@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
-{{Short description|Capital of Karnataka, India}}
+#REDIRECT [[Bengaluru]]
-{{About|the city in Karnataka, India}}
+{{R cat shell|1=
-{{Good article}}
+{{R from move}}
-{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2019}}
+{{R from alternative name}}
-{{Use Indian English|date=October 2020}}
-{{Infobox settlement
-| name                     = Bangalore
-| official_name            = Bengaluru
-| image_blank_emblem       =
-| blank_emblem_type        = Logo of the Bruhat Bengaluru Mahanagara Palike
-| blank_emblem_size        = 100px
-| native_name              = <!-- Please do not add any Indic script in this infobox, per BP:INDICSCRIPT guideline. -->
-| native_name_lang         = [[Kannada]]
-| settlement_type          = [[Megacity]]
-| image_skyline            = {{multiple image
-|border            = infobox
-|perrow            = 1/3/2/1
-|total_width       = 300
-|caption_align = center
-| image1=UB CITY Skyline.jpg
-| caption1 = [[List of tallest buildings in Bangalore|Skyline of Bangalore]]
-| image2=Dharmaraya Swamy Temple Bangalore edit1.jpg
-| caption2 = [[Dharmaraya Swamy Temple]]
-| image3=Bangalore_palace_IMG_20121230_154849.jpg
-| caption3 = [[Bangalore Palace]]
-| image4=Halasuru Someshwara Temple.jpg
-| caption4 = [[Halasuru Someshwara Temple]](1890)
-| image5=Bangalore_India.jpg
-| caption5 = [[Bagmane Tech Park]]
-| image6=Infosys_(4911287704).jpg
-| caption6 = [[Infosys]] pyramid
-| image7=Vidhana Soudha 2012.jpg
-| caption7 = [[Vidhana Soudha]]
-}}
-| nicknames                =
-| image_map                = {{maplink|display=|frame=yes|type=shape-inverse|id=Q1355|plain=y|title=Bengaluru|description=|coord=|marker=|zoom=10|icon=no|frame-width=300|frame-height=300|frame-align=center|text=Interactive Map Outlining Bangalore}}
-| pushpin_map              = India Bangalore#Karnataka#India
-| pushpin_mapsize          = 300
-| pushpin_label_position   = left
-| pushpin_map_alt          =
-| pushpin_map_caption      = Location in Bangalore##Location in Karnataka##Location in India
-| coordinates              = {{coord|12|58|44|N|77|35|30|E|type:city_region:IN-KA|display=inline,title}}
-| subdivision_type         = [[List of sovereign states|Country]]
-| subdivision_name         = {{flag|India}}
-| subdivision_type1        = [[States and union territories of India|State]]
-| subdivision_name1        = [[Karnataka]]
-| subdivision_type2        = Region
-| subdivision_name2        = [[Bayaluseeme|Bayaluseemé]]
-| subdivision_type3        = Districts
-| subdivision_name3        =  [[Bangalore Urban district|Bangalore Urban]]
-| established_title        = Established
-| established_date         = 1537
-| founder                  = [[Kempe Gowda I]]
-| named_for                =
-| government_type          = [[Municipal Corporations in India|Municipal Corporation]]
-* [[Bruhat Bengaluru Mahanagara Palike]]
-* [[Bangalore Metropolitan Region Development Authority]]
-| leader_title             = [[Mayor]]
-| leader_name              = ''Vacant''
-| leader_title2            = [[Bruhat Bengaluru Mahanagara Palike|Corporation Commissioner]]
-| leader_name2             = Tushar Giri Nath, [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]]<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/city/bengaluru-infrastructure/new-bbmp-chief-commissioner-inspects-infrastructure-projects-1107607.html |title=New BBMP Chief Commissioner inspects infrastructure projects|newspaper=Deccan Herald|date=}}</ref>
-| unit_pref                = Metric
-| area_footnotes           = <ref>{{cite web |title=History of BBMP |url=https://bbmp.gov.in/historyofbbmp.html |website=Bruhat Bengaluru Mahanagara Palike (BBMP) |access-date=20 May 2021 |archive-date=2 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201102002519/https://bbmp.gov.in/historyofbbmp.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Introduction - BMRDA |url=https://bmrda.karnataka.gov.in/info-1/Introduction/en |website=Bangalore Metropolitan Region Development Authority |access-date=20 May 2021}}</ref>
-| area_rank                =
-| area_total_km2           = 741
-| area_metro_km2           = 8005
-| elevation_footnotes      = <ref name="iisc_profile">{{Cite journal |author1=H.S. Sudhira |author2=T.V. Ramachandra |author3=M.H. Bala Subrahmanya |title=City Profile&nbsp;— Bangalore |journal=Cities |volume=24 |issue=5 |place=Bangalore |page=382 |year=2007 |doi=10.1016/j.cities.2007.04.003 |url=http://www.ces.iisc.ernet.in/biodiversity/pubs/ces_pubs/pubs_2007/theme4_42.pdf | access-date=13 October 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121224120858/http://www.ces.iisc.ernet.in/biodiversity/pubs/ces_pubs/pubs_2007/theme4_42.pdf | archive-date=24 December 2012 | url-status=dead }}</ref>
-| elevation_m              = 920
-| population_as_of         = 2011
-| population_total         = 8443675
-| population_footnotes     = <ref name="census2011.co.in Bangalore" />
-| population_rank          = [[List of most populous cities in India|3rd]]
-| population_density_km2   = auto
-| population_urban         = 10,456,000
-| population_urban_footnotes = <ref name="UNcities2016" />
-| population_blank1_title  = Rank
-| population_blank1        = [[List of million-plus urban agglomerations in India|5th]]
-| population_blank1_footnotes = <ref name="ua_2011">{{cite web |title=INDIA STATS : Million plus cities in India as per Census 2011 |url=http://pibmumbai.gov.in/scripts/detail.asp?releaseId=E2011IS3 |website=Press Information Bureau, Mumbai |publisher=National Informatics Centre | access-date=20 August 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150630112755/http://pibmumbai.gov.in/scripts/detail.asp?releaseId=E2011IS3 | archive-date=30 June 2015 | url-status=dead }}</ref>
-| population_demonym       = Bangalorean, Bengalurinavaru, Bengalurean, Bengaluriga, Bangalori
-| blank_name_sec1          = [[Gross domestic product|GDP]]
-| blank_info_sec1          = $110&nbsp;billion<ref>{{Cite web |title=Richest Cities of India |date=20 December 2021 |url=https://www.worldwidewebtimes.com/top-10-richest-cities-of-india/ |access-date=7 January 2023}}</ref>
-| blank1_name_sec1         =
-| blank1_info_sec1         = <!--<ref name="Karnataka_gdp">{{Cite web |title=District Domestic Produc Per Capita |url=https://des.karnataka.gov.in/storage/pdf-files/KARNATAKA%20ECONOMIC%20SURVEY%202021-22-M2_ENG_FINAL.pdf |access-date=7 January 2023}}</ref>-->
-| timezone1                = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
-| utc_offset1              = +05:30
-| postal_code_type         = [[Postal Index Number|Pincode(s)]]
-| postal_code              = 560 xxx
-| area_code                = [[Telephone numbers in India|+91-(0)80]]
-| registration_plate       = [[List of RTO districts in India#KA—Karnataka|KA:]]01-05, 41, 50-53, 57-61
-| blank2_name              = {{nowrap|[[Official language]]}}
-| blank2_info              = [[Kannada]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM50thReport.pdf |title=50th Report of the Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities in India (July 2012 to June 2013) |access-date=14 January 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160708012438/http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM50thReport.pdf |archive-date=8 July 2016}}</ref>
-| website                  = {{URL|www.bbmp.gov.in/}}
-| footnotes                =
-}}
-'''Bangalore''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|b|æ|ŋ|ɡ|ə|l|ɔːr|,_|ˌ|b|æ|ŋ|ɡ|ə|ˈ|l|ɔː|r}} {{respell|BANG|gə|lor|,_-|LOR}}), [[List of renamed places in India|officially]] '''Bengaluru''' <!--{{lang-kn|ಬೆಂಗಳೂರು}}, -->({{IPA-kn|ˈbeŋgɐɭuːɾu|3=Bengaluru-Kannada-Pronunciation.ogg}}), is the [[Capital city|capital]] and largest city of the [[South India|southern Indian]] [[Indian state|state]] of [[Karnataka]]. It has a population of more than {{nowrap|8 million}} and a [[metropolitan area|metropolitan]] population of around {{nowrap|11 million}}, making it [[India]]'s [[List of cities in India by population|third most populous city]] and [[List of million-plus urban agglomerations in India|fifth most populous urban agglomeration]], as well as [[South India]]'s second-largest urban agglomeration, and the [[List of largest cities|27th largest city in the world]].<ref name="2011 pp tableA2">{{cite web |url=http://www.citypopulation.de/php/india-karnataka.php |title=Karnataka (India): Districts, Cities, Towns and Outgrowth Wards – Population Statistics in Maps and Charts}}</ref> Located on the [[Deccan Plateau]], at a height of over {{cvt|3000|ft|m|sigfig=1|disp=flip}} above sea level, Bangalore has a pleasant climate throughout the year, with its parks and green spaces earning it the reputation of India's "Garden City".<ref name="scotts">{{cite web |url=https://scottscheapflights.com/guides/bengaluru-the-indian-garden-city-thats-a-high-tech-hub |title=Bengaluru: The Indian "Garden City" That's a High-Tech Hub |first=Deepa |last=Lakshmin |date=February 23, 2021 |work=Scott's Cheap Flights}}</ref> Its elevation is the highest among India's major cities.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Swaminathan |first1=Jayashankar M. |title=Indian Economic Superpower: Fiction Or Future? |volume=2 of World Scientific series on 21st century business, ISSN 1793-5660 |publisher=World Scientific |year=2009 |isbn=9789812814661 |page=20}}</ref>
-The city's history dates back to around 890, as found in a stone inscription found at the [[Nageshvara Temple, Begur|Nageshwara Temple]] in [[Begur, Bangalore]]. In 1537, [[Kempe Gowda I|Kempé Gowdā]], a feudal ruler under the [[Vijayanagara Empire]], established a [[Bengaluru Pete|mud fort]], considered the foundation of modern Bangalore and its oldest areas, or ''pétés'', which still exist. After the fall of the Vijayanagara Empire, Kempe Gowda declared independence; in 1638, a large [[Adil Shahi]] Bijapur army defeated Kempe Gowda III, and Bangalore came under [[Shahaji Bhonsle]] as a [[jagir]], which later became his capital. The [[Mughals]] later captured Bangalore and sold it to [[Maharaja of Mysore|Maharaja]] [[Chikkadevaraja Wodeyar|Devaraja Wodeyar II]] of the [[Kingdom of Mysore]].<ref name="ekoji" /> When [[Hyder Ali|Haider Ali]] seized control of the kingdom, Bangalore's administration passed into his hands.
-The city was captured by the [[British East India Company]] after victory in the [[Fourth Anglo-Mysore War]] (1799), which then returned administrative control of the city, along with the kingdom, to Maharaja [[Krishnaraja Wadiyar III]]. The old city developed under the dominions of the maharaja. In 1809, the British shifted their [[Bangalore Cantonment|cantonment]] to Bangalore, outside the old city, and a town grew up around it. Following [[independence of India|India's independence]] in 1947, Bangalore became the capital of [[Mysore State]], and remained the capital when the state was [[Unification of Karnataka|enlarged and unified]] in 1956 and renamed Karnataka in 1973. The two urban settlements of Bangalore, the [[Bengaluru Pete|town]] and the cantonment, which had developed as independent entities, merged into a single urban centre in 1949. The existing [[Kannada]] name, ''Bengalūru'', was declared the city's [[official name]] in 2006.
-Bangalore is considered to be one of the fastest-growing global major metropolises.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://us.rediff.com/money/2008/feb/06sld2.htm |work=Rediff News |date=6 February 2008 |title=India's 10 fastest growing cities | access-date=7 April 2009 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090324171237/http://us.rediff.com/money/2008/feb/06sld2.htm | archive-date=24 March 2009 | url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-01-06 |title=What makes Bengaluru India's science capital? |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/specials/what-makes-bengaluru-indias-science-capital-935670.html |access-date=2021-01-23 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref> Recent estimates of the [[Gross metropolitan product|metro economy]] of its urban area has ranked Bangalore as one of the [[List of cities by GDP|most productive metro areas]] of India.<ref name="gdp">—{{cite web|date=22 January 2015|title=Global city GDP 2014|url=https://www.brookings.edu/research/global-metro-monitor/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525113815/https://www.brookings.edu/research/global-metro-monitor/|archive-date=25 May 2017|access-date=4 March 2017|publisher=[[Brookings Institution]]}}<br>—{{cite web|title=Global city GDP rankings 2008–2025|url=https://www.ukmediacentre.pwc.com/imagelibrary/downloadMedia.ashx?MediaDetailsID=1562|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110504031739/https://www.ukmediacentre.pwc.com/imagelibrary/downloadMedia.ashx?MediaDetailsID=1562|archive-date=4 May 2011|access-date=16 December 2009|publisher=[[Pricewaterhouse Coopers|PwC]]}}<br>—{{cite web|date=28 September 2012|title=India's top 15 cities with the highest GDP Photos Yahoo! India Finance|url=https://in.finance.yahoo.com/photos/the-top-15-indian-cities-by-gdp-1348807591-slideshow/the-top-15-indian-cities-by-gdp-photo-1348807049.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141009131024/https://in.finance.yahoo.com/photos/the-top-15-indian-cities-by-gdp-1348807591-slideshow/the-top-15-indian-cities-by-gdp-photo-1348807049.html|archive-date=9 October 2014|access-date=27 March 2017|publisher=[[Yahoo! Finance]]}}</ref><ref name="India Today">{{Cite web |last=Broder |first=Jonathan |date=5 October 2018 |title=Can it maintain strong economic growth? |url=http://library.cqpress.com/cqresearcher/document.php?id=cqresrre2018100500 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181005030813/http://library.cqpress.com/cqresearcher/document.php?id=cqresrre2018100500 |archive-date=5 October 2018 |access-date=4 October 2018 |work=India Today:CQR |publisher=Sage Publications |language=en-US |id=cqresrre2018100500}}</ref> The city is considered the pivot for high-technology-based heavy manufacturing industry, with numerous large multinational technology corporations setting up their headquarters there. It is home to many top-tier engineering and research institutions. Bangalore is known as the "Silicon Valley of India" because it is the nation's leading [[software]] exporter as well as a major semiconductor hub.<ref name="cnn-Dec2012">—{{cite news |last=Canton |first=Naomi |date=6 December 2012 |title=How the 'Silicon Valley of India' is bridging the digital divide |publisher=CNN |url=http://edition.cnn.com/2012/12/06/tech/bangalore-india-internet-access |url-status=live |access-date=6 December 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121218052853/http://edition.cnn.com/2012/12/06/tech/bangalore-india-internet-access |archive-date=18 December 2012 }}<br>—{{cite news |last=Rai |first=Saritha |date=20 March 2006 |title=Is the Next Silicon Valley Taking Root in Bangalore? |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/03/20/business/worldbusiness/20bangalore.html |url-status=live |access-date=20 March 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111013023256/http://www.nytimes.com/2006/03/20/business/worldbusiness/20bangalore.html |archive-date=13 October 2011 }}<br>—{{cite news |last=Vaidyanathan |first=Rajini |date=5 November 2012 |title=Can the 'American Dream' be reversed in India? |publisher=[[BBC World News]] |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-india-20201666 |url-status=live |access-date=5 November 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121105101908/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-india-20201666 |archive-date=5 November 2012 }}</ref> Several state-owned [[aerospace]] and [[Defence industry of India|defence organisations]] are in the city. The presence of numerous notable sporting arenas in Bangalore makes it one of the country's sporting hubs.
-== Etymology ==
-''Bangalore'' is an [[anglicised]] version of the city's [[Kannada]] name ''Bengalūru''. It was the name of a village near Kodigehalli in Bangalore city today and was used by [[Kempe Gowda I|Kempe Gowda]] to name the city as Bangalore at the time of its foundation in 1537. The earliest reference to the name "Bengalūru" was found in a ninth-century [[Western Ganga dynasty]] stone inscription on a ''vīra gallu'' ({{lang-kn|ವೀರಗಲ್ಲು|link=no}}; {{lit|[[hero stone]]}}, a rock edict extolling the virtues of a warrior). According to an inscription found in [[Begur, Bangalore|Begur]], "Bengalūrū" was the place of a battle in 890&nbsp;[[Common Era|CE]].<ref name="OtherNames">{{cite news |first=K |last=Chandramouli |url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2002/07/25/stories/2002072500270200.htm |title=The city of boiled beans |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |date=25 July 2002 |access-date=10 June 2012 |location=Chennai, India |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120505010927/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2002/07/25/stories/2002072500270200.htm |archive-date=5 May 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="TheHinduinscription">{{cite news |url=http://www.hindu.com/2004/08/20/stories/2004082016400300.htm |title=Inscription reveals Bengaluru is over 1,000 years old |date=20 August 2004 |access-date=10 June 2012 |location=Chennai, India |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120213021302/http://www.hindu.com/2004/08/20/stories/2004082016400300.htm |archive-date=13 February 2012 |url-status=dead |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] }}</ref>
-It was also referred to as "Kalyānapura" or "Kalyānapuri" ("Auspicious City") and "Dēvarāyanagara" during the [[Vijayanagara literature|Vijayanagara]] times.<ref>{{Cite thesis |title=Bangalore-Future Trends In Public Open Space Usage. Case Study: Mahatma Gandhi Road, Bangalore |url=https://vtechworks.lib.vt.edu/handle/10919/9941 |publisher=Virginia Tech |date=2004-05-06 |degree=Thesis |language=en |first=Uday Kumar |last=Vagale}}</ref>
-An [[apocryphal]] story states that the twelfth-century [[Hoysala]] king [[Veera Ballala II]], while on a hunting expedition, lost his way in the forest. Tired and hungry, he came across a poor old woman who served him boiled beans. The grateful king named the place "Benda-Kaal-uru" (literally, "town of boiled beans"), which eventually evolved into "Bengalūru".<ref name="OtherNames" /><ref name="Bendakaaluru">{{cite web |url=http://archive.deccanherald.com/Deccanherald/Oct302006/index20581420061029.asp |title=Many miles to go from Bangalore to Bengalūru |author=Vijesh Kamath |work=Deccan Herald |date=30 October 2006 |access-date=10 June 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120916034243/http://archive.deccanherald.com/Deccanherald/Oct302006/index20581420061029.asp |archive-date=16 September 2012 }}</ref><ref name="gandubhoomi" /> [[Suryanath U. Kamath|Suryanath Kamath]] has put forward an explanation of a possible floral origin of the name as derived from ''benga'', the Kannada term for ''[[Pterocarpus marsupium]]'' (also known as the Indian Kino Tree), a species of dry and moist [[deciduous tree]]s that grows abundantly in the region.<ref name="Aditi6" />
-On 11 December 2005, the [[Government of Karnataka]] accepted a proposal by [[Jnanpith Award]] winner [[U. R. Ananthamurthy]] to [[Renaming of cities in India|rename]] Bangalore to ''Bengalūru''.<ref name="rename2">
-{{Cite news |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2005-12-11/india/27862209_1_bengaluru-classical-language-kannada |title=Bangalore to be renamed Bengaluru |date=11 December 2005 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=19 April 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120929222432/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2005-12-11/india/27862209_1_bengaluru-classical-language-kannada |archive-date=29 September 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref> On 27 September 2006, the [[Bruhat Bengaluru Mahanagara Palike]] (BBMP) passed a resolution to implement the name change.<ref>{{Cite news |title=It will be 'Bengaluru', resolves BMP |date=28 September 2006 |url=http://www.hindu.com/2006/09/28/stories/2006092824250300.htm |access-date=16 May 2007 |location=Chennai, India |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071001090623/http://www.hindu.com/2006/09/28/stories/2006092824250300.htm |archive-date=1 October 2007 |url-status=dead |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] }}</ref> The government of Karnataka accepted the proposal and it was decided to officially implement the name change from 1 November 2006.<ref>{{Cite news |title=It'll be 'Bengaluru' from November 1 |newspaper=Deccan Herald |date=8 October 2006 |url=http://archive.deccanherald.com/deccanherald/oct82006/index2044162006107.asp |access-date=10 June 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120406020325/http://archive.deccanherald.com/deccanherald/oct82006/index2044162006107.asp |archive-date=6 April 2012 }}</ref><ref name="rename1">{{Cite news |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2006-11-01/bangalore/27809461_1_bengalooru-skywalks-helmets |title=From today, Bangalore becomes Bengalooru |date=1 November 2006 |access-date=19 April 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121024093527/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2006-11-01/bangalore/27809461_1_bengalooru-skywalks-helmets |archive-date=24 October 2012 |url-status=dead |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] }}</ref> The [[Government of India|Union government]] approved this request, along with name changes for 11&nbsp;other Karnataka cities, in October 2014. Hence, Bangalore was renamed to "Bengaluru" on 1 November 2014.<ref>{{cite news |title=Bangalore, Mysore, Other Karnataka Cities to be Renamed on 1 November |url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/bangalore-mysore-other-karnataka-cities-be-renamed-1-november-611683 |issue=ibtimes.co.in |publisher=ibtimes.co.in |date=18 October 2014 |access-date=18 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151025122135/http://www.ibtimes.co.in/bangalore-mysore-other-karnataka-cities-be-renamed-1-november-611683 |archive-date=25 October 2015 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Centre nod for Karnataka's proposal on renaming cities |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/centre-nod-for-karnatakas-proposal-on-renaming-cities/article6514079.ece |work=The Hindu |date=18 October 2014 |access-date=18 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141018035426/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/centre-nod-for-karnatakas-proposal-on-renaming-cities/article6514079.ece |archive-date=18 October 2014 |url-status=live }}
-</ref>
-== History ==
-{{Main|History of Bangalore}}
-=== Early and medieval history ===
-{{Multiple image
-| align             = left
-| direction         = vertical
-| image1            = Naganatheshvara Temple (9th century) at Begur, Bengaluru.JPG
-| caption1          = The Begur [[Nageshvara Temple, Begur|Nageshwara Temple]] was built in Bangalore around {{Circa|860}}, during the reign of the [[Western Ganga dynasty]].
-| image2            = Bangalore Nandi Temple.jpg
-| caption2          = [[Dodda Basavana Gudi]]
-}}
-A discovery of [[Stone Age]] artefacts during the [[2001 Census of India]] at [[Jalahalli]], Sidhapura and Jadigenahalli, all of which are located on Bangalore's outskirts today, suggest human settlement around 4000&nbsp;BCE.<ref>{{cite news |title=Bangalore dates from 4,000 BC |date=11 October 2001 |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2001-10-11/bangalore/27237242_1_bangalore-mysore-municipal-bodies |work=[[The Times of India]] | access-date=7 September 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921053704/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2001-10-11/bangalore/27237242_1_bangalore-mysore-municipal-bodies | archive-date=21 September 2013 | url-status=dead }}</ref> Around 1,000&nbsp;BCE (during the [[Iron Age]]), burial grounds were established at [[Koramangala]] and [[Chikkajala]] on the outskirts of Bangalore. Coins of the [[Roman emperor]]s [[Augustus]], [[Tiberius]], and [[Claudius]] found at [[Yeswanthpur]] and [[HAL Airport]] indicate that the region was involved in trans-oceanic trade with the [[Ancient Rome|Romans]] and other civilisations in 27 BCE.<ref name="banghist">{{cite news |first=T.S. |last=Ranganna |title=Bangalore had human habitation in 4000 B.C. |date=27 October 2001 |url=http://hindu.com/2001/10/27/stories/0427402p.htm | access-date=7 September 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921053528/http://hindu.com/2001/10/27/stories/0427402p.htm | archive-date=21 September 2013 | url-status=dead |work=[[The Hindu]] }}
-</ref>
-The region of modern-day Bangalore was part of several successive [[South India]]n kingdoms. Between the fourth and tenth centuries, the region was ruled by the [[Western Ganga dynasty]] of Karnataka, the first dynasty to set up effective control over the region.<ref name="banghist3">{{harvnb|Srinivas|2004|p=69|Ref=Sri2004}}</ref> According to [[Edgar Thurston]], there were twenty-eight kings who ruled Gangavadi from the start of the Christian era until its conquest by the Cholas. The [[Western Gangas]] ruled the region initially as a sovereign power (350–550 CE), and later as feudatories of the [[Chalukya dynasty|Chalukyas of Badami]], followed by the [[Rashtrakutas]] until the tenth century.<ref name="Aditi6">{{harvnb|Aditi|2008|p=6|Ref=Aditi2008}}</ref> The Begur [[Nageshvara Temple, Begur|Nageshwara Temple]] was commissioned around 860, during the reign of the Western Ganga King Ereganga Nitimarga I, and extended by his successor Nitimarga II.<ref name="banghist4">{{harvnb|Aditi|2008|p=7|Ref=Aditi2008}}</ref><ref name="niti">{{harvnb|Sarma|1992|p=78}}</ref> Around 1004, during the reign of [[Raja Raja Chola I]], the [[Chola dynasty|Cholas]] defeated the Western Gangas under the command of the crown prince [[Rajendra Chola I]], and captured Bangalore.<ref name="banghist4" /><ref>Mysore: A Gazetteer Compiled for Government by B. L. Rice p.224</ref> During this period, the Bangalore region witnessed the migration of many groups—warriors, administrators, traders, artisans, pastorals, cultivators, and religious personnel from [[Tamil Nadu]] and other Kannada-speaking regions.<ref name="banghist3" /> The [[Domlur Chokkanathaswamy temple|Chokkanathaswamy temple]] at [[Domlur]], the Aigandapura complex near [[Hesaraghatta Lake|Hesaraghatta]], [[Mukthi Natheshwara Temple]] at Binnamangala, Choleshwara Temple at [[Begur, Bangalore|Begur]], [[Halasuru Someshwara Temple, Bangalore|Someshwara Temple]] at [[Ulsoor]], date from the [[Chola]] era.<ref name="banghist4" />
-In 1117, the [[Hoysala]] king [[Vishnuvardhana]] defeated the Cholas in the Battle of Talakad in south Karnataka, and extended its rule over the region.<ref name="banghist4" /> Vishnuvardhana expelled the Cholas from all parts of the Mysore state.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/ |title=The Digital South Asia Library-Imperial gazetteer of India |work=uchicago.edu |date=1908–1931 | access-date=16 February 2006 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081216124143/http://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/ | archive-date=16 December 2008 | url-status=live }}</ref> By the end of the 13th century, Bangalore became a source of contention between two warring cousins, the Hoysala ruler [[Veera Ballala III]] of [[Halebidu]] and Ramanatha, who administered from the Hoysala held territory in Tamil Nadu.<ref name="banghist4" /> Veera Ballala III had appointed a civic head at Hudi (now within Bangalore Municipal Corporation limits), thus promoting the village to the status of a town. After Veera Ballala III's death in 1343, the next empire to rule the region was the [[Vijayanagara Empire]], which itself saw the rise of four dynasties, the [[Sangama dynasty|Sangamas]] (1336–1485), the [[Saluva dynasty|Saluvas]] (1485–1491), the [[Tuluva dynasty|Tuluvas]] (1491–1565), and the [[Aravidu dynasty|Aravidu]] (1565–1646).<ref name="banghist6">{{harvnb|Aditi|2008|p=8|Ref=Aditi2008}}</ref> During the reign of the Vijayanagara Empire, [[Achyuta Deva Raya]] of the [[Tuluva dynasty]] raised the [[Shivanasamudra Falls|Shivasamudra Dam]] across the [[Arkavati]] river at [[Hesaraghatta]], whose reservoir is the present city's supply of regular piped water.<ref name="Aditi9">{{harvnb|Aditi|2008|p=9|Ref=Aditi2008}}</ref>
-=== Foundation and early modern history ===
-{{Multiple image
-| align=right
-| direction=vertical
-| image1=Bangalore Fort.jpg
-| caption1=Bangalore Fort in 1860 showing fortifications and barracks. The fort was originally built by [[Kempe Gowda I]] as a mud fort in 1537.
-| image2=Bangalore palace side view.jpg
-| caption2=[[Bangalore Palace]], built in 1887 in [[Tudor architecture|Tudor architectural style]] was modelled on [[Windsor Castle]] in England.<ref name="tt8">{{harvnb|Pinto|Srivastava|2008|p=8|Ref=TalkoftheTown}}</ref>
-}}
-Modern Bangalore was begun in 1537 by a [[chieftain|chief]] of the Vijayanagara Empire, [[Kempe Gowda I]], who aligned with the Vijayanagara empire to campaign against Gangaraja (whom he defeated and expelled to Kanchi), and who built [[Bengaluru Pete|a mud-brick fort]] for the people at the site that would become the central part of modern Bangalore. Kempe Gowda was restricted by rules made by Achuta Deva Raya, who feared the potential power of Kempe Gowda and did not allow a formidable stone fort. Kempe Gowda referred to the new town as his "gandubhūmi" or "Land of Heroes".<ref name="gandubhoomi">{{cite news |url=http://www.livemint.com/2010/05/21205005/Bangalore-Bhath--First-city-e.html |title=Bangalore bhath: first city edifices |last1=Misra |first1=Hemant |last2=Jayaraman |first2=Pavitra |newspaper=[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]] |date=22 May 2010 | access-date=11 June 2012}}</ref> Within the fort, the town was divided into smaller divisions, each called a ''pete'' ({{IPA-kn|peːteː}}).<ref>{{Cite news |last=Aruni |first=S. K. |date=2013-01-02 |title=A city that fell to the lure of trade |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/a-city-that-fell-to-the-lure-of-trade/article4264672.ece |access-date=2022-06-27 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> The town had two main streets—Chikkapeté Street and Doddapeté Street.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Earlier known as Doddapete, Avenue Road could be as old as Bengaluru |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/earlier-known-as-doddapete-avenue-road-could-be-as-old-as-bengaluru/articleshow/46697749.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2022-05-30}}</ref> Their intersection formed the Doddapeté Square—the heart of Bangalore. Kempe Gowda I's successor, Kempe Gowda II, built four towers that marked Bangalore's boundary.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Shekhar |first=Divya |title=To secure a budding Bengaluru, Kempe Gowda built 4 towers |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/to-secure-a-budding-bengaluru-kempe-gowda-built-4-towers/articleshow/55087621.cms#:~:text=Bengaluru%20began%20to%20scale%20newer,%22eventual%22%20boundaries%20of%20Bengaluru. |access-date=2022-05-30}}</ref> During the Vijayanagara rule, many saints and poets referred to Bangalore as "Devarāyanagara" and "Kalyānapura" or "Kalyānapuri" ("Auspicious City").<ref name="bglrHist2">{{Cite thesis |chapter=5: Bangalore: mud fort to sprawling metropolis |title=Bangalore—future trends in public open space usage. Case study: Mahatma Gandhi Road, Bangalore |chapter-url=http://hdl.handle.net/10919/9941 |last=Vagale |first=Uday Kumar |year=2004 |page= |publisher=[[Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University]] |pages=34–35 |hdl=10919/9941 |access-date=26 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120605195117/http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-05172004-231956/unrestricted/4.pdf |archive-date=5 June 2012 |url-status=live }}</ref>
-After the fall of the Vijayanagara Empire in 1565&nbsp;in the [[Battle of Talikota]], Bangalore's rule changed hands several times. Kempe Gowda declared independence, then in 1638, a large [[Adil Shahi]] Bijapur army led by Ranadulla Khan and accompanied by his second in command [[Shahaji|Shāhji Bhōnslē]] defeated Kempe Gowda III, and Bangalore was given to Shāhji as a ''[[jagir]]'' (feudal estate). around 1639 [[Shahaji Bhonsle]] given order to reconstruction of destroyed City and building new lakes to solve water shortage of region.<ref name="bglrHist2"/> In 1687, the [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] general Kasim Khan, under orders from [[Aurangzeb]], defeated [[Ekoji I]], son of Shāhji, and sold Bangalore to [[Chikkadevaraja Wodeyar]] (1673–1704), the then ruler of the [[Kingdom of Mysore]] for three lakh rupees.<ref name="ekoji">{{Cite news |url=http://www.hindu.com/mp/2005/02/22/stories/2005022201010300.htm |title=The bean city |first=S |last=Srinivas |access-date=2 July 2007 |date=22 February 2005 |location=Chennai, India |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120213025649/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2005/02/22/stories/2005022201010300.htm |archive-date=13 February 2012 |url-status=dead |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] }}</ref>  After the death of Krishnaraja Wodeyar II in 1759, [[Hyder Ali]], Commander-in-Chief of the Mysore Army, proclaimed himself the ''de facto'' ruler of the Kingdom of Mysore. Hyder Ali is credited with building the Delhi and Mysore gates at the northern and southern ends of the city in 1760.<ref name="tt6">{{harvnb|Pinto|Srivastava|2008|p=6|Ref=TalkoftheTown}}</ref> The kingdom later passed to Hyder Ali's son [[Tipu Sultan]]. Hyder and Tipu directed the building of the [[Lal Bagh]] [[Botanical garden|Botanical Gardens]] in 1760.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Shekhar |first=Divya |title=Date with history: All you need to know about the iconic Lalbagh's Glass House built in 1889 |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/date-with-history-all-you-need-to-know-about-the-iconic-lalbaghs-glass-house-built-in-1889/articleshow/53647928.cms |access-date=2022-05-23}}</ref> Under them, Bangalore developed into a commercial and military centre of strategic importance.<ref name="bglrHist2" />
-The Bangalore fort was captured by [[British Empire|British forces]] under [[Lord Cornwallis]] on 21 March 1791 during the [[Third Anglo-Mysore War]] and formed a centre for British resistance against Tipu Sultan.<ref name="Mil_Engr_In_India_Vol_1">{{cite book |title=The military engineer in India, vol I |last=Sandes |first=E.W.C. |year=1933 |publisher=The Institution of Royal Engineers |location=Chatham |isbn=978-1-84734-071-9 |pages=163–165}}</ref> Following Tipu's death in the [[Fourth Anglo-Mysore War]] (1799), the British returned administrative control of the Bangalore pētē to the [[Maharaja of Mysore]] and was incorporated into the [[Princely State of Mysore]], which existed as a nominally sovereign entity of the [[British Raj]]. The [[Bengaluru Pete|old pētē]] developed in the dominions of the Maharaja of Mysore. The [[Raj Bhavan (Karnataka)|Residency of Mysore State]] was first established in [[Mysore]] City in 1799 and later shifted to Bangalore in 1804.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |date=26 March 2011 |title=The Resident arose with Tipu's fall |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mysuru/the-resident-arose-with-tipus-fall/articleshow/7794922.cms |access-date=2022-05-24 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref> It was abolished in 1843,<ref name=":3" /> only to be revived in 1881 at Bangalore and closed down permanently in 1947, with [[independence of India|Indian independence]].<ref name="rajbha">{{cite web |url=http://rajbhavan.kar.nic.in/ |title=Raj Bhavan, Karnataka |work=The Homepage of Raj Bhavan, Government of Karnataka |access-date=24 August 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120206190404/http://rajbhavan.kar.nic.in/history/fromresi-rajbhavan.htm |archive-date=6 February 2012}}</ref> The British found Bangalore to be a pleasant and appropriate place to station their [[garrison]] and therefore moved their cantonment to Bangalore from [[Seringapatam]] in 1809&nbsp;near [[Ulsoor]], about {{cvt|6|km|0}} northeast of the city. A town grew up around the cantonment, by absorbing several villages in the area. The new centre had its own municipal and administrative apparatus, though technically it was a British enclave within the territory of the Wodeyar Kings of the Princely State of [[Mysore]].<ref>{{harvnb|Srinivas|2004|p=3|Ref=Sri2004}}</ref> Two important developments which contributed to the rapid growth of the city, include the introduction of telegraph connections to all major Indian cities in 1853&nbsp;and a rail connection to [[Madras]] (now Chennai), in 1864.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Ghosh |first1=Jyotirmoy |title=Entrepreneurship in tourism and allied activities: a study of Bangalore city in the post-liberalization period |publisher=[[Pondicherry University]] |year=2012 |page=86 |url=http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/5261/9/09_chapter%203.pdf |access-date=8 September 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921053804/http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/5261/9/09_chapter%203.pdf |archive-date=21 September 2013 |url-status=live }}
-</ref>
-=== Later modern and contemporary history ===
-{{Multiple image
-| align = left
-| direction = vertical
-| image1 = Bangalore Pete in the 1890s.jpg
-| caption1 = A view of [[Bengaluru Pete|Bangalore Pete]] during the 1890s
-| image2 = Bangalore Cantonment.jpg
-| caption2 = A view of [[Bangalore Cantonment]], {{Circa|1895}}
-| image3 = Bangalore (Baedeker, 1914).jpg
-| caption3 = Map of the city and environs, {{Circa|1914}}
-| image4 = Bangalore-torpedo-batey-haosef.jpg
-| caption4 = The [[Bangalore torpedo]] was invented in Bangalore in 1912.
-| image5 = UB City at night .jpg
-| caption5 = Aerial view of [[UB City]], a business district in Bangalore, 2019
 }}
-In the 19th&nbsp;century, Bangalore essentially became a [[Twin cities|twin city]], with the "pētē", whose residents were predominantly [[Kannadiga]]s and the cantonment created by the British.<ref name="bang hist two towns">{{Cite thesis |chapter=8: Public domain—contested spaces and lack of imageability |title=Bangalore—future trends in public open space usage. Case study: Mahatma Gandhi Road, Bangalore |chapter-url=http://hdl.handle.net/10919/9941 |last=Vagale |first=Uday Kumar |year=2004 |publisher=[[Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University]] |page=49 |hdl=10919/9941 |access-date=26 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120605195117/http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-05172004-231956/unrestricted/4.pdf |archive-date=5 June 2012 |url-status=live }}</ref> Throughout the 19th&nbsp;century, the Cantonment gradually expanded and acquired a distinct cultural and political salience as it was governed directly by the British and was known as the Civil and Military Station of Bangalore. While it remained in the princely territory of Mysore, Cantonment had a large military presence and a cosmopolitan [[civilian]] population that came from outside the princely state of Mysore, including British and [[Anglo-Indians]] army officers.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sharp Private Investigation Detective Agency In Benguluru|url=https://bangaloredetectives.in/about-bangalore-detectives.php|access-date=2022-01-17|website=bangaloredetectives.in}}</ref>
-Bangalore was hit by a [[Bubonic plague|plague]] epidemic in 1898&nbsp;that claimed nearly 3,500&nbsp;lives. The crisis caused by the outbreak catalysed the city's sanitation process. Telephone lines were laid to help co-ordinate anti-plague operations. Regulations for building new houses with proper sanitation facilities came into effect. A health officer was appointed and the city divided into four wards for better co-ordination. [[Victoria Hospital (Bangalore Medical College)|Victoria Hospital]] was inaugurated in 1900&nbsp;by [[Lord Curzon]], the then [[Governor-General of India|Governor-General of British India]].<ref>{{cite news |title=1898 plague revisited |date=17 November 2012 |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-11-17/bangalore/35171344_1_bangalore-vivek-first-health-officer |work=[[The Times of India]] | access-date=8 September 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921054205/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-11-17/bangalore/35171344_1_bangalore-vivek-first-health-officer | archive-date=21 September 2013 | url-status=dead }}</ref> New extensions in [[Malleswaram]] and [[Basavanagudi]] were developed in the north and south of the pētē.<ref>{{cite web |first=Maya |last=Jaypal |title=Malleswaram, Basavanagudi, the new extensions |url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/237394/malleswaram-basavanagudi-extensions.html |work=[[Deccan Herald]] | access-date=8 September 2013 |date=26 March 2012 | archive-url=https://archive.today/20130908211532/http://www.deccanherald.com/content/237394/malleswaram-basavanagudi-extensions.html | archive-date=8 September 2013 | url-status=live }}</ref> In 1903, motor vehicles came to be introduced in Bangalore.<ref>{{harvnb|Karnataka State Gazetteer: Bangalore District|p=91|Ref=kar}}</ref> In 1906, Bangalore became one of the first cities in India to have electricity from [[hydro power]], powered by the [[hydroelectric]] plant situated in [[Shivanasamudra]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Srinivasaraju |first=Sugata |title=ElectriCity |url=http://www.outlookindia.com/article.aspx?230851 |access-date=15 November 2011 |work=Outlook India |date=10 April 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110121155127/http://outlookindia.com/article.aspx?230851 |archive-date=21 January 2011 |url-status=live }}
-</ref> The [[Indian Institute of Science]] was established in 1909, which subsequently played a major role in developing the city as a science research hub.<ref name="tt10" /> In 1912, the [[Bangalore torpedo]], an offensive explosive weapon widely used in [[World War I]] and [[World War II]], was devised in Bangalore by [[British Indian Army|British army officer]] Captain McClintock of the [[Madras Engineer Group|Madras Sappers and Miners]].<ref>
-{{cite web |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/bangalore/1844966/report-dna-special-bangalore-torpedo-gave-them-their-d-day-69-years-ago |title=Bangalore torpedo gave them their D-Day, 69 years ago |access-date=1 October 2013 |first=Nirad |last=Mudur |author2=Hemanth CS |date=7 June 2013 |work=[[Daily News and Analysis]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131004213533/http://www.dnaindia.com/bangalore/1844966/report-dna-special-bangalore-torpedo-gave-them-their-d-day-69-years-ago |archive-date=4 October 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref>
-Bangalore's reputation as the "Garden City of India" began in 1927&nbsp;with the [[silver jubilee]] celebrations of the rule of [[Krishnaraja Wodeyar IV]]. Several projects such as the construction of parks, public buildings and hospitals were instituted to improve the city.<ref name="Basavaraja">
-{{cite book |last1=Basavaraja |first1=Kadati Reddera |title=History and Culture of Karnataka: Early Times to Unification |publisher=Chalukya Publications |year=1984 |page=332 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VvpIAAAAIAAJ |access-date=27 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171227181924/https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=VvpIAAAAIAAJ |archive-date=27 December 2017 |url-status=live }}
-</ref> Bangalore played an important role during the [[Indian independence movement]]. [[Mahatma Gandhi]] visited the city in 1927&nbsp;and 1934&nbsp;and addressed public meetings here.<ref name="banghist" /> In 1926, the [[1926 Binny Mills Strike|labour unrest]] in [[Binny Mills]] due to demand by textile workers for payment of bonus resulted in [[Lathi charge|lathi charging]] and police firing, resulting in the death of four workers, and several injuries.<ref>{{harvnb|Nair|2005|p=70|Ref=nair}}</ref> In July 1928, there were notable [[Bangalore disturbances|communal disturbances]] in Bangalore, like when a [[Ganesha|Ganesh]] idol was removed from a school compound in the Sultanpet area of Bangalore.<ref>{{cite book |title=Dimensions of Socio-Political Change in Mysore, 1918–40 |first=Chandrasekhar |last=S. |publisher=APH Publishing |year=1985 |isbn=978-0-8364-1471-4 |page=135}}</ref> In 1940, the first flight between Bangalore and [[Bombay]] took off, which placed the city on India's urban map.<ref name="tt10">{{harvnb|Pinto|Srivastava|2008|p=10|Ref=TalkoftheTown}}</ref>
-After India's independence in August 1947, Bangalore remained in the newly carved [[Mysore State]] of which the Maharaja of Mysore was the ''[[Rajapramukh]]'' (appointed governor).<ref>{{cite book |last1=Boland-Crewe |first1=Tara |last2=Lea |first2=David |title=The Territories and States of India |publisher=Psychology Press |year=2004 |page=[https://archive.org/details/territoriesstate0000unse/page/135 135] |isbn=978-0-203-40290-0 |quote=When the new, extended Mysore was created on 1 November 1956 (by the addition of coastal, central and northern territories), Wodeyar became Governor of the whole state, which was renamed Karnataka in 1973. |url=https://archive.org/details/territoriesstate0000unse/page/135}}</ref> The "City Improvement Trust" was formed in 1945, and in 1949, the "City" and the "Cantonment" merged to form the [[Bangalore City Corporation]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-03-28 |title=Civic bodies of yore didn't digress from progress |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/237732/civic-bodies-yore-didnt-digress.html |access-date=2022-05-26 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref> The [[Government of Karnataka]] later constituted the [[Bangalore Development Authority]] in 1976 to coordinate the activities of these two bodies.<ref name="lm">{{harvnb|Srinivas|2004|p=4|Ref=Sri2004}}</ref> Public sector employment and education provided opportunities for Kannadigas from the rest of the state to migrate to the city. Bangalore experienced rapid growth in the decades 1941–51&nbsp;and 1971–81, which saw the arrival of many immigrants from northern Karnataka. The [[Government of India]] set up the [[All India Institute of Mental Health]] (AIIMH) in 1956. By 1961, Bangalore had become the sixth-largest city in India, with a population of 1,207,000.<ref name="bglrHist2" /> In the following decades, Bangalore's manufacturing base continued to expand with the establishment of private companies such as [[MICO]] (Motor Industries Company), which set up its manufacturing plant in the city.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2002-09-10|title=Mico Bangalore Plant To Go Five-Day Week|work=Business Standard India|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/mico-bangalore-plant-to-go-five-day-week-102091001002_1.html|access-date=2022-01-18}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=MICO is now Bosch – Motorindia|url=https://www.motorindiaonline.in/mico-is-now-bosch/|access-date=2022-01-18|language=en-US|work=Motor India}}</ref>
-By the 1980s, urbanisation had spilled over the current boundaries, and in 1986, the [[Bangalore Metropolitan Region Development Authority]], was established to co-ordinate the development of the entire region as a single unit.<ref name="lm" /> On 8 February 1981, a [[1981 Bangalore circus fire|major fire broke out]] at Venus Circus in Bangalore, where more than 92&nbsp;people died, the majority of them children.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1981/02/09/world/death-toll-raised-to-66-in-fire-at-circus-in-india.html |title=Death Toll Raised to 66 in Fire at Circus in India |date=9 February 1981 |work=The New York Times | access-date=31 January 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161118202157/http://www.nytimes.com/1981/02/09/world/death-toll-raised-to-66-in-fire-at-circus-in-india.html | archive-date=18 November 2016 | url-status=live }}</ref> Bangalore experienced a growth in its real estate market in the 1980s&nbsp;and&nbsp;1990s, spurred by capital investors from other parts of the country who converted Bangalore's large plots and colonial [[bungalow]]s into multi-storied apartments.<ref name="realestate">{{cite journal |last=Benjamin |first=Solomon |url=http://unpan1.un.org/intradoc/groups/public/documents/APCITY/UNPAN020773.pdf |title=Governance, economic settings and poverty in Bangalore |journal=Environment & Urbanization |volume=12 |issue=1 |date=April 2000 |pages=35–36 |access-date=11 June 2012 |doi=10.1177/095624780001200104 |s2cid=14335580 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120717051953/http://unpan1.un.org/intradoc/groups/public/documents/APCITY/UNPAN020773.pdf |archive-date=17 July 2012 |url-status=live |doi-access=free}}</ref> In 1985, [[Texas Instruments]] became the first [[multinational corporation]] to set up base in Bangalore. Other information technology companies followed suit and by the end of the 20th&nbsp;century, Bangalore had established itself as the ''[[Silicon Valley]] of India''.<ref name="bglrHist2" /> Today, Bangalore is India's third most populous city.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Most Populated Cities in India- Top 50 Indian Cities by Population|url=https://www.indiaonlinepages.com/population/most-populated-cities-in-india.html|access-date=2022-01-18|website=www.indiaonlinepages.com}}</ref> During the 21st&nbsp;century, Bangalore has had major terrorist attacks in [[2008 Bangalore serial blasts|2008]], [[2010 Bangalore stadium bombing|2010]], and [[2013 Bangalore blast|2013]].<ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |last2= |last3= |first3= |title=8 blasts rock Bangalore |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/8-blasts-rock-bangalore/articleshow/3279730.cms |access-date=2022-07-18 |website=The Times of India |date= 25 July 2008|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2010-04-17 |title=Ten wounded in Bangalore cricket stadium blast |language=en |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idINIndia-47776820100417 |access-date=2022-07-18}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |last2= |first2= |last3= |first3= |title=Bangalore blast a terror attack, confirms Home Ministry |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/north/story/bangalore-blast-bjp-terror-attack-home-ministry-sushilkumar-shinde-159094-2013-04-17 |access-date=2022-07-18 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>
-== Geography ==
-{{Main|Bangalore geography and environment}}
-[[File:BangaloreLake.jpg|thumb|The [[Hesaraghatta Lake]] in Bangalore]]
-Bangalore lies in the southeast of the [[South India]]n state of Karnataka. It is in the heart of the [[Mysore Plateau]] (a region of the larger [[Cretaceous]] [[Deccan Plateau]]) at an average elevation of {{cvt|900|m|ft|abbr=on|0}}.<ref name="ground water">
-{{cite web |url=http://cgwb.gov.in/District_Profile/karnataka/BANGALORE_URBAN_BROCHURE.pdf |title=Ground water information booklet |publisher=Central Ground Water Board, Ministry of Water Resources, Government of India |access-date=16 June 2012 |date=December 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120517230107/http://cgwb.gov.in/District_Profile/karnataka/BANGALORE_URBAN_BROCHURE.pdf |archive-date=17 May 2012 |url-status=live }}</ref>{{rp|8|date=December 2012}} It is located at {{Coord|12|58|44|N|77|35|30|E}} and covers {{cvt|741|km²|0}}.<ref name="area">{{cite web |url=http://www.kar.nic.in/finance/bud2007/bs07e.pdf |title=Finance budget for 2007–08 |publisher=Government of Karnataka |access-date=28 June 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070628141329/http://www.kar.nic.in/finance/bud2007/bs07e.pdf |archive-date=28 June 2007 |url-status=dead}}</ref> The majority of the city of Bangalore lies in the [[Bangalore Urban district]] of Karnataka and the surrounding rural areas are a part of the [[Bangalore Rural district]]. The Government of Karnataka has carved out the new district of [[Ramanagara]] from the old Bangalore Rural district.<ref>{{cite web |title=District census handbook- Bangalore rural |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/2929_PART_A_DCHB_BANGALORE%20RURAL.pdf |publisher=Directorate of census operations Karnataka| access-date=26 October 2017| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161114052450/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/2929_PART_A_DCHB_BANGALORE%20RURAL.pdf| archive-date=14 November 2016| url-status=live}}</ref>
-Bangalore's topography is generally flat, although the western parts of the city are hilly. The highest point is [[Vidyaranyapura]] [[Doddabettahalli]], {{cvt|962|m|0}} above sea level, situated to the northwest of the city.<ref name="bglrGeo">{{cite web |url=http://ces.iisc.ernet.in/energy/wetlands/sarea.html |title=Study area: Bangalore |publisher=Centre for Ecological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science |access-date=11 June 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120716221547/http://ces.iisc.ernet.in/energy/wetlands/sarea.html |archive-date=16 July 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref> No major rivers run through the city, although the [[Arkavathy River|Arkavathi]] and [[South Pennar river|South Pennar]] cross paths at the [[Nandi Hills, India|Nandi Hills]], {{cvt|60|km|0}} to the north. [[River Vrishabhavathi]], a minor tributary of the Arkavathi, arises within the city at Basavanagudi and flows through the city. The rivers Arkavathi and Vrishabhavathi together carry much of Bangalore's [[sewage]].<ref>{{Cite web |author=Chethan Kumar|date=Dec 15, 2021 |title=K'taka Dumps 1,746m Litres Sewage Into Rivers Each Day {{!}} Bengaluru News - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/ktaka-dumps-1746m-litres-sewage-into-rivers-each-day/articleshow/88287378.cms |access-date=2022-05-31 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-03-11 |title=Can Vrishabhavathi be Bengaluru's Thames? |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/city/top-bengaluru-stories/can-vrishabhavathi-be-bengalurus-thames-1090378.html |access-date=2022-05-31 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref> A [[sanitary sewer|sewerage]] system, constructed in 1922, covers {{cvt|215|km²|0}} of the city and connects with five [[sewage treatment]] centres located in the city's periphery.<ref name="sewage">{{cite news |url=http://www.deccanherald.com/deccanherald/mar112004/metro1.asp |title=Each drop of water counts |last=Tekur |first=Suma | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070311005340/http://www.deccanherald.com/deccanherald/mar112004/metro1.asp | archive-date=11 March 2007 |newspaper=Deccan Herald |date=11 March 2004}}</ref>
-In the 16th century, Kempe Gowda I constructed many lakes to meet the town's water requirements. The Kempambudhi Kere, since overrun by modern development, was prominent among those lakes. In the first half of the 20th&nbsp;century, the Nandi Hills [[waterworks]] were commissioned by [[Mirza Ismail|Sir Mirza Ismail]] ([[Diwan (title)|Diwan]] of Mysore, 1926–41 CE)&nbsp;to provide a water supply to the city. The river [[Kaveri]] provides around 80% of the city's water supply and the remaining 20% is obtained from the Thippagondanahalli and Hesaraghatta reservoirs of the Arkavathi river.<ref name="watersup">{{cite web |url=http://bwssb.org/help_faq.html | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060206121846/http://bwssb.org/help_faq.html | archive-date=6 February 2006 |title=Help/FAQ |publisher=Bangalore Water Supply and Sewerage Board | access-date=2 July 2007}}</ref> Bangalore receives {{Convert|800|e6litre|e6USgal||abbr=off}} of water a day, more than any other Indian city,<ref name="bglrWater">{{cite news |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/News-Feed/NM2/Thirsty-Bangalore-invokes-god/Article1-6117.aspx |title=Thirsty Bangalore invokes god |newspaper=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=9 June 2003 |access-date=11 June 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120303074533/http://www.hindustantimes.com/News-Feed/nm2/Thirsty-Bangalore-invokes-god/Article1-6117.aspx |archive-date=3 March 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref> but Bangalore does face occasional water shortages, especially during summer and in years with low rainfall.<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 February 2018 |title=water shortage: Water crisis: Is Bengaluru heading for Day Zero? |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/water-crisis-is-bluru-heading-for-day-zero/articleshow/62893432.cms |access-date=2022-05-27 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref> A [[random sample|random sampling]] of the [[air quality index]] (AQI) of twenty stations within the city ranged from 76&nbsp;to&nbsp;314, suggesting heavy to severe air pollution around areas of high traffic.<ref name="EIA">{{cite web |url=http://www.bmrtl.com/EIA.PDF | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060320001853/http://www.bmrtl.com/EIA.PDF | archive-date=20 March 2006 |title=Environmental impact analysis |publisher=Bangalore Metropolitan Rapid Transport Corporation Limited, Government of Karnataka |year=2006 | access-date=11 June 2012}}</ref>
-Bangalore has a handful of freshwater lakes and [[water tank]]s, the largest of which are Madivala tank, [[Hebbal Lake, Bangalore|Hebbal Lake]], [[Ulsoor]] Lake, Yediyur Lake and [[Sankey Tank]]. However, about 90% of Bangalore's lakes are polluted;<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |title=More than 90% of Bengaluru's lakes are polluted or encroached |url=http://scroll.in/article/804967/more-than-90-of-bengalurus-lakes-are-polluted-or-encroached |access-date=2022-06-17 |website=Scroll.in |date= 14 March 2016|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=10 April 2021|first=Naveen|last=Menezes|title=Bengaluru's lakes: The good, the bad, the very dirty|url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/bangalore/civic/bengalurus-lakes-the-good-the-bad-the-very-dirty/articleshow/81995420.cms|access-date=2022-01-24|website=Bangalore Mirror|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-12-17|title=Lakes of Bengaluru: Industrial effluents, raw sewage; stinky tale of Chandapura lake|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/bangalore/lakes-of-bengaluru-industrial-effluents-pollution-chandrapura-lake-7633698/|access-date=2022-01-24|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref> the city government began revival and conservation efforts in December 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Bengaluru plans revival of its old charm, to revive 25 lakes|url=https://www.onmanorama.com/lifestyle/news/2020/12/28/bengaluru-plans-to-revive-25-lakes.html|access-date=2022-01-24|website=OnManorama}}</ref> Groundwater occurs in [[silt]]y to [[sand]]y layers of the [[alluvial]] sediments. The [[Peninsular Gneiss]]ic Complex (PGC) is the most dominant rock unit in the area and includes [[granite]]s, [[gneiss]]es and [[migmatite]]s, while the soils of Bangalore consist of red [[laterite]] and red, fine [[loam]]y to [[clay]]ey soils.<ref name="EIA" />
-The city's vegetation is mostly large [[deciduous]] [[canopy (biology)|canopy]] and some [[coconut]] trees.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nagendra |first=Suri Venkatachalam & Harini |title=Photo essay: If you look closely, you can still find the 'Garden City' in Bengaluru |url=https://scroll.in/magazine/885306/secular-sacred-or-domestic-how-bengaluru-treats-the-trees-on-its-streets |access-date=2022-06-07 |website=Scroll.in |date=13 July 2018 |language=en-US}}</ref> Many trees are frequently felled to pave way for infrastructure development.<ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |last2= |last3= |first3= |title=Over 1 lakh trees cut to build roads in Karnataka in 4 years {{!}} Bengaluru News - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/over-1-lakh-trees-cut-to-build-roads-in-karnataka-in-4-years/articleshow/90580162.cms |access-date=2022-06-08 |website=The Times of India |date= April 2022|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-12-28 |title=3,559 trees to be cut down in city for road, metro |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/city/3559-trees-to-be-cut-down-in-city-for-road-metro-789337.html |access-date=2022-06-08 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref> Though Bangalore has been classified as a part of the seismic zone II (a stable zone), it has experienced [[earthquake]]s of magnitude as high as 4.5 on the [[Richter scale]].<ref name="quake">
-{{cite web |url=http://www.rediff.com/news/2001/jan/30inter.htm |title=The Rediff interview. Dr S K Srivastav, additional director general, Indian Meteorological Department |work=[[Rediff.com]] |date=30 January 2000 |first=Onkar |last=Singh |access-date=2 July 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120214104533/http://www.rediff.com/news/2001/jan/30inter.htm |archive-date=14 February 2012 |url-status=live }}</ref>
-=== Climate ===
-Bangalore has a [[tropical savanna climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification]] ''Aw'') with distinct [[wet season|wet]] and [[dry season|dry]] seasons. Due to its high elevation, Bangalore usually enjoys a more moderate climate throughout the year, although occasional [[heat wave]]s can make summer somewhat uncomfortable.<ref name="hightemp">{{Cite news |url=http://www.hindu.com/2005/05/18/stories/2005051818670300.htm |title=Rise in temperature 'unusual' for Bangalore |access-date=2 July 2007 |date=18 May 2005 |location=Chennai, India |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120208035132/http://www.hindu.com/2005/05/18/stories/2005051818670300.htm |archive-date=8 February 2012 |url-status=dead |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] }}</ref> The coolest month is January with an average low temperature of {{cvt|15.1|°C}} and the hottest month is April with an average high of {{cvt|34.1|°C}}.<ref name="metrain">{{cite web |url=http://www.imd.ernet.in/section/climate/bangalore1.htm |title=Bangalore |publisher=India Meteorological Department, Government of India | access-date=7 February 2007 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070708113015/http://www.imd.ernet.in/section/climate/bangalore1.htm | archive-date=8 July 2007 | url-status=dead}}</ref> The highest temperature ever recorded in Bangalore is {{cvt|39.2|°C|0}}, recorded 24 April 2016, corresponding with [[2014–2016 El Niño event|the strong El Niño]] in that year.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/bengaluru-records-highest-temperature-since-1931/article8516533.ece |title=Bengaluru records highest temperature since 1931 |newspaper=The Hindu |date=24 April 2016 |access-date=5 September 2017}}</ref> The lowest ever recorded is {{cvt|7.8|°C|0}} in January 1884.<ref name="hightem">{{Cite news |url=http://www.hindu.com/2006/05/10/stories/2006051022920300.htm |date=10 May 2006 |title=Set up rain gauges in areas prone to flooding |first=Vidyashree |last=Amaresh | access-date=22 December 2007 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071216110551/http://www.hindu.com/2006/05/10/stories/2006051022920300.htm | archive-date=16 December 2007 | url-status=dead |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |location=Chennai, India}}</ref><ref name="lowtem">{{cite web |url=http://www.deccanherald.com/Archives/Dec172006/city115220061217.asp |work=Deccan Herald |date=17 December 2006 |title=Bangalore weather back again |author=Ashwini Y.S. | access-date=22 December 2007 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071204091959/http://www.deccanherald.com/Archives/Dec172006/city115220061217.asp | archive-date=4 December 2007 | url-status=dead}}</ref> Winter temperatures rarely drop below {{cvt|14|°C}}, and summer temperatures seldom exceed {{cvt|36|°C}}. Bangalore receives rainfall from both the northeast and the southwest [[monsoon]]s, and the wettest months is September, followed by October and August.<ref name="metrain" /> The summer heat is moderated by fairly frequent [[thunderstorm]]s, which occasionally cause power outages and local flooding. Most of the rainfall occurs during the late afternoon or evening and rain before noon is infrequent. November 2015&nbsp;(290.4&nbsp;mm) was recorded as one of the wettest months in Bangalore with heavy rains causing severe flooding in some areas, and closure of a number of organisations for over a couple of days.<ref>{{cite web  |title=Global monitoring precipitation |url=http://www.cpc.ncep.noaa.gov/products/global_monitoring/precipitation/sn43295_1yr.gif |website=cpc.ncep.noaa.gov |access-date=17 May 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303225922/http://www.cpc.ncep.noaa.gov/products/global_monitoring/precipitation/sn43295_1yr.gif |archive-date=3 March 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref> The heaviest rainfall recorded in a 24-hour period is {{cvt|179|mm|in|0}} recorded on 1 October 1997.<ref name="rainmax">{{cite web |url=http://www.flonnet.com/fl2223/stories/20051118005402400.htm |work=The Frontline |date=5 November 2005 |title=Bangalore's woes |first=Ravi |last=Sharma |access-date=5 February 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080220184237/http://www.flonnet.com/fl2223/stories/20051118005402400.htm |archive-date=20 February 2008 |url-status=dead}}</ref> In 2022, Bangalore faced a large amount of rainfall, which was 368% more than the yearly average.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Bhattacharjee |first1=Nivedita |last2=Mandayam |first2=Nandan |date=2022-09-06 |title=India's Bengaluru hit by flooding, traffic snarls after heavy rain |language=en |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/india/indias-bengaluru-hit-by-flooding-traffic-snarls-after-heavy-rain-2022-09-05/ |access-date=2022-09-12}}</ref> Several areas were flooded, and power supply was also cut off.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-09-12 |title=Bengaluru floods: How families struggled to find help as India's IT capital drowned |language=en-GB |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-62849937 |access-date=2022-09-12}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Bureau |first=Bengaluru |date=2022-09-05 |title=Heavy rain brings Bengaluru to its knees |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/heavy-rain-brings-bengaluru-to-its-knees/article65854264.ece |access-date=2022-09-12 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
-<div class="center">{{Weather box
-| location = Bangalore (1991–2020, extremes 1901–present)
-| metric first = Y
-| single line = Y
-| Jan record high C = 32.8
-| Feb record high C = 35.9
-| Mar record high C = 37.3
-| Apr record high C = 39.2
-| May record high C = 38.9
-| Jun record high C = 38.1
-| Jul record high C = 33.3
-| Aug record high C = 33.3
-| Sep record high C = 33.3
-| Oct record high C = 32.4
-| Nov record high C = 33.0
-| Dec record high C = 31.1
-| year record high C = 39.2
-| Jan high C = 28.4
-| Feb high C = 30.9
-| Mar high C = 33.4
-| Apr high C = 34.1
-| May high C = 33.1
-| Jun high C = 29.7
-| Jul high C = 28.3
-| Aug high C = 28.1
-| Sep high C = 28.6
-| Oct high C = 28.5
-| Nov high C = 27.4
-| Dec high C = 26.9
-| year high C = 29.8
-| Jan low C = 16.1
-| Feb low C = 17.6
-| Mar low C = 20.2
-| Apr low C = 22.1
-| May low C = 21.8
-| Jun low C = 20.6
-| Jul low C = 20.1
-| Aug low C = 20.0
-| Sep low C = 20.0
-| Oct low C = 19.8
-| Nov low C = 18.3
-| Dec low C = 16.4
-| year low C = 19.4
-| Jan record low C = 7.8
-| Feb record low C = 9.4
-| Mar record low C = 11.1
-| Apr record low C = 14.4
-| May record low C = 16.7
-| Jun record low C = 16.7
-| Jul record low C = 16.1
-| Aug record low C = 14.4
-| Sep record low C = 15.0
-| Oct record low C = 13.2
-| Nov record low C = 9.6
-| Dec record low C = 8.9
-| year record low C = 7.8
-| rain colour = green
-| Jan rain mm = 1.6
-| Feb rain mm = 7.1
-| Mar rain mm = 14.7
-| Apr rain mm = 61.7
-| May rain mm = 128.7
-| Jun rain mm = 110.3
-| Jul rain mm = 116.4
-| Aug rain mm = 162.7
-| Sep rain mm = 208.3
-| Oct rain mm = 186.4
-| Nov rain mm = 64.5
-| Dec rain mm = 15.4
-| year rain mm = 1077.8
-| Jan rain days = 0.2
-| Feb rain days = 0.3
-| Mar rain days = 1.1
-| Apr rain days = 4.0
-| May rain days = 7.5
-| Jun rain days = 6.8
-| Jul rain days = 8.0
-| Aug rain days = 10.2
-| Sep rain days = 9.5
-| Oct rain days = 9.6
-| Nov rain days = 4.2
-| Dec rain days = 1.3
-| year rain days = 62.7
-| time day = 17:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
-| Jan humidity = 41
-| Feb humidity = 32
-| Mar humidity = 29
-| Apr humidity = 35
-| May humidity = 47
-| Jun humidity = 62
-| Jul humidity = 65
-| Aug humidity = 67
-| Sep humidity = 64
-| Oct humidity = 65
-| Nov humidity = 61
-| Dec humidity = 53
-| year humidity = 52
-| Jan sun = 262.3
-| Feb sun = 247.6
-| Mar sun = 271.4
-| Apr sun = 257.0
-| May sun = 241.1
-| Jun sun = 136.8
-| Jul sun = 111.8
-| Aug sun = 114.3
-| Sep sun = 143.6
-| Oct sun = 173.1
-| Nov sun = 190.2
-| Dec sun = 211.7
-| Jan uv = 10
-| Feb uv = 12
-| Mar uv = 12
-| Apr uv = 12
-| May uv = 12
-| Jun uv = 12
-| Jul uv = 12
-| Aug uv = 12
-| Sep uv = 12
-| Oct uv = 12
-| Nov uv = 10
-| Dec uv = 10
-| source 1 = [[India Meteorological Department]]<ref name=IMDnormals>
-{{cite web| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200205040301/http://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/1981-2010%20CLIM%20NORMALS%20%28STATWISE%29.pdf| archive-date=5 February 2020 |url=https://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/1981-2010%20CLIM%20NORMALS%20%28STATWISE%29.pdf |title=Station: Bangalore/Bangaluru Climatological Table 1981–2010 |work=Climatological Normals 1981–2010 |publisher=India Meteorological Department |date=January 2015 |pages=81–82| access-date=10 April 2020}}</ref><ref name=IMDextremes>
-{{cite web| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200205042509/http://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/EXTREMES%20OF%20TEMPERATURE%20and%20RAINFALL%20upto%202012.pdf| archive-date=5 February 2020 |url=https://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/EXTREMES%20OF%20TEMPERATURE%20and%20RAINFALL%20upto%202012.pdf |title=Extremes of Temperature & Rainfall for Indian Stations (Up to 2012) |publisher=India Meteorological Department |date=December 2016 |page=M88| access-date=10 April 2020}}</ref><ref name=IMDcityrainfall>
-{{cite web
-| url = https://cdsp.imdpune.gov.in/extremes_1991_2020/?stn=43295
-| title = Climatological Information - Bengaluru (43295)
-| publisher = India Meteorological Department
-| access-date = 27 September 2022}}</ref> Time and Date (dewpoints, 2005–2015)<ref>{{cite web
-|url = https://www.timeanddate.com/weather/india/bengaluru/climate
-|title = Climate & Weather Averages in Bengaluru, India
-|publisher = Time and Date
-|access-date = 19 July 2022}}</ref>
-| source 2 = [[NOAA]] (sun: 1971–1990)<ref name="NOAA">{{cite web |url=ftp://ftp.atdd.noaa.gov/pub/GCOS/WMO-Normals/RA-II/IN/43295.TXT |title=Bangalore Climate Normals 1971–1990 |publisher=National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration | access-date=24 December 2012}}</ref> Weather Atlas<ref name="Weather Atlas">
-{{cite web
-| url = https://www.weather-atlas.com/en/india/bengaluru-climate
-| title = Climate and monthly weather forecast Bengaluru, India
-| publisher = Weather Atlas
-| access-date = 13 June 2022
-}}</ref>
-| date = August 2010
-| source =
-| Jan dew point C = 13
-| Feb dew point C = 12
-| Mar dew point C = 13
-| Apr dew point C = 17
-| May dew point C = 19
-| Jun dew point C = 19
-| Jul dew point C = 19
-| Aug dew point C = 19
-| Sep dew point C = 19
-| Oct dew point C = 18
-| Nov dew point C = 17
-| Dec dew point C = 15
-}}{{Weather box
-| location = Bangalore ([[HAL Airport]]) 1991–2020, extremes 1901–present
-| metric first = Y
-| single line = Y
-| Jan record high C = 32.5
-| Feb record high C = 35.0
-| Mar record high C = 36.6
-| Apr record high C = 38.3
-| May record high C = 38.0
-| Jun record high C = 37.5
-| Jul record high C = 33.0
-| Aug record high C = 32.2
-| Sep record high C = 33.0
-| Oct record high C = 32.5
-| Nov record high C = 31.7
-| Dec record high C = 30.4
-| year record high C = 38.3
-| Jan high C = 28.0
-| Feb high C = 30.4
-| Mar high C = 32.9
-| Apr high C = 33.8
-| May high C = 33.0
-| Jun high C = 29.9
-| Jul high C = 28.6
-| Aug high C = 28.3
-| Sep high C = 28.7
-| Oct high C = 28.3
-| Nov high C = 27.1
-| Dec high C = 26.4
-| year high C = 29.6
-| Jan low C = 15.0
-| Feb low C = 16.4
-| Mar low C = 18.9
-| Apr low C = 21.2
-| May low C = 21.3
-| Jun low C = 20.3
-| Jul low C = 19.8
-| Aug low C = 19.7
-| Sep low C = 19.6
-| Oct low C = 19.3
-| Nov low C = 17.7
-| Dec low C = 15.6
-| year low C = 18.7
-| Jan record low C = 8.8
-| Feb record low C = 10.0
-| Mar record low C = 11.7
-| Apr record low C = 14.6
-| May record low C = 16.7
-| Jun record low C = 15.6
-| Jul record low C = 16.1
-| Aug record low C = 15.0
-| Sep record low C = 15.6
-| Oct record low C = 13.7
-| Nov record low C = 10.5
-| Dec record low C = 9.2
-| year record low C = 8.8
-| rain colour = green
-| Jan rain mm = 2.3
-| Feb rain mm = 5.8
-| Mar rain mm = 11.2
-| Apr rain mm = 59.8
-| May rain mm = 110.4
-| Jun rain mm = 101.8
-| Jul rain mm = 101.1
-| Aug rain mm = 133.6
-| Sep rain mm = 176.4
-| Oct rain mm = 177.3
-| Nov rain mm = 59.0
-| Dec rain mm = 15.0
-| year rain mm = 953.7
-| Jan rain days = 0.2
-| Feb rain days = 0.4
-| Mar rain days = 0.8
-| Apr rain days = 3.5
-| May rain days = 6.6
-| Jun rain days = 5.8
-| Jul rain days = 7.6
-| Aug rain days = 9.0
-| Sep rain days = 8.9
-| Oct rain days = 9.3
-| Nov rain days = 4.3
-| Dec rain days = 1.1
-| year rain days = 57.5
-| time day = 17:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
-| Jan humidity = 41
-| Feb humidity = 31
-| Mar humidity = 28
-| Apr humidity = 35
-| May humidity = 46
-| Jun humidity = 62
-| Jul humidity = 65
-| Aug humidity = 67
-| Sep humidity = 63
-| Oct humidity = 65
-| Nov humidity = 61
-| Dec humidity = 54
-| year humidity = 52
-| date = August 2010
-| source = [[India Meteorological Department]]<ref name=IMDnormals>
-{{cite web| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200205040301/http://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/1981-2010%20CLIM%20NORMALS%20%28STATWISE%29.pdf| archive-date=5 February 2020 |url=https://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/1981-2010%20CLIM%20NORMALS%20%28STATWISE%29.pdf |title=Station: Bangalore/Bangaluru Climatological Table 1981–2010 |work=Climatological Normals 1981–2010 |publisher=India Meteorological Department |date=January 2015 |pages=81–82| access-date=10 April 2020}}</ref><ref name=IMDextremes>
-{{cite web| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200205042509/http://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/EXTREMES%20OF%20TEMPERATURE%20and%20RAINFALL%20upto%202012.pdf| archive-date=5 February 2020 |url=https://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/EXTREMES%20OF%20TEMPERATURE%20and%20RAINFALL%20upto%202012.pdf |title=Extremes of Temperature & Rainfall for Indian Stations (Up to 2012) |publisher=India Meteorological Department |date=December 2016 |page=M88| access-date=10 April 2020}}</ref><ref name=IMDcityrainfall2>
-{{cite web
-| url = https://cdsp.imdpune.gov.in/extremes_1991_2020/?stn=43296
-| title = Climatological Information - Bengaluru (43296)
-| publisher = India Meteorological Department
-| access-date = 27 September 2022}}</ref>
-}}</div>
-== Demographics ==
-{{See also|Housing in Bangalore}}
-<!-- [[File:Bangalore Nandi Temple.jpg|thumb|left|upright|The [[Nandi Temple]] is located in [[Basavanagudi]], Bangalore.]] -->
-{{Historical populations
-| title= Population growth
-| state=
-| 1941| 406760
-| 1951| 778977
-| 1961| 1207000
-| 1971| 1654000
-| 1981| 2922000
-| 1991| 4130000
-| 2001| 5101000
-| 2011| 8425970
-| estimate=
-| estyear=
-| estref=
-| footnote= Source: [[Census of India]]<ref name="Census population">
-{{cite web |url=http://www.cicred.org/Eng/Seminars/Details/Seminars/PDE2007/Papers/IYER_Neelakantan_paperNairobi2007-project.pdf |title=Census population |work=Census of India |page=21 | access-date=7 June 2008 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120519132559/http://www.cicred.org/Eng/Seminars/Details/Seminars/PDE2007/Papers/IYER_Neelakantan_paperNairobi2007-project.pdf | archive-date=19 May 2012 | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/data_files/India2/Table_2_PR_Cities_1Lakh_and_Above.pdf |title=Provisional population totals, Census of India 2011 | access-date=29 November 2011 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120507135928/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/data_files/India2/Table_2_PR_Cities_1Lakh_and_Above.pdf | archive-date=7 May 2012 | url-status=live }}</ref>}}
-[[File:Bangalore .jpg|thumb|Sunset over the city from Nagawara|alt=|left]]
-[[File:Shivoham Shiva Statue.jpg|thumb|200px|Lord [[Shiva]] statue at [[Shivoham Shiva Temple]]|alt=|left]]
-Bangalore is a [[megacity]] with a population of 8,443,675&nbsp;in the city and 10,456,000&nbsp;in the urban agglomeration,<ref name="UNcities2016">{{cite web |title=The World's Cities in 2016 |url=https://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/publications/pdf/urbanization/the_worlds_cities_in_2016_data_booklet.pdf |publisher=[[United Nations]] |access-date=4 March 2017 |page=4 |date=October 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170112211410/http://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/publications/pdf/urbanization/the_worlds_cities_in_2016_data_booklet.pdf |archive-date=12 January 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="census2011.co.in Bangalore">Bangalore Metropolitan/City Population section of {{cite web |title=Bangalore Population Sex Ratio in Bangalore Literacy rate Bangalore |url=http://www.census2011.co.in/census/city/448-bangalore.html |website=[[2011 Census of India]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170126061217/http://www.census2011.co.in/census/city/448-bangalore.html |archive-date=26 January 2017}}</ref> up from 8.5&nbsp;million at the 2011&nbsp;census.<ref name="2011UA">{{cite web |title=Urban Agglomerations/Cities having population 1 lakh and above |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/data_files/India2/Table_3_PR_UA_Citiees_1Lakh_and_Above.pdf |work=Censusindia |publisher=The Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India |access-date=17 October 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111113152754/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/data_files/India2/Table_3_PR_UA_Citiees_1Lakh_and_Above.pdf |archive-date=13 November 2011 |url-status=live }}</ref> It is the third most populous city in India, the 18th most populous city in the world and the [[List of million-plus urban agglomerations in India|fifth most populous urban agglomeration]] in India.<ref name="2011 pp tableA2" /><ref name="census11">{{cite web |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/data_files/India2/Table_2_PR_Cities_1Lakh_and_Above.pdf |publisher=censusindia.gov.in |title=Cities having population 1 lakh and above | access-date=24 July 2012 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120507135928/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/data_files/India2/Table_2_PR_Cities_1Lakh_and_Above.pdf | archive-date=7 May 2012 | url-status=live }}</ref> With a growth rate of 38%&nbsp;during the decade, Bangalore was the fastest-growing Indian metropolis after [[New Delhi]] between 1991&nbsp;and&nbsp;2001. Residents of Bangalore are referred to as "Bangaloreans" in English, ''Bengaloorinavaru or Bengaloorigaru'' in [[Kannada]] and ''Banglori'' in [[Hindi]] or [[Urdu]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-09-13|title=Banglori Dakhni: How a language associated with Hyderabad thrives in Bengaluru too|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/banglori-dakhni-how-language-associated-hyderabad-thrives-bengaluru-too-108850|access-date=2021-07-25|website=The News Minute|language=en}}</ref> People from other states have migrated to Bangalore, study, or work there as well.<ref name="kannadapop">{{Cite news |url=http://www.hindu.com/2004/07/23/stories/2004072310610400.htm |title=Kannadigas assured of all support |date=23 July 2004 |access-date=10 May 2010 |location=Chennai, India |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110630035953/http://www.hindu.com/2004/07/23/stories/2004072310610400.htm |archive-date=30 June 2011 |url-status=dead |work=[[The Hindu]] }}</ref>
-{{bar box
-| title=Religion in Bangalore City (2011)<ref name="GISData" />
-| titlebar=#Fcd116
-| left1=Religion
-| right1=Percent
-| float=right
-| bars=
-{{bar percent|[[Hinduism]]|darkorange|79}}
-{{bar percent|[[Islam]]|green|13.90}}
-{{bar percent|[[Christianity]]|blue|5.48}}
-{{bar percent|[[Jainism]]|pink|0.97}}
-{{bar percent|[[Sikhism]]| darkkhaki|0.15}}
-{{bar percent|[[Buddhism]]|gold|0.06}}
-{{bar percent|Others|black|0.44}}
-}}
-{{as of|alt=According to the 2011|2011}}&nbsp;census of India, 79%&nbsp;of Bangalore's population is [[Hindu]], a little less than the [[Demographics of India|national average]].<ref name="GISData">{{cite web |title=Table C-01 Population By Religion - Karnataka |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11378/download/14491/DDW29C-01%20MDDS.XLS |website=census.gov.in |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}} Scroll down to BBMP (M. Corp. + OG) in the document at row no. '''596'''.</ref> [[Muslim]]s comprise 13.9%&nbsp;of the population, roughly the same as their national average. [[Christians]] and [[Jain]]s account for 5.4%&nbsp;and 1.0%&nbsp;of the population, respectively, double that of their national averages. The city has a literacy rate of 90%.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/data_files/India2/Table_3_PR_UA_Citiees_1Lakh_and_Above.pdf |title=Provisional Population Totals, Census of India 2011 |publisher=[[Government of India]] | access-date=28 December 2011 | url-status=live | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111113152754/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/data_files/India2/Table_3_PR_UA_Citiees_1Lakh_and_Above.pdf | archive-date=13 November 2011}}</ref> Roughly 10%&nbsp;of Bangalore's population lives in [[slum]]s<ref name="indiancityslums">{{cite web |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/ |title=Total Population, Slum Population&nbsp;... | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070806121833/http://www.censusindia.net/results/slum/slum2.html | archive-date=6 August 2007}} Census of India, 2001. 2006. [[Government of India]]</ref>—a relatively low proportion when compared to other cities in the developing world such as [[Mumbai]] (50%)&nbsp;and [[Nairobi]] (60%).<ref name="slumpop2">Warah, Rasna. [http://www.globalpolicy.org/socecon/develop/2003/1006slums.htm "Slums Are the Heartbeat of Cities"] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060217174046/http://www.globalpolicy.org/socecon/develop/2003/1006slums.htm |date=17 February 2006 }}. The EastAfrican. 2006. National Media Group Ltd. 6 October 2003</ref> The 2008&nbsp;[[NCRB|National Crime Records Bureau]] statistics indicate that Bangalore accounts for 8.5%&nbsp;of the total crimes reported from 35&nbsp;major cities in India which is an increase in the crime rate when compared to the number of crimes fifteen years ago.<ref name="NCRB">{{cite web |url=http://ncrb.nic.in/CII2008/cii-2008/Snapshots.pdf |title=Snaphhots&nbsp;– 2008 |publisher=National Crime Records Bureau |access-date=21 October 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110622023825/http://ncrb.nic.in/CII2008/cii-2008/Snapshots.pdf |archive-date=22 June 2011}}</ref>
-In the ''Ease of Living Index 2020 (''published by the [[Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs|Ministry of Housing & Urban Affairs]]), it was ranked the most livable Indian city with a population of over a million.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Sen |first=Meghna |date=2021-03-04 |title=Ease of Living Index: Bengaluru is the best city to live in India, Pune next |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/ease-of-living-index-2020-bengaluru-tops-list-pune-second-ahmedabad-ranked-third-full-list-11614844555278.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210304082244/https://www.livemint.com/news/india/ease-of-living-index-2020-bengaluru-tops-list-pune-second-ahmedabad-ranked-third-full-list-11614844555278.html |archive-date=2021-03-04 |access-date=2021-03-15 |website=mint |language=en}}</ref>
-Bangalore has the same major urbanisation problems seen in many fast-growing cities in developing countries: rapidly escalating social inequality, mass displacement and dispossession, the proliferation of slum settlements, and epidemic public health crisis due to severe water shortage and sewage problems in poor and working-class neighbourhoods.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Roy |first1=Ananya |last2=Ong |first2=Aihwa |title=Worlding Cities: Asian Experiments and the Art of Being Global |chapter=Speculating on the Next World City |volume=42 |edition=illustrated |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |year=2011 |isbn=978-1-4443-4678-7}}</ref>
-{{Further|Rashtrottahana Parishat}}
-=== Languages ===
-{{Pie chart
-|caption = Languages of Bangalore (2011)<ref name="language"/>
-|label1 = [[Kannada]] |value1 = 42.05 |color1 = darkslateblue
-|label2 = [[Tamil language|Tamil]] |value2 = 16.34 |color2 = royalblue
-|label3 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]] |value3 = 13.73 |color3 = steelblue
-|label4 = [[Urdu]] |value4 = 13.00 |color4 = green
-|label5 = [[Hindi]] |value5 = 4.64 |color5 = orange
-|label6 = [[Malayalam]] |value6 = 3.16 |color6 = cornflowerblue
-|label7 = [[Marathi language|Marathi]] |value7 = 2.05 |color7 = red
-|label8 = Others |value8 =5.03 |color8=black
-}}
-The official language of Bangalore is [[Kannada]], spoken by 42.05% of the population. The second-largest language is [[Tamil language|Tamil]], spoken by 16.34% of the population. 13.73% speak [[Telugu language|Telugu]], 13.00% [[Urdu]], 4.64% [[Hindi]], 3.16% [[Malayalam]] and 2.05% have [[Marathi language|Marathi]] as their first language.<ref name="language">{{Cite web |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10255/download/13367/DDW-C16-TOWN-STMT-MDDS-2900.XLSX|title=Table C-16 Population by Mother Tongue (Urban): Karnataka|website=censusindia.gov.in|publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}} See BBMP (M Corp. +OG) (Part)</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Kaminsky |first1=Arnold P. |last2=Long |first2=Roger D. |title=India Today: An Encyclopedia of Life in the Republic: An Encyclopedia of Life in the Republic |volume=1 |edition=reprint |publisher=ABC-CLIO |year=2011 |page=75 |isbn=978-0-313-37463-0}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.milestoneloc.com/how-many-languages-are-spoken-in-bangalore/#:~:text=The%20percentage%20of%20languages%20spoken,Telegu%3A%2014%25 | title=How Many Languages are Spoken in Bangalore? - Milestone Localization | date=9 February 2022 }}</ref> Other major languages in the city include [[Konkani language|Konkani]], [[Marwari language|Marwari]], [[Tulu language|Tulu]], [[Odia language|Odia]] and [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]]. The Kannada language spoken in Bangalore is a form called as 'Old [[Mysuru]] Kannada' which is also used in most of the southern part of Karnataka. A vernacular dialect of this, known as [[Bangalore Kannada]], is spoken among the youth in Bangalore and the adjoining [[Mysore]] regions.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Brown |first1=Keith |last2=Ogilvie |first2=Sarah |title=Concise Encyclopedia of Languages of the World |edition=revised |publisher=Elsevier |year=2010 |page=577 |isbn=978-0-08-087775-4}}</ref> English is extensively spoken and is the principal language of the professional and business class.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Lindsay |first1=Jennifer |title=Between Tongues: Translation And/of/in Performance in Asia |edition=illustrated, reprint, annotated |publisher=NUS Press |year=2006 |page=52 |isbn=9789971693398}}</ref>
-The major communities of Bangalore who share a long history in the city, other than the [[Kannadigas]], are the [[Telugus]] and [[Tamilians]], who both migrated to Bangalore in search of a better livelihood, and the [[Deccani people|Dakhanis]].<ref name="diverse" /><ref>{{cite news |first=Deepika |last=Sarma |title=Building blocks of one of the city's largest communities |date=4 October 2012 |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/history-and-culture/building-blocks-of-one-of-the-citys-largest-communities/article3961678.ece |work=The Hindu | access-date=9 September 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921074349/http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/history-and-culture/building-blocks-of-one-of-the-citys-largest-communities/article3961678.ece | archive-date=21 September 2013 | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Srinivas|2004|pp=100–102|loc=The Settlement of Tamil-Speaking Groups in Bangalore|Ref=Sri2004}}</ref> Already in the 16th&nbsp;century, Bangalore had few Tamil or Telugu or speakers, who spoke Kannada for business.<ref>{{harvnb|Srinivas|2004|p=5|Ref=Sri2004}}</ref> Telugu-speaking people initially came to Bangalore on invitation by the Mysore royalty.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.hindu.com/2007/10/31/stories/2007103160320300.htm |title=Bangalore calling: it all goes way back... |access-date=9 September 2013 |last=Srivatsa |first=Sharath S. |date=31 October 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921060736/http://www.hindu.com/2007/10/31/stories/2007103160320300.htm |archive-date=21 September 2013 |url-status=dead |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] }}</ref>
-Other native communities are the [[Tuluvas]] and the [[Konkanis]] of coastal Karnataka, and the [[Kodavas]] of the state's [[Kodagu district]]. The migrant communities include [[Maharashtrians]], [[Punjabis]], [[Rajasthanis]], [[Gujaratis]], [[Tamilians]], [[Telugus]], [[Malayalis]], [[Odias]], [[Sindhis]], Biharis, Jharkhandis, and [[Bengalis]].<ref name="diverse">{{cite web |first=G N |last=Prashanth |title=A melting pot that welcomes all |url=http://mobiletoi.timesofindia.com/mobile.aspx?article=yes&pageid=22&edlabel=TOIBG&mydateHid=18-07-2009&pubname=Times+of+India+-+Bangalore&edname=&articleid=Ar02200&publabel=TOI |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140502011608/http://mobiletoi.timesofindia.com/mobile.aspx?article=yes&pageid=22&edlabel=TOIBG&mydateHid=18-07-2009&pubname=Times+of+India+-+Bangalore&edname=&articleid=Ar02200&publabel=TOI |url-status=dead |archive-date=2 May 2014 |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=9 September 2013}}</ref> Bangalore once had a large [[Anglo-Indian]] population, the second-largest after [[Calcutta]]. Today, there are around 10,000&nbsp;Anglo-Indians in Bangalore.<ref>{{cite news |author1=M. V. Chandrasekhar |author2=Sahana Charan |title=They are now part of city's unique social mix |date=23 December 2006 |url=http://www.hindu.com/2006/12/23/stories/2006122324880300.htm |access-date=9 September 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921060916/http://www.hindu.com/2006/12/23/stories/2006122324880300.htm |archive-date=21 September 2013 |url-status=dead |work=[[The Hindu]] }}</ref> Bangalorean Christians include [[Tamil Christians]], [[Mangalorean Catholics]], Kannadiga Christians, [[Saint Thomas Christians|Malayali Syrian Christians]] and [[List of Christian denominations in Northeast India|Northeast Indian Christians]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Crossette |first1=Barbara |title=Bangalore Journal; Christians Revel in Conversion Back to Indianness |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1990/01/20/world/bangalore-journal-christians-revel-in-conversion-back-to-indianness.html~:text=In%20Bangalore%2C%20a%20city%20of,counterpart%2C%20the%20Mar%20Thoma%20church%3B |website=The New York Times |date=20 January 1990}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Hefner |first1=Robert W. |title=Global Pentecostalism in the 21st Century |date=2013 |publisher=Indiana University Press |isbn=978-0-253-01094-0 |pages=194–222 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4bHHAAAAQBAJ&q=prominent+christian+denominations+in+bangalore&pg=PA194 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |first=Joseph |last=Christopher |title=In the Indian rector's murder, the 'why' matters as much as the 'who' |url=http://www.ucanews.com/news/in-the-indian-rectors-murder-the-why-matters-as-much-as-the-who/70603 |date=31 March 2014 |publisher=UCA News |access-date=1 May 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140409060525/http://www.ucanews.com/news/in-the-indian-rectors-murder-the-why-matters-as-much-as-the-who/70603 |archive-date=9 April 2014 |url-status=live }}</ref> Muslims form a very diverse population, consisting of [[Dakhini]] and Urdu-speaking Muslims, [[Kutchi Memon]]s, [[Labbay]] and [[Mappila]]s.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Gayer |first1=Laurent |last2=Jaffrelot |first2=Christophe |title=Muslims in Indian Cities: Trajectories of Marginalisation |edition=illustrated |publisher=Hurst Publishers |year=2012 |page=290 |isbn=978-1-84904-176-8}}</ref>
-Other languages with sizeable numbers of speakers include [[Konkani language|Konkani]], [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[Marwari language|Marwari]], [[Tulu language|Tulu]], [[Odia language|Odia]], [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]], [[Kodava language|Kodagu]], [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]], [[Lambadi]], [[Sindhi language|Sindhi]] and [[Nepali language|Nepali]].<ref>[http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-16/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-2900.XLSX 2011 census]</ref>
-== Civic administration ==
-{{See also|Infrastructure in Bangalore}}
-=== Management ===
-{{Multiple images
-| align = left
-| direction = vertical
-| image1 = High Court of Karnataka, Bangalore MMK.jpg
-| caption1 = The [[Karnataka High Court]] is the supreme judicial body in Karnataka and is located in Bangalore.
-| image2 = Vikas Soudha.JPG
-| caption2 = The Vikasa Soudha, situated adjacent to the [[Vidhana Soudha]], houses many state ministries.
-| image3 =
-| caption3 = Typical [[Bangalore City Police|Bangalore Police]] vehicle
-}}
-The [[Bruhat Bengaluru Mahanagara Palike]] (BBMP, ''Greater Bangalore Municipal Corporation'') is in charge of civic administration of the city. It was formed in 2007 by merging 100&nbsp;wards of the erstwhile ''Bangalore Mahanagara Palike'', with seven neighbouring City Municipal Councils, one Town Municipal Council and 110&nbsp;villages around Bangalore. The number of wards increased to 243&nbsp;in&nbsp;2022.<ref>{{Cite news |date=23 June 2022 |title=Government notifies draft of newly delimited 243 wards in Bengaluru |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/government-notifies-draft-of-newly-delimited-243-wards-in-bengaluru/article65558456.ece}}</ref> The BBMP is run by a city council of 250&nbsp;members, including 198&nbsp;[[corporator]]s representing each of the [[Ward (country subdivision)|wards]] of the city and 52&nbsp;other elected representatives, consisting of members of Parliament and the state legislature. Elections to the council are held once every five years and are decided by [[Direct election|popular vote]]. Members contesting elections to the council usually represent one or more of the state's political parties. A mayor and deputy mayor are also elected from the elected members of the council.<ref name="Council">{{cite web |url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/62189/bbmp-election-result-2-pm.html |title=BBMP election result by 2&nbsp;pm |work=Deccan Herald |location=India |date=4 April 2010 | access-date=5 May 2010 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100409054108/http://www.deccanherald.com/content/62189/bbmp-election-result-2-pm.html | archive-date=9 April 2010 | url-status=live}}</ref> Elections to the BBMP were held on 28 March 2010, after a gap of three and a half years since the expiry of the previous elected body's term, and the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] was voted into power{{Spaced en dash}}the first time it had ever won a civic poll in the city.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/bangalore/report_bjp-wins-bruhat-bangalore-mahanagara-palike-elections-for-the-first-time_1367595 |title=BJP wins Bangalore municipal elections for the first time |work=Daily News and Analysis |location=India |date=5 April 2010 | access-date=5 May 2010 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100408151645/http://www.dnaindia.com/bangalore/report_bjp-wins-bruhat-bangalore-mahanagara-palike-elections-for-the-first-time_1367595 | archive-date=8 April 2010 | url-status=live}}</ref> [[Indian National Congress]] councillor Sampath Raj became [[List of mayors of Bangalore|the city's mayor]] in September 2017; the vote was boycotted by the [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]].<ref name="TH-Sept2017">{{cite news |author=Staff Reporter |title=Sampath Raj is city's new Mayor |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/sampath-raj-is-citys-new-mayor/article19768858.ece |work=The Hindu |date=28 September 2017 |language=en-IN |access-date=25 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170929063904/http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/sampath-raj-is-citys-new-mayor/article19768858.ece |archive-date=29 September 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref> In September 2018, [[Indian National Congress]] councillor Gangambike Mallikarjun was elected as mayor,<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/gangambike-elected-as-s-new-mayor/articleshow/65996515.cms |title=Gangambike elected as Bengaluru's new Mayor |date=28 September 2018 |work=The Economic Times |access-date=2 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190125183400/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/gangambike-elected-as-s-new-mayor/articleshow/65996515.cms |archive-date=25 January 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref> replacing [[R. Sampath Raj|Sampath Raj]]. In 2019 [[BJP]]'s [[M Goutham Kumar]] took charge as mayor. On 10 September 2020, the term of the BBMP council ended and Gaurav Gupta was appointed as the administrator of BBMP.<ref name="m.economictimes.com">{{Cite news |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/term-of-bbmp-council-ends-govt-appoints-gaurav-gupta-as-administrator/articleshow/78043069.cms?from=mdr |title=Term of BBMP council ends; govt appoints Gaurav Gupta as administrator |newspaper=The Economic Times}}</ref> The municipal commissioner of Bangalore is Tushar Giri Nath,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-05-09 |title=New BBMP chief commissioner inspects infrastructure projects |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/city/bengaluru-infrastructure/new-bbmp-chief-commissioner-inspects-infrastructure-projects-1107607.html |access-date=2022-06-20 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref> and the [[Police Commissioner of Bangalore|police commissioner]] is Pratap Reddy.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-05-16 |title=Karnataka: Pratap Reddy appointed new Bengaluru city police commissioner, replaces Kamal Pant |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/bangalore/karnataka-pratap-reddy-appointed-new-bengaluru-city-police-commissioner-replaces-kamal-pant-7920729/ |access-date=2022-06-20 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
-Bangalore's rapid growth has created several administrative problems relating to [[traffic congestion]] and degrading infrastructure. The unplanned nature of growth in the city resulted in massive traffic [[gridlock]]s; a [[List of flyovers and under-passes in Bengaluru|flyover system]] and one-way traffic systems were introduced, which were only moderately successful.<ref name="urban">
-{{cite web |url=http://www.ces.iisc.ernet.in/energy/water/paper/urbanfloods_bangalore/profile.htm |title=Urban Floods: Case Study of Bangalore |access-date=14 September 2013 |last=Ramachandra |first=T. V. |author2=Pradeep P. Mujumdar |publisher=[[Indian Institute of Science]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130908001459/http://www.ces.iisc.ernet.in/energy/water/paper/urbanfloods_bangalore/profile.htm |archive-date=8 September 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref> A 2003&nbsp;''Battelle Environmental Evaluation System'' (BEES) evaluation of Bangalore's physical, biological and socioeconomic parameters indicated that Bangalore's water quality and terrestrial and aquatic [[ecosystem]]s were close to ideal, while the city's socioeconomic parameters (traffic, [[quality of life]]) air quality and [[noise pollution]] were poor.<ref name="bees">{{cite web |url=http://www.bmrtl.com/EIA.PDF |title=Environmental Impact Analysis |access-date=20 March 2006 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060320001853/http://www.bmrtl.com/EIA.PDF |archive-date=20 March 2006}}&nbsp;{{small|(372&nbsp;kB)}}. Bangalore Metropolitan Rapid Transport Corporation Limited. 2006. Government of Karnataka. 2005. (pp. 30–32)</ref> The BBMP works in conjunction with the [[Bangalore Development Authority]] (BDA) and the Agenda for Bangalore's Infrastructure and Development Task Force (ABIDe) to design and implement civic and infrastructural projects.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Default/Scripting/ArticleWin.asp?From=Archive&Source=Page&Skin=TOINEW&BaseHref=TOIBG%2F2010%2F04%2F24&GZ=T&ViewMode=HTML&EntityId=Ar00202&AppName=1 |title=The Bruhat Journey | access-date=14 September 2013 |work=[[The Times of India]] | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921053750/http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Default/Scripting/ArticleWin.asp?From=Archive&Source=Page&Skin=TOINEW&BaseHref=TOIBG%2F2010%2F04%2F24&GZ=T&ViewMode=HTML&EntityId=Ar00202&AppName=1 | archive-date=21 September 2013 | url-status=live }}</ref>
-The [[Bangalore City Police]] (BCP) has seven geographic zones, includes the Traffic Police, the City Armed Reserve, the Central Crime Branch and the City Crime Record Bureau and runs 86 police stations, including two all-women police stations.<ref name="bcp">[http://www.bcp.gov.in/english/index.htm "Bangalore City Police"] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060220032844/http://www.bcp.gov.in/english/index.htm |date=20 February 2006 }}. Bangalore City Police. 2006. Karnataka State Police.</ref> Other units within the BCP include Traffic Police, City Armed Reserve (CAR), City Special Branch (CSB), City Crime Branch (CCB) and City Crime Records Bureau (CCRB). As capital of the state of Karnataka, Bangalore houses important state government facilities such as the [[Karnataka High Court]], the [[Vidhana Soudha]] (the home of the Karnataka state legislature) and [[Raj Bhavan, Bangalore|Raj Bhavan]] (the residence of the governor of Karnataka). Bangalore contributes four members to the lower house of the [[Indian Parliament]], the ''[[Lok Sabha]]'', from its four constituencies: [[Bangalore Rural (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bangalore Rural]], [[Bangalore Central (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bangalore Central]], [[Bangalore North (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bangalore North]], and [[Bangalore South (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bangalore South]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/archiveofge2009/Stats/VOLI/25_ConstituencyWiseDetailedResult.pdf |title=Constituency Wise Detailed Results |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=14 September 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140811090059/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/archiveofge2009/Stats/VOLI/25_ConstituencyWiseDetailedResult.pdf |archive-date=11 August 2014}}</ref> and 28 members to the [[Karnataka Legislative Assembly]].<ref>{{cite news |first=S. |last=Rajendran |title=Power of the city |date=19 April 2013 |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/power-of-the-city/article4631157.ece |work=The Hindu | access-date=14 September 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921053415/http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/power-of-the-city/article4631157.ece | archive-date=21 September 2013 | url-status=live }}</ref>
-Electricity in Bangalore is regulated through the [[Bangalore Electricity Supply Company]] (BESCOM),<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bescom.org/en/aboutus/index.asp |title=About Us |work=Official webpage of BESCOM | access-date=5 May 2010 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080731092131/http://www.bescom.org/en/aboutus/index.asp | archive-date=31 July 2008 | url-status=dead}}</ref> while [[water supply]] and [[sanitation]] facilities are provided by the [[Bangalore Water Supply and Sewerage Board]] (BWSSB).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://bwssb.org/mission-history/ |title=BESCOM Mission Statement |access-date=13 October 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121020070108/http://bwssb.org/mission-history/ |archive-date=20 October 2012 }}</ref>
-The city has offices of the [[Consulate General of Germany, Bangalore|Consulate General of Germany]],<ref>{{cite news |title=German consulate in Bangalore formally inaugurated |url=http://archive.deccanherald.com/Content/Nov212008/city20081121102018.asp?section=updatenews |access-date=25 June 2012 |newspaper=Deccan Herald |date=21 November 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131211220647/http://archive.deccanherald.com/Content/Nov212008/city20081121102018.asp?section=updatenews |archive-date=11 December 2013}}</ref> France,<ref>{{cite web |title=Nos coordonnées |url=http://ambafrance-in.org/-Bangalore,1026- |publisher=Consulat général de France à Bangalore | access-date=25 June 2012 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120628143941/http://ambafrance-in.org/-Bangalore,1026- | archive-date=28 June 2012 | url-status=live }}</ref> Japan,<ref>{{cite web |title=Consulate of Japan, Bangalore |url=http://www.in.emb-japan.go.jp/Contact_Us/bangalore.html |publisher=Embassy of Japan, New Delhi |access-date=25 June 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120708015906/http://www.in.emb-japan.go.jp/Contact_Us/bangalore.html |archive-date=8 July 2012}}</ref> Israel,<ref>{{cite news |last=Bose |first=Praveen |title=Israel to open consulate in Bangalore |url=http://www.business-standard.com/india/news/israel-to-open-consulate-in-bangalore/478574/ | access-date=27 June 2012 |newspaper=Business Standard |date=27 June 2012}}</ref> British Deputy High Commission,<ref>{{cite web |title=Bangalore Location and Access |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/world/organisations/british-deputy-high-commission-bangalore | access-date=7 May 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130413080141/https://www.gov.uk/government/world/organisations/british-deputy-high-commission-bangalore | archive-date=13 April 2013 | url-status=live }}</ref> along with honorary consulates of Ireland,<ref>{{cite web |title=Department of Foreign Affairs |url=http://www.irelandinindia.com/home/index.aspx?id=52432 |publisher=Embassy of Ireland, New Delhi |access-date=25 June 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120626040307/http://www.irelandinindia.com/home/index.aspx?id=52432 |archive-date=26 June 2012}}</ref> Finland,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.formin.fi/public/default.aspx?nodeid=40278&contentlan=2&culture=en-US |title=Contact Information: Finland's Honorary Consulate, Bangalore (India) – Ministry for Foreign Affairs of Finland: Diplomatic missions: Bangalore (Honorary Consulate) |publisher=Formin.fi |date=3 March 2010 |access-date=25 November 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110717054718/http://www.formin.fi/public/default.aspx?nodeid=40278&contentlan=2&culture=en-US |archive-date=17 July 2011}}</ref> Switzerland,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://meaprotocol.nic.in/cgi-bin/db2www/foreignmission.d2w/seDataMis#SwitzerlandBangalore |title=Missions List |publisher=Meaprotocol.nic.in |access-date=25 November 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101115134951/http://meaprotocol.nic.in/cgi-bin/db2www/foreignmission.d2w/seDataMis |archive-date=15 November 2010}}</ref> Maldives,<ref>{{cite web |title=Maldives Honorary Consuls in India |url=http://www.maldiveshighcom.in/index.php/honconsuls |publisher=Maldives High Commission, New Delhi |access-date=25 June 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111001201140/http://www.maldiveshighcom.in/index.php/honconsuls |archive-date=1 October 2011}}</ref> Mongolia, Sri Lanka and Peru.<ref>{{cite web |title=Embassy of Peru in India and Honorary Consulates |url=http://www.embassyperuindia.in/embassyofperuinindia.html |publisher=Government of Peru | access-date=22 August 2012 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121020072225/http://www.embassyperuindia.in/embassyofperuinindia.html | archive-date=20 October 2012 | url-status=dead }}</ref> It also has a trade office of Canada<ref>{{cite web |title=Trade Office of Canada in Bangalore |url=http://www.canadainternational.gc.ca/india-inde/offices-bureaux/bangalore.aspx?lang=eng&view=d |publisher=Government of Canada | access-date=25 June 2012 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120730125211/http://www.canadainternational.gc.ca/india-inde/offices-bureaux/bangalore.aspx?lang=eng&view=d | archive-date=30 July 2012 | url-status=dead }}</ref> and a virtual Consulate of the United States.<ref>{{cite web |title=United States Virtual Consulate Bangalore, India |url=http://chennai.usconsulate.gov/vppbangalore.html |publisher=Consulate General of the United States, Chennai |access-date=25 June 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111125193948/http://chennai.usconsulate.gov/vppbangalore.html |archive-date=25 November 2011 }}</ref>
-=== Pollution control ===
-As of 2022, Bangalore produces around 6000&nbsp;[[metric tonnes]] of [[waste|solid waste]] per day.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-04-06 |title=Bengaluru: BBMP chief commissioner calls for decentralised waste management system |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/bangalore/bengaluru-decentralised-waste-management-system-7855463/ |access-date=2022-06-20 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> This waste is transported from collection units located near [[Hesaraghatta Lake]], to the garbage dumping sites.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rediff.com/news/2008/feb/07level.htm |title=Bangalore: Pollution levels at all time high |work=Rediff.com | access-date=6 September 2012 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121019095614/http://www.rediff.com/news/2008/feb/07level.htm | archive-date=19 October 2012 | url-status=live }}</ref> The city has considerable dust pollution, hazardous waste disposal, and disorganised, unscientific waste retrievals.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/bangalore/report_exclusive-50pct-of-bangalores-air-pollution-caused-due-to-dust_1618349 |title=Exclusive! 50% of Bangalore's air pollution caused due to dust&nbsp;– Bangalore |work=Daily News and Analysis |date=28 November 2011 | access-date=6 September 2012 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121031065230/http://www.dnaindia.com/bangalore/report_exclusive-50pct-of-bangalores-air-pollution-caused-due-to-dust_1618349 | archive-date=31 October 2012 | url-status=live }}</ref> The IT hub, the Whitefield region, is the most polluted area in Bangalore.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-02-23/bangalore/31090885_1_whitefield-rspm-air-pollution-levels |title=Whitefield is most polluted area in Bangalore |date=23 February 2012 | access-date=28 June 2012 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130510214742/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-02-23/bangalore/31090885_1_whitefield-rspm-air-pollution-levels | archive-date=10 May 2013 | url-status=dead |work=[[The Times of India]] }}</ref> In 2016, a study found that over 36%&nbsp;of diesel vehicles in the city exceed the national limit for emissions.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/36-diesel-vehicles-exceed-national-limit-for-emissions-Study/articleshow/53851872.cms |title=36% diesel vehicles exceed national limit for emissions: Study |work=The Times of India |date=25 August 2016 |access-date=30 August 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160825204433/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/36-diesel-vehicles-exceed-national-limit-for-emissions-Study/articleshow/53851872.cms |archive-date=25 August 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref>
-Anil Kumar, Commissioner of the BBMP, said: "The deteriorating air quality in cities and its impact on public health is an area of growing concern for city authorities. While much is already being done about collecting and monitoring air quality data, little focus has been given on managing the impacts that bad air quality is having on the health of citizens."<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.c40.org/press_releases/35-cities-unite-to-clean-the-air-their-citizens-breathe-protecting-the-health-of-millions |title=C40: 35 Cities Unite to Clean the Air Their Citizens Breathe, Protecting the Health of Millions |website=C40 |access-date=2019-12-15}}</ref>
-=== Slums ===
-{{as of|alt=According to a 2012|2012}}&nbsp;report submitted to the [[World Bank]] by Karnataka Slum Clearance Board, Bangalore had 862&nbsp;slums out of around 2000 [[slum]]s in all of Karnataka. 42%&nbsp;of the households migrated from different parts of India like [[Chennai]], [[Hyderabad]] and most of [[North India]], and 43%&nbsp;of the households had remained in the slums for over 10&nbsp;years. The Karnataka Municipality works to shift 300&nbsp;families annually to newly constructed buildings.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.manipalworldnews.com/2014/10/30/2020-bangalore-will-full-fledged-concrete-jungle/ |title=By 2020, Bangalore will be a full-fledged concrete jungle |work=Udupi News, Manipal News, Mangalore News |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141106135846/http://www.manipalworldnews.com/2014/10/30/2020-bangalore-will-full-fledged-concrete-jungle/ |archive-date=6 November 2014}}</ref> One-third of these [[Slum clearance in India|slum clearance]] projects lacked basic service connections, 60%&nbsp;of slum dwellers lacked complete water supply lines and shared BWSSB water supply.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-03-31 |title=60 per cent of water sources go dry in Ch'nagar |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/469004/60-per-cent-water-sources.html |access-date=2022-06-27 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref>
-=== Waste management ===
-Ιn 2012, Bangalore generated 2.1&nbsp;million tonnes of [[Municipal Solid Waste]], or 194.3 kilograms per person.<ref>[http://www.atlas.d-waste.com/ Waste Atlas] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141007045220/http://www.atlas.d-waste.com/ |date=7 October 2014 }}(2012). City-Data: LAHORE</ref> Waste management in Karnataka is regulated by the Karnataka State Pollution Control Board (KSPCB) under the aegis of the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB), a Central Government entity. As part of the Waste Management Guidelines, the government of Karnataka through the KSPCB has authorised a few well-established companies to manage [[biomedical waste|biomedical]] and other hazardous waste in Karnataka.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Biomedical Waste Management {{!}} Karnataka State Pollution Control Board|url=https://kspcb.karnataka.gov.in/waste-management/biomedical-waste|access-date=2022-01-17|website=kspcb.karnataka.gov.in}}</ref>
-== Economy ==
-{{Main|Economy of Bangalore}}
-[[File:UB Tower Bangalore.jpg|left|thumb|[[UB City|UB Tower]]]]
-[[File:Mercedes-Whitefield-1.jpg|thumb|[[Mercedes-Benz]] R&D in [[Whitefield, Bangalore|Whitefield]], Bangalore]]
-Bangalore is one of the fastest-growing metropolises in India.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|date=2019-03-22|title=Bengaluru: Economy, Industries, and Infrastructure|url=https://www.india-briefing.com/news/city-spotlight-bangalore-6371.html/|access-date=2021-08-24|website=India Briefing News|language=en}}</ref> Bangalore contributes 38% of India's total IT exports.<ref>{{Cite web|title='Bangalore will become the world's largest IT cluster by 2020'|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/info-tech/%E2%80%98Bangalore-will-become-the-world%E2%80%99s-largest-IT-cluster-by-2020%E2%80%99/article20909098.ece|access-date=2021-08-16|website=@businessline|date=12 November 2014 |language=en}}</ref> Its economy is primarily [[Service economy|service oriented]] and industrial,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Manufacturing cities: the planning, building, and governing of industrial infrastructure in the Bangalore metropolitan region|url=https://www.peak-urban.org/project/manufacturing-cities-planning-building-and-governing-industrial-infrastructure-bangalore|access-date=2022-01-27|website=www.peak-urban.org|language=en}}</ref> dominated by information technology, telecommunication, biotechnology, and manufacturing of electronics, machinery, automobiles, food, etc.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-03-22|title=Bengaluru: Economy, Industries, and Infrastructure|url=https://www.india-briefing.com/news/city-spotlight-bangalore-6371.html/|access-date=2021-08-16|website=India Briefing News|language=en}}-{{Cite web |last= |first= |last2= |last3= |first3= |title=Karnataka hopes to double its bio-economy to $50-bn in 5 yrs |url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/bangalore/others/karnataka-hopes-to-double-its-bio-economy-to-50-bn-in-5-yrs/articleshow/79332632.cms |access-date=2022-06-27 |website=Bangalore Mirror |language=en}}-{{Cite web |date=2020-01-23 |title=Bengaluru to be world's fastest growing city: Report |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/city/top-bengaluru-stories/bengaluru-to-be-world-s-fastest-growing-city-report-797359.html |access-date=2022-06-27 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}-{{Cite news |last=Husain |first=Mudassir |date=2019-05-12 |title=Bengaluru's growth story |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/open-page/bengalurus-growth-story/article27102964.ece |access-date=2022-06-27 |issn=0971-751X}}-{{Cite news |last=Pulakkat |first=Hari |title=How Bengaluru became the biotech capital of India |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/healthcare/biotech/healthcare/how-bengaluru-became-the-biotech-capital-of-india/articleshow/49751173.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2022-06-27}}-{{Cite web |last= |title=Bengaluru world's fastest growing tech hub, London second|url=https://telecom.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/bengaluru-worlds-fastest-growing-tech-hub-london-second-report/80264307 |access-date=2022-06-27 |website=Economic Times - Telecom.com |language=en}}-{{Cite news |last= |title=Bangalore keeps its crown as India's high-growth tech hub|url=https://www.ft.com/content/022aa805-3699-4bac-a845-81c95d015bc2|access-date=2022-06-27 |website=Financial Times|date=7 April 2022 |language=en}}</ref> Major industrial areas around Bangalore are [[Adugodi]], [[Bidadi]], [[Bommanahalli]], [[Bommasandra]], [[Domlur]], [[Hoodi]], [[Whitefield, Bangalore|Whitefield]], [[Doddaballapura]], [[Hoskote]], [[Bashettihalli]], [[Yelahanka]], [[Electronic City]], [[Peenya]], [[Krishnarajapuram]], [[Bellandur]], [[Narasapura Industrial Area|Narasapura]], [[Rajajinagar]], [[Mahadevapura, Bangalore|Mahadevapura]] etc.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Brief Industrial Profile of Bangalor Rural District|url=https://msmedibangalore.gov.in/files/Bengaluru%20Rural.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Brief Industrial Profile of Bangalor District|url=https://msmedibangalore.gov.in/files/Bengaluru%20Urban.pdf}}</ref> It is the fifth Indian city to host maximum numbers of [[Fortune 500|Fortune Companies]], after [[Mumbai]], [[Delhi]], [[Kolkata]] and [[Chennai]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Bengaluru has become the hotspot for Fortune 500 giants, global companies to set up innovation centres|url=https://www.businessinsider.in/bengaluru-has-become-the-hotspot-for-fortune-500-giants-global-companies-to-set-up-innovation-centres/articleshow/52567790.cms|access-date=2021-08-16|website=Business Insider}}</ref>
-[[File:World Trade Center Banglore (cropped).jpg|thumb|[[World Trade Center Bangalore]] at [[Rajajinagar]]]]
-The growth of IT has presented the city with unique challenges.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Shrinag|date=2019-08-20|title=Top Reasons Why Bengaluru Is A Bustling IT Hub|url=https://metrosaga.com/top-reasons-why-bengaluru-is-a-bustling-it-hub/|access-date=2021-08-16|website=MetroSaga|language=en-US|archive-date=16 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210816125354/https://metrosaga.com/top-reasons-why-bengaluru-is-a-bustling-it-hub/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Ideological clashes sometimes occur between the city's IT moguls, who demand an improvement in the city's infrastructure; and the state government, whose electorate is primarily from rural Karnataka.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Bengaluru world's fastest growing tech hub, London second: Report|work=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tech/technology/bengaluru-worlds-fastest-growing-tech-hub-london-second-report/articleshow/80263653.cms?from=mdr|access-date=2021-08-16}}</ref> The encouragement of high-tech industry in Bangalore, for example, has not favoured local employment development, but instead increased land values and forced out small enterprises.<ref>{{cite web|date=November 2008|title=Opportunity and exploitation in urban labour markets|url=http://www.odi.org.uk/resources/odi-publications/briefing-papers/44-urban-labour-markets-exploitation.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090327183722/http://www.odi.org.uk/resources/odi-publications/briefing-papers/44-urban-labour-markets-exploitation.pdf|archive-date=27 March 2009|access-date=10 May 2010|publisher=Overseas Development Institute}}</ref> The state has also resisted the massive investments required to reverse the rapid decline in city transport, driving new and expanding businesses elsewhere in India.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-07-19|title=India's Tech Hubs: Bengaluru vs Hyderabad|url=https://www.india-briefing.com/news/indias-tech-hubs-bengaluru-vs-hyderabad-19023.html/|access-date=2021-08-16|website=India Briefing News|language=en}}</ref> Bangalore is a hub for Indian [[biotechnology]]-related industry and in 2005 was home to around 47%&nbsp;of the 265&nbsp;biotechnology companies in India, including [[Biocon]], India's largest biotechnology company, giving Bangalore the nickname of the "Biotech Capital of India".<ref name="biorank2">{{Cite news|date=23 April 2005|title=Bangalore Helix to be a reality soon|work=The Hindu|location=Chennai, India|url=http://www.hindu.com/2005/04/23/stories/2005042301960600.htm|url-status=live|access-date=4 October 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012172400/http://hindu.com/2005/04/23/stories/2005042301960600.htm|archive-date=12 October 2007}}</ref><ref name="biolead2">{{Cite news|last=Chatterjee|first=Sumeet|date=4 October 2007|title=Biocon in drug development talks with Bayer|work=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/health-SP/idUSBOM33872620071004|url-status=live|access-date=4 October 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071222175316/http://www.reuters.com/article/health-SP/idUSBOM33872620071004|archive-date=22 December 2007}}</ref> Bangalore is also the country's fourth largest [[fast-moving consumer goods]] (FMCG) market.<ref name="4thlargest2">[http://ia.rediff.com/money/2006/aug/23bang.htm?q=bp&file=.htm "Bangalore most affluent market"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080307113339/http://ia.rediff.com/money/2006/aug/23bang.htm?q=bp&file=.htm|date=7 March 2008}}. 2006. Rediff.com. 23 August 2006.</ref> ''Forbes'' considers Bangalore one of "The Next Decade's Fastest-Growing Cities".<ref>{{cite news|last=Kotkin|first=Joel|date=10 July 2010|title=The World's Fastest-Growing Cities|work=Forbes|url=https://www.forbes.com/2010/10/07/cities-china-chicago-opinions-columnists-joel-kotkin.html|url-status=live|access-date=21 February 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120309160030/http://www.forbes.com/2010/10/07/cities-china-chicago-opinions-columnists-joel-kotkin.html|archive-date=9 March 2012}}</ref> The city is the third largest hub for [[high-net-worth individual]]s.<ref name="HNWI2" /> There were a large number of [[high-net-worth individuals]] with a {{INR}}4.5 crore investment surplus in 2007.<ref name="HNWI2">[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/NEWS/India_Business/After_Mumbai__Delhi_Bangalore_home_to_richest/articleshow/1842018.cms "Bangalore third richest city in country"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070430232332/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/NEWS/India_Business/After_Mumbai__Delhi_Bangalore_home_to_richest/articleshow/1842018.cms|date=30 April 2007}}.2007. ''The Times of India'' 1 April 2007</ref> In the Ease of Living Index 2020, it was ranked the most livable Indian city with a population of over a million.<ref name=":2"/>
-The city is widely regarded as the "[[Silicon Valley]] of India", as the largest IT hub of the country.<ref name="cnn-Dec2012" /> [[Infosys]], [[Wipro]], [[Mindtree]], [[Mphasis]], [[Flipkart]], [[Myntra]] are headquartered in Bangalore.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Shubham|date=2021-03-09|title=Top 10 IT Companies in Bangalore in 2021 - StartUpCrow|url=https://startupcrow.com/top-it-companies-in-bangalore/|access-date=2021-08-16|language=en-US}}</ref> Information technology companies located in the city contributed 33% of India's ₹1,442 billion (US$20 billion) IT exports in 2006–07.<ref name="Nasscom2">{{cite news|author=Jairam Ramesh|date=30 September 2007|title=IT in India: Big successes, large gaps to be filled|work=Business Standard|url=http://www.business-standard.com/common/storypage_c.php?leftnm=10&autono=299725|url-status=live|access-date=4 October 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071204103043/http://www.business-standard.com/common/storypage_c.php?leftnm=10&autono=299725|archive-date=4 December 2007}}</ref> Bangalore's IT industry is divided into three main [[Business cluster|clusters]]: [[Software Technology Parks of India]] (STPI); [[International Tech Park, Bangalore]] (ITPB); and [[Electronic City]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=10 Amazing Software Technological Parks in Bengaluru|url=http://www.walkthroughindia.com/walkthroughs/10-amazing-software-technological-parks-in-bengaluru/|access-date=2021-08-16|language=en-US}}</ref> Most of the IT companies are located in  [[Bommanahalli]], [[Domlur]], [[Whitefield, Bangalore|Whitefield]], [[Electronic City]], [[Krishnarajapuram]], [[Bellandur]], [[Mahadevapura, Bangalore|Mahadevapura]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=14 January 2021|title=Bengaluru world's fastest growing tech hub, London second: Report|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/bengaluru-worlds-fastest-growing-tech-hub-london-second-report/articleshow/80262770.cms|access-date=2021-08-16|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref>
-== Transport ==
-=== Air ===
-[[File:Bengaluru-airport.jpg|thumb|The [[Kempegowda International Airport]] is located in [[Devanahalli]].|left]]
-Bangalore is served by [[Kempegowda International Airport]], located at [[Devanahalli]], about {{cvt|40|km|0}} from the city centre.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-10-06 |title=Bengaluru could get a second airport in no time. But after these hurdles are removed |url=https://theprint.in/theprint-essential/bengaluru-could-get-a-second-airport-in-no-time-but-after-these-hurdles-are-removed/517156/ |access-date=2022-06-09 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref> Formerly Bangalore International Airport, the airport started operations from 24 May 2008 and is privately managed by a consortium led by the [[GVK (conglomerate)|GVK Group]]. The city was earlier served by the [[HAL Airport]] at [[Vimanapura]], a residential locality in the eastern part of the city.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.aai.aero/traffic_news/april2k6_annex3.jsp |title=Airports Authority of India: Traffic statistics&nbsp;– Passengers (Intl+Domestic), Annexure IIIC |date=April 2006 |access-date=25 January 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130120154236/http://www.aai.aero/traffic_news/april2k6_annex3.jsp |archive-date=20 January 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.aai.aero/traffic_news/april2k6_annex2.jsp |title=Airports Authority of India: Traffic statistics&nbsp;– Aircraft movements (Intl+Domestic), Annexure IIC |date=April 2006 |access-date=25 January 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130518032235/http://www.aai.aero/traffic_news/april2k6_annex2.jsp |archive-date=18 May 2013 }}</ref><ref name="traff">{{cite web |url=http://www.deccanherald.com/archives/Oct272006/index211220061026.asp |work=Deccan Herald |location=India |title=Expressway for airport drive |author=R. Krishnakumar | access-date=2 July 2007 | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929123204/http://www.deccanherald.com/archives/Oct272006/index211220061026.asp | archive-date=29 September 2007}}</ref> The airport is the third-busiest in India after [[Delhi]] and [[Mumbai]] in terms of passenger and airplane traffic.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-12-14/bangalore/28098026_1_passenger-traffic-traffic-figures-airport |location=India |title=Passenger traffic tops 9.3m at Bangalore airport |date=14 December 2009 |access-date=29 June 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130612140911/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-12-14/bangalore/28098026_1_passenger-traffic-traffic-figures-airport |archive-date=12 June 2013 |url-status=dead |work=[[The Times of India]] }}</ref> Taxis and air-conditioned [[Volvo]] buses operated by [[Bangalore Metropolitan Transport Corporation|BMTC]] connect the airport with the city.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-04-27|title=BMTC Announces Additional Volvo AC Bus Service Connecting Bengaluru Airport and City|url=https://www.news18.com/news/auto/bmtc-announces-additional-volvo-ac-bus-service-connecting-bengaluru-airport-and-city-3681602.html|access-date=2022-01-20|website=News18|language=en}}</ref>
-=== Railways and Metro ===
-[[File:Bangalore Metro Station, India.jpg|thumb|Namma Metro (Green line)]]
-As of 2022, a [[rapid transit]] system called the ''[[Namma Metro]]'' is being built in stages. Initially opened with the {{cvt|7|km|mi}} stretch from [[Baiyappanahalli metro station|Baiyappanahalli]] to MG Road in 2011,<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/south-indias-first-metro-flagged-off/article2554937.ece |title=South India's first metro flagged off |first=Anil Kumar |last=Sastry |date=20 October 2011 |work=The Hindu| access-date=24 January 2018| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180124195748/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/south-indias-first-metro-flagged-off/article2554937.ece| archive-date=24 January 2018| url-status=live}}</ref> metro lines totaling {{cvt|42.30|km|mi}} for the north–south and east–west lines were made operational in June 2017.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/2017/jun/08/all-of-bangalore-metro-phase-1-will-be-up-and-running-from-june-18-1614155.html |title=All of Bangalore Metro Phase-1 will be up and running from June 18 |date=8 June 2017 |author=S Lalitha |work=The New Indian Express| access-date=24 January 2018| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180131151249/http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/2017/jun/08/all-of-bangalore-metro-phase-1-will-be-up-and-running-from-june-18-1614155.html| archive-date=31 January 2018| url-status=live}}</ref> Phase 2 of the metro covering {{cvt|72.1|km|mi}} is under construction and includes two new lines along with the extension of the existing north–south and east–west lines.<ref>
-{{cite web |url=http://english.bmrc.co.in/FileUploads/phase2forweb.pdf |title=Bangalore Metro Rail Project Phase 2 |publisher=Bangalore Metro Rail Corporation Limited| access-date= 24 January 2018| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180125015209/http://english.bmrc.co.in/FileUploads/phase2forweb.pdf| archive-date= 25 January 2018| url-status=live }}</ref> There are also plans to extend the north–south line to the airport, covering a distance of {{cvt|29.6|km|mi}}.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/kempegowda-airport-in-bengaluru-to-get-metro-rail-connectivity-by-2021/article21429684.ece |title=Cabinet clears 29.62-km Nagawara–Kempegowda International Airport line |date=12 December 2017 |work=The Hindu}}</ref>
-Bangalore is a divisional headquarters in the [[South Western Railway zone]] of the [[Indian Railways]]. There are four major railway stations in the city: [[Bangalore City railway station|Krantiveera Sangolli Rayanna Railway Station]]; [[Bangalore Cantonment railway station]]; [[Yesvantpur Junction railway station|Yeshwantapur Junction]], [[Krishnarajapuram railway station]] and newly inagurated [[Sir M. Visvesvaraya Terminal|Sir M. Visvesvaraya Terminus]], with railway lines towards [[Jolarpettai]] in the east; [[Guntakal]] in the north; [[Kadapa]] (only operational until [[Kolar]]) in the northeast; [[Tumkur]] in the northwest; [[Hassan, Karnataka|Hassan]] and [[Mangalore]]<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/state/new-train-between-b-luru-and-m-716009.html |title=New train between Bengaluru and Mangaluru |date=1 February 2019 |access-date=16 December 2019 |work=[[Deccan Herald]]}}</ref> in the west; [[Mysore]] in the southwest; and [[Salem, Tamil Nadu|Salem]] in the south. There is also a railway line from [[Baiyyappanahalli railway station|Baiyappanahalli]] to Vimanapura, no longer in use. Though Bangalore has no commuter rail as of 2022, there have been demands for a suburban rail service because of the large number of employees working in the IT corridor areas of Whitefield, Outer Ring Road and Electronic City. The [[Rail Wheel Factory]] is Asia's second-largest manufacturer of wheel and axle for railways and is headquartered in Yelahanka, Bangalore.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://kojano.com/about-city/how-to-reach/bangalore-transport_i141 |title=Rail Wheel Factory |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129025919/http://kojano.com/about-city/how-to-reach/bangalore-transport_i141 |archive-date=29 November 2014 }}</ref>
-=== Bus ===
-[[File:BMTC Volvo.jpg|thumb|BMTC's ''Vajra'' buses are a popular in the IT corridor. It was introduced in 2005.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/66569/bangaloreans-begin-bond-sleek-swedish.html |title=Bangaloreans begin to bond with the sleek Swedish behemoths |work=Deccan Herald |location=India |date=28 April 2010 |author=Sharmada Shastry | access-date=30 April 2010 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100502014107/http://www.deccanherald.com/content/66569/bangaloreans-begin-bond-sleek-swedish.html | archive-date=2 May 2010 | url-status=live}}</ref> BMTC is the first RTC to do so in India. Special Volvo buses to airports are known as ''Vayu Vajra''.]]
-Buses operated by [[Bangalore Metropolitan Transport Corporation]] (BMTC) are a staple of city public transport.<ref name="bus">{{cite web |url=http://www.deccanherald.com/Content/Jun202007/city200706208444.asp |title=Loyalty may pay for Volvo commuters! |author=S Praveen Dhaneshkar |work=Deccan Herald |date=20 June 2007 | access-date=10 April 2007 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070819052527/http://www.deccanherald.com/Content/Jun202007/city200706208444.asp | archive-date=19 August 2007 | url-status=dead}}</ref> While commuters can buy tickets on boarding these buses, BMTC also provides an option of a bus pass to frequent users.<ref name="bus" /> BMTC runs air-conditioned luxury buses on major routes and operates shuttle services from various parts of the city to [[Kempegowda International Airport]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bangalore-city.com/transport/bangalore-buses.html |title=Bangalore-city.com, Bangalore Bus Information, City Buses, Volvo Buses, Tata Marcopolo Buses, Long Distance Buses |publisher=Bangalore-city.com | access-date=29 March 2010 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100125082050/http://bangalore-city.com/transport/bangalore-buses.html | archive-date=25 January 2010 | url-status=dead }}</ref>  The [[Karnataka State Road Transport Corporation]] operates 6,918&nbsp;buses on 6,352 schedules, connecting Bangalore with other parts of Karnataka and with neighbouring states. The main bus depots that [[Karnataka State Road Transport Corporation|KSRTC]] maintains are the [[Kempegowda Bus Station]], locally known as "Majestic bus stand", where most of the buses going out of the city ply from. Some of the KSRTC buses to [[Tamil Nadu]], [[Telangana]] and [[Andhra Pradesh]] ply from [[Shantinagar Bus Station]], Satellite Bus Station at Mysore Road and [[Baiyyappanahalli#Satellite bus station, NGEF|Baiyappanahalli satellite bus station]].<ref>{{cite web |date=17 March 2011 |title=KSRTC's Tamil Nadu-bound buses to ply from Shantinagar |url=http://cityplus.jagran.com/city-news/ksrtc-s-tamil-nadu-bound-buses-to-ply-from-shantinagar_1300340102.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131002121244/http://cityplus.jagran.com/city-news/ksrtc-s-tamil-nadu-bound-buses-to-ply-from-shantinagar_1300340102.html |archive-date=2 October 2013 |access-date=10 June 2013 |website=Jagran |publisher= }}</ref> BMTC and KSRTC were the first operators in India to introduce Volvo city buses and intra-city coaches in India. Three-wheeled, yellow and black or yellow and green [[auto-rickshaw]]s, referred to as ''autos'', are popular for transport. They are metered and can accommodate up to three passengers. [[Taxicab|Taxis]] are usually available via phone calls or online services; they are metered and generally more expensive than auto-rickshaws.<ref name="auto">{{cite news |url=http://www.hindu.com/2006/12/15/stories/2006121520050300.htm |work=The Hindu |title=Stir leaves hundreds stranded |access-date=17 June 2012 |date=15 December 2006 |location=Chennai, India |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110813153608/http://www.hindu.com/2006/12/15/stories/2006121520050300.htm |archive-date=13 August 2011 |url-status=live }}</ref>
-===Road===
-[[File:Vehicles_plying_on_Bengaluru_Mysuru_Expressway.jpg|thumb|[[National Highway 275 (India)|National Highway 275]] (NH-275), running from Bangalore to [[Mangalore]]]]
-Bangalore is well-connected with [[National Highways of India|national highways]] with the rest of the country. The highways are [[National Highway 44 (India)|National Highway 44]] (NH-44), [[National Highway 48 (India)|National Highway 48]] (NH-48) (also [[AH47|Asian Highway 47]] (AH-47)), [[National Highway 275 (India)|National Highway 275]] (NH-275), [[National Highway 75 (India)|National Highway 75]] (NH-75), [[National Highway 648 (India)|National Highway 648]] (NH-648) and [[National Highway 948 (India)|National Highway 948]] (NH-948), along with state highways. An average of 1,750&nbsp;vehicles are registered daily in Bangalore [[Regional Transport Office]]s (RTOs).<ref>{{Cite news |date=2019-04-01 |title=Bengaluru's vehicle population crosses 80 lakh |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/bengalurus-vehicle-population-crosses-80-lakh/article26705015.ece |access-date=2022-06-07 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> The total number of vehicles, as of 2020, are around {{lakh | 85}} vehicles, and the city's roads total {{cvt|11000|km|0}}.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/bangalore/report-banglore-has-1-car-for-every-2-people-1567546 |title=Vehicles in Bangalore | access-date=20 November 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141114123722/http://www.dnaindia.com/bangalore/report-banglore-has-1-car-for-every-2-people-1567546 | archive-date=14 November 2014 | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=14 August 2020|first=Christin Mathew|last=Philip|title=How many vehicles ply in Bengaluru? Transport department in dark|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/how-many-vehicles-ply-on-city-roads-transport-dept-clueless/articleshow/77533015.cms|access-date=2022-02-20|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref>
-Bangalore currently has one [[Expressways of India|expressway]], the [[National Highway 275 (India)#Bengaluru-Mysuru section|Bangalore–Mysore Expressway]], operational since March 2023, which is part of NH-275.<ref>{{cite news|title=Prime Minister Narendra Modi inaugurates 118-km Bangalore-Mysore Expressway|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/prime-minister-narendra-modi-inaugurates-118-km-bangalore-mysore-expressway/cid/1921956|work=The Telegraph|date=12 March 2023|access-date=13 March 2023|language=en}}</ref> In the coming years, the city will get more expressways, resulting in enhanced connectivity and commute with the rest of the country. They are as follows:
-*[[Bangalore–Chennai Expressway]]: Under construction since August 2019,<ref>{{cite news|author1=Shivakumar, C.|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2020/feb/02/chennai-bangalore-expressway-work-to-start-in-six-months-nirmala-sitharaman-2097828.html|title = Chennai-Bangalore Expressway work to start in six months: Nirmala Sitharaman|work=The New Indian Express|date=2 February 2020|access-date=16 March 2023|language=en}}</ref> to be completed by March 2024.<ref>{{cite news|author1=Shivakumar, C.|title=Chennai-Bengaluru expressway: 14km road work complete|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2023/jan/26/chennai-bengaluru-expressway-14km-road-work-complete-2541479.amp|work=The New Indian Express|date=26 January 2023|access-date=26 January 2023|language=en}}</ref>
-*[[Pune–Bengaluru Expressway|Pune–Bangalore Expressway]]: Proposed, to be completed by 2028.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/bharatmala-2-0-to-focus-on-expressways-add-4000-km-greenfield-roads/articleshow/67617128.cms|title=Bharatmala 2.0 to focus on expressways, add 4000 km greenfield roads|work=TOI|access-date=5 November 2022|language=en}}</ref>
-*[[Nagpur–Hyderabad–Bengaluru Expressway]]: Proposed, expected to be completed by before 2030.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/nagpur/now-drive-from-nagpur-to-bengaluru-in-just-12-hrs/articleshow/60249720.cms|title=Now, drive from Nagpur to Bengaluru in just 12 hrs|last=Anparthi|first=Anjaya|date=28 August 2017|work=Times of India|access-date=31 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180531131729/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/nagpur/now-drive-from-nagpur-to-bengaluru-in-just-12-hrs/articleshow/60249720.cms|archive-date=31 May 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>
-{{clear}}
-== Culture ==
-{{Main|Culture of Bangalore}}
-{{Multiple image
-| align             = right
-| direction         = vertical
-| image1            = Huvina Karaga.jpg
-| caption1          = [[Bangalore Karaga]], one of the oldest and most important festivals in Bangalore
-| image2            = Media Reporting at Indian Cartoon Gallery.jpg
-| caption2          = Indian Cartoon Gallery, Bangalore
-| image3            = Demon Yakshagana.jpg
-| caption3          = [[Yakshagana]]&nbsp;– a theatre art of coastal Karnataka is often played in town hall.
-}}
-Bangalore is known as the "Garden City of India" because of its greenery,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.firstpost.com/living/evolution-of-bangalore-from-garden-city-to-silicon-valley-how-immigrants-made-the-city-their-own-7050821.html|title=Evolution of Bangalore: From Garden City to Silicon Valley, how immigrants made the city their own|date=26 July 2019 }}</ref> broad streets, and presence of many public parks, such as [[Lal Bagh]] and [[Cubbon Park]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Abram |first1=David |last2=Edwards |first2=Nick |title=South India |edition=illustrated |publisher=Rough Guides |year=2003 |page=204 |isbn=978-1-84353-103-6}}</ref>  In May 2012, guidebook publisher [[Lonely Planet]] ranked Bangalore third among the world's top ten cities to visit.<ref>{{cite web |author=Richard I'Anson |url=http://www.lonelyplanet.com/england/london/travel-tips-and-articles/76861 |title=Lonely Planet's Best in Travel: top 10 cities for 2012&nbsp;– travel tips and articles |publisher=Lonely Planet |access-date=6 September 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120912180703/http://www.lonelyplanet.com/england/london/travel-tips-and-articles/76861 |archive-date=12 September 2012 |url-status=live }}</ref>
-[[Biannual]] flower shows are held at the [[Lal Bagh]] Botanical Gardens during the weeks of India's [[Republic Day (India)|Republic Day]] and [[Independence Day (India)|Independence Day]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-01-22 |title=Bengaluru's Lalbagh Republic day flower show postponed due to pandemic |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/bangalore/bengalurus-lalbagh-republic-day-flower-show-postponed-due-to-pandemic-7156340/ |access-date=2022-06-09 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> [[Bangalore Karaga]] or "Karaga Shaktyotsava" is one of Bangalore's oldest festivals and is dedicated to the Hindu goddess [[Draupadi]]. It is celebrated annually by the [[Thigala]] community over a period of nine days in March or April. The Someshwara Car festival, held annually in April, is a procession of the idol of the [[Halasuru Someshwara Temple, Bangalore|Halasuru Someshwara Temple]] (Ulsoor) led by the [[Vokkaliga]]s, a major landholding community in southern Karnataka. [[Karnataka Rajyotsava]] is widely celebrated on 1&nbsp;November and is a public holiday in the city, to mark the formation of [[Karnataka]] state on 1 November 1956. Other [[List of festivals in India|popular festivals]] in Bangalore are [[Ugadi]], [[Ram Navami]], [[Eid ul-Fitr]], [[Ganesh Chaturthi]], [[St. Mary's Basilica, Bangalore|St. Mary's feast]], [[Navrati|Dasara]], [[Deepawali]] and [[Christmas]].<ref>{{harvnb|Raman|1994|pp=42–45|Ref=bm}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.hindu.com/2007/04/02/stories/2007040221520500.htm |work=The Hindu, dated Monday, 2 April 2007 |title=Bangalore Karaga |location=Chennai, India |date=2 April 2007 |access-date=1 May 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081027095955/http://www.hindu.com/2007/04/02/stories/2007040221520500.htm |archive-date=27 October 2008 |url-status=live }}</ref>
-Bangalore's social and economic diversity is reflected in its cuisine.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.hindu.com/mp/2007/06/11/stories/2007061154170400.htm |title=Explore the continent |date=11 June 2007 |newspaper=The Hindu |access-date=16 June 2012 |location=Chennai, India |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130226020700/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2007/06/11/stories/2007061154170400.htm |archive-date=26 February 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref> Roadside vendors, [[tea stall]]s, and South Indian, North Indian, [[Chinese food|Chinese]] and Western fast food are all popular.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/International-cuisine-pushes-retailers-margins/articleshow/2681793.cms |title=International cuisine pushes retailers' margins |author=Anand, Swati |date=8 January 2008 |newspaper=The Times of India |access-date=16 June 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130517155529/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/International-cuisine-pushes-retailers-margins/articleshow/2681793.cms |archive-date=17 May 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Udupi cuisine|Udupi]] restaurants are popular and serve predominantly vegetarian, regional cuisine.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.business-standard.com/india/news/breakfast-in-bangalore/477454/ |title=Breakfast in Bangalore |author=Malhotra, Samil |date=16 June 2012 |work=Business Standard |access-date=16 June 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120617050426/http://www.business-standard.com/india/news/breakfast-in-bangalore/477454/ |archive-date=17 June 2012 |url-status=live }}</ref> Bangalore is also home to many [[vegan]] restaurants and vegan activism groups, and has been named as India's most vegan-friendly city by [[PETA]]'s Indian branch.<ref>{{cite news |author=Staff Reporter |date=29 September 2014 |title=Bangalore most 'vegan-friendly' city |newspaper=The Hindu |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/bangalore-most-veganfriendly-city/article6458500.ece |url-status=live |access-date=30 September 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160205005128/http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/bangalore-most-veganfriendly-city/article6458500.ece |archive-date=5 February 2016 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Bangalore most vegan-friendly city in India |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/Bangalore-most-vegan-friendly-city-in-India/articleshow/43829855.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150820052435/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/Bangalore-most-vegan-friendly-city-in-India/articleshow/43829855.cms |archive-date=20 August 2015 |access-date=30 September 2014 |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=30 September 2014 }}</ref>
-=== Art and literature ===
-Compared to [[Delhi]] and [[Mumbai]], Bangalore lacked a contemporary art scene until the 1990s, when several art galleries emerged, including the government-established [[National Gallery of Modern Art, Bangalore|National Gallery of Modern Art]].<ref>
-{{cite web |url=http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/2/3d9f7fea-98f6-11e1-9da3-00144feabdc0.html |title=Bangalore rebooted |access-date=12 September 2013 |last=Narayan |first=Shobha |date=14 May 2012 |work=[[The Economic Times]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131001094107/http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/2/3d9f7fea-98f6-11e1-9da3-00144feabdc0.html |archive-date=1 October 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref> Bangalore's international [[art festival]], ''Art Bangalore'', was established in 2010.<ref>{{cite news |title=Bangalore has a heart for art |date=17 August 2013 |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-08-17/people/41419943_1_17-galleries-art-bengaluru-uzma-irfan |work=[[The Times of India]] | access-date=12 September 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921060725/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-08-17/people/41419943_1_17-galleries-art-bengaluru-uzma-irfan | archive-date=21 September 2013 | url-status=dead }}</ref>
-[[Kannada literature]] flourished in Bangalore even before Kempe Gowda laid the city's foundations. During the 18th&nbsp;and&nbsp;19th&nbsp;centuries, Kannada literature was enriched by the ''[[Vachanas]]'' (a form of rhythmic writing) composed by the heads of the [[Veerashaiva]] [[Matha]]s (monastery) in Bangalore.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-06-02 |title=The value of vachanas |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/spectrum/spectrum-top-stories/the-value-of-vachanas-1114581.html |access-date=2022-06-27 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-08-10 |title='Vachana literature encourages people to live in harmony' |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/state/mangaluru/vachana-literature-encourages-people-to-live-in-harmony-1018319.html |access-date=2022-06-27 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref> The headquarters of the [[Kannada Sahitya Parishat]], a nonprofit organisation that promotes the Kannada language, is located in Bangalore.<ref>{{cite news |first=K. |last=Chandramouli |title=Lyrical land |date=26 September 2002 |url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2002/09/26/stories/2002092600660200.htm |work=The Hindu | access-date=13 September 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121108175645/http://hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2002/09/26/stories/2002092600660200.htm | archive-date=8 November 2012 | url-status=live }}</ref> The city has its own [[literary festival]], known as the "Bangalore Literature Festival", inaugurated in 2012.<ref>{{cite news |title=History, they wrote at Bangalore Literature fest |date=12 August 2012 |url=http://www.deccanchronicle.com/121208/news-current-affairs/article/history-they-wrote-bangalore-literature-fest |work=[[Deccan Chronicle]] | access-date=7 September 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921083725/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/121208/news-current-affairs/article/history-they-wrote-bangalore-literature-fest | archive-date=21 September 2013 | url-status=live }}</ref>
-The [[Karnataka Chitrakala Parishath]] is an art gallery that showcases a collection of painting, sculptures, and various other forms of art.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Nathan |first=Archana |date=2016-05-12 |title=Chitrakala Parishath: An art haven like no other |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/chitrakala-parishath-an-art-haven-like-no-other/article8590355.ece |access-date=2022-03-22 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-09-22 |title=Covid threat gone, Crowds return to Bengaluru's Chitrakala Parishath |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/city/life-in-bengaluru/covid-threat-gone-crowds-return-to-bengalurus-chitrakala-parishath-1032947.html |access-date=2022-03-22 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref> The Indian Cartoon Gallery is located in the heart of Bangalore, dedicated to the art of cartooning, and is the first of its kind in India. The gallery conducts fresh cartoon exhibitions of various professional as well as amateur cartoonists every month. The gallery has been organised by the [[Indian Institute of Cartoonists]] based in Bangalore that serves to promote and preserve the work of eminent cartoonists in India. The institute has organised more than one hundred exhibitions of cartoons.<ref>[http://www.readwhere.com/read/1071561/Bangalore-Mirror/Doodle-Do#page/1/2 Doodle-Do (Listing)] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202015615/http://www.readwhere.com/read/1071561/Bangalore-Mirror/Doodle-Do#page/1/2 |date=2 February 2017 }} [[Bangalore Mirror]], Bangalore, 31 December 2016.</ref>
-=== Theatre, music, and dance ===
-Bangalore is home to the [[Kannada film industry]], which produces about 200&nbsp;Kannada feature films each year.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Khajane |first=Muralidhara |date=2018-12-09 |title=Kannada films set new record with 224 releases, but that's where the good news ends |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/kannada-films-set-new-record-with-224-releases-but-its-not-all-good-news/article25704344.ece |access-date=2022-07-01 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> Bangalore also has an active theatre culture; popular theatres include [[Ravindra Kalakshetra]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bangaloreorbit.com/bangaloredarshan/monuments-in-bangalore/ravindra-kalakshetra.html |title=Ravindra Kalakshetra |work=Bangalore Orbit |access-date=16 June 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120313171703/http://www.bangaloreorbit.com/bangaloredarshan/monuments-in-bangalore/ravindra-kalakshetra.html |archive-date=13 March 2012}}</ref> and the [[Ranga Shankara]].<ref name="rangashankara">{{cite news |url=http://archive.deccanherald.com/Content/Sep102007/metromon2007090924391.asp |title=An experience called 'Ranga Shankara' |last1=Murali |first1=Janaki |date=10 September 2007 |newspaper=Deccan Herald |access-date=16 June 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029194402/http://archive.deccanherald.com/Content/Sep102007/metromon2007090924391.asp |archive-date=29 October 2013}}</ref> The city has an active English- and foreign-language theatre scene; popular theatres include Ranga Shankara and [[Chowdiah Memorial Hall]].<ref name="rangashankara" />
-<!-- [[File:Yakshaganads.jpg|left|thumb|[[Yakshagana]]&nbsp;– a theatre art often performed in the town hall]] -->
-Kannada theatre is popular in Bangalore and consists mostly of political satire and light comedy. Plays are organised mostly by community organisations, but some by amateur groups. Drama companies touring India under the auspices of the [[British Council]] and [[Max Müller]] Bhavan also stage performances in the city frequently.<ref>{{harvnb|Raman|1994|p=37|Ref=bm}}</ref> The Alliance Française de Bangalore also hosts numerous plays throughout the year.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Our Mission – Alliance française de Bangalore|url=https://bangalore.afindia.org/culture/our-mission/|access-date=2022-01-17|language=en-US}}</ref>
-Bangalore is also a major centre of [[Indian classical music]] and dance.<ref>{{cite news |last=Ravindran |first=Nirmala |title=Dance and Music is part of our culture |url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/In+the+city/1/13928.html |access-date=17 June 2012 |newspaper=India Today |date=27 August 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120529024740/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/In+the+city/1/13928.html |archive-date=29 May 2012 |url-status=live }}</ref> The cultural scene features a diverse set of music concerts, dance performances and plays. Performances of [[Carnatic music|Carnatic]] (South Indian) and [[Hindustani classical music|Hindustani]] (North Indian) classical music, and dance forms like [[Bharat Natyam]], [[Kuchipudi]], [[Kathakali]], [[Kathak]], and [[Odissi]] are very popular.<ref name="bm">{{harvnb|Raman|1994|pp=34–35|Ref=bm}}</ref> [[Yakshagana]], a theatre art indigenous to coastal Karnataka is often played in town halls.<ref>
-{{cite news |first=Sharath M. |last=Sharma |title=It's Yakshagana season |date=22 August 2010 |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-karnataka/its-yakshagana-season/article587170.ece |work=The Hindu | access-date=13 September 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921080008/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-karnataka/its-yakshagana-season/article587170.ece | archive-date=21 September 2013 | url-status=live }}</ref> The two main music seasons in Bangalore are April–May during the [[Rama Navami|Ram Navami]] festival, and September–October during the [[Dusshera]] festival, when music activities by cultural organisations are at their peak.<ref name="bm" /> Though both classical and contemporary music are played in Bangalore, rock music dominates the music of urban Bangalore; Bangalore has its own subgenre of rock, "Bangalore Rock", an amalgamation of [[classic rock]], [[hard rock]] and [[Heavy metal music|heavy metal]], and some [[jazz]] and [[blues]].<ref>{{cite news |title=You know music is in Bangalore's DNA, bands tell why |date=24 December 2011 |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/bangalore/1629608/report-you-know-music-is-in-bangalores-dna-bands-tell-why |work=DNA | access-date=21 September 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130925075622/http://www.dnaindia.com/bangalore/1629608/report-you-know-music-is-in-bangalores-dna-bands-tell-why | archive-date=25 September 2013 | url-status=live }}</ref> Notable bands from Bangalore include [[Raghu Dixit Project]], [[Kryptos (band)|Kryptos]], [[Inner Sanctum (band)|Inner Sanctum]], [[Agam (band)|Agam]], [[All the fat children]], and [[Swaratma]]. Bangalore is sometimes called as the "[[public house|Pub]] Capital of India" and the "Rock/Metal Capital of India" because of its underground music scene.{{sfn|Plunkett|2001|p=124}}
-== Education ==
-{{Main|Education in Bangalore}}
-{{Multiple image
-| align             = right
-| direction         = vertical
-| image1            = IISC Bangalore 02.jpg
-| caption1          = [[Indian Institute of Science]]&nbsp;– one of the premier institutes of science and engineering in India
-| image2            = IIMB Entrance.jpg
-| caption2          = [[Indian Institute of Management Bangalore]], one of the premier management institutes in India
-| total_width       =
-| alt1              =
-}}
-=== Schools ===
-{{Main|List of schools in Bangalore}}
-Bangalore has a literacy rate of around 88%, according to the [[2011 Census of India|2011 national census]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2011-04-08 |title=State's literacy rate lagging |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/152272/states-literacy-rate-lagging.html |access-date=2022-07-03 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref> Until the early 19th&nbsp;century, education in Bangalore was mainly run by religious leaders and restricted to students of that religion.<ref name="gaz">{{harvnb|Rao|1929|p=494|Ref=mg}}</ref> The western system of education was introduced during the rule of [[Mummadi Krishnaraja Wodeyar]]. In 1832, the British [[Wesleyan]] Mission established the first English school, the [[United Mission School|Wesleyan Canarese School]]. The fathers of the Paris Foreign Missions established the [[St. Joseph's Boys' High School, Bangalore|St. Joseph's European School]] in 1858.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.stjosephsindianinstitutions.com//?page_id=9 |title=History |work=stjosephsindianinstitutions.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140324111204/http://www.stjosephsindianinstitutions.com/?page_id=9 |archive-date=24 March 2014}}</ref> The Bangalore High School was started by the Mysore government in 1858&nbsp;and the [[Bishop Cotton Boys' School]] was started in 1865. In 1945&nbsp;when World War II&nbsp;came to an end, King George Royal Indian Military Colleges was started at Bangalore by [[George VI|King George VI]]; the school is popularly known as [[Bangalore Military School]].<ref name="gaz1">{{harvnb|Rao|1929|p=497|Ref=mg}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Punekar |first1=Vijaya Bhaskar |title=Assimilation: A Study of North Indians in Bangalore |publisher=Popular Prakashan |year=1974 |page=54 |isbn=9788171540129}}</ref>
-Primary, middle school and secondary education in Bangalore is offered by various schools which are affiliated to one of the government or government recognised private boards of education, such as the [[Secondary School Leaving Certificate]] (SSLC), [[Central Board of Secondary Education]] (CBSE), [[Council for the Indian School Certificate Examinations]] (CISCE), [[International Baccalaureate]] (IB), [[International General Certificate of Secondary Education]] (IGCSE) and [[National Institute of Open Schooling]] (NIOS).<ref name="boards">{{cite web |url=http://www.deccanherald.com/Archives/july012004/edu2.asp |work=Deccan Herald |date=1 July 2004 |title=Broad choice of Class X boards | access-date=16 October 2007 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071106093218/http://www.deccanherald.com/Archives/july012004/edu2.asp | archive-date=6 November 2007}}</ref> [[List of schools in Bangalore|Schools in Bangalore]] are either government run or are private (both aided and un-aided by the government).<ref name="aid">
-{{Cite news |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2004-05-18/bangalore/28338778_1_karnataka-schools-fear-psychosis-trimester |title=Trimester system in all Karnataka schools from 1 June |access-date=16 October 2007 |date=18 May 2004 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811061156/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2004-05-18/bangalore/28338778_1_karnataka-schools-fear-psychosis-trimester |archive-date=11 August 2011 |url-status=dead |work=[[The Times of India]] }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |first=S. |last=Bageshree |title=What will happen to government schools now? |date=9 May 2012 |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/what-will-happen-to-government-schools-now/article3398125.ece |work=The Hindu | access-date=14 September 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921074411/http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/what-will-happen-to-government-schools-now/article3398125.ece | archive-date=21 September 2013 | url-status=live }}</ref> Bangalore has a significant number of [[international schools]] due to large number of expats and people employed in the [[Information technology|IT]] sector.<ref>{{cite web |title=IT crowd, elite prefer international schools |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bangalore/IT-crowd-elite-prefer-international-schools/articleshow/20868328.cms |website=The Times of India |access-date=1 December 2015 |last=Ullas |first=Sruthy Susan |date=2 July 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150620164658/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bangalore/IT-crowd-elite-prefer-international-schools/articleshow/20868328.cms |archive-date=20 June 2015 |url-status=live }}</ref> After completing their secondary education, students either attend a [[pre-university course]] or continue an equivalent high school course in one of three streams&nbsp;– [[Liberal arts|arts]], [[commerce]] or [[science]] – in various combinations.<ref name="streams">{{Cite news |url=http://www.hindu.com/2006/05/16/stories/2006051618850300.htm |title=Students, parents throng PU colleges in city | access-date=16 October 2007 |location=Chennai, India |date=16 May 2006 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070921111926/http://www.hindu.com/2006/05/16/stories/2006051618850300.htm | archive-date=21 September 2007 |work=[[The Hindu]] | url-status=dead}}</ref> Alternatively, students may enroll in diploma courses. Upon completing the required coursework, students enroll in general or professional degrees in universities through lateral entry.<ref>{{cite news |title=Diploma students have a chance in government engineering colleges |date=29 August 2013 |url=http://newindianexpress.com/cities/bangalore/Diploma-students-have-a-chance-in-government-engineering-colleges/2013/08/29/article1757185.ece |work=[[The Indian Express]] | access-date=14 September 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921060905/http://newindianexpress.com/cities/bangalore/Diploma-students-have-a-chance-in-government-engineering-colleges/2013/08/29/article1757185.ece | archive-date=21 September 2013 | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |first=Darinia |last=Khongwir |title=PUC is not the only option |date=6 May 2009 |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-05-06/bangalore/28156113_1_sslc-pu-karnataka-examination-authority |work=[[The Times of India]] | access-date=14 September 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131202231106/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-05-06/bangalore/28156113_1_sslc-pu-karnataka-examination-authority | archive-date=2 December 2013 | url-status=dead }}</ref>
-=== Universities ===
-{{main|List of institutions of higher education in Bangalore}}
-[[File:National Law School of India University, Bangalore, India - 20130524-01.JPG|thumb|120px|[[National Law School of India University]], a premier law university ]]
-Established in 1858, the [[Central College of Bangalore]] is the city's oldest college. It was affiliated originally with [[University of Mysore]] and subsequently with [[Bangalore University]]. In 1882&nbsp;priests from the [[Paris Foreign Missions Society]] established [[St. Joseph's College, Bangalore|St. Joseph's College]]. [[Bangalore University]] was established in 1886; it is affiliated with over 500&nbsp;colleges and has a total student enrolment of over 300,000. The university has two campuses within Bangalore&nbsp;– Jnanabharathi and Central College.<ref name="univ">{{Cite news |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2007-01-09/bangalore/27875270_1_bu-bed-colleges-bangalore-university |title=BU overloaded, wants to split |access-date=16 October 2007 |date=9 January 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811061209/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2007-01-09/bangalore/27875270_1_bu-bed-colleges-bangalore-university |archive-date=11 August 2011 |url-status=dead |work=[[The Times of India]] }}</ref> [[University Visvesvaraya College of Engineering]] was established in 1917 by [[M. Visvesvaraya]] and is affiliated with many private engineering colleges.
-Among the prominent research institutes in Bangalore are the [[Indian Institute of Science]], [[Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research]], [[National Centre for Biological Sciences]], [[National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences]] and the [[National Institute of Advanced Studies]]. Some private institutions in Bangalore include [[Symbiosis International University]], [[SVKM's NMIMS]], [[CMR University]], [[Christ University]], [[Jain University]], [[PES University]], [[RV University]], [[Dayananda Sagar University]] and [[Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences]]. Private medical colleges include [[St. John's Medical College]], [[M. S. Ramaiah Medical College]], [[Kempegowda Institute of Medical Sciences]], and [[Vydehi Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Centre]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Bangalore, the education hub |date=27 June 2011 |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-06-27/education/29708615_1_education-hub-indian-institute-education-destination |work=[[The Times of India]] | access-date=14 September 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921060824/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-06-27/education/29708615_1_education-hub-indian-institute-education-destination | archive-date=21 September 2013 | url-status=dead }}
-</ref>
-== Media ==
-The first [[printing press]] in Bangalore was established in 1840&nbsp;in Kannada by the [[Wesleyan]] Christian Mission.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Wesleyan methodists promoted language, education |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/karnataka/2011/nov/14/wesleyan-methodists-promoted-language-education-309916.html |access-date=2022-05-28 |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref> In 1859, the bi-weekly ''Bangalore Herald'' became the first English newspaper to be published in Bangalore, and in 1860, the ''Mysore Vrittanta Bodhini'' became the first Kannada newspaper to be circulated in Bangalore.<ref name="newshist">{{cite book |author=M. Fazlul Hasan |publisher=Historical Publications |title=Bangalore Through the Centuries |pages=165–166 |year=1970}}</ref><ref name="ppr">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SB3_VodABdIC&q=1840+printing+press+bangalore&pg=PA54 |title=Assimilation: A Study of North Indians in Bangalore |author=Vijaya B. Punekar | access-date=4 October 2007 |isbn=978-81-7154-012-9 |year=1974}}</ref> ''[[Vijaya Karnataka]]'' and ''[[The Times of India]]'' are the most widely circulated newspapers in Kannada and English, respectively, closely followed by the ''[[Prajavani]]'' and ''[[Deccan Herald]]''{{Nbsp}}''–'' both owned by the Printers (Mysore) Limited, the largest print media house in Karnataka.<ref name="vke">{{Cite news |url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/articleshow/2190334.cms |work=The Economic Times |title=Double dhamaka |author=Preiti Sharma |access-date=7 October 2007 |date=18 October 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012205827/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/articleshow/2190334.cms |archive-date=12 October 2007 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="toidh">{{cite news |url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1061119/asp/look/story_7016875.asp |work=The Telegraph |author=Shuma Raha |title=Battleground Bangalore | access-date=7 October 2007 |location=Calcutta, India |date=19 November 2006 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071011172555/http://telegraphindia.com/1061119/asp/look/story_7016875.asp | archive-date=11 October 2007 | url-status=dead}}</ref> Other circulated newspapers include ''[[Vijayavani|Vijayvani]]'', ''[[Vishwavani News|Vishwavani]]'', ''[[Kannada Prabha|Kannadaprabha]]'', ''[[Sanjevani]]'', ''[[Bangalore Mirror]]'', ''[[Udayavani]]'' provide localised news updates.<ref>{{cite news |first=K. |last=Satyamurty |title=Exploring Bangalore, a mouse click away |date=22 November 2000 |url=http://www.hindu.com/2000/11/22/stories/0422402j.htm | access-date=17 September 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921060725/http://www.hindu.com/2000/11/22/stories/0422402j.htm | archive-date=21 September 2013 | url-status=dead |work=[[The Hindu]] }}</ref>
-[[All India Radio]], the Indian national state radio service, started broadcasting from its Bangalore station on 2 November 1955.<ref name="radio">{{cite web |url=http://www.deccanherald.com/Archives/jan232006/metromon1727452006122.asp |work=Deccan Herald |date=23 January 2006 |title=Idhu Akashvani, Bengalooru! | access-date=7 October 2007 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071204092005/http://www.deccanherald.com/Archives/jan232006/metromon1727452006122.asp | archive-date=4 December 2007 | url-status=dead}}</ref> All broadcasts were [[Amplitude modulation|AM]] until 2001, when [[Radio City (Indian radio station)|Radio City]] became the first private channel in India to start transmitting [[Frequency modulation|FM]] radio from Bangalore;<ref name="rc">{{cite web |url=http://www.blonnet.com/2002/05/23/stories/2002052301450400.htm |work=Business Line |date=23 May 2002 |title=Radio City goes on air in Mumbai | access-date=7 October 2007 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071011191801/http://blonnet.com/2002/05/23/stories/2002052301450400.htm | archive-date=11 October 2007 | url-status=live}}</ref> a number of other FM channels have been initiated since.<ref name="gaga">{{cite web |url=http://www.deccanherald.com/archives/jan82006/index204517200617.asp |work=Deccan Herald |date=8 January 2006 |title=Radio gaga: 6 more FM stations | access-date=7 October 2007 | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071204092025/http://www.deccanherald.com/archives/jan82006/index204517200617.asp | archive-date=4 December 2007}}</ref> The city probably has India's oldest [[Amateur radio|amateur (ham) radio]] club&nbsp;– the Bangalore Amateur Radio Club (VU2ARC), established in 1959.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.barc.in |title=Bangalore Amateur Radio Club &#124; Fifty Golden Years 1959–2009 |publisher=Barc.in | access-date=29 March 2010 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100108140405/http://www.barc.in/ | archive-date=8 January 2010 | url-status=live }}
-</ref>
-Bangalore got its first television network when [[Doordarshan]] established a relay centre on 1 November 1981.<ref>{{Cite web |title=How DD brought Indian homes entertainment |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/2009/oct/09/how-dd-brought-indian-homes-entertainment-91209.html |access-date=2022-05-24 |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref> A production centre was established in the Doordarshan's Bangalore office in 1983, thereby allowing the introduction of a news program in Kannada on 19 November 1983.<ref name="dd" /> Doordarshan also launched a Kannada satellite channel on 15 August 1991, now named [[DD Chandana]].<ref name="dd">{{cite web |url=http://www.pibbng.kar.nic.in/media.htm |work=the Press Information Bureau |title=Doordarshan, Bangalore |access-date=7 October 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071011182720/http://pibbng.kar.nic.in/media.htm |archive-date=11 October 2007 |url-status=dead}}</ref> [[STAR TV (Asia)|Star TV]] was the first Bangalorean private satellite channel, starting in September 1991.<ref name="startv">{{cite web |url=http://thehindujobs.com/thehindu/2001/07/29/stories/13290695.htm |work=The Hindu |date=29 July 2001 |title=Tune in to quality |author=Sevanti Ninan |access-date=8 October 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012225516/http://thehindujobs.com/thehindu/2001/07/29/stories/13290695.htm |archive-date=12 October 2007 |url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Direct To Home]] (DTH) services also became available in Bangalore from around 2007.<ref name="dth">{{cite web |url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/todays-paper/tp-eworld/article1679696.ece |work=Business Line |date=8 May 2007 |title=Going for the action | access-date=25 January 2012}}</ref>
-The first [[Internet service provider]] in Bangalore was [[STPI]], which started offering internet services in early 1990s.<ref name="stpint">{{cite web |url=http://www.iimahd.ernet.in/publications/data/2006-05-02rbasant.pdf |title=Bangalore Cluster: Evolution, Growth and Challengers |author=Rakesh Basant |access-date=8 October 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071025132717/http://www.iimahd.ernet.in/publications/data/2006-05-02rbasant.pdf |archive-date=25 October 2007 |url-status=dead }}</ref> This Internet service was, however, restricted to corporates until [[VSNL]] started offering [[Dial-up Internet access|dial-up internet]] services to the general public at the end of 1995.<ref name="vsnldi">{{cite web |url=http://www.rediff.com/computer/1998/sep/07net.htm |title=A short recap on Internet developments in India | access-date=8 October 2007 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071016132614/http://www.rediff.com/computer/1998/sep/07net.htm | archive-date=16 October 2007 | url-status=live}}</ref> Bangalore has the largest number of [[broadband Internet]] connections in India.<ref name="bbi">{{Cite news |url=http://www.hindu.com/2006/12/29/stories/2006122922770200.htm |title=A highly net-savvy city | access-date=8 October 2007 |location=Chennai, India |date=29 December 2006 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012040754/http://hindu.com/2006/12/29/stories/2006122922770200.htm | archive-date=12 October 2007 |work=[[The Hindu]] | url-status=dead}}</ref>
-Namma Wifi is a free [[municipal wireless network]] in Bangalore, the first free WiFi in India. It began operations on 24 January 2014. Service is available at M.G. Road, Brigade Road, and other locations. The service is operated by D-VoiS and is paid for by the Karnataka state government.<ref>{{cite news |title=Free wifi on M.G. Road and Brigade Road from Friday |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/free-wifi-on-mg-road-and-brigade-road-from-friday/article5606757.ece |work=The Hindu |date=23 January 2014 | access-date=6 October 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140703193207/http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/free-wifi-on-mg-road-and-brigade-road-from-friday/article5606757.ece | archive-date=3 July 2014 | url-status=live }}</ref> Bangalore was the first city in India to have access to [[4G]] mobile internet services.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Julka |first=Harsimran |title=Bharti Airtel offers 4G services on mobiles in Bangalore |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/telecom/bharti-airtel-offers-4g-services-on-mobiles-in-bangalore/articleshow/30362058.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2022-05-25}}</ref>
-== Sports ==
-[[File:Test Match Cricket India Vs. Pakistan.jpg|thumb|The [[Chinnaswamy Stadium]] during India vs Pakistan test match in 2007]]
-[[File:Sree Kanteerava Stadium.jpg|thumb|Aerial view of [[Sree Kanteerava Stadium]]]]
-[[Cricket]] is the most popular sport in the city.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2007-06-13 |title=The Hindu : Karnataka / Bangalore News : Price is no problem for these cricket enthusiasts |url=http://www.hindu.com/2005/11/20/stories/2005112018750300.htm |access-date=2022-03-21 |website= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070613051554/http://www.hindu.com/2005/11/20/stories/2005112018750300.htm |archive-date=13 June 2007 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Various popular sports played in the state of Karnataka |url=https://www.karnatakaonline.in/about/sports |access-date=2022-03-21 |website=www.karnatakaonline.in}}</ref> Bangalore's many parks and gardens allow for impromptu games.<ref>{{harvnb|Bangalore&nbsp;— Mysore|pp=29|Ref=bm}}</ref> Many national cricketers have come from Bangalore, including former captains [[Rahul Dravid]] and [[Anil Kumble]]. Some other notable Bangaloreans who have represented India include [[Gundappa Viswanath]], [[Syed Kirmani]], [[E. A. S. Prasanna]], [[B. S. Chandrasekhar]], [[Roger Binny]], [[Venkatesh Prasad]], [[Sunil Joshi]], [[Robin Uthappa]], [[Vinay Kumar]], [[KL Rahul]], [[Karun Nair]], [[Mayank Agarwal]], [[Brijesh Patel]] and [[Stuart Binny]].<!-- Do not include Javagal Srinath, as he is from Mysore --> Bangalore's international cricket stadium is the [[M. Chinnaswamy Stadium]], which has a [[seating capacity]] of 40,000<ref>
-{{cite web |url=http://content-usa.cricinfo.com/india/content/ground/57897.html |title=Cricinfo Page on Chinnaswamy Stadium |publisher=Content-usa.cricinfo.com | access-date=29 March 2010 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090208225213/http://content-usa.cricinfo.com/india/content/ground/57897.html | archive-date=8 February 2009 | url-status=live }}</ref> and has hosted matches during the [[1987 Cricket World Cup]], [[1996 Cricket World Cup]] and the [[2011 Cricket World Cup]]. The Chinnaswamy Stadium is the home of India's [[National Cricket Academy]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ncabcci.com/contact_us |title=Address from NCA Website |publisher=ncabcci.com | access-date=9 October 2012 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130317031436/http://ncabcci.com/contact_us | archive-date=17 March 2013 | url-status=live }}</ref> [[Karnataka State Cricket Association]] and the [[Indian Premier League]] (IPL) franchise [[Royal Challengers Bangalore]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Royal Challengers Bangalore Cricket Team Scores, RCB team Matches, Schedule, News, Players |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/team/royal-challengers-bangalore-335970 |access-date=2022-07-18 |website=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref>
-[[Association football]] also has a significant following in Bangalore and has produced several notable players.<ref>{{Cite web |last=K |first=Navya P. |date=2010-06-29 |title=Bangaloreans gearing up to make it big in football |url=https://bengaluru.citizenmatters.in/2134-current-football-scene-bangalore-2134 |access-date=2022-03-21 |website=Citizen Matters, Bengaluru |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-06-17 |title=Bengaluru home to great football heroes |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/metrolife/metrolife-on-the-move/bengaluru-home-to-great-football-heroes-675404.html |access-date=2022-03-21 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref> The city is home to [[Indian Super League]] (ISL)'s [[Bengaluru FC]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.the-aiff.com/club/8021|title=Bengaluru Football Club |publisher=the-aiff.com | access-date=13 May 2023}}</ref> The other clubs of the city include [[FC Bengaluru United]], [[Ozone FC]] and [[South United FC]] of [[I-League 2nd Division]].<ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |last2= |last3= |first3= |title=Primus, Opoku to lead FCBU's challenge {{!}} Football News - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/i-league/primus-opoku-to-lead-fcbus-challenge/articleshow/77944033.cms |access-date=2022-07-18 |website=The Times of India |date= 5 September 2020|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-03-08 |title=Ozone releases just one player for Santosh Trophy |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/663604/ozone-releases-just-one-player.html |access-date=2022-07-18 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-01-03 |title=Bangalore gets new pro football club |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-08-19/top-stories/33272756_1_football-club-ksfa-president-ar-khaleel-bangalore |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130103094928/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-08-19/top-stories/33272756_1_football-club-ksfa-president-ar-khaleel-bangalore |archive-date=2013-01-03 |url-status=dead |access-date=2022-07-18 |website=The Times Of India}}</ref> It hosted some games of the 2014&nbsp;[[Unity World Cup]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.laici.va/content/laici/en/media/notizie/unity-world-cup.html |title=Expo 2014 Unity World Cup in Goa |date=15 September 2014 |access-date=15 November 2021 |work=Pontificial Council for the Laity}}</ref>
-The city hosts the [[Women's Tennis Association]] (WTA) [[Bangalore Open]] tournament annually. Beginning September 2008, Bangalore has also been hosting the [[Kingfisher Airlines Tennis Open]] [[Association of Tennis Professionals|ATP]] tournament annually.<ref name="kingfisheropen">[http://cbs.sportsline.com/tennis/story/10834314 Bangalore replaces Mumbai on ATP Tour circuit] {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20130202212150/http://cbs.sportsline.com/tennis/story/10834314 |date=2 February 2013 }}. CBSSportsline.com.</ref>
-Bangalore is home to the [[Bangalore rugby football club]] (BRFC).<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.hindu.com/mp/2009/06/25/stories/2009062551400400.htm |title=Kicking up a storm |date=25 May 2009 |location=Chennai, India | access-date=8 October 2012 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090629190252/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2009/06/25/stories/2009062551400400.htm | archive-date=29 June 2009 | url-status=dead |work=[[The Hindu]] }}</ref> The city also has a number of elite clubs, like Century Club, The Bangalore Golf Club, the Bowring Institute and the exclusive [[Bangalore Club]], whose previous members include [[Winston Churchill]] and the Maharaja of Mysore.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Shekhar |first=Divya |title=Bangalore Club: How Bangalore Club wrote off the Rs 13 Winston Churchill owed it as 'irrecoverable debt' |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/how-bangalore-club-wrote-off-the-rs-13-winston-churchill-owed-it-as-irrecoverable-debt/articleshow/63829069.cms |access-date=2022-07-11}}</ref>
-India's [[Davis Cup]] team members [[Mahesh Bhupathi]]<ref name="mahesh">[http://www.sportsline.com/tennis/players/playerpage/384909 Profile] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071116171624/http://www.sportsline.com/tennis/players/playerpage/384909 |date=16 November 2007 }}. CBSSports.com. CBS Interactive</ref> and [[Rohan Bopanna]]<ref name="rohan">{{cite web |url=http://www.daviscup.com/en/players/player/profile.aspx?playerid=10024192 |title=Davis Cup – Player profile – Rohan BOPANNA (IND) |work=daviscup.com |publisher=[[International Tennis Federation]] | access-date=7 December 2010 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110302232744/http://www.daviscup.com/en/players/player/profile.aspx?playerid=10024192 | archive-date=2 March 2011 | url-status=live }}</ref> reside in Bangalore. Other sportspeople from Bangalore include national swimming champion [[Nisha Millet]], world [[snooker]] champion [[Pankaj Advani (billiards player)|Pankaj Advani]] and former [[All England Open]] badminton champion [[Prakash Padukone]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://badmintonmania.wordpress.com/touch-play-the-prakash-padukone-story/ |title=Touch Play: The Prakash Padukone Story &#124; Badminton Mania |publisher=Badmintonmania.wordpress.com | access-date=10 June 2013 |date=28 February 2011 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130318035611/http://badmintonmania.wordpress.com/touch-play-the-prakash-padukone-story/ | archive-date=18 March 2013 | url-status=live }}</ref>
-Bangalore's [[Kanteerava Indoor Stadium]] hosted the [[SABA Championship]] in 2015 and 2016. [[India's national basketball team]] won the gold medal on both occasions.  Bangalore is home to the [[Bengaluru Beast]]—the 2017&nbsp;vice-champion of India's top professional basketball division, the [[UBA Pro Basketball League]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2017-03-01 |title=Bengaluru and Punjab in semifinals |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sport/other-sports/bengaluru-and-punjab-in-semifinals/article17389001.ece |access-date=2022-07-11 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
-The Kanteerava Indoor Stadium and [[Sheraton Hotels and Resorts|Sheraton]] Grand have hosted various [[kabaddi]] matches, including the entire [[Pro Kabaddi League]] [[2021–22 Pro Kabaddi League season|Season 8]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=PKL Season 8 to start on December 22 in Bengaluru|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/kabaddi/pro-kabaddi-league-season-eight-to-begin-december-22-bengaluru/article37783126.ece|access-date=2022-01-17|website=Sportstar|date=December 2021 |language=en}}</ref> The [[Bengaluru Bulls]] is one of the teams in this league.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bengaluru Bulls gear up for Pro Kabbadi League |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/2014/jul/21/Bengaluru-Bulls-gear-up-for-Pro-Kabbadi-League-638266.html |access-date=2022-07-18 |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref>
-[[File: Bengaluru FC vs Shillong Lajong, 7 January 2017.jpg|thumb|250px|Banner unveiled by fans at [[Bengaluru FC]] vs [[Shillong Lajong]] on 7 January 2017]]
-{| class="wikitable sortable"
-|-
-|+ City-based professional clubs
-|-
-! Club !! Sport !! League !! Stadium !! Span
-|-
-| [[Bangalore Warhawks]]
-| [[American football]]
-| [[Elite Football League of India|EFLI]]
-| HAL Sports Complex
-| 2012–
-|-
-| [[Bengaluru Beast]]
-| [[Basketball]]
-| [[UBA Pro Basketball League|UBA]]
-|
-| 2015–
-|-
-| [[Bengaluru Raptors]]
-| [[Badminton]]
-| [[Premier Badminton League|PBL]]
-| [[Koramangala Indoor Stadium]]
-| 2013–
-|-
-| [[Bangalore Raptors]]
-| [[Tennis]]
-| [[Champions Tennis League]]
-| KSLTA Tennis Stadium
-| 2014–2014
-|-
-| [[Bengaluru Bulls]]
-| [[Kabaddi]]
-| [[Pro Kabaddi League|PKL]]
-| [[Kanteerava Indoor Stadium]]
-| 2014–
-|-
-| [[Bengaluru FC]]
-| [[Association football|Football]]
-| [[Indian Super League]]
-| [[Sree Kanteerava Stadium]]
-| 2013–
-|-
-| [[FC Bengaluru United]]
-| [[Football (soccer)|Football]]
-| [[I-League 2nd Division]]
-| [[Bangalore Football Stadium]]
-| 2018–
-|-
-| [[Hindustan Aeronautics Limited S.C.|HAL Bangalore]]
-| [[Football (soccer)|Football]]
-| [[I-League]]
-| [[Bangalore Football Stadium]]
-| N/A
-|-
-| [[Ozone FC]]
-| [[Football (soccer)|Football]]
-| [[I-League 2nd Division]]
-| [[Bangalore Football Stadium]]
-| 2015–
-|-
-| [[South United FC]]
-| [[Football (soccer)|Football]]
-| [[I-League 2nd Division]]
-| [[Bangalore Football Stadium]]
-| 2013–
-|-
-| [[KGF Academy]]
-| [[Football (soccer)|Football]]
-| [[I-League 2nd Division]]
-| [[Bangalore Football Stadium]]
-| 2011–
-|-
-| [[Bangalore Hi-Fliers]]
-| [[Field hockey]]
-| [[Premier Hockey League|PHL]]
-| [[Bangalore Hockey Stadium]]
-| 2005–2008
-|-
-| [[Karnataka Lions]]
-| [[Field hockey]]
-| [[World Series Hockey|WSH]]
-| [[Bangalore Hockey Stadium]]
-| 2011–2012
-|-
-| [[Royal Challengers Bangalore]]
-| [[Cricket]]
-| [[Indian Premier League|IPL]]
-| [[M. Chinnaswamy Stadium]]
-| 2008–
-|-
-| [[Bengaluru Torpedoes]]
-| [[Volleyball]]
-| [[Prime Volleyball League]]
-| [[Koramangala Indoor Stadium]]
-| 2021–
-|}
-== Sister cities ==
-{{see also|List of twin towns and sister cities in India}}
-* {{flagicon|Belarus}} [[Minsk, Belarus]] (1973) <ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-08-08 |title=No lessons learnt from 'Sister City' |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/349804/no-lessons-learnt-sister-city.html |access-date=2022-07-10 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref>
-* {{flagicon|United States}} [[Cleveland, Ohio]], United States (1992) <ref>{{Cite web|title=Cleveland's Sister Cities {{!}} City of Cleveland|url=https://www.clevelandohio.gov/CityofCleveland/Home/Government/MayorsOffice/Office_of_Government_Affairs/SisterCities|access-date=2022-01-20|website=www.clevelandohio.gov|archive-date=29 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230329094132/https://www.clevelandohio.gov/CityofCleveland/Home/Government/MayorsOffice/Office_of_Government_Affairs/SisterCities|url-status=dead}}</ref>
-* {{flagicon|United States}} [[San Francisco, California]], United States (2008) <ref>{{Cite web|date=1 December 2009|title=San Francisco chooses Bangalore as its Indian sister|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/san-francisco-chooses-bangalore-as-its-indian-sister/articleshow/5286021.cms|access-date=2022-01-20|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref>
-* {{flagicon|CHN}} [[Chengdu, Sichuan]], China (2013)<ref>{{cite news |title=Bangalore's Chinese twin comes calling |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-karnataka/bangalores-chinese-twin-comes-calling/article5416395.ece |newspaper=The Hindu |date=3 December 2013 |access-date=25 February 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140830151156/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-karnataka/bangalores-chinese-twin-comes-calling/article5416395.ece |archive-date=30 August 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref>
-== See also ==
-* [[List of people from Bangalore]]
-* [[List of neighbourhoods in Bangalore]]
-* [[List of tallest buildings in Bangalore]]
-* [[List of tourist attractions in Bangalore]]
-* [[List of Chola temples in Bangalore]]
-* [[Taluks of Bangalore]]
-* [[Tourism in Karnataka]]
-== References ==
-{{Reflist|30em}}
-=== Works cited ===
-{{Refbegin|30em}}
-* {{cite book |last1=De |first1=Aditi |title=Multiple city: writings on Bangalore |publisher=Penguin Books India |year=2008 |isbn=978-0-14-310025-6 |ref=Aditi2008}}
-* {{cite book |last1=Government of Karnataka |title=Karnataka State Gazetteer: Bangalore District |year=1990 |ref=kar | author-link1=Government of Karnataka}}
-* {{cite book |last1=Nair |first1=Janaki |title=The Promise of the Metropolis: Bangalore's Twentieth Century |edition=illustrated |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |year=2005 |isbn=978-0-19-566725-7 |ref=nair}}
-* {{cite book |last1=Pinto |first1=Jerry |last2=Srivastava |first2=Rahul |title=Talk of the Town |publisher=Penguin Books India |year=2008 |isbn=978-0-14-333013-4 |ref=TalkoftheTown}}
-* {{cite book |last=Plunkett |first=Richard |title=South India |publisher=[[Lonely Planet]] |date=2001 |isbn=1-86450-161-8}}
-* {{cite book |last1=Raman |first1=A. |title=Bangalore&nbsp;— Mysore |edition=illustrated |publisher=[[Orient Blackswan]] |year=1994 |isbn=978-0-86311-431-1 |ref=bm}}
-* {{cite book |last=Rao |first=C. Hayavadana | author-link=C. Hayavadana Rao |title=The Mysore State Gazetteer |year=1929 |ref=mg}}
-* {{cite book |last1=Sarma |first1=I.K. | author-link=Inguva Kartikeya Sarma |title=Temples of the Gangas of Karnataka |publisher=Archaeological Survey of India |year=1992 |isbn=978-0-19-560686-7}}
-* {{cite book |last1=Srinivas |first1=Smriti |title=Landscapes of Urban Memory: The Sacred and the Civic in India's High-tech City |edition=revised |publisher=[[Orient Blackswan]] |year=2004 |isbn=9788125022541 |ref=Sri2004}}
-{{Refend}}
-== Further reading ==
-{{Refbegin|30em}}
-* {{cite web |author=Archaeological Survey of India|author-link=Archaeological Survey of India |url=https://archive.org/details/in.gov.ignca.22764/page/n1/mode/1up |title=Annual Report of the Archaeological researches in Mysore during the year 1914–15 |publisher=Central Archaeological Library |location=New Delhi}}
-* {{cite book |last=Rangachari |first=Edgar Thurston, K. |title=Castes and tribes of southern India |year=1993 |publisher=Asian Educational Services |location=New Delhi |isbn=9788120602885 |ref=EdgarThurston}}
-* {{cite book |last=Rice |first=B. Lewis |title=Mysore : a gazetteer compiled for government. |url=https://archive.org/details/mysoregazetteerc0000rice |year=2001 |publisher=Asian Educational Services |location=New Delhi |isbn=978-8120609778 |ref=MysoreGazetteer}}
-* {{cite book |last=Stein |first=Burton |title=The New Cambridge History of India. |year=1989 |publisher=Cambridge Univ. Press |location=Cambridge |isbn=978-0-521-26693-2 |ref=BurtonStein | title-link=The New Cambridge History of India}}
-* {{cite book |last=Hasan |first=Fazlul |title=Bangalore Through The Centuries |location=Bangalore |publisher=Historical Publications |date=1970}}
-* {{cite thesis |last=Vagale |first=Uday Kumar |url=http://hdl.handle.net/10919/9941 |title=Public Space in Bangalore: Present and Future Projections |date=6 May 2004 |publisher=Virginia Tech |hdl=10919/9941 |access-date= 26 September 2020 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120605195117/http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-05172004-231956/unrestricted/4.pdf |archive-date= 5 June 2012 |type=Thesis |url-status=live }}&nbsp;{{small|(792&nbsp;kB)}}. Digital Libraries and Archives. 2006. Virginia Tech. 27 April 2004.
-* {{cite book |last1=Meyer |first1=William Stevenson |last2=Burn |first2=Richard |last3=Cotton |first3=James Sutherland |last4=Risley |first4=Herbert Hope |url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/ |title=The Imperial Gazetteer of India |date=2006 |location=Oxford |publisher=[[Clarendon Press]]|orig-year=1909}}
-* {{cite EB1911 |wstitle=Bangalore|volume=3|page=315|short=1}}
-{{Refend}}
-== External links ==
-* [http://www.bdabangalore.org/ Official website of Bangalore Development Authority]
-* {{Britannica|51705}}
-* {{GovPubs|Bangalore}}
-* {{curlie|Regional/Asia/India/Karnataka/Localities/Bangalore/}}
-* {{osmrelation-inline|7902476}}
-{{Geographic location
- |Centre=Bangalore
- |North=[[Maharashtra]]
- |East=[[Andhra Pradesh]]
- |South=[[Tamil Nadu]]
- |West=''[[Arabian Sea]]''
-}}
-{{Navboxes
-| title=Articles related to Bangalore
-| list =
-{{Bangalore topics|left}}
-{{Navboxes
-| title=[[File:Gnome-globe.svg|25px]]{{nbsp}}Geographic locale
-| list =
-'''[[Geographic coordinate system|Lat. and Long.]] {{Coord|12|58|44|N|77|35|30|E|display=inline}}'''
-}}
-{{Bangalore Urban district}}
-{{Schools in Bangalore}}
-{{State and Union Territory capitals of India}}
-{{Megacities}}
-{{Million-plus cities in India}}
-{{World's most populated urban areas}}
-}}
-{{Subject bar|commons=yes |commons-search=Category:Bangalore |n=yes |wikt=yes |b=yes |q=yes |s=yes |v=yes |voy=yes |d=yes }}
-[[Category:Bangalore| ]]
-[[Category:1537 establishments in India]]
-[[Category:Cities and towns in Bangalore Urban district]]
-[[Category:Cities in Karnataka]]
-[[Category:High-technology business districts in India]]
-[[Category:Indian capital cities]]
-[[Category:Metropolitan cities in India]]
-[[Category:Populated places established in 1537]]
-[[Category:Geographical articles missing image alternative text]]

Bangalore: Difference between revisions

Latest revision as of 21:50, 13 January 2024