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'''Upayasa''' is a Sanskrit word that means "approaches" or "ideas", "to come into any state or condition" and "to come near or towards".<ref>Monier Monier-Williams (1899), Sanskrit English Dictionary, Oxford University Press, Reprinted by Motilal Banarsidass, {{ISBN|978-8120831056}}, Article on ''Upaya''</ref> It also refers to methods of diplomacy found in Hinduism and Jainism texts.<ref name=idsatext>[http://idsa.in/idsacomments/UnderstandingKautilyasFourUpayas_pkgautam_200613 Understanding Kautilya’s Four Upayas]</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9gAvAQAAIAAJ&q=Upayas | '''Upayasa''' is a Sanskrit word that means "approaches" or "ideas", "to come into any state or condition" and "to come near or towards".<ref>Monier Monier-Williams (1899), Sanskrit English Dictionary, Oxford University Press, Reprinted by Motilal Banarsidass, {{ISBN|978-8120831056}}, Article on ''Upaya''</ref> It also refers to methods of diplomacy found in Hinduism and Jainism texts.<ref name=idsatext>[http://idsa.in/idsacomments/UnderstandingKautilyasFourUpayas_pkgautam_200613 Understanding Kautilya’s Four Upayas]</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9gAvAQAAIAAJ&q=Upayas|title=The Eastern Journal of International Law: Quarterly Organ of the Eastern Centre of International Studies|date=1978-01-01|publisher=Publication Department|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RiecBQAAQBAJ&dq=Upayas&pg=PA204|title=Indian National Security and Counter-Insurgency: The Use of Force Vs Non-violent Response|last=Goswami|first=Namrata|date=2014-11-27|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9781134514311|language=en}}</ref> | ||
Kautilya mentioned four Upayas - Sama, Dana or Dama, Danda and Bheda as ways to reach a solution in state politics to avoid conflicts and war situations.<ref name=idsatext/> This phrase is also commonly used when you need to find a solution to a problem anyhow. | [[Chanakya|Kautilya]] mentioned four Upayas - Sama, Dana or Dama, Danda and Bheda as ways to reach a solution in state politics to avoid conflicts and war situations.<ref name=idsatext/> This phrase is also commonly used when you need to find a solution to a problem anyhow. | ||
1. Sama, the first step, means conciliation or alliances. When the situation of conflict arises between states, the firsts step is to talk.<ref name="idsatext" /> | 1. Sama, the first step, means conciliation or alliances. When the situation of conflict arises between states, the firsts step is to talk.<ref name="idsatext" /> | ||
Latest revision as of 15:35, 3 January 2022
Upayasa is a Sanskrit word that means "approaches" or "ideas", "to come into any state or condition" and "to come near or towards".[1] It also refers to methods of diplomacy found in Hinduism and Jainism texts.[2][3][4]
Kautilya mentioned four Upayas - Sama, Dana or Dama, Danda and Bheda as ways to reach a solution in state politics to avoid conflicts and war situations.[2] This phrase is also commonly used when you need to find a solution to a problem anyhow.
1. Sama, the first step, means conciliation or alliances. When the situation of conflict arises between states, the firsts step is to talk.[2]
2. Dana, the second, means gifts or compensation. Sometimes it is referred to as Dama, price, it means to pay the value.[2]
3. Bheda, refers to usage of Logic or Trickery, influence the mind.[2]
4. Danda refers to force or armaments. To take up war with the opposite state.[2]
All of the above four Upayas are generally spoken together in a single colloquial phrase - "Sama Dana Bheda Dandopaya". This is a very common quote that is used all over India as a suggestion to resolve any conflict.
An article on Institute for Defense Studies and Analyses website states that the 20th-century power-politics theoretician Hans J. Morgenthau suggests similar four methods in a struggle for the balance of power: Divide and Rule; Compensation; Armaments; and Alliances.[2]
These four approaches are found in the Hindu Itihasa (epics) and the Dharmasastras, as well as the Jain text Nitivakyamitra.[2]
See also[edit | edit source]
- Agni Purana
- Upaya- used in Buddhism to indicate the methods of Buddhas and Bodhisattvas
References[edit | edit source]
- ↑ Monier Monier-Williams (1899), Sanskrit English Dictionary, Oxford University Press, Reprinted by Motilal Banarsidass, ISBN 978-8120831056, Article on Upaya
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 Understanding Kautilya’s Four Upayas
- ↑ The Eastern Journal of International Law: Quarterly Organ of the Eastern Centre of International Studies. Publication Department. 1978-01-01.
- ↑ Goswami, Namrata (2014-11-27). Indian National Security and Counter-Insurgency: The Use of Force Vs Non-violent Response. Routledge. ISBN 9781134514311.
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