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The '''Kalwar | The '''Kalwar''' (or '''Kalal''' or '''Kalar''') are an [[Indian caste system|Indian caste]] historically found in [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], [[Haryana]], and other parts of north and central India. The caste was traditionally associated with the distillation and selling of liquor, but around the start of the 20th century, Kalwar caste organisations left their trade en masse and redefined their community through [[Sanskritisation]] process. The people of this caste can be found following most of the religion present in South Asia such as Hinduism, Islam, Sikhism and Jainism, though they are mostly Hindus with few but notable Sikhs. <ref name="bayly">{{cite book |title=Locality, Province and Nation: Essays on Indian Politics 1870 to 1940 |editor1-first=John |editor1-last=Gallagher |editor2-first=Gordon |editor2-last=Johnson |editor3-first=Anil |editor3-last=Seal |edition=Reprinted |publisher=Cambridge University Press Archive |year=1973 |isbn=978-0-52109-811-3 |first=Christopher A. |last=Bayly |authorlink=Christopher Bayly |chapter=Patrons and Politics in Northern India |page=[https://archive.org/details/localityprovince0000unse/page/63 63] |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=x104AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA63 |url=https://archive.org/details/localityprovince0000unse/page/63 }}</ref> | ||
==History== | ==History== | ||
Because their hereditary occupation of distilling and selling liquor was considered degrading, the Kalals held a | Because their hereditary occupation of distilling and selling liquor was considered degrading in both Hinduism and Abrahamic religions of Islam and Christianity, the Kalals held a poor reputation. This situation changed when the Kalal chief [[Jassa Singh Ahluwalia|Jassa Singh]] rose to political power in the 18th century. Jassa Singh styled himself as [[Ahluwalia (misl)|Ahluwalia]] after the name of his native village, and established the ruling dynasty of the [[Kapurthala State]].<ref name="Donald_1968">{{cite book |author=Donald Anthony Low |title=Soundings in Modern South Asian History |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WfD02m8q8eYC&pg=PA70 |year=1968 |publisher=University of California Press |oclc=612533097 |pages=70–71 }}</ref> | ||
Following Jassa Singh's rise, other [[Sikh]] Kalals also adopted Ahluwalia as the name of their caste, and started giving up their traditional occupation. The regulations imposed by the [[British Raj|colonial British administration]] on manufacture and sale of liquor accelerated this process, and by the early 20th century, most Kalals had abandoned their traditional occupation. By this time, Ahluwalias had started claiming [[Khatri]] or [[Rajput]] origins to enhance their social status.<ref name="Donald_1968"/> | Following Jassa Singh's rise, other [[Sikh]] Kalals also adopted Ahluwalia as the name of their caste, and started giving up their traditional occupation. The regulations imposed by the [[British Raj|colonial British administration]] on manufacture and sale of liquor accelerated this process, and by the early 20th century, most Kalals had abandoned their traditional occupation. By this time, Ahluwalias had started claiming [[Khatri]] or [[Rajput]] origins to enhance their social status.<ref name="Donald_1968"/> | ||
Before the advent of the British rule, the Muslim Kalals also attempted to raise their social status by adopting the [[Kakezai]] [[Pashtuns|Pashtun]] identity. Some of these Kalal-turned-Kakezais, such as the Hoshiarpur family that ruled the [[Doaba|Jalandhar Doab]] in the 1840s, further raised their status by claiming to be high-caste [[Punjabi | Before the advent of the British rule, the Muslim Kalals also attempted to raise their social status by adopting the [[Kakezai]] [[Pashtuns|Pashtun]] identity. Some of these Kalal-turned-Kakezais, such as the Hoshiarpur family that ruled the [[Doaba|Jalandhar Doab]] in the 1840s, further raised their status by claiming to be high-caste [[Punjabi Khatris]]. Like the Sikh Kalals, some Muslim Kalals also claimed Khatri or Rajput origin.<ref name="Donald_1968"/> | ||
During the British rule, the Kalals took up a variety of occupations, including trade, agriculture, army service (especially the Ahluwalias), government service, and law.<ref name="Donald_1968"/> | During the British rule, the Kalals took up a variety of occupations, including trade, agriculture, army service (especially the Ahluwalias), government service, and law.<ref name="Donald_1968"/> | ||
In post independence era, the kalal people like any other caste no longer picked up a specific occupation, rather they are very spread out in all sorts of fields. Economically,the people of this caste is mostly middle class on average and are less poverty stricken as observed by economic institutions. | |||
==References== | ==References== | ||
Revision as of 11:20, 31 August 2021
The Kalwar (or Kalal or Kalar) are an Indian caste historically found in Uttar Pradesh, Punjab, Haryana, and other parts of north and central India. The caste was traditionally associated with the distillation and selling of liquor, but around the start of the 20th century, Kalwar caste organisations left their trade en masse and redefined their community through Sanskritisation process. The people of this caste can be found following most of the religion present in South Asia such as Hinduism, Islam, Sikhism and Jainism, though they are mostly Hindus with few but notable Sikhs. [1]
History
Because their hereditary occupation of distilling and selling liquor was considered degrading in both Hinduism and Abrahamic religions of Islam and Christianity, the Kalals held a poor reputation. This situation changed when the Kalal chief Jassa Singh rose to political power in the 18th century. Jassa Singh styled himself as Ahluwalia after the name of his native village, and established the ruling dynasty of the Kapurthala State.[2]
Following Jassa Singh's rise, other Sikh Kalals also adopted Ahluwalia as the name of their caste, and started giving up their traditional occupation. The regulations imposed by the colonial British administration on manufacture and sale of liquor accelerated this process, and by the early 20th century, most Kalals had abandoned their traditional occupation. By this time, Ahluwalias had started claiming Khatri or Rajput origins to enhance their social status.[2]
Before the advent of the British rule, the Muslim Kalals also attempted to raise their social status by adopting the Kakezai Pashtun identity. Some of these Kalal-turned-Kakezais, such as the Hoshiarpur family that ruled the Jalandhar Doab in the 1840s, further raised their status by claiming to be high-caste Punjabi Khatris. Like the Sikh Kalals, some Muslim Kalals also claimed Khatri or Rajput origin.[2]
During the British rule, the Kalals took up a variety of occupations, including trade, agriculture, army service (especially the Ahluwalias), government service, and law.[2] In post independence era, the kalal people like any other caste no longer picked up a specific occupation, rather they are very spread out in all sorts of fields. Economically,the people of this caste is mostly middle class on average and are less poverty stricken as observed by economic institutions.
References
- ↑ Bayly, Christopher A. (1973). "Patrons and Politics in Northern India". In Gallagher, John; Johnson, Gordon; Seal, Anil (eds.). Locality, Province and Nation: Essays on Indian Politics 1870 to 1940 (Reprinted ed.). Cambridge University Press Archive. p. 63. ISBN 978-0-52109-811-3.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 Donald Anthony Low (1968). Soundings in Modern South Asian History. University of California Press. pp. 70–71. OCLC 612533097.
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