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| {{Short description|German conglomerate}}
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| {{Infobox company
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| | name = Robert Bosch GmbH
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| | logo = <!-- Wikidata -->
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| | image = BoschRenningen-pjt.jpg
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| | image_caption = Corporate Sector Research and Advanced Development in Renningen, Germany
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| | type = [[Privately held company|Private]] ([[Gesellschaft mit beschränkter Haftung|GmbH]])
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| | foundation = {{start date and age|df=yes|1886|11|15}}
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| | location = Robert-Bosch-Platz 1, 70839 [[Gerlingen]], Germany
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| | founder = [[Robert Bosch]]
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| | area_served = Worldwide
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| | key_people = [[Stefan Hartung]] ([[CEO]]), ([[Chief technology officer|CTO]], [[Chief digital officer|CDO]])
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| | industry = [[Conglomerate (company)|Conglomerate]]
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| | products = [[Automotive parts]], [[power tools]], [[security systems]], [[home appliances]], [[engineering]], [[electronics]], [[cloud computing]], [[Internet of things|IoT]]
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| | revenue = {{Decrease}} [[Euro|€]]71.49 billion (2020)<ref name="Annual Report 2020">{{cite press release |url= https://assets.bosch.com/media/global/bosch_group/our_figures/pdf/bosch-annual-report-2020.pdf |title=Annual Report 2020|publisher=Robert Bosch GmbH}}</ref>
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| | operating_income = {{Decrease}} €1.903 billion (2020)<ref name="Annual Report 2020" />
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| | net_income = {{Decrease}} €1.060 billion (2020)<ref name="Annual Report 2020" />
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| | assets = {{Increase}} €91.37 billion (2020)<ref name="Annual Report 2020" /> | |
| | equity = {{Decrease}} €40.17 billion (2020)<ref name="Annual Report 2020" />
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| | num_employees = 395,000 (2020)<ref name="Annual Report 2020" />
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| | owner = {{nowrap| [[Robert Bosch Stiftung]] (92%)<br />Bosch Family (7%)<br />Robert Bosch GmbH (1%)}} {{clarify|date=July 2021}}
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| | subsid = [[BSH Hausgeräte]], [[ETAS]], [[Bosch Rexroth]]
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| | homepage = {{URL|https://www.bosch.com/}}
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| }} | | }} |
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| '''Robert Bosch GmbH''' ({{IPAc-en|b|ɒ|ʃ}}; {{IPA-de|bɔʃ|lang|Robert Bosch GmbH.ogg}}), commonly known as '''Bosch''', is a German [[Multinational corporation|multinational]] [[engineering]] and [[technology company]] headquartered in [[Gerlingen]]. The company was founded by [[Robert Bosch]] in [[Stuttgart]] in 1886.<ref name=YFbosch>{{cite web|title=Robert Bosch GmbH Company Profile|publisher=Yahoo! Finance |url= http://biz.yahoo.com/ic/41/41437.html}}</ref> Bosch is 92% owned by [[Robert Bosch Stiftung]], a charitable institution.<ref name="Annual Report 2020" />
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| Bosch's core operating areas are spread across four business sectors: mobility (hardware and software), consumer goods (including [[BSH Hausgeräte|household appliances]] and power tools), industrial technology (including [[Bosch Rexroth|drive and control]]) and energy and building technology.<ref>{{Cite web|url= https://assets.bosch.com/media/global/bosch_group/our_figures/pdf/bosch-today-2018.pdf |title=Bosch Today 2018 |date=22 May 2018 |website=Bosch Global |access-date=22 May 2018}}</ref>
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| ==History==
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| ===1886–1920===
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| [[File:Robert Bosch mit Hut 1888 - 10031.jpg|thumb|[[Robert Bosch]], founder of the company]]
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| The company started in a backyard in Stuttgart-West as the ''Werkstätte für Feinmechanik und Elektrotechnik'' (''Workshop for Precision Mechanics and Electrical Engineering'') on 15 November 1886. The next year Bosch presented a low voltage [[magneto]] for gas engines.
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| From 1897, Bosch started installing [[Ignition magneto|magneto ignition]] devices into automobiles and became a supplier of an ignition system. In 1902, the chief engineer at Bosch, [[Gottlob Honold]], unveiled the high-voltage magneto ignition system with [[spark plug]].<ref>{{cite web |title=The beginnings 1886–1905 |url=https://www.bosch.com/stories/1886-1905-from-first-workshop-to-factory/ |website=Bosch Global |publisher=Robert Bosch GmbH |access-date=12 May 2019 }}</ref>
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| In 1901 Bosch opened its first factory, in Stuttgart and introduced the 8-hour day for workers. In 1910, the [[Stuttgart-Feuerbach|Feuerbach]] plant was built near Stuttgart, where Bosch started to produce [[Headlamp|headlights]] in 1913.
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| In 1917, Bosch became a corporation.
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| === 1920s and 30s ===
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| Bosch started to produce [[Windscreen wiper|windshield wipers]] in 1926 and diesel [[injection pump]]s in 1927. In 1932 it bought [[Junkers|Junkers & Co]]'s gas appliances production and developed its first [[Drill|power drill]] and first [[Vehicle audio|car radio]].
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| === Nazi collaboration ===
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| In late 1933 negotiations between Robert Bosch AG and the [[Nazi Party]] began on relocating parts of armaments production Germany's interior. Bosch founded two such alternative plants in 1935 and 1937: Dreilinden Maschinenbau GmbH in [[Kleinmachnow]] near Berlin and Elektro- und Feinmechanische Industrie GmbH (later Trillke-Werke GmbH) in [[Hildesheim]]. Both plants were used exclusively for armaments production. These "shadow factories" were built under great secrecy and in close cooperation with the Nazi authorities.{{Citation needed|reason=Your explanation here|date=May 2019}} In 1937, Bosch AG became a limited liability company ([[Gesellschaft mit beschränkter Haftung|GmbH]]).
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| The Bosch subsidiary Dreilinden Maschinenbau GmbH (DLMG) in Kleinmachnow employed around 5,000 people, more than half of whom were [[Forced labour under German rule during World War II|forced laborers]], prisoners of war, and female concentration camp prisoners, including many women from the [[Warsaw Uprising]]. {{Citation needed|reason=Your explanation here|date=May 2019}} They had to produce accessories for German [[Luftwaffe]] aircraft. In Hildesheim, a secret plant for the entire electrical equipment of tanks, tractors, and trucks of the [[Wehrmacht]] was built. In 1944, 4,290 men and women worked in the Trillke factory, 2,019 of whom were forced laborers, prisoners of war and military internees. {{Citation needed|reason=Your explanation here|date=May 2019}} During the [[World War II|Second World War]], a total of 2,711 people who had been deported to Germany from the occupied countries had to work at the Bosch plant in Hildesheim. {{Citation needed|reason=Your explanation here|date=May 2019}}
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| In the last years of the war, no new German tank ever drove without the starter elements from the Bosch factory in Hildesheim. Bosch also had a monopoly position in the outfitting of German Luftwaffe aircraft.
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| During the war, production was further decentralized, Bosch produced in an ever larger number of factories, and relocated parts of its production to 213 plants in more than 100 locations.
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| On 12 March 1942, the company's founder, Robert Bosch, died at the age of 80.
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| Angela Martin and Ewa Czerwiakowski interviewed numerous former forced laborers and [[Nazi concentration camp|concentration camp]] prisoners of Dreilinden Maschinenbau GmbH and Trillke-Werke as part of a Berliner Geschichtswerkstatt project, researched the history of the two shadow factories, and published several books and exhibitions on the subject.<ref>Angela Martin: ''Ich sah den Namen Bosch. Polnische Frauen als KZ-Häftlinge in den Dreilinden Maschinenbau GmbH.'' Metropol, Berlin 2002, {{ISBN|3-932482-79-4}}; Ewa Czerwiakowski, Angela Martin (Hrsg.): ''Muster des Erinnerns. Polnische Frauen als KZ-Häftlinge in einer Tarnfabrik von Bosch''. Metropol, Berlin 2005, {{ISBN|3-936411-69-7}}. Exhibitions in cooperation with Hanna Sjöberg: Rathaus Kleinmachnow 2006 [http://www.kleinmachnow.de/staticsite/staticsite.php?menuid=123&topmenu=3 ''... auf dem Boschgelände'']; [[Dokumentationszentrum NS-Zwangsarbeit]] Berlin 2008 [https://www.dz-ns-zwangsarbeit.de/ausstellungen/sonderausstellungen/ ''z.B. Bosch'']; History Meeting House Warsaw 2011 [http://starastrona.dsh.waw.pl/wydarzenia/w-niemieckim-lesie-zbrojenia-wyzysk-przemoc/ ''Versteckt im Wald'']</ref>
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| ===Until 2000===
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| After the second world war, Bosch established a partnership with the Japanese company [[Denso]].
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| In 1964, ''Robert Bosch Stiftung'' was founded. Bosch founded a new development center in [[Schwieberdingen]] in 1968, and the headquarters moved to [[Gerlingen]] in 1970.
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| In 1981, the company participated on an equity basis in the ''[[Telefonbau & Normalzeit GmbH]]'' that was renamed ''[[Telenorma]]'' in 1985, and acquired completely in 1987. In 1994, this part of the company was renamed as ''Bosch Telecom GmbH''.
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| The most relevant inventions of the company until 2000 were the [[oxygen sensor]] (1976), the electric motor control (1979), the [[traction control system]] (1986), the xenon light for cars (1991), the [[electronic stability control]] (1995), further development of the [[Common rail|common rail direct fuel injection]] (invented by [[Magneti Marelli]]) (1997), and the [[Fuel injection|direct fuel injection]] (2000).
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| In 2000, Bosch sold the Private Networks area (nowadays, [[Tenovis]] and [[Avaya]], respectively).
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| ===21st century===
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| In 2001, Bosch acquired the ''Mannesmann Rexroth AG'', which they later renamed to ''[[Bosch Rexroth|Bosch Rexroth AG]]''. In the same year, the company opened a new testing center in Vaitoudden, close to [[Arjeplog]] in north Sweden. A new developing center in [[Abstatt]], Germany followed in 2004.
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| In 2002, Bosch acquired Philips CSI, which at the time was manufacturing a broad range of professional communication and security products and systems including [[Closed-circuit television|CCTV]], congress and public address systems.<ref>[https://www.building.co.uk/philips-csi-sold-to-bosch/1020783.article Philips CSI sold to Bosch], 12 August 2002</ref>
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| Important inventions in these years were the electric hydraulic brake in 2001, the common rail fuel injection with piezo-injectors, the digital car radio with a disc drive, and the cordless screwdriver with a [[lithium-ion battery]] in 2003.
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| Bosch received the ''Deutsche Zukunftspreis'' (German Future Prize) from the German president in 2005 and 2008. A new development center was planned in 2008 in [[Renningen]]. In 2014, the first departments moved to the new center, while the remaining departments followed in 2015.
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| In 2006, Bosch acquired [[Telex Communications]] and [[Electro-Voice]].
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| In 2009, Bosch invested about 3.6 billion Euro in development and research. Approximately 3900 patents are published per year. In addition to increasing energy efficiency by employing renewable energies, the company plans to invest into new areas such as [[biomedical engineering]].
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| China has developed into an important market and manufacturing base for Bosch. In 2012, Bosch had 34,000 employees and a revenue of 41.7 billion Yuan (about 5 billion Euro) in China.
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| * 2012 – Purchased [[SPX Corporation|SPX Service Solutions]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/bosch-completes-acquisition-of-spx-corporations-service-solutions-business-181982761.html|title=Bosch completes acquisition of SPX Corporation's Service Solutions business|last=Bosch|agency=PR Newswire|access-date=4 February 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/spxservice-robertbosch-antitrust-idUSL1E8MQ1FJ20121126|title=FTC approves Bosch buy of SPX Service Solutions, with conditions|date=26 November 2012|work=Reuters|access-date=4 February 2020}}</ref>
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| * 2012 – Bosch sold its foundation brakes activities to [[KPS Capital Partners]], that led to the establishment of [[Chassis Brakes International]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://europe.autonews.com/article/20120111/ANE/301109737/bosch-sells-brake-unit-to-kps-capital-partners|title=Bosch sells brake unit to KPS Capital Partners|date=11 January 2012|website=Automotive News Europe|access-date=4 February 2020}}</ref>
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| * 2013 – Bosch announced it would exit its solar business
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| * 2014 – Bosch entered talks to acquire [[Red Bend Software]].<ref>[https://www.reuters.com/article/us-bosch-redbend-idUSKBN0GJ1B320140819 Bosch in talks to buy Israel's Red Bend Software]. [[Reuters]], 20 August 2014</ref>
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| * 2014 – Bosch takes over 100% of the shares from the former BSH Bosch and [[BSH Hausgeräte|Siemens Hausgeräte GmbH]] joint venture (home appliances)<ref>[http://www.siemens.com/press/pool/de/pressemitteilungen/2014/corporate/AXX20140968e.pdf]. [[Siemens an Bosch]], 22 September 2014</ref>
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| * 2014 – Bosch received the 2014 U.S. Smart Partner award for Physical Security from [[Ingram Micro|Ingram Micro Inc.]]<ref>By Press Release, Security Info Watch. "[http://www.securityinfowatch.com/press_release/12024529/bosch-receives-2014-smart-partner-award-for-physical-security-from-ingram-micro Bosch recognized as a top-performing U.S. technology company by Ingram Micro]." 4 December 2014. 8 December 2014.</ref>
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| * 2015 – Bosch takes over 100% of the shares of the former ZF Lenksysteme (Steering Systems) GmbH joint venture (was 50/50 with [[ZF Friedrichshafen]])
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| * 2015 – Bosch purchases Seeo, Inc, a start-up working on solid state lithium ion batteries.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://fortune.com/2015/08/27/bosch-buys-battery-startup-seeo/|title=Bosch is buying Silicon Valley battery startup Seeo|website=Fortune|access-date=4 February 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-seeo-m-a-robert-bosch-idUSKCN0QX1IS20150828|title=Bosch acquires U.S. electric car battery developer Seeo|date=28 August 2015|work=Reuters|access-date=4 February 2020}}</ref>
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| In January 2020, Bosch Packaging Technology became Syntegon. <ref name="syntegon.com">[https://www.syntegon.com/news/press-releases/2020-01-16-bosch-packaging-technology-is-now-syntegon Bosch Packaging Technology is now Syntegon | Syntegon<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
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| In June 2021, Bosch christened its newly built semiconductor manufacturing plant in which it invested $1.2 billion, its largest-ever spending on a single project.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-06-07|title=Bosch opens German chip plant, its biggest-ever investment|url=https://www.reuters.com/technology/bosch-opens-german-chip-plant-its-biggest-ever-investment-2021-06-07/|access-date=2021-06-11|website=Reuters}}</ref>
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| In April 2022, Bosch announced to acquire Five.ai, an autonomous driving startup.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bosch picks up Five.ai after the self-driving startup pivoted to B2B and then put itself up for sale |url=https://social.techcrunch.com/2022/04/12/bosch-picks-up-five-ai-after-the-self-driving-startup-that-pivoted-to-b2b-put-itself-up-for-sale/ |access-date=2022-04-15 |website=TechCrunch |language=en-US}}</ref>
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| in April 2022, Bosch announced it had acquired the [[Dresden]]-based MEMS micro speaker producer, Arioso Systems. The company will form part of Bosch Sensortec GmbH.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Evertiq - Bosch expands sensor business via acquisition |url=https://evertiq.com/design/51780 |access-date=2022-04-29 |website=evertiq.com |language=en}}</ref>
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| ==Operations==
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| The majority of Bosch Group businesses are grouped into the following four business sectors.<ref name="Bosch Today">{{cite web |title=Bosch Today 2019 |url=https://assets.bosch.com/media/global/bosch_group/our_figures/pdf/bosch-today-2019.pdf |publisher=Robert Bosch GmbH |access-date=12 May 2019}}</ref>
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| ===Mobility solutions===
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| [[File:Bosch Abstatt Luftbild.jpg|right|250px|thumb|The Bosch R&D center in [[Abstatt]], Germany, which is a major site for the development of automotive components.|link=Special:FilePath/Bosch_Abstatt_Luftbild.jpg]]
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| The Mobility Solutions business sector accounts for 60 percent of total sales in 2019.<ref name="Annual Report 2020" /> Its main areas of activity are injection technology and [[powertrain]] peripherals for internal-combustion engines, powertrain electrification, steering systems, safety and driver-assistance systems, [[infotainment]] technology as well as vehicle-to-vehicle and vehicle-to-infrastructure communication, repair-shop concepts, and technology and services for the [[automotive aftermarket]].
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| Particular strategic priorities for the sector include transforming the powertrain and expanding the business in the areas of electrification, [[automated driving]], new electrical and electronic architectures for vehicles, accessing adjacent market segments, and developing additional services.
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| The new Powertrain Solutions division was formed effective 1 January 2018, in order to develop powertrain technology products, regardless of the energy source. The new division resulted from the merger of the former Gasoline Systems and Diesel Systems divisions. It offers products for powertrain technology, from gasoline and diesel direct injection to electrified powertrains with battery systems and, in the future, it will offer fuel-cell technologies as well.
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| Brands within this sector include:
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| * AutoCrew
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| * Bosch Car Service
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| * ITK Engineering
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| * Robinair
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| * HC Cargo
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| * [[Zexel]]
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| * [[ETAS]]
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| ===Industrial technology===
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| In the 2019 business year, the Industrial Technology business sector generated roughly 10 percent of total Bosch Group sales.<ref name="Annual Report 2020" /> The sector includes the [[Bosch Rexroth|Drive and Control Technology division]], whose products include customized drive, control, and linear motion for factory automation, plant construction and engineering, and mobile machinery.
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| The second division, Packaging Technology, provides process and packaging for the pharmaceuticals and foodstuffs industries. Its range includes stand-alone machines, systems, and service. In 2018, Bosch decided to look for a new owner for this business. Bosch's in-house provider of assembly systems, Robert Bosch Manufacturing Solutions GmbH, Stuttgart, remains part of the Bosch Group; up to now, it has been part of the Packaging Technology division.
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| In addition, the Bosch Connected Industry business unit, which develops software and carries out Industry 4.0 projects for internal and external customers, has been part of the Industrial Technology business sector since the start of 2018.
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| In January 2020, Bosch Packaging Technology became Syntegon <ref name="syntegon.com"/>
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| ===Consumer goods===
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| The Consumer Goods business sector contributed some 23 percent of total Bosch Group sales in 2019.<ref name="Annual Report 2020" /> Its Power Tools division is a supplier of power tools, power-tool accessories, and measuring technology. In addition to power tools such as [[hammer drill]]s, cordless screwdrivers, and [[Jigsaw (power tool)|jigsaws]], its products also include gardening equipment such as [[Lawn mower|lawnmowers]], [[hedge trimmer]]s, and [[Pressure washing|high-pressure cleaners]]. One of the division's focal points is convenient, high-performance cordless tools, and increasingly also web-enabled tools and services.
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| The Consumer Goods business sector also includes [[BSH Hausgeräte]] GmbH, which offers a broad range of modern, energy-efficient, and increasingly connected household appliances. Its products range from washing machines and tumble dryers through refrigerators and freezers, stoves and ovens, and dishwashers, to small appliances such as [[vacuum cleaner]]s, [[Coffeemaker|coffee makers]], and [[food processor]]s.
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| Brands within this sector include:
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| * [[Dremel]]
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| * [[Siemens]] (under licence)
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| * [[Neff GmbH]]
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| * [[Gaggenau Hausgeräte]]
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| ===Energy and building technology===
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| [[File:BoschCCTV.jpg|thumb|A CCTV camera manufactured by Bosch.|link=Special:FilePath/BoschCCTV.jpg]]
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| In 2019, the Energy and Building Technology business sector generated 7 percent of total Bosch Group sales.<ref name="Annual Report 2020" /> Its Building Technologies division (formerly Security Systems) has two areas of business: the global product business for security and communications, and the regional integrator business. The latter offers services for building security, energy efficiency, and building automation in selected countries. Both units focus on commercial applications. The products encompass video-surveillance, intrusion-detection, fire-detection, and voice-alarm systems, as well as access-control and professional audio and conference systems.
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| The Thermotechnology division offers systems for [[air conditioning]], hot water, and decentralized energy management. It provides heating systems and energy management for residential buildings, water heaters, and commercial and industrial heating and air-conditioning systems.
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| The Bosch Global Service Solutions division offers outsourcing for business processes and services, primarily for customers in the automotive, travel, and logistics industries and in information and communications technology. Within Bosch, it also provides shared-service functions.
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| Robert Bosch Smart Home GmbH offers web-enabled, app-controlled products for the home.
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| Brands within this sector:
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| * [[Dynacord]]
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| * [[Electro-Voice]]
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| * [[Telex Communications|Telex]]
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| * [[Worcester Bosch]]
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| * [[Junkers]]
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| ===Other business areas===
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| The Bosch Group also operates in other business areas that are not assigned to a particular sector.<ref name="Bosch Today" />
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| Bosch Healthcare Solutions GmbH is a wholly owned subsidiary of Robert Bosch GmbH. The subsidiary was established in 2015 with the aim of developing products and services that improve people's health and quality of life. The business offers customers connected products and services in the area of healthcare and medical technology.<ref>{{cite web |title=About us |url=https://www.bosch-healthcare.com/en/about-us/ |website=Bosch Healthcare Solutions |publisher=Robert Bosch GmbH |access-date=12 May 2019 }}</ref> In March 2020, Bosch Healthcare Solutions announced that it has developed a diagnostic tool for detecting the [[coronavirus]] [[SARS-CoV-2]] responsible for the [[COVID-19 pandemic]] in under three hours. According to Bosch, the test can be performed directly at the point of care, eliminating the need to transport samples.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/reuters/2020/03/26/world/europe/26reuters-health-coronavirus-bosch.html|title=Bosch Develops Corona Test Tool to Detect Virus in Under Three Hours|date=26 March 2018|work=The New York Times|access-date=30 March 2020}}</ref>
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| Bosch Software Innovations has been active on the internet of things for nearly ten years. Its team takes [[Internet of things|IoT]] ideas from the level of strategy to practical implementation, and helps companies manage the process of digital transformation.<ref>{{cite web |title=About Bosch Software Innovations |url=https://www.bosch-si.com/corporate/about-us/bosch-software-innovations.html |website=Bosch Software Innovations |access-date=12 May 2019 }}</ref>
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| The Grow Platform GmbH is the legal entity of Grow and a 100% subsidiary of the Bosch corporation. Grow is an internal start-up incubator.
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| Robert Bosch Venture Capital GmbH (RBVC) is the corporate venture capital company of the Bosch Group. RBVC invests worldwide in innovative [[Startup company|start-up companies]]. Its investment activities focus on technology companies working in areas of business of current and future relevance for Bosch, above all, automation and electrification, energy efficiency, enabling technologies, and healthcare systems. RBVC also invests in services and business models as well as new materials that are relevant to the above-mentioned areas of business.<ref>{{cite web |title=Company Overview of Robert Bosch Venture Capital GmbH |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/research/stocks/private/snapshot.asp?privcapId=39763096 |website=Bloomberg |access-date=12 May 2019 }}</ref>
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| ==Locations==
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| [[File:Bosch Headquarter Stuttgart.JPG|thumb|Headquarters in [[Gerlingen]], Germany]]
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| [[File:Bosch Feuerbach IT Campus.jpg|thumb|IT campus in Stuttgart-Feuerbach, Germany]]
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| Through a complex network of over 440 subsidiaries and regional entities, the company operates in over 60 countries worldwide. Including sales and service partners, Bosch's global manufacturing, engineering, and sales network covers nearly every country in the world. At 125 locations across the globe, Bosch employs roughly 64,500 associates in research and development.
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| ===British operations===
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| In the UK, Bosch has its corporate head office in [[Denham, Buckinghamshire]], and employs circa. 5200 associates. There are also around 40 other Bosch Group locations throughout the country, including [[Coventry]], [[Glenrothes]], [[St Neots]], [[Stockport]], [[Stowmarket]], [[Liverpool]], [[Milton Keynes]], [[Worcester, England|Worcester]] and [[York]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Bosch in the UK |url=https://www.bosch.co.uk/our-company/bosch-in-the-united-kingdom/ |website=Bosch in the United Kingdom |access-date=12 May 2019 }}</ref>
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| Alongside sales and support functions for all Bosch business sectors in the region, the company also manufactures boiler systems, mobile hydraulics, packaging machinery alongside lawn and garden products in the UK.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bosch.co.uk/media/our_company/2017_uk_factsheet.pdf|title=Bosch UK Factsheet 2018|date=12 May 2019|website=Bosch UK|access-date=12 May 2019}}</ref>
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| In March 2019, Bosch opened its London Connectory, a [[Shoreditch]]-based "co-innovation space" open to partners from the public, private and academic sectors, from start-ups to multinational organisations.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bosch.co.uk/news-and-stories/stories/keeping-london-on-the-move/index-2.html|title=Keeping London on the move|website=Bosch in the United Kingdom|access-date=12 May 2019}}</ref>
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| ===North American operations===
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| [[File:Robert Bosch Ltda - panoramio.jpg|thumb|Company headquarters in Latin America located in Brazil]]
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| In North America, Robert Bosch LLC (a wholly owned Bosch subsidiary) has corporate headquarters in [[Farmington Hills, Michigan]]. Three Research Technology Centers are located in [[Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania]], [[Sunnyvale, California]], and [[Cambridge, Massachusetts]].<ref name="urlBosch - Bosch Research and Technology Center">{{cite web |url=http://www.bosch.us/content/language1/html/rtc.htm |title=Bosch – Bosch Research and Technology Center |access-date=18 December 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141218112718/http://www.bosch.us/content/language1/html/rtc.htm |archive-date=18 December 2014}}</ref> Factories and distribution facilities are located in [[Mt. Prospect, Illinois]]; [[Hoffman Estates, Illinois]]; [[Broadview, Illinois]]; [[Kentwood, Michigan]]; [[Warren, Michigan]]; [[Owatonna, Minnesota]]; [[Waltham, Massachusetts]]; [[Clarksville, Tennessee]]; [[Anderson, South Carolina]]; [[Charleston, South Carolina]]; and 11 other cities. There are also two corporate sites in Brazil and ten in Mexico where a central purchasing office for all divisions of Bosch Group is located in Broadview, Illinois. In North America, Bosch employs about 24,750 people in 80 locations, generating $8.8 billion in sales in 2006.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bosch.us/content/language1/html/867.htm|publisher=Bosch|title=About Bosch in the USA|access-date=11 March 2008|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080319035427/http://www.bosch.us/content/language1/html/867.htm|archive-date=19 March 2008}}</ref>
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| In May 2015, Bosch Security Systems opened its newly constructed distribution center in [[Greer, South Carolina]]. The distribution center adds more than 50 new associates in the state and will receive, store and ship more than 50,000 different products for video surveillance, intrusion and fire detection, access control and management systems and professional audio and conference systems.<ref>Greer Today. "[http://greertoday.com/greer-sc/bosch-celebrates-opening-greer-distribution-center/2015/05/06/ Bosch celebrates opening Greer distribution center]." 6 May 2015. 14 May 2015.</ref>
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| === Indian operations ===
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| Bosch entered India in 1922, when Illies & Company set up a sales office in [[Calcutta]]. For three decades, the company operated in the Indian market only through imports. In 1951, the Motor Industries Company Ltd. (MICO) was founded, with Bosch instantly buying 49% of its stock. MICO became the sole distributor and, after the Indian state implemented restrictive import regulations, a factory was set up at Adugodi, Bangalore in 1953, to manufacture various products with Bosch licensing. From this point onward, vocational training took place as well, culminating in the creation of a Vocational Centre in 1960. By 1961, 2,000 people worked at the Bangalore plant, which had already started export business, and 57.5% of MICO shares had been bought by Bosch. This was followed by increased investments into MICO plants in India in the late 1960s and early 1970s; a second plant was installed in Nasik in 1969–1971, a third in Naganathapura in 1988. In the late 1980s, the second-largest contingent of Bosch employees outside of Germany was based in India until eventually, in 2008, MICO was renamed Bosch Limited.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Hoffmann|first=Josefine|year=2020|title=Agreements and Achievements – MICO in the German Bosch Archive|url=https://www.projekt-mida.de/reflexicon/agreements-and-achievements-mico-in-the-german-bosch-archive/|journal=MIDA Archival Reflexicon|pages=3–4|issn=2628-5029|via=MIDA (DAS MODERNE INDIEN IN DEUTSCHEN ARCHIVEN 1706–1989)}}</ref>
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| Bosch India has a turnover of over US$3 billion and over 31,000 employees spread across 10 locations and 7 application development centers. 84% of Bosch India revenues come from its automotive business, with the remaining 16% split between its non-automotive businesses that include packaging, energy and building solutions, power tools and consumer retail.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/Bosch-enters-healthcare-space-in-India/articleshow/40929482.cms|title=Bosch enters healthcare space in India|access-date=30 July 2016}}</ref> Bosch also has R & D facilities in [[Coimbatore]] and [[Bangalore]], India. This is Bosch's largest R & D operation outside its home market of Germany.<ref name="LiveMint">{{cite news|last=Mishra|first=Ashish K.|date=6 November 2014|title=Bosch's long tryst with India|publisher=Live Mint|url=http://www.livemint.com/Home-Page/JF92JSrZa9H3o4pXWb44HI/Boschs-long-tryst-with-India.html|access-date=4 August 2017}}</ref> In September 2014, Bosch announced the launch of a locally developed [[Eyewash|eye-care solution]] in India. The company's new eye screening and detection system offers a combination of hardware and software and provides affordable eye care.
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| Bosch India is listed on the Indian [[stock exchange]]s and has a [[market capitalization]] of over US$12 billion.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/india/stockpricequote/auto-ancillaries/bosch/B05|title=Bosch Share Price, Bosch Stock Price, Bosch Ltd. Stock Price, Share Price, Live BSE/NSE, Bosch Ltd. Bids Offers. Buy/Sell Bosch Ltd. news & tips, & F&O Quotes, NSE/BSE Forecast News and Live Quotes|website=moneycontrol.com|access-date=24 October 2019}}</ref>
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| In 2022, Bosch's engineering and software solution arm Robert Bosch Engineering and Business Solutions (abbreviated as RBEI), changed its name to Bosch Global Software Technologies.<ref>{{Cite news|date=4 January 2022|title=RBEI is now Bosch Global Software Technologies|work=[[Hindu Business Line]]|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/companies/rbei-is-now-bosch-global-software-technologies/article38114213.ece|access-date=18 January 2022}}</ref>
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| ==Joint ventures==
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| ===BSH Hausgeräte===
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| {{main|BSH Hausgeräte}}
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| BSH Hausgeräte GmbH, in which Bosch acquired all shares in 2014, is one of the world's top three companies in the household appliances industry. In Germany and [[Western Europe]], BSH is the market leader. It includes the principal brand names ''Bosch'' and ''Siemens'', ''[[Gaggenau Hausgeräte GmbH|Gaggenau]]'', ''[[Balay (Spanish company)|Balay]]'', ''Neff'', ''Thermador'', ''[[Constructa (company)|Constructa]]'', ''Viva'' and ''Ufesa'' brands, and further six regional brands. Bosch household appliances for the North American market are mainly manufactured at its factory near [[New Bern, North Carolina]].
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| ===EM-motive===
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| [[Daimler AG]] and Bosch established a 50:50 joint venture (JV) to develop and manufacture electric motors in 2011. The JV, called EM-motive GmbH, manufactures traction motors for electric, fuel cell and extended-range vehicles at a facility in Hildesheim, Germany.<ref>{{cite web |title=Daimler, Bosch finalize EM-motive electric motor joint venture |url=https://www.autoblog.com/2011/09/20/daimler-bosch-finalize-em-motive-electric-motor-joint-venture/?guccounter=1&guce_referrer=aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cuZ29vZ2xlLmNvLnVrLw&guce_referrer_sig=AQAAANikm9fGzeM222webGC3Rf5BdBQpKeYx5HFU9_wSoHVXK7ZnLico4zE3LgqGXgSbLHLzGIYQS2qbp48ZwG-841cmA1zCMILol5fOZl8q_CKCqbB20ml1LEFO9iL7YNIVRl-9IpuPRrjFwjewDm5Gp1rQ8EDdR3jfk4diwuZPoJdJ |website=Autoblog |access-date=12 May 2019 }}</ref>
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| In 2019 Bosch acquired the remaining shares and assumed full control of the company.<ref>{{cite web |title=Bosch buys out Daimler's stake in electric motor JV |url=https://europe.autonews.com/suppliers/bosch-buys-out-daimlers-stake-electric-motor-jv |website=Automotive News Europe |access-date=12 May 2019 |date=24 January 2019}}</ref>
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| ===Purolator filters===
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| Bosch co-owned [[Purolator Filters]] in a [[joint venture]] with Mann+Hummel until 2013. In 2013 the Mann+Hummel Group acquired Bosch's stake.<ref>{{cite web |title=MANN+HUMMEL Takes Over Purolator Filters Joint Venture from Bosch |url=https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20130327006132/en/MANNHUMMEL-Takes-Purolator-Filters-Joint-Venture-Bosch |website=Business Wire |access-date=21 June 2019}}</ref>
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| ===SB LiMotive===
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| {{main|SB LiMotive}}
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| In June 2008 Bosch formed SB LiMotive, a 50:50 joint company with [[Samsung|Samsung SDI]].<ref>Sam Abuelsamid, Auto Blog. "[http://www.autoblog.com/2008/06/17/bosch-and-samsung-to-team-up-on-battery-development/ Bosch and Samsung to team up on battery development]." 27 June 2008. Retrieved 1 February 2017.</ref> The company held ground breaking ceremony for a 28.000 m<sup>2</sup> lithium-ion battery cell manufacturing plant in September 2009 and it is scheduled to start production for [[Hybrid electric vehicle|hybrid vehicles]] in 2011 and for [[electric vehicle]]s in 2012. The plant will generate 1,000 jobs in [[Ulsan]], Korea in addition to the 500 employees in Korea, Germany and the United States. SB LiMotive was officially ended in September 2012 with both companies focusing on automotive batteries alone.
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| ===Static ADAS Calibration===
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| In October 2020, Bosch and [[Mitchell International]] paired up to develop the MD-500, a wireless tablet that repair planners can use to link directly to OEM repair procedures from Diagnostic Trouble Codes (DTCs), automatically upload pre-scan and post-scans, and write estimates and calibration reports. Bosch and Mitchell launched the MD-TS21, a target system which permits repair facilities to quickly and accurately calibrate blind-spot monitors, front-facing camera, and radar sensors in automobile models with [[Advanced driver-assistance systems|ADAS]], in February 2021.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/bosch-and-mitchell-introduce-new-target-system-for-static-adas-calibration-301221018.html |title=Bosch and Mitchell Introduce New Target Systems for Static ADAS Calibration|date=3 February 2021 |work=Cision}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.tomorrowstechnician.com/bosch-and-mitchell-collaborate-on-new-tool/ |title=Bosch and Mitchell Collaborate On New Tool|date=22 October 2020 |work=Tomorrow's Tech}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bodyshopbusiness.com/bosch-mitchell-introduce-new-target-system-for-static-adas-calibration/ |title=Bosch, Mitchell Introduce New Target System for Static ADAS Calibration|date=3 February 2021 |work=Body Shop Business}}</ref>
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| ==Corporate affairs==
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| Robert Bosch GmbH, including its wholly owned subsidiaries such as Robert Bosch LLC in North America, is unusual in that it is an extremely large, privately owned corporation that is almost entirely (92%) owned by a charitable foundation. Thus, while most of the profits are invested back into the corporation to build for the future and sustain growth, nearly all of the profits distributed to shareholders are devoted to humanitarian causes.
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| [[File:Bosch Composition.svg|thumb|550px|center| Diagram of Robert Bosch GmbH.|link=Special:FilePath/Bosch_Composition.svg]]
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| As shown in the diagram (above), the ''[[Robert Bosch Stiftung]]'' (''Robert Bosch Foundation'') holds 92% of the [[share (finance)|shares]] of ''Robert Bosch GmbH'', but no voting rights. The ''Robert Bosch Industrietreuhand KG'' (''Robert Bosch Industrial [[trust company|Trust]] [[Kommanditgesellschaft|KG]]''), with old members of the company management, agents of the Bosch family, and other eminent people from the industry (such as Jürgen Hambrecht, CEO of [[BASF]]), have 93% of the votes, but no shares (0.01%). The remaining 8% of shares and 7%<ref name=YFbosch/> of voting-rights are held by the descendants of the company founder Robert Bosch.<ref>[http://www.bosch-stiftung.de/content/language1/html/389.asp Robert Bosch Stiftung: Über uns]. Retrieved 11 August 2008</ref>
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| For example, in 2004, the net profit was US$2.1 billion, but only US$78 million was distributed as dividends to shareholders. Of that figure, US$72 million was distributed to the charitable foundation, and the other US$6 million to Bosch family stockholders. The remaining 96% of the profits were invested back into the company. In its core automotive technology business, Bosch invests 9% of its revenue on research and development, nearly double the industry average of 4.7%.<ref>{{cite news|work=[[Forbes]]|url=https://www.forbes.com/forbes/2005/1128/204_print.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060905084934/http://www.forbes.com/forbes/2005/1128/204_print.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=5 September 2006|date=28 November 2005|title=Parts for the Sensitive Car|author=Joann Muller}}</ref>
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| ==Accreditations==
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| Almost all Bosch locations are both [[ISO 9000|ISO 9001]] (quality) and [[ISO 14000|ISO 14001]] (environmental protection) certified.<ref name=csrr>
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| {{cite web|title=Corporate Social Responsibility Report 2010|work=Bosch|url=http://www.bosch.com/media/en/com/sustainability/current/news/2011/bsh_sustainability_report_2010.pdf|access-date=28 January 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121202101359/http://www.bosch.com/media/en/com/sustainability/current/news/2011/bsh_sustainability_report_2010.pdf|archive-date=2 December 2012}}
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| </ref> In addition to that, their management is compliant with [[OHSAS 18001]].
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| ==Environmental practices and initiatives==
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| In May 2019, Bosch said it plans to be "fully [[Carbon neutrality|carbon-neutral]]” by 2020 – a decade or more earlier than most of its rivals – thanks to big investments in clean electricity and an ambitious [[carbon offset]] program.<ref>{{cite news |last1=McGee |first1=Patrick |title=Bosch says it will be carbon-neutral in 2020 |url=https://www.ft.com/content/da91dabe-723d-11e9-bbfb-5c68069fbd15 |access-date=12 May 2019 |work=Financial Times|date=9 May 2019}}</ref>
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| ==Controversy==
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| === Role in emission cheating software ===
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| In 2006, [[Volkswagen]] executives asked Bosch for help in developing software for their emission defeat devices. Volkswagen is one of Bosch's biggest customers. Volkswagen engineers provided detailed specifications to Bosch, which wrote the necessary code. Bosch was apparently concerned about the legality of software and asked Volkswagen to assume responsibility if the fraud was discovered, but Volkswagen refused.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/02/01/business/bosch-vw-diesel-settlement.html|title=Supplier's Role Shows Breadth of VW's Deceit|last=Ewing|first=Jack|date=1 February 2017|newspaper=The New York Times|access-date=5 February 2017|issn=0362-4331}}</ref>
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| Starting in 2008, Bosch supplied approximately 17 million motor control and mixture control devices containing illegal software to various manufacturers both domestically and globally. With such software, the automobiles fitted with Bosch's devices emitted more nitrogen oxides than allowed under regulations.<ref name="forbesdieselgate">{{cite news |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/doronlevin/2019/05/23/german-parts-maker-bosch-gets-off-with-relatively-light-100-million-fine-from-vw-dieselgate/?sh=197a82521f28 |title=German Parts Maker Bosch Gets Off With Relatively Light $100 Million Fine From VW Dieselgate|last=Levin|first=Doron|date=23 May 2019 |work=Forbes}}</ref><ref name="eurodiesel">{{cite news |url=https://www.dw.com/en/bosch-pays-90-million-euro-fine-over-diesel-scandal/a-48843405 |title=Bosch pays 90-million-euro fine over diesel scandal|date=23 May 2019 |work=DW}}</ref>
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| On 1 February 2017, Bosch agreed to pay consumers in the United States $327.5 million as compensation for its role in devising the software.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.ft.com/content/964a2f72-e898-11e6-967b-c88452263daf|url-access=subscription|title=Bosch reaches $328m settlement in VW emissions scandal|last=McGee|first=Patrick|date=1 February 2017|newspaper=Financial Times|access-date=5 February 2017|issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-volkswagen-emissions-idUSKBN15G3NX |title=VW, Robert Bosch agree to pay $1.55 billion to settle U.S. diesel claims|last=Shepardson|first=David|date=1 February 2017 |work=Reuters}}</ref> Bosch also provided emissions software for Fiat Chrysler's [[List of VM Motori engines#A 630 DOHC|3.0 L V6 diesel engine]] used in 100,000 model year 2014–2016 [[Jeep Grand Cherokee|Grand Cherokee]] SUVs and [[Ram Trucks]] and agreed to pay affected consumers $27.5 million as part of a broader settlement in January 2019.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Shepardson |first1=David |title=Fiat Chrysler agrees to $800 million U.S. diesel-emissions settlement |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-fiatchrysler-emissions/fiat-chrysler-agrees-to-u-s-diesel-emissions-settlement-worth-nearly-800-million-idUSKCN1P41WV |access-date=11 January 2019 |work=Reuters |date=10 January 2019 }}</ref> In May 2019, Bosch paid another $100 million fine for its connection to the [[Volkswagen emissions scandal|Dieselgate]] scandal.<ref name="forbesdieselgate" /><ref name="eurodiesel" />
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| === Role in Astongate greenwashing campaign ===
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| {{main|Astongate}}
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| In 2020, Bosch funded the creation of a 20-page report entitled ''Decarbonising Road Transport: There Is No Silver Bullet'', which was widely debunked for promoting misleading information about the CO2 emissions created in the manufacture of [[electric vehicles]],<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.businessgreen.com/news/4024132/astongate-aston-martin-bosch-accused-controversial-report-downplay-evs-environmental-benefits |title= 'Astongate': Aston Martin and Bosch accused of using controversial report to downplay EV's environmental benefits |website= www.businessgreen.com|publisher= Business Green |date= 1 December 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.irishevs.com/understanding-astongate|title= Understanding "Astongate" – Another brand embroiled in disinformation campaign|website= www.irishevs.com|publisher= IrishEVs |date= 30 November 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= https://cleantechnica.com/2020/12/01/aston-martin-linked-to-a-study-spreading-misinformation-about-evs/|title= Aston Martin linked to study spreading misinformation about EVs|website= www.cleantechnica.com|publisher= CleanTechnica |date= 1 December 2020}}</ref> following the UK's declaration to ban the sale of new internal combustion engine vehicles from 2030.<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2020/nov/18/uk-ban-on-new-fossil-fuel-vehicles-by-2030-not-enough-to-hit-climate-targets |title= UK ban on new fossil fuel vehicles by 2030 'not enough' to hit climate targets|website= [[The Guardian]]|date= 18 November 2020}}</ref>
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| The report compared the emissions created in the production of the all-electric [[Polestar 2]] car, which it claimed would emit 24 tonnes of CO2 over its life, with a petrol-powered [[Volvo XC40]], which the report claimed would create 14 tonnes of CO2. Based on the comparison of these two cars alone the study promoted by Clarendon Communications claimed that all electric vehicles would need to drive {{convert|50,000|mile}} in order to offset the emissions from manufacture<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.forbes.com/sites/jamesmorris/2021/01/02/big-oil-is-getting-scared-of-electric-vehicles--and-so-it-should-be/?sh=8f9e55f3e70d|title= Big oil is getting scared of electric vehilces – and so it should be|work= Forbes |date= 2 January 2021}}</ref> – when, in reality, a typical EV need only drive {{convert|16,000-18,000|mile}} in order to offset the emissions from manufacture.<ref>{{cite web |url= https://electrek.co/2020/11/30/did-aston-martin-publish-fake-emission-numbers-about-evs/|title= Did Aston Martin publish fake emission numbers about EVs?|website= www.electrek.com|publisher= Electrek |date= 30 November 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= https://insideevs.com/news/458458/legacy-automakers-backed-study-against-evs-debunked/|title= Study against EVs backed by legacy automakers is debunked in epic way|website= www.insideevs.com|publisher= InsideEVs |date= 4 December 2020}}</ref>
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| While Bosch was a key funder of the report, the scandal became known as Astongate given the relationship between British automotive manufacturer, [[Aston Martin]] and Clarendon Communications, a shell company posing as a PR agency which set up to promote the report, and which was registered to James Michael Stephens – the Director Global Government & Corporate Affairs at Aston Martin Lagonda Ltd.<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.alpha-week.com/blog/ev-report-turns-pr-disaster-aston-martin|title= EV report turns into PR disaster for Aston Martin|website= www.alpha-week.com|publisher= Alpha-Week |date= 7 December 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.theguardian.com/business/2020/dec/02/aston-martin-pr-firm-anti-electric-vehicle-study|title= Aston Martin in row over 'sock puppet PR firm' pushing anti-electric vehicle study|website= [[The Guardian]]|date= 2 December 2020}}</ref>
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| === Chip Shortage Class Action ===
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| In January 2021, Volkswagen filed a $1.2 billion class-action against Bosch and [[Continental AG]] after VW was forced to reduce production due to a lack of automotive microchips.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/volkswagen-looks-claim-damages-suppliers-over-chip-shortages-2021-01-24/|title=Volkswagen looks to claim damages from suppliers over chip shortages|website=Reuters|author=Michael Nienaber|date=24 January 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://europe.autonews.com/automakers/vw-may-seek-damages-bosch-and-conti-over-chip-shortages|title=VW may seek damages from Bosch and Conti over chip shortages|website=Automotive News Europe|date=24 January 2021}}</ref> On January 26, 2021, the Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit affirmed that Bosch won on all claims.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.clearygottlieb.com/news-and-insights/news-listing/bosch-secures-win-in-vw-dealers-proposed-1-2-billion-class-action|title=Bosch Secures Win in VW Dealers Proposed $1.2 Billion Class Action|website=Cleary Gottlieb|date=26 January 2021}}</ref>
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| == Partnership with universities ==
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| Bosch has formed a strategic alliance with the [[Technische Universität Darmstadt]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tu-darmstadt.de/wissenstransfer/kooperation_mit_unternehmen/formen_der_zusammenarbeit/strategische_partnerschaften_2/index.de.jsp|title=Strategische Partnerschaften|last=Darmstadt|first=Technische Universität|website=Technische Universität Darmstadt|language=de|access-date=29 July 2019}}</ref>
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| ==See also==
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| * [[Continental AG]]
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| * [[Knorr-Bremse]]
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| * [[Siemens]]
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| ==References==
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| {{Reflist}}
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| ==External links==
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| {{commons|Robert Bosch GmbH}}
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| * {{Official website}}
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| * {{PM20|FID=co/003322|TEXT=Documents and clippings about|NAME=}}
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| {{Bosch}}
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| {{Power tool manufacturers}}
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| {{Automotive industry in Germany}}
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| {{Authority control}}
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| {{DEFAULTSORT:Robert Bosch Gmbh}}
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| [[Category:Robert Bosch GmbH| ]]
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| [[Category:Auto parts suppliers of Germany]]
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| [[Category:Automotive companies of Germany]]
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| [[Category:Engineering companies of Germany]]
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| [[Category:Electronics companies of Germany]]
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| [[Category:Tool manufacturing companies of Germany]]
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| [[Category:Home appliance brands]]
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| [[Category:Home appliance manufacturers of Germany]]
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| [[Category:Heating, ventilation, and air conditioning companies]]
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| [[Category:Power tool manufacturers]]
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| [[Category:Plug-in hybrid vehicle industry]]
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| [[Category:Multinational companies headquartered in Germany]]
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| [[Category:Manufacturing companies established in 1886]]
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| [[Category:1886 establishments in Germany]]
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| [[Category:Privately held companies of Germany]]
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| [[Category:German brands]]
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| [[Category:German companies established in 1886]]
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