Manda, Jammu: Difference between revisions

 

{{Infobox ancient site|name=Manda|event=|built=400BC <ref>{{Cite web |title=Akhnoor and Indus Valley Civilization |url=http://www.dailyexcelsior.com/akhnoor-and-indus-valley-civilization/ |last=Kumar |first=Sudershan |year=2012 |publisher=Daily Excelsior |language=English |access-date=2020-11-08 |archive-date=2019-10-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191008172514/https://www.dailyexcelsior.com/akhnoor-and-indus-valley-civilization/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Kushana"/>|abandoned=300A.D <ref name="Kushana">{{Cite book |url=http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/26499/11/11_chapter%204.pdf |title=KUSHANA SETTLEMENTS AND THEI R MATERIAL CULTURE |page=162 |access-date=2020-11-08 |archive-date=2018-04-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180415063512/http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/26499/11/11_chapter%204.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>|epochs=2350-1750 BC (''Indus Valley Civilisation'')

78-200 C.E (''Kushan Empire'')<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H1c1UIEVH9gC&pg=PA212 |title=Encyclopedia of Ancient Asian Civilizations |last=Higham |first=Charles |date=2014-05-14 |publisher=Infobase Publishing |isbn=9781438109961 |pages=212 |language=en |access-date=2020-11-08 |archive-date=2020-11-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108180437/https://books.google.com/books?id=H1c1UIEVH9gC&pg=PA212 |url-status=live }}</ref>|cultures=|dependency_of=|occupants=|excavations=1976-77|builder=|archaeologists=[[J. P. Joshi]]|condition=Abandoned|ownership=|management=|public_access=|website=<!-- {{URL|example.com}} -->|material=|height=|alternate_name=|relief=|image=|alt=|caption=|map_type=India Jammu and Kashmir|map_alt=India|map_size=270|coordinates={{coord|32|56|00|N|74|48|00|E|display=inline,title}}|area=|location=Manda, [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]], [[India]]|region=India|type=Town|part_of=[[Indus Valley Civilisation]], [[Mauryan Empire]] and [[Kushan Empire]]|length=|width=|notes=}}'''Manda''' is a village and an [[archaeological]] site in [[Jammu]]. Jammu is in the [[India|Indian]] [[union territory]] of [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]. It was excavated by Archaeological Survey of India during 1976-77. The survey was done by [[J. P. Joshi]]. The site contains the [[ruins]] of an ancient [[Indus Valley civilization|Indus Valley Civilization]].<ref name="archaeology">Indian Archaeology 1976-77, A Review. Archeologival Survey of India, New Delhi.1980. Page 19-21. [http://asi.nic.in/nmma_reviews/Indian%20Archaeology%201976-77%20A%20Review.pdf ASI] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120508073039/http://asi.nic.in/nmma_reviews/Indian%20Archaeology%201976-77%20A%20Review.pdf|date=8 May 2012}}</ref>

The [[:wikt:excavation|excavation]] found 9.20 meters deep of ruins. These consists of items found in 3 different periods of time. The first period contain two sub periods. The second period has early historical [[pottery]]. They are from North India. These pottery  are similar to the those discovered elsewhere in North India. The third period consists of antiquities from the Kushan period. There are also house walls and a 3 meters wide street found in the ruins.<ref name="archaeology1">{{Cite web|title=Archaeological Survey of India|url=http://asi.nic.in/asi_exca_imp_jammukashmir.asp|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402160644/http://asi.nic.in/asi_exca_imp_jammukashmir.asp|archive-date=2 April 2015|access-date=22 June 2012}}</ref> The site seems to have been deserted after that.<ref name="archaeology">Indian Archaeology 1976-77, A Review. Archeologival Survey of India, New Delhi.1980. Page 19-21. [http://asi.nic.in/nmma_reviews/Indian%20Archaeology%201976-77%20A%20Review.pdf ASI] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120508073039/http://asi.nic.in/nmma_reviews/Indian%20Archaeology%201976-77%20A%20Review.pdf|date=8 May 2012}}</ref>

== Historical significance ==

Manda is on the right river bank of Chenab River. The river is at the foot of Pir Panjal mountain range. Manda is 28&nbsp;km northwest of Jammu. It was thought to be the northernmost limit of the [[Indus Valley civilization|Harappan Civilisation]].<ref name="archaeology1">{{Cite web|title=Archaeological Survey of India|url=http://asi.nic.in/asi_exca_imp_jammukashmir.asp|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402160644/http://asi.nic.in/asi_exca_imp_jammukashmir.asp|archive-date=2 April 2015|access-date=22 June 2012}}</ref> It is also considered the northmost site of [[Indus Valley civilization|Indus Valley Civilisation]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Kumar|first=Sudershan|year=2012|title=Akhnoor and Indus Valley Civilization|url=http://www.dailyexcelsior.com/akhnoor-and-indus-valley-civilization/|publisher=Daily Excelsior|language=English|access-date=2020-11-08|archive-date=2019-10-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191008172514/https://www.dailyexcelsior.com/akhnoor-and-indus-valley-civilization/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H1c1UIEVH9gC&pg=PA212|title=Encyclopedia of Ancient Asian Civilizations|last=Higham|first=Charles|date=2014-05-14|publisher=Infobase Publishing|isbn=9781438109961|pages=212|language=en|access-date=2020-11-08|archive-date=2020-11-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108180443/https://books.google.com/books?id=H1c1UIEVH9gC&pg=PA212|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Shinde|first=Vasant|date=Feb 1, 2016|title=Harappan Civilization: Current Perspective and its Contribution – By Dr. Vasant Shinde|url=http://www.sindhulogy.org/cdn/articles/harappan-civilization-current-perspective-and-its-contribution-vasant-shinde/|at=Origin and Extent|access-date=November 8, 2020|archive-date=August 5, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200805100348/https://www.sindhulogy.org/cdn/articles/harappan-civilization-current-perspective-and-its-contribution-vasant-shinde/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=The Concept, Provenance and Chronology of Painted Grey Ware|last=Roy|first=T.N|publisher=Istituto Italiano per l'Africa e l'Oriente (IsIAO)|year=1984|volume=34|pages=127–137|language=English}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/259513969|title=Archaeobotanical evidence of millets in the Indian subcontinent with some observations on their role in the Indus civilization|last=Pokharia, Anil K,Jeewan Singh Kharakwal,Alka Srivastava|publisher=Journal of Archaeological Science 42 (2014)|page=442-455|access-date=2020-11-08|archive-date=2020-11-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108180439/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/259513969_Archaeobotanical_evidence_of_millets_in_the_Indian_subcontinent_with_some_observations_on_their_role_in_the_Indus_civilization|url-status=live}}</ref>

Manda is likely a town that is set up by people of the Indus Valley Civilisation. They likely use it to do [[logging]] to get wood from Himalayan Sub mountains. They use the river near the town to send the wood to other towns of the Indus Valley Civilization.<ref>McIntosh, Jane.(2008) The Ancient Indus Valley, New Perspectives. ABC-CLIO.Page 209,412</ref>

There are several [[:wikt:artefacts|artefacts]] found in the site. They include [[redware]] from the Pre Harappan era. These redware are [[terracotta]] jar, plates, racks for plates and others. These made up of 15% to 25% of total artefacts found.<ref name="archaeology">Indian Archaeology 1976-77, A Review. Archeologival Survey of India, New Delhi.1980. Page 19-21. [http://asi.nic.in/nmma_reviews/Indian%20Archaeology%201976-77%20A%20Review.pdf ASI] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120508073039/http://asi.nic.in/nmma_reviews/Indian%20Archaeology%201976-77%20A%20Review.pdf|date=8 May 2012}}</ref>

Important artefacts found are broken fragments of pots having the [[writing system]] of Harappan people craved into them. There is also one unfinished [[Seal (device)|seal]] of the Harappan government found in the ruins.<ref name="archaeology">Indian Archaeology 1976-77, A Review. Archeologival Survey of India, New Delhi.1980. Page 19-21. [http://asi.nic.in/nmma_reviews/Indian%20Archaeology%201976-77%20A%20Review.pdf ASI] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120508073039/http://asi.nic.in/nmma_reviews/Indian%20Archaeology%201976-77%20A%20Review.pdf|date=8 May 2012}}</ref>

The dig is done on a small, restricted scale. There are no specific structures that could be exposed. One exception is a collapsed rubble wall-like structure.<ref name="archaeology">Indian Archaeology 1976-77, A Review. Archeologival Survey of India, New Delhi.1980. Page 19-21. [http://asi.nic.in/nmma_reviews/Indian%20Archaeology%201976-77%20A%20Review.pdf ASI] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120508073039/http://asi.nic.in/nmma_reviews/Indian%20Archaeology%201976-77%20A%20Review.pdf|date=8 May 2012}}</ref>

== Related pages ==

* [[Indus Valley civilization|Indus Valley Civilization]]

* [[Bhagatrav]]

* [[Alamgirpur]]

== References ==

{{Reflist|2}}

== Other websites ==

[https://books.google.com/books?id=1AJO2A-CbccC&q=alamgirpur#v=onepage&q=Manda&f=false Map of Indus Valley Civilisation sites]

[[Category:Archaeological sites]]

[[Category:History of India]]

[[Category:Cities in Jammu and Kashmir]]