Ram in Uttar Pradesh.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/noida/OPD-at-Kanshiram-hospital-in-Greater-Noida-starts/articleshow/19353484.cms|title=OPD at Kanshiram hospital in Greater Noida starts|work=The Times of India|access-date=2018-05-20}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.mkitm.com/vission_mission.htm|title=::Manyawar Kanshiram Institute of Tourism Management::|last=Upaddhayay|first=Dr. Sunil|website=www.mkitm.com|access-date=2018-05-20}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/lucknow/uttar-pradesh-after-bloody-trail-cops-clamp-down-on-celebratory-firing/story-Pm1WoGfn2IkJn5BkRq9dsN.html|title=Kanshiram Memorial Trauma Centre Kanpur|date=2018-05-02|work=hindustantimes.com|access-date=2018-05-20|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/cities/lucknow/govt-to-drop-kanshiram-from-urdufarsi-university/|title=Govt to drop Kanshiram from Urdu-Farsi university|date=2012-06-17|work=The Indian Express|access-date=2018-05-20|language=en-US}}</ref> His birthplace Pirthipur Bunga Sahib has a memorial with his statue.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/dalit-bsp-leader-arvind-kejriwal-give-bharat-ratna-to-kanshi-ram/|title=Kejriwal wants Bharat Ratna for Dalit leader Kanshi Ram, gets Dullo’s backing|date=2016-03-16|work=The Indian Express|access-date=2018-05-20|language=en-US}}</ref> [[Manyawar Shri Kanshiram Ji Green Eco Garden]] in Lucknow has been named in his memory.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/Eco-friendly-Mayawati-gifts-Rs-834-cr-park/articleshow/7623582.cms|title='Eco-friendly' Mayawati gifts Rs 834 cr park - Times of India|work=The Times of India|access-date=2018-05-20}}</ref>
There are many government programmes and schemes<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/allahabad/Kanshi-Ram-Shahri-Samagraya-Vikas-Yojna-developed/articleshow/4163383.cms|title=Kanshi Ram Shahri Samagraya Vikas Yojna developed|work=The Times of India|access-date=2018-05-20}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/Kanshiram-housing-scheme-gets-Rs-100Cr-in-new-avatar/articleshow/18082791.cms|title=Kanshiram housing scheme gets Rs 100Cr in new avatar |work=The Times of India|access-date=2018-05-20}}</ref> and public institutions named after Kanshi Ram in Uttar Pradesh.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/noida/OPD-at-Kanshiram-hospital-in-Greater-Noida-starts/articleshow/19353484.cms|title=OPD at Kanshiram hospital in Greater Noida starts|work=The Times of India|access-date=2018-05-20}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.mkitm.com/vission_mission.htm|title=::Manyawar Kanshiram Institute of Tourism Management::|last=Upaddhayay|first=Dr. Sunil|website=www.mkitm.com|access-date=2018-05-20}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/lucknow/uttar-pradesh-after-bloody-trail-cops-clamp-down-on-celebratory-firing/story-Pm1WoGfn2IkJn5BkRq9dsN.html|title=Kanshiram Memorial Trauma Centre Kanpur|date=2018-05-02|work=hindustantimes.com|access-date=2018-05-20|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/cities/lucknow/govt-to-drop-kanshiram-from-urdufarsi-university/|title=Govt to drop Kanshiram from Urdu-Farsi university|date=2012-06-17|work=The Indian Express|access-date=2018-05-20|language=en-US}}</ref> His birthplace Pirthipur Bunga Sahib has a memorial with his statue.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/dalit-bsp-leader-arvind-kejriwal-give-bharat-ratna-to-kanshi-ram/|title=Kejriwal wants Bharat Ratna for Dalit leader Kanshi Ram, gets Dullo's backing|date=2016-03-16|work=The Indian Express|access-date=2018-05-20|language=en-US}}</ref> [[Manyawar Shri Kanshiram Ji Green Eco Garden]] in Lucknow has been named in his memory.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/Eco-friendly-Mayawati-gifts-Rs-834-cr-park/articleshow/7623582.cms|title='Eco-friendly' Mayawati gifts Rs 834 cr park – Times of India|work=The Times of India|access-date=2018-05-20}}</ref>


==Biopic==
==Biopic==
{{anchor|The Great Leader Kanshiram}} In 2017, a [[Hindi]]-language [[Biographical film|Biopic]] film ''[[The Great Leader Kanshiram]]'' was released in India, directed and produced by Arjun Singh,<ref name="timesofindia.indiatimes.com">{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/ready-for-release-a-film-on-the-journey-of-kanshiram-the-great/articleshow/57054683.cms|title=Ready for release: A film on the journey of Kanshiram 'the great' - Times of India|website=The Times of India|access-date=2018-12-22}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/delhi/breaking-caste-barriers-to-script-their-own-stories/story-UDstlkLENxkROJ3wmzyvlJ.html|title=3 Dalit youngsters who are breaking caste barriers to script own stories|date=2016-03-12|website=Hindustan Times|language=en|access-date=2018-12-22}}</ref> based on the story of [[Dalit Shoshit Samaj Sangharsh Samiti|DS4]], [[BAMCEF]] and [[Bahujan Samaj Party]] founder Kanshi Ram from his childhood to 1984.<ref name="timesofindia.indiatimes.com"/>
{{anchor|The Great Leader Kanshiram}} In 2017, a [[Hindi]]-language [[Biographical film|Biopic]] film ''[[The Great Leader Kanshiram]]'' was released in India, directed and produced by Arjun Singh,<ref name="timesofindia.indiatimes.com">{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/ready-for-release-a-film-on-the-journey-of-kanshiram-the-great/articleshow/57054683.cms|title=Ready for release: A film on the journey of Kanshiram 'the great' – Times of India|website=The Times of India|access-date=2018-12-22}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/delhi/breaking-caste-barriers-to-script-their-own-stories/story-UDstlkLENxkROJ3wmzyvlJ.html|title=3 Dalit youngsters who are breaking caste barriers to script own stories|date=2016-03-12|website=Hindustan Times|language=en|access-date=2018-12-22}}</ref> based on the story of [[Dalit Shoshit Samaj Sangharsh Samiti|DS4]], [[BAMCEF]] and [[Bahujan Samaj Party]] founder Kanshi Ram from his childhood to 1984.<ref name="timesofindia.indiatimes.com"/>


==References==
==References==

Revision as of 23:27, 10 January 2022


Kanshi Ram
Founder-President of the Bahujan Samaj Party
In office
14 April 1984 – 18 September 2003
Preceded byoffice established
Succeeded byMayawati
Member of the Indian Parliament
for Hoshiarpur
In office
1996–1998
Preceded byKamal Chaudhry
Succeeded byKamal Chaudhry
Member of the Indian Parliament
for Etawah
In office
1991–1996
Preceded byRam Singh Shakya
Succeeded byRam Singh Shakya
Personal details
Born15 March 1934
Rupnagar district, Punjab Province, British India
Died9 October 2006(2006-10-09) (aged 72)
New Delhi, India
Political partyBahujan Samaj Party
WebsiteKansi Ram Official Website

Kanshi Ram (15 March 1934 – 9 October 2006), also known as Bahujan Nayak[1] or Manyavar[2] or Saheb,[3] was an Indian politician and social reformer who worked for the upliftment and political mobilisation of the Bahujans, the backward or lower caste people including untouchable groups at the bottom of the caste system in India.[4] Towards this end, Kanshi Ram founded Dalit Shoshit Samaj Sangharsh Samiti (DS-4), the All India Backward and Minority Communities Employees' Federation (BAMCEF) in 1971 and the Bahujan Samaj Party (BSP) in 1984. He ceded leadership of the BSP to his protégé Mayawati who has served four terms as Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh.

Early life

Kanshi Ram was born to a Ramdasia Sikh[5] family of Chamar caste on 15 March 1934 in Ropar district, Punjab, British India.[6] Some sources say his birthplace was the village of Pirthipur Bunga[7] and others that it was Khawaspur village.[8]

After studies at various local schools,[9] Ram graduated in 1956 with a BSc degree from Government College Ropar.[10]

Career

Kanshi Ram joined the offices of the Explosive Research and Development Laboratory in Pune[11] under the government's scheme of affirmative action. It was at this time that he first experienced caste discrimination[10][how?] and in 1964 he became an activist. Those who admire him point out that he was spurred to this after reading B. R. Ambedkar's book Annihilation of Caste and witnessing the discrimination against a Dalit employee who wished to observe a holiday celebrating Ambedkar's birth. Kanshi Ram strongly inspired by B. R. Ambedkar and his philosophy.[12]

Ram initially supported the Republican Party of India (RPI) but became disillusioned with its co-operation with the Indian National Congress. In 1971, he founded the All India SC, ST, OBC and Minority Employees Association and in 1978 this became BAMCEF, an organisation that aimed to persuade educated members of the Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes, Other Backwards Classes and Minorities to support Ambedkarite principles. BAMCEF was neither a political nor a religious body and it also had no aims to agitate for its purpose. Suryakant Waghmore says it appealed to "the class among the Dalits that was comparatively well-off, mostly based in urban areas and small towns working as government servants and partially alienated from their untouchable identities".[13]

Later, in 1981, Ram formed another social organisation known as Dalit Shoshit Samaj Sangharsh Samiti (DSSSS, or DS4). He started his attempt of consolidating the Dalit vote and in 1984 he founded the Bahujan Samaj Party (BSP). He fought his first election in 1984 from Janjgir-Champa seat in Chhattisgarh.[14] The BSP found success in Uttar Pradesh, initially struggled to bridge the divide between Dalits and Other Backward Classes[15] but later under leadership of Mayawati bridged this gap.[16]

In 1982 he wrote his book The Chamcha Age, in which he used the term chamcha (stooge) to describe Dalit leaders such as Jagjivan Ram and Ram Vilas Paswan.[11] He argued that Dalits should work politically for their own ends rather than compromise by working with other parties.[17]

After forming BSP Ram said the party would fight first election to lose, next to get noticed and the third election to win.[18] In 1988 he contested Allahabad seat up against a future Prime Minister V. P. Singh and performed impressively but lost polling close to 70,000 votes.[19]

He unsuccessfully contested from East Delhi (Lok Sabha constituency) (against HKL Bhagat) and Amethi (Lok Sabha constituency) (against Rajiv Gandhi) in 1989 and came in the third position on both the seats. Then he represented the 11th Lok Sabha (1996-1998) from Hoshiarpur,[20] Kanshiram was also elected as member of Lok Sabha from Etawah in Uttar Pradesh.

After Demolition of the Babri Masjid in 1992, Mulayam Singh Yadav and Kanshi Ram joined hands to keep communal forces out of power by creating unity among the backward and Dalit castes and giving the popular slogan "Mile Mulayam-Kanshi Ram, Hawa mein ud gaye Jai Shri Ram". The chariot of communal was stopped. After the election, a coalition government of Samajwadi Party and Bahujan Samaj Party was formed in UP under the leadership of Mulayam Singh Yadav, although due to some differences and Mayawati's ambition, this alliance broke up in June 1995, Mayawati became first time Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh in support of BJP. In the late 1990s, Ram described the BJP as the most corrupt (mahabrasht) party in India and the Indian National Congress INC, Samajwadi Party and Janata Dal as equally corrupt. In 2001 He declared Mayawati as his successor.[21][22]

Proposed conversion to Buddhism

In 2002, Ram announced his intention to convert to Buddhism on 14 October 2006, the 50th anniversary of Ambedkar's conversion. He intended for 50,000,000 of his supporters to convert at the same time. Part of the significance of this plan was that Ram's followers include not only untouchables, but persons from a variety of castes, who could significantly broaden Buddhism's support. However, he died on 9 October 2006.[23]

Mayawati his successor said "Saheb Kanshi Ram and I had decided that we will convert and adopt Buddhism when we will get "absolute majority" at the centre. We wanted to do this because we can make a difference to the religion by taking along with us millions of people. If we convert without power then only we two will be converting. But when you have power you can really create a stir".[24]

Death

Ram was a diabetic. He suffered a heart attack in 1994, an arterial clot in his brain in 1995, and a paralytic stroke in 2003.[25] He died in New Delhi on 9 October 2006 of a severe heart attack at the age of 72.[26] He had been virtually bed-ridden for more than two years.[27] According to his wishes,[28] his funeral rites were performed according to Buddhist tradition, with Mayawati lighting the pyre.[25] His ashes were placed in an urn and kept at Prerna Sthal, where many people paid their respects.[29]

In his condolence message, Indian Prime Minister Manmohan Singh described Ram as "one of the greatest social reformers of our time .. his political ideas and movements had a significant impact on our political evolution ... He had a larger understanding of social change and was able to unite various underprivileged sections of our society and provide a political platform where their voices would be heard." Under Ram's leadership, the BSP won 14 parliamentary seats in the 1999 federal elections.[30]

Books

In 1982, kanshiram wrote The Chamcha Age (The Era of the Stooges), a book in which he used the term chamcha (stooge) for Dalit leaders who he alleged had selfish reasons to work for parties such as the Indian National Congress (INC)[11] and Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP).[17] His book Birth of BAMCEF was also published.[31] His biography, Kanshiram: Leader of the Dalits was written by Badri Narayan Tiwari.[32][33] His speeches are compiled in books like Bahujan Nayak Kanshiram Ke Avismarniya Bhashan by Anuj Kumar, Writings & Speeches of Kanshiram compiled by S. S. Gautam & A.R. Akela and The Editorials of Kanshi Ram by Bahujan Samaj Publications in 1997.

Legacy

Statues of Mayawati (L) and Kanshi Ram (R) at Ambedkar Memorial Park

There are many government programmes and schemes[34][35] and public institutions named after Kanshi Ram in Uttar Pradesh.[36][37][38][39] His birthplace Pirthipur Bunga Sahib has a memorial with his statue.[40] Manyawar Shri Kanshiram Ji Green Eco Garden in Lucknow has been named in his memory.[41]

Biopic

In 2017, a Hindi-language Biopic film The Great Leader Kanshiram was released in India, directed and produced by Arjun Singh,[42][43] based on the story of DS4, BAMCEF and Bahujan Samaj Party founder Kanshi Ram from his childhood to 1984.[42]

References

  1. ↑ "Kanshi Ram should be given the Bharat Ratna: Mayawati". DNA. 15 March 2016. Retrieved 24 April 2016.
  2. ↑ "How 'manyavar' Kanshiram stood up for a colleague and changed Indian politics". ThePrint. 9 October 2018. Retrieved 17 September 2020.
  3. ↑ Singh, Rajesh Kumar (30 July 2015). "This bard wants Kanshi Ram loyalists to spread wings". Hindustan Times. Archived from the original on 14 August 2015. Retrieved 16 October 2016.
  4. ↑ Narayan, Badri (11 May 2012). "Ambedkar and Kanshi Ram – so alike, yet so different". The Hindu. Retrieved 15 May 2016.
  5. ↑ Bal, Hartosh Singh (1 April 2017). "The BJP has usurped part of Kanshi Ram's dream". The Caravan. Retrieved 22 September 2020.
  6. ↑ "I will be the best PM and Mayawati is my chosen heir". archive.indianexpress.com. Retrieved 21 September 2020.
  7. ↑ "Kejriwal to visit BSP founder Kanshi Ram's family". hindustantimes.com. 7 March 2016. Retrieved 20 May 2018.
  8. ↑ "Kanshi Ram Death Anniversary: Know contributions made by Bahujan Nayak for upliftment of Dalits". Newsd.in. 15 March 2019. Retrieved 21 September 2020.
  9. ↑ Narayan, Badri (2014). Kanshiram: Leader of the Dalits. Penguin UK. p. 25. ISBN 9789351186700.
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 Bose, Ajoy (2009). Behenji: A Political Biography of Mayawati. Penguin UK. p. 35. ISBN 9788184756500.
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 11.2 "The man who saw tomorrow". The Indian Express. 24 May 2014. Retrieved 16 October 2016.
  12. ↑ Waghmore, Suryakant (30 September 2013). Civility against Caste: Dalit Politics and Citizenship in Western India. Sage. p. 39. ISBN 9788132118862.
  13. ↑ Waghmore, Suryakant (30 September 2013). Civility against Caste: Dalit Politics and Citizenship in Western India. Sage. p. 40. ISBN 9788132118862.
  14. ↑ Bagchi, Suvojit (17 November 2013). "Chhattisgarh polls: Towards a photo finish". The Hindu. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 9 August 2018.
  15. ↑ Rawat, Ramnarayan (23 October 2006). "The Dalit Chanakya". Outlook. Retrieved 16 October 2016.
  16. ↑ Lal, Ratan Mani. "17 castes included Shakyas, Rajbhar, Saini, Maurya and others members of this community are more inclined towards Mayawati and her BSP".
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 "Return of the chamcha age". The Indian Express. 3 November 2014. Retrieved 27 February 2016.
  18. ↑ "a new party loses the first election, gets noticed in the next and wins the third, these are Kanshiram ji's words – Yogendra Yadav".
  19. ↑ SUBRAHMANIAM, VIDYA. "A quarter century of Kanshi Ram & Mayawati".
  20. ↑ "Biographical Sketch of Member of XI Lok Sabha: KANSHI RAM, SHRI B.S.P. – HOSHIARPUR (PUNJAB)". IIS Windows Server. 15 March 1934. Retrieved 2 May 2016.[permanent dead link]
  21. ↑ "Continuity of govt policies may be a casualty as BJP, BSP take turns to rule". India Today 15041997. 15 April 1997. Retrieved 24 April 2016.
  22. ↑ "Rediff on the NeT Elections '98: BSP to vote against Vajpayee". Rediff.com. 20 March 1998. Retrieved 24 April 2016.
  23. ↑ "Kanshi Ram cremated as per Buddhist rituals". The Hindu. 10 October 2006. Retrieved 16 October 2016.
  24. ↑ Mayawati claims Saheb Kanshi Ram's legacy
  25. ↑ 25.0 25.1 HT News
  26. ↑ Hevesi, Dennis (10 October 2006). "Kanshi Ram, 72, a Voice for India's Outcasts, Dies". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 20 May 2018.
  27. ↑ "Kanshi Ram breathes his last". dna. 9 October 2006. Retrieved 20 May 2018.
  28. ↑ "Kanshi Ram's ashes will not be immersed: Mayavati". Rediff.com. Retrieved 4 August 2012.
  29. ↑ "Maya gives city traffic blues!". Hindustan Times. 19 October 2006. Archived from the original on 22 October 2012. Retrieved 4 August 2012.
  30. ↑ Indian Dalit leader passes away
  31. ↑ "Biographical Sketch of Member of XI Lok Sabha". 164.100.47.194. Retrieved 20 May 2018.
  32. ↑ "Kanshiram: Leader of the Dalits | DALITLITERATURE". DALITLITERATURE. Retrieved 20 May 2018.
  33. ↑ Bose, Ajoy (31 May 2014). "Book Review | Kanshiram: Leader of the Dalits". livemint. Retrieved 20 May 2018.
  34. ↑ "Kanshi Ram Shahri Samagraya Vikas Yojna developed". The Times of India. Retrieved 20 May 2018.
  35. ↑ "Kanshiram housing scheme gets Rs 100Cr in new avatar". The Times of India. Retrieved 20 May 2018.
  36. ↑ "OPD at Kanshiram hospital in Greater Noida starts". The Times of India. Retrieved 20 May 2018.
  37. ↑ Upaddhayay, Dr. Sunil. "::Manyawar Kanshiram Institute of Tourism Management::". www.mkitm.com. Retrieved 20 May 2018.
  38. ↑ "Kanshiram Memorial Trauma Centre Kanpur". hindustantimes.com. 2 May 2018. Retrieved 20 May 2018.
  39. ↑ "Govt to drop Kanshiram from Urdu-Farsi university". The Indian Express. 17 June 2012. Retrieved 20 May 2018.
  40. ↑ "Kejriwal wants Bharat Ratna for Dalit leader Kanshi Ram, gets Dullo's backing". The Indian Express. 16 March 2016. Retrieved 20 May 2018.
  41. ↑ "'Eco-friendly' Mayawati gifts Rs 834 cr park – Times of India". The Times of India. Retrieved 20 May 2018.
  42. ↑ 42.0 42.1 "Ready for release: A film on the journey of Kanshiram 'the great' – Times of India". The Times of India. Retrieved 22 December 2018.
  43. ↑ "3 Dalit youngsters who are breaking caste barriers to script own stories". Hindustan Times. 12 March 2016. Retrieved 22 December 2018.

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