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{{Short description|Kannadiga empire that ruled most of what is now Karnataka, India (10th–14th centuries)}}
#REDIRECT [[Hoysala Kingdom]]
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2021}}
 
{{Infobox former country
{{Redirect category shell|
| conventional_long_name = Hoysala Empire
{{R from former name}}
| common_name            = Hoysala Empire
{{R from move}}
| status                = Empire
{{R to related topic}}
| status_text            = Empire<br/><small>(Subordinate to the [[Western Chalukya Empire]] until 1187)</small>
| government_type        = Monarchy
| year_start            =
| year_end              =
| event_pre              =
| date_pre              =
| event_start            =
| date_start            =
| event_end              = <!--- Default: "Disestablished" --->
| date_end              =
| event1                =
| date_event1            =
| event2                =
| date_event2            =
| event3                =
| date_event3            =
| event4                =
| date_event4            = <!--- Flag navigation: Preceding and succeeding entities p1 to p5 and s1 to s5 --->
| p1                    = Western Chalukya Empire
| flag_p1                = Western-chalukya-empire-map.svg
| image_p1              =
| s1                    = Vijayanagara Empire
| flag_s1                = Flag_of_vijaynagara.jpg
| native_name            = '''{{transliteration|kn|ISO|ಹೊಯ್ಸಳ ಸಾಮ್ರಾಜ್ಯ<br/>Hoysaḷa Sāmrājya}}'''
| image_flag            =
| image_map              = Hoysala kingdom (blank).svg
| image_map_caption      = Hoysala kingdom, {{circa|1050}} - {{circa|1355}}
| capital                = {{plainlist|
* [[Sosavur]] (1026-1048)
* [[Belur, Karnataka|Belur]] (1048-1062)
* [[Halebidu]] (1062-1300s)}}
| national_motto        =
| national_anthem        =
| common_languages      = [[Kannada]]<br/>[[Sanskrit]]
| religion              = [[Hinduism]]<br/>[[Jainism]]
| currency              = <!--- Titles and names of the first and last leaders and their deputies --->
| title_leader          = [[Monarch|King]]
| leader1                = [[Nripa Kama II]]
| year_leader1          = 1026–1047
| leader2                = [[Vinayaditya (Hoysala dynasty)|Vinayaditya]]
| year_leader2          = 1047–1098
| leader3                = [[Ereyanga]]
| year_leader3          = 1098–1102
| leader4                = [[Veera Ballala I]]
| year_leader4          = 1102–1108
| leader5                = [[Vishnuvardhana]]
| year_leader5          = 1108–1152
| leader6                = [[Narasimha I]]
| year_leader6          = 1152–1173
| leader7                = [[Veera Ballala II]]
| year_leader7          = 1173–1220
| leader8                = [[Vira Narasimha II]]
| year_leader8          = 1220–1235
| leader9                = [[Vira Someshwara]]
| year_leader9          = 1235–1263
| leader10              = [[Narasimha III]]
| year_leader10          = 1263–1292
| leader11              = [[Veera Ballala III]]
| year_leader11          = 1292–1343
| stat_year1            =
| stat_pop1              = <!--- population (w/o commas or spaces), population density is calculated if area is also given --->
| footnotes              = <!--- Accepts wikilinks --->
| demonym                =
| area_km2              =
| area_rank              =
| GDP_PPP                =
| GDP_PPP_year          =
| HDI                    =
| HDI_year              =
| today                  =
}}
}}
{{Karnataka History}}
The '''Hoysala Empire''' was a [[Kannada people|Kannadiga]] power originating from the [[Indian subcontinent]] that ruled most of what is now [[Karnataka, India|Karnataka]] between the 10th and the 14th centuries. The capital of the Hoysalas was initially located at [[Belur, Karnataka|Belur]], but was later moved to [[Halebidu]].
The Hoysala rulers were originally from [[Malenadu]], an elevated region in the [[Western Ghats]]. In the 12th century, taking advantage of the internecine warfare between the [[Western Chalukya Empire]] and [[Kalachuris of Kalyani]], the Hoysalas annexed areas of present-day Karnataka and the fertile areas north of the [[Kaveri]] delta in present-day [[Tamil Nadu]]. By the 13th century, they governed most of Karnataka, entire northwestern parts of Tamil Nadu and parts of western [[Andhra Pradesh]] and [[Telangana]] in the [[Deccan Plateau]].
The Hoysala era was an important period in the development of [[South India]]n art, architecture, and religion. The empire is remembered today primarily for [[Hoysala architecture]]; 100 surviving temples are scattered across Karnataka.
Well-known temples which exhibit what the historian Sailendra Sen has called "an amazing display of sculptural exuberance" include the [[Chennakeshava Temple, Belur|Chennakeshava Temple]] in Belur, the [[Hoysaleswara Temple]] in Halebidu, and the [[Chennakesava Temple, Somanathapura|Chennakesava Temple]] in Somanathapura.{{sfn|Sen|2013|pp=58{{ndash}}60}} The Hoysala rulers also patronised the fine arts, encouraging literature to flourish in [[Kannada literature|Kannada]] and [[Vedic and Sanskrit literature|Sanskrit]].
==History==
===Legendary beginnings===
[[File:Hoysala emblem.JPG|thumb|alt=photograph of Sala and the tiger, Belur, Karnataka|Sala fighting a tiger, the emblem of the Hoysala Empire, at the [[Chennakeshava Temple, Belur]]]]
Kannada folklore tells a legend of a young man, Sala (also known as Poysala), who saved his [[Jainism|Jain]] [[guru]] Sudatta by killing a tiger (sometimes described as a lion) that they encountered whilst in a forest, near the temple of the goddess Vasantika at Angadi, now called Sosevuru.{{sfn|Menon|2013|p=128}}{{sfn|Desai|Ritti|Gopal|1970|p=250}} The word ''strike'' translates to "hoy" in [[Old Kannada]], hence the name 'Hoy-sala'.{{sfn|Menon|2013|p=128}} The legend purporting to show how Sala became the founder of the Hoysala dynasty is shown in the [[Belur, Karnataka|Belur]] inscription of the Hoysala king [[Vishnuvardhana]], dated {{circa|1117}},{{sfn|Van der Geer |2008 |p=357}} but owing to several inconsistencies in the story it remains in the realm of folklore.{{sfn|Chopra|Ravindran|Subrahmanian|2003|p=150}} Vishnuvardhana achieved a victory over the [[Chola dynasty|Cholas]] at [[Talakadu]] in 1116,{{sfn|Foekema|1996|p=67}} and the legend may have arisen or gained popularity after this event, as the Hoysala emblem depicts Sala fighting a tiger, the tiger being the emblem of the Cholas.{{sfn|Kamath|2001|p=123}}{{refn|1=Early inscriptions, dated 1078 and 1090, have implied that the Hoysalas were descendants of the [[Yadava|Yadu]] by referring to the Yadava ''vamsa'' (or clan) as the "Hoysala ''vamsa''". But there are no early records directly linking the Hoysalas to the Yadavas of [[North India]].{{sfn|Kamath|2001|p=122}}|group=note}}
===Establishment of the kingdom===
The Hoysalas originated from the [[Western Ghats]], mountains north-west of Gangavadi in [[Mysore (region)|Mysore]].{{sfn|Keay|2000|p=251}} They emerged as borderland chiefs during the conflict between the [[Western Chalukya Empire]] and the Cholas, gaining power as they sided with the Chalukyas and were made provincial governors. After the authority of the Chalukyas declined, the Hoysalas managed to gain their independence. Under Vishnuvardhana, the Hoysalas achieved the status of a real kingdom.{{sfn|Sen|1999|p=498}} He annexed Gangavadi and parts of Nolambavadi from the Cholas in 1116 and moved the capital from Belur to Dorasamudra (modern Halebidu),{{sfn|Keay|2000|p=251}}{{sfn|Sen|1999|pp=498{{ndash}}499}}  After taking Talakadu and [[Kolar]] in 1116, Vishnuvardhana assumed the title ''Talakadugonda'' in memory of his victory.{{sfn|Kamath|2001|p=124}} Historians refer to the founders of the Hoysala dynasty as ''Maleparolganda'' ('Lord of the hills'), basing their evidence on inscriptions that describes them as being originally from [[Malenadu]].{{sfn|Sen|1999|p=498}}
The earliest record of a member of the Hoysala dynasty is dated 950 and names Arekalla as the chieftain. Arekalla was succeeded in turn by Maruga and Nripa Kama I (976), and Munda (1006–1026). The next king,  Nripa Kama I, had the title ''Permanadi'', showing that an early alliance with the [[Western Ganga dynasty]] existed at the time of his reign.{{sfn|Kamath|2001|p=123}}
Vishnuvardhana's ambition of creating an independent empire was fulfilled by his grandson [[Veera Ballala II]], who freed the Hoysalas from domination by the Chalukya Empire during the first 20 years of his reign. He declared war against the [[Seuna (Yadava) dynasty|Yadavas]] and defeated the [[Kadamba dynasty|Kadambas]]. He declared independence in 1193.{{sfn|Sen|1999|p=499}} During the establishment of the Hoysala Empire, the [[Deccan Plateau]] saw a four-way struggle for hegemony between four dynasties: the Hoysalas, the [[Pandyan dynasty|Pandyans]], the [[Kakatiya dynasty|Kakatiyas]], and the Seunas.{{sfn|Sastri|1955|p=192}} In 1217, Veera Ballala II defeated the aggressive Pandya after they invaded the Chola kingdom, and helped to restore the Chola king.{{sfn|Sen|1999|p=499}}
===Increased influence and later eclipse===
The Hoysalas extended their foothold in modern-day [[Tamil Nadu]] around 1225, making the city of Kannanur Kuppam near [[Srirangam]] a provincial capital and taking control over the southern Deccan region.{{sfn|Keay|2000|p=252}} [[Vira Narasimha II]]'s son [[Vira Someshwara]] earned the [[honorific]] "uncle" (''Mamadi'') from the Pandyas and Cholas.{{sfn|Sastri|1955|p=206}} From 1220 to 1245 the dynasty's hegemony increased southwards to cover both the Chola and Pandya kingdoms.{{sfn|Sastri|1955|p=206}} Toward the end of the 13th century, [[Veera Ballala III]] recaptured territory in the Tamil country which had been lost during a Pandya uprising, thus uniting the northern and southern portions of the kingdom.{{sfn|Sen|1999|p=500}}
In the early part of the 14th century, major political changes took place in the Deccan region  during a period when large areas of northern India were under Muslim rule. [[Alauddin Khalji]], the Sultan of Delhi, was determined to control southern India. In 1311 he sent his commander [[Malik Kafur]] on an expedition to plunder [[Daulatabad, Maharashtra|Devagiri]], the capital city of the Seuna kingdom{{sfn|Sastri|1955|pp=206{{ndash}}208}} By 1318 the Seuna kingdom had  been subjugated. The Hoysala capital [[Halebidu]] was besieged and sacked twice, in [[Siege of Dwarasamudra|1311]] and 1327.{{sfn|Kamath|2001|p=129}} By 1336, the Sultan had conquered the Pandyas of Madurai, the Kakatiyas of [[Warangal]] and the tiny kingdom of Kampili. The Hoysalas were the only remaining Hindu empire who resisted the invading armies.{{sfn|Sastri|1955|pp=212{{ndash}}214}} Veera Ballala III stationed himself at [[Tiruvannamalai]] and offered stiff resistance to invasions from the north and the [[Madurai Sultanate]] to the south.{{sfn|Kamath|2001|loc=p. 130:"The greatest hero in the dark political atmosphere of the south."}} Then, after nearly three decades of resistance, Veera Ballala III was killed at the battle of Madurai in 1343,{{sfn|Sen|1999|p=500}} and the sovereign territories of the Hoysala empire were merged with the areas administered by [[Harihara I]] in the [[Tungabhadra River]] region.{{sfn|Chopra|Ravindran|Subrahmanian|2003|p=156}}{{sfn|Kamath|2001|loc=pp. 159{{ndash}}160: While many theories exist about the origin of Harihara I and his brothers, collectively known as the Sangama brothers, it is well accepted that they administered the northern territories of the Hoysala empire in the 1336–1343 time either as Hoysala commanders or with autonomous powers.}} This new Hindu kingdom resisted the northern invasions and would later prosper and come to be known as the [[Vijayanagara Empire]].{{sfn|Kamath|2001|loc=p. 161: A collaboration between the waning Hoysala kingdom and the emerging Hindu Vijayanagara empire is proven by inscriptions. The queen of Veera Ballala III, Krishnayitayi, made a grant to the [[Sringeri]] monastery on the same day as the founder of the Vijayanagara empire, Harihara I in 1346. The Sringeri monastic order was patronised by both Hoysala and Vijayanagara empires.}}
==Economy==
{{main|Economy of the Hoysala Empire}}
{{South Asia in 1175|right|Location of the Hoysala Empire and main contemporary South Asian polities in 1175, on the eve of the [[Ghurid Empire]] invasion of the subcontinent.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Schwartzberg |first1=Joseph E. |title=A Historical atlas of South Asia |date=1978 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |location=Chicago |page=37, 147|isbn=0226742210 |url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/schwartzberg/pager.html?object=074}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Eaton |first1=Richard M. |title=India in the Persianate Age: 1000-1765 |date=25 July 2019 |publisher=Penguin UK |isbn=978-0-14-196655-7 |page=38 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aIF6DwAAQBAJ&pg=PP31 |language=en}}</ref>|{{Annotation|106|190|[[File:Long Fine Rectangle (plain).png|40px]]}}}}
<!-- LAND USE -->The empire consisted of the valleys of three main rivers, the [[Krishna River|Krishna]], the Tungabhadra, and the [[Kaveri]], whose [[Drainage system (geomorphology)|systems]] facilitated the growth of crops and generated an agricultural output that was immense.{{sfn|Kumar|2006|p=217}} The highlands (''[[malnad]]'' regions) with its [[temperate]] climate was suitable for raising cattle and the planting of orchards and spices. [[Paddy field|Paddy]] and [[cereal|corn]]<!-- In British English, "corn" may refer to any cereal crop; in American English, it refers to Maize, which became known to the Old World after the Columbian Exchange--> were staple crops in the [[tropical]] plains (''Bailnad'').{{sfn|Kamath|2001|p=132}} As agricultural land was scarce, forests, waste land and previously unfarmed land was reclaimed, and new settlements were established. Large areas of forest were cleared to bring lands under cultivation and build villages.{{sfn|Kumar|2006|p=218}} The Hoysala kings gave grants of land as rewards for service to the heads of families, who then became landlords (''gavunda'') to tenants who worked on the land and in the forests. The ''praja gavunda'' ("the ''gavunda'' of the people") had a lower status than the wealthier ''prabhu gavunda'' ("of the lord") {{sfn|Thapar|2002|pp=378{{ndash}}379}}
<!-- TAX -->The Hoysala administration supported itself through revenues from an agrarian economy.{{sfn|Kamath|2001|p=132}}{{sfn|Kumar|2006|p=218}} Land was assessed as being wet land, dry land or garden land for the purposes of taxation, and judged according to the quality of the soil.{{sfn|Kumar|2006|p=219}} Taxes on commodities (gold, precious stones, perfumes, sandalwood, ropes, yarn, housing, hearths, shops, cattle pans, sugarcane presses) as well as produce (black pepper, betel leaves, ghee, paddy, spices, palm leaves, coconuts, sugar) are noted in village records.{{sfn|Thapar|2002|p=382}} The Hoysalas encouraged people to move to newly-built villages by means of [[land grant]]s and tax concessions.{{sfn|Kumar|2006|p=219}}
Taxes, collected in the form of cash, from trade and commerce generated considerable wealth for the Hoysala state, and enabled it to buy armaments, elephants, horses and precious goods. The state and the merchant class became interdependent, with some more prosperous merchants being known as ''Rajasresthigal'' (royal merchants), officially recognised on account of their wealth. They were seen as ''puramulasthamba'' ('the pillars of the towns').{{sfn|Nayaka|2003|p=238}} The increased prosperity and prestige of some merchants encouraged them to open markets and weekly fairs,{{sfn|Nayaka|2003|p=240}} with some becoming ''Pattanaswami'' (town administrators), who had the authority to collect tolls on goods that entered the town. {{sfn|Nayaka|2003|p=242}} Merchants engaged in minting activities, sometimes producing the coins and supplying them to the state.{{sfn|Nayaka|2003|p=242}}
<!-- TANKS -->Tanks (large reservoirs) were created at the expense of the state.{{sfn|Kamath|2001|p=132}} The Hoysalas put resources into repairing breached tanks and broken [[sluice]]s, easily damaged by heavy rainfall.{{sfn|Kumar|2006|p=219}} They collected taxes on irrigation systems, canals and wells, all of which were built and maintained at the expense of local villagers.{{sfn|Kumar|2006|pp=218{{ndash}}219}} Repairs were undertaken by the landlords as well as their workers; such repairs were considered to be a duty and a pious act.{{sfn|Kumar|2006|p=219}}
<!-- INT'L TRADE-->Importing horses for use as general transportation and in army cavalries of Indian kingdoms was a flourishing business on the western seaboard.{{sfn|Thapar|2002|loc=p. 383:Marco Polo who claims to have travelled in India at this time wrote of a monopoly in horse trading by the Arabs and merchants of South India. Imported horses became an expensive commodity because horse breeding was never successful in India, perhaps due to the different climatic, soil and pastoral conditions.}} [[Song Dynasty|Song dynasty]] records from China mention the presence of Indian merchants in ports of South China, indicating active trade with overseas kingdoms.{{sfn|Thapar|2002|p=382}} South India exported textiles, spices, medicinal plants, precious stones, pottery, salt made from salt pans, jewels, gold, ivory, rhino horn, [[ebony]], [[Agarwood|aloe wood]], perfumes, [[sandalwood]], [[camphor]] and condiments to China, [[Dhofar]], [[Aden]], and [[Siraf]] (the entryport to Egypt, [[Arabia]] and [[Persia]]).{{sfn|Thapar|2002|p=383}}
==Administration==
{{main|Hoysala administration}}
[[File:Garuda pillar with Old Kannada inscription dated 1220 A.D of Kuvara Lakshma, a body guard of Hoysala King Veera Ballala II.jpg|thumb|right|upright|''Garuda'' pillar [[Hero stone|hero stone (''virgal'')]] at [[Halebidu]] with ''[[old Kannada]]'' inscription of about 1220 CE.]]
In its administrative practices, the Hoysala Empire followed some of the well-established and proven methods of its predecessors covering administrative functions such as cabinet organisation and command, the structure of local governing bodies and the division of territory.{{sfn|Kamath|2001|pp=130{{ndash}}131}} Several of their major feudatories were [[Vokkaliga|Gavundas]] of the peasant extraction.{{sfn|Seshan|Kumbhojkar|2018|pp=45, 46}} Records show the names of many high-ranking positions reporting directly to the king. Senior ministers were called ''Pancha Pradhanas'', ministers responsible for foreign affairs were designated ''Sandhivigrahi'' and the chief treasurer was ''Mahabhandari'' or ''Hiranyabhandari''. ''Dandanayakas'' were in charge of armies and the chief justice of the Hoysala court was the ''Dharmadhikari''.{{sfn|Kamath|2001|pp=130{{ndash}}131}}
The kingdom was divided into provinces named ''Nadu'', ''[[Vishaya]]'', ''Kampana'' and ''Desha'', listed in descending order of geographical size.{{sfn|Kamath|2001|loc=pp. 130{{ndash}}131: It is not clear which among ''Vishaya'' and ''Nadu'' was bigger in area and that a ''Nadu'' was under the supervision of the commander (''Dandanayaka'')}} Each province had a local governing body consisting of a minister (''Mahapradhana'') and a treasurer (''Bhandari'') that reported to the ruler of that province (''Dandanayaka''). Under this local ruler were officials called ''Heggaddes'' and ''Gavundas'' who hired and supervised the local farmers and labourers recruited to till the land. Subordinate ruling clans such as [[Alupas]] continued to govern their respective territories while following the policies set by the empire.{{sfn|Kamath|2001|p=131}}
An elite and well-trained force of bodyguards known as ''Garudas'' protected the members of the royal family at all times. These servants moved closely yet inconspicuously by the side of their master, their loyalty being so complete that they committed suicide after his death.<ref name="light">Shadow like, they moved closely with the king, lived near him and disappeared upon the death of their master – {{cite web|title=Hoysala Heritage|url=http://www.frontline.in/static/html/fl2008/stories/20030425000206700.htm|author=S. Settar|work=Frontline |date=12–25 April 2003|access-date=17 November 2006|volume=20|issue=8}}</ref> [[Hero stone|Hero stones (''virgal'')]] erected in memory of these bodyguards are called Garuda pillars. The Garuda pillar at the Hoysaleswara temple in Halebidu was erected in honor of Kuvara Lakshma, a minister and bodyguard of King Veera Ballala II.<ref>''Ancient India: Collected Essays on the Literary and Political History of Southern India'', pp.388-389, Sakkottai Krishnaswami Aiyangar, Asian Educational Services, 1911, Madras, {{ISBN|81-206-1850-5}}</ref>{{better source needed|date=September 2022}}
King Vishnuvardhana's coins had the legends "victor at Nolambavadi" (''Nolambavadigonda''), "victor at Talakad" (''Talakadugonda''), "chief of the Malepas"  (''Maleparolganda''), "Brave of Malepa" (''malapavira'') in [[Kannada script|Hoysala style Kannada]] script.{{sfn|Kamath|2001|loc=p. 12, 125: Many coins with Kannada legends have been discovered from the rule of the Hoysalas.}}<ref name="Nolamba1">{{cite web|title=Indian coins-Dynasties of South-Hoysalas|url=http://prabhu.50g.com/southind/hoysala/south_hoysalacat.html|author=Govindaraya Prabhu, S|publisher=Prabhu's Web Page on Indian Coinage|date=1 November 2001|access-date=17 November 2006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070119114119/http://prabhu.50g.com/southind/hoysala/south_hoysalacat.html|archive-date=19 January 2007}}</ref> Their gold coin was called ''Honnu'' or ''Gadyana'' and weighed 62&nbsp;[[Grain (measure)|grains]] of gold. ''Pana'' or ''Hana'' was a tenth of the ''Honnu'', ''Haga'' was a fourth of the ''Pana'' and ''Visa'' was fourth of ''Haga''. There were other coins called ''Bele'' and ''Kani''.{{sfn|Kamath|2001|p=131}}
===Capitals===
The first Hoysala capital was Sosavur (also called Sasakapura, Sosevuru, or Sosavurpattana), at present-day [[Angadi, Chikmagalur|Angadi]] in [[Chikmagalur district]].<!-- Prasad 1979, p. 88 --> Sosavur was the Hoysala capital from 1026 to 1048.<!-- Prasad 1979, p. 88 --> Even after the capital was moved, though, Sosavur remained an important commercial and administrative centre, as well as a Jain religious centre.<!-- Prasad 1979, p. 88 --><ref name="Prasad 1979">{{cite journal |last1=Prasad |first1=Om Prakash |title=Three Capital Towns of the Hoysalas |journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |date=1979 |volume=40 |pages=88-90 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44141945 |access-date=21 May 2023}}</ref>{{rp|88}}
In 1048, the Hoysala capital was moved to [[Belur, Karnataka|Belur]].<!-- Prasad 1979, p. 89 --> Several factors made Belur an attractive site as a capital: first, its location on the [[Yagachi River]] provided a good supply of water year-round.<!-- Prasad 1979, p. 88-9 --> Second, its location in hilly terrain made it easily defended.<!-- Prasad 1979, p. 89 --> Third, it lay on an important trade route, helping both commerce and communications.<!-- Prasad 1979, p. 89 --> However, Belur was barely capital for a decade before it was moved again.<!-- Prasad 1979, p. 89 -->{{rp|88-90}}
The third and longest-lasting Hoysala capital was Dwarasamudra (also called Dorasamudra or Dvaravatipur), at the present-day site of [[Halebid]].<!-- Prasad 1979, p. 89 --> It became capital in 1062 and remained capital until the dynasty's end.<!-- Prasad 1979, p. 89-90 --> The reason for the shift is unknown, but it may have been for administrative convenience.<!-- Prasad 1979, p. 89 --> Canals were dug connecting Dwarasamudra with Belur and bringing water from the Yagachi to Dwarasamudra.<!-- Prasad 1979, p. 89 --> Two trade routes passed through the city, and scores of temples were built in it.<!-- Prasad 1979, p. 89 --> The city declined in the 14th century.<!-- Prasad 1979, p. 89 -->{{rp|89-90}}
==Culture==
===Religion===
{{See also|Ramanuja|Basava|Madhvacharya}}
[[File:Somanathapura Keshava temple altered.JPG|thumb|right|[[Chennakesava Temple, Somanathapura]], built 1268 CE.]]
The defeat of the Jain Western Gangas by the Cholas in the early 11th century and the rising numbers of followers of [[Vaishnavism]] and [[Lingayatism]] in the 12th century was mirrored by a decreased interest in Jainism.{{sfn|Kamath|2001|pp=112, 132}} Two notable locations of Jain worship in the Hoysala territory were [[Shravanabelagola]] and [[Panchakuta Basadi, Kambadahalli]]. The decline of [[Buddhism]] in [[South India]] began in the eighth century with the spread of [[Adi Shankara]]'s [[Advaita Vedanta]].{{sfn|Thapar|2002|loc=pp. 349{{ndash}}350, 397: A 16th-century Buddhist work by Lama Taranatha speaks disparagingly of Shankaracharya as close parallels in some beliefs of Shankaracharya with Buddhist philosophy was not viewed favourably by Buddhist writers}} The only places of Buddhist worship during the Hoysala time were at [[Dambal]] and [[Balligavi]]. Shantala Devi, queen of Vishnuvardhana, was a Jain but nevertheless commissioned the Hindu Kappe Chennigaraya temple in Belur, evidence that the royal family was tolerant of all religions.{{citation needed|date=July 2022}}
During the rule of the Hoysalas, three important religious developments took place in present-day Karnataka inspired by three philosophers, [[Basava]], [[Madhvacharya]] and [[Ramanuja]].{{citation needed|date=July 2022}}
While the origin of Lingayatism is debated, the movement grew through its association with Basava in the 12th century.{{sfn|Kamath|2001|p=152}} Madhvacharya was critical of the teachings of Adi Shankara and argued the world is real and not an illusion.{{sfn|Kamath|2001|p=155}} His [[Dvaita Vedanta]] gained popularity, enabling him to establish eight [[matha]]s in [[Udupi]]. Ramanuja, head of the Vaishnava monastery in Srirangam, preached the way of devotion (''[[bhakti]] marga'') and wrote ''Sribhashya'', a critique on Adi Shankara's Advaita.{{sfn|Kamath|2001|loc=p. 151: He criticised Adi Shankara as a "Buddhist in disguise."}}
The effect of these religious developments on culture, literature, poetry and architecture in South India was profound. Important works of literature and poetry based on the teachings of these philosophers were written during the coming centuries. The [[Saluva dynasty|Saluva]], [[Tuluva dynasty|Tuluva]] and Aravidu dynasties of the Vijayanagara Empire were followers of Vaishnavism and a Vaishnava temple with an image of Ramanuja exists in the Vitthalapura area of Vijayanagara.{{sfn|Fritz|Michell|2001|pp=35{{ndash}}36}} Scholars in the later [[Kingdom of Mysore]] wrote Vaishnavite works upholding the teachings of Ramanuja.{{sfn|Kamath|2001|p=152}} King Vishnuvardhana built many temples after his conversion from Jainism to Vaishnavism.<ref name="chenna">{{cite web|title=Hoysala Temples of Belur |url=http://www.kamat.com/kalranga/deccan/hoysala/belur.htm|author=K.L. Kamath, 4 November 2006 |publisher=1996–2006 Kamat's Potpourri|access-date=1 December 2006}}</ref> The later saints of Madhvacharya's order, [[Jayatirtha]], [[Vyasatirtha]], [[Sripadaraja]], [[Vadiraja Tirtha]] and devotees (''dasa'') such as [[Vijaya Dasa]], Gopaladasa and others from the Karnataka region spread his teachings far and wide.{{sfn|Shiva Prakash|1997|pp=192{{ndash}}200}} His teachings inspired later philosophers like [[Vallabha]] in [[Gujarat]] and [[Chaitanya Mahaprabhu]] in [[Bengal]].{{sfn|Kamath|2001|p=156}} Another wave of devotion (''bhakti'') in the 17th and 18th centuries found inspiration in his teachings.{{sfn|Shiva Prakash|1997|pp=200{{ndash}}201}}
===Society===
{{main|Society of the Hoysala Empire}}
[[File:Standing Vishnu as Keshava, 1st quarter of the 12th century, Hoysala period, Karnataka, probably Belur, India.jpg|thumb|Standing Vishnu as Keshava, 1st quarter of the 12th century, Hoysala period, probably Belur, Karnataka, India]]
Hoysala society in many ways reflected the emerging religious, political and cultural developments of those times. During this period, the society became increasingly sophisticated. The status of women was varied. Some royal women were involved in administrative matters as shown in contemporary records describing Queen Umadevi's administration of Halebidu in the absence of Veera Ballala II during his long military campaigns in northern territories. She also fought and defeated some antagonistic [[feudalism|feudal rebels]].{{sfn|Thapar|2002|loc=p. 392: This is in stark contrast to the literature of the time (like ''Vikramankadeva Charita'' of Bilhana) that portrayed women as retiring, overly romantic and unconcerned with affairs of the state}} Records describe the participation of women in the fine arts, such as Queen Shantala Devi's skill in dance and music, and the 12th-century [[vachana sahitya]] poet and Lingayati mystic [[Akka Mahadevi]]'s devotion to the ''bhakti''  movement is well known.{{sfn|Thapar|2002|loc=p. 392: She was not only a pioneer in the era of women's emancipation but also an example of a transcendental world-view}} Temple dancers (''[[Devadasi]]'') were common and some were well educated and accomplished in the arts. These qualifications gave them more freedom than other urban and rural women who were restricted to daily mundane tasks.{{sfn|Thapar|2002|p=391}} The practice of [[sati (practice)|sati]] in a voluntary form was prevalent and prostitution was socially acceptable. As in most of India, a [[caste system in India|caste system]] was conspicuously present.{{citation needed|date=September 2022}}
Trade on the west coast brought many foreigners to India including [[Arabs]], [[Jews]], [[Persian people|Persians]], [[Europeans]], [[Chinese people|Chinese]] and people from the [[Malay Peninsula]].{{sfn|Sastri|1955|p=286}} Migration of people within Southern India as a result of the expansion of the empire produced an influx of new cultures and skills.{{sfn|Sastri|1955|loc=p. 287:Royal patronage of education, arts, architecture, religion and establishment of new forts and military outposts caused the large scale relocation of people}} In South India, towns were called ''Pattana'' or ''Pattanam'' and the marketplace, ''Nagara'' or ''Nagaram'', the marketplace serving as the nuclei of a city. Some towns such as Shravanabelagola developed from a religious settlement in the 7th century to an important trading centre by the 12th century with the arrival of rich traders, while towns like Belur attained the atmosphere of a regal city when King Vishnuvardhana built the Chennakesava Temple there. Large temples supported by royal patronage served religious, social, and judiciary purposes, elevating the king to the level of "God on earth".{{citation needed|date=September 2022}}
Temple building served a commercial as well as a religious function and was not limited to any particular sect of Hinduism. [[Shaivism|Shaiva]] merchants of Halebidu financed the construction of the Hoysaleswara temple to compete with the Chennakesava temple built at Belur, elevating Halebidu to an important city as well. Hoysala temples however were secular and encouraged pilgrims of all Hindu sects, the Kesava temple at Somanathapura being an exception with strictly Vaishnava sculptural depictions.<ref name="Set">{{cite web|title=Hoysala Heritage |url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/arts-and-culture/article30216523.ece |last=Settar |first=S. |work=Frontline |date=25 April 2003 |access-date=4 September 2020}}</ref> Temples built by rich landlords in rural areas fulfilled fiscal, political, cultural and religious needs of the agrarian communities. Irrespective of patronage, large temples served as establishments that provided employment to hundreds of people of various guilds and professions sustaining local communities as Hindu temples began to take on the shape of wealthy [[vihara|Buddhist monasteries]].{{sfn|Thapar|2002|p=389}}
===Literature===
{{Main|Hoysala literature}}
[[File:Old Kannada inscription dated 1182 A.D. at the Akkana Basadi in Shravanebelagola.jpg|thumb|Old Kannada inscription dated to 1182 of King Veera Ballala II at Akkana Basadi, Shravanabelagola.]]
Although Sanskrit literature remained popular during the Hoysala rule, royal patronage of local Kannada scholars increased.{{sfn|Kamath|2001|p=132}}{{sfn|Narasimhacharya|1988|p=19}} In the 12th century some works were written in the ''Champu'' style,{{sfn|Narasimhacharya|1988|loc=p. 12: A composition which is written in a mixed prose-verse style is called ''Champu''}} but distinctive Kannada metres became more widely accepted. The ''Sangatya'' metre used in compositions,{{sfn|Sastri|1955|loc=p. 359: A ''Sangatya'' composition is meant to be sung to the accompaniment of a musical instrument}} ''Shatpadi'' (six line), ''[[tripadi]]'' (three line) metres in verses and ''ragale'' (lyrical poems) became fashionable. Jain works continued to extol the virtues of [[Tirthankara]]s (Jain saviour figures).{{sfn|Sastri|1955|p=361}}
The Hoysala court supported such notable poets as [[Janna]], Rudrabhatta, Harihara and his nephew Raghavanka, whose works are enduring masterpieces in Kannada. In 1209, the Jain scholar Janna wrote ''Yashodharacharite'', the story of a king who intends to perform a ritual sacrifice of two young boys to a local deity, Mariamma. Taking pity on the boys, the king releases them and gives up the practice of human sacrifice.{{sfn|Sastri|1955|p=359}}{{sfn|Rice|1982|pp=43{{ndash}}44}} In honour of this work, Janna received the title "Emperor among poets" (''Kavichakravarthi'') from King Veera Ballala II.{{sfn|Narasimhacharya|1988|p=20}}
[[Rudrabhatta]], a [[Smarta Tradition|Smarta]] Brahmin, was the earliest well-known Brahminical writer. HIs patron was Chandramouli, a minister of King Veera Ballala II.{{sfn|Sastri|1955|p=364}} Based on the earlier work ''[[Vishnu Purana]]'', he wrote ''Jagannatha Vijaya'' in the ''Champu'' style relating the life of [[Krishna]] leading up to his fight with the demon [[Banasura]].{{citation needed|date=July 2022}}
[[Harihara (poet)|Harihara]], (also known as Harisvara) a Lingayati writer and the patron of King Narasimha I, wrote the ''Girijakalyana'' in the old Jain ''Champu'' style which describes the marriage of Shiva and [[Parvati]] in ten sections.{{sfn|Sastri|1955|p=362}}{{sfn|Narasimhacharya|1988|p=20}} He was one of the earliest Virashaiva writers who was not part of the ''vachana'' literary tradition. He came from a family of accountants (''Karanikas'') from Halebidu and spent many years in [[Hampi]] writing more than one hundred ''ragales'' (poems in blank verse) in praise of Virupaksha (a form of Shiva).{{sfn|Rice|1982|p=60}} [[Raghavanka]] was the first to introduce the ''Shatpadi'' metre into Kannada literature in his ''Harishchandra kavya'' which is considered a classic even though it occasionally violates strict rules of Kannada grammar.{{sfn|Narasimhacharya|1988|p=20}}{{sfn|Rice|1982|p=60}}
In Sanskrit, Madhvacharya wrote the ''Rigbhshya'' on the [[Brahma Sutras]] (a logical explanation of Hindu scriptures, the Vedas) as well as many polemical works rebutting the doctrines of other schools. He relied more on the [[Puranas]] than the [[Vedas]] for logical proof of his philosophy.{{sfn|Sastri|1955|p=324}} Another famous writing was ''Rudraprshnabhashya'' by Vidyatirtha.
===Architecture===
{{main|Hoysala architecture}}
[[File:Belur Temple Apsara with Mirror.JPG|thumb|"Darpanasundari" (lady with a mirror), one of the many [[Salabhanjika|madanakai]] decorating the [[Chennakeshava Temple, Belur]].]]
The modern interest in the Hoysalas is due to their patronage of art and architecture rather than their military conquests. The brisk temple building throughout the kingdom was accomplished despite constant threats from the Pandyas to the south and the Seunas Yadavas to the north. Their architectural style, an offshoot of the Western Chalukya style,{{sfn|Hardy|1995|pp=215, 243}}{{sfn|Kamath|2001|pp=115, 118}} shows distinct [[Dravidian architecture|Dravidian]] influences.{{sfn|Sastri|1955|p=429}} The Hoysala architecture style is described as ''Karnata Dravida'' as distinguished from the traditional ''Dravida'',{{sfn|Hardy|1995|pp=6{{ndash}}7}} and is considered an independent architectural tradition with many unique features.{{sfn|Kamath|2001|loc=p. 134: Hoysala style has negligible influences of the Indo-Aryan style and owing to its many independent features, it qualifies as an independent school of architecture}}
A feature of Hoysala temple architecture is its attention to exquisite detail and skilled craftsmanship.{{sfn|Sen|1999|pp=500{{ndash}}501}} The tower over the temple shrine (''vimana'') is delicately finished with intricate carvings, showing attention to the ornate and elaborately detailed rather than to a tower form and height.{{sfn|Foekema|1996|pp=27{{ndash}}28}} The stellate design of the base of the shrine with its rhythmic projections and recesses is carried through the tower in an orderly succession of decorated tiers.{{refn|1=This is a Hoysala innovation.{{sfn|Kamath|2001|p=135}}|group=note}}{{sfn|Foekema|1996|pp=21{{ndash}}22}} Hoysala temple sculpture replicates this emphasis on delicacy and craftsmanship in its focus on depicting feminine beauty, grace and physique.{{sfn|Kamath|2001|loc=p 136: "Their sculptured figures, especially the bracket figures, have been objects of praise at the hands of art critics of the whole world. They include ''Sukhabhasini'', ''Darpanadharini'' and other damsels in various dancing poses."}} The Hoysala artists achieved this with the use of [[Soapstone]] (Chloritic schist), a soft stone as basic building and sculptural material.{{sfn|Sastri|1955|p=428}}{{sfn|Hardy|1995|p=37}}
The [[Chennakesava Temple]] at Belur (1117),{{sfn|Foekema|1996|p=47}}{{sfn|Hardy|1995|p=325}} the [[Hoysaleswara Temple]] at Halebidu (1121),{{sfn|Foekema|1996|p=59}}{{sfn|Hardy|1995|p=329}} the [[Chennakesava Temple, Somanathapura|Chennakesava Temple]] at [[Somanathapura]] (1279),{{sfn|Foekema|1996|p=87}}{{sfn|Hardy|1995|p=346}} the temples at [[Ishvara Temple (Arasikere)|Arasikere]] (1220),{{sfn|Foekema|1996|p=41}}{{sfn|Hardy|1995|p=321}} [[Amruthapura]] (1196),{{sfn|Foekema|1996|p=37}}{{sfn|Hardy|1995|p=320}} [[Veera Narayana Temple, Belavadi|Belavadi]] (1200),{{sfn|Foekema|1996|p=53}}{{sfn|Hardy|1995|p=324}} [[Lakshmi Narasimha Temple, Nuggehalli|Nuggehalli]] (1246),{{sfn|Foekema|1996|p=83}}{{sfn|Hardy|1995|p=340}} [[Lakshminarayana Temple, Hosaholalu|Hosaholalu]] (1250),{{sfn|Foekema|1996|p=71}}{{sfn|Hardy|1995|pp=330{{ndash}}333}} [[Chennakeshava Temple, Aralaguppe|Aralaguppe]] (1250),{{sfn|Foekema|1996|p=39}} [[Bucesvara Temple, Koravangala|Korvangla]] (1173),{{sfn|Foekema|1996|p=77}}{{sfn|Hardy|1995|p=334}} [[Lakshminarasimha Temple, Haranhalli|Haranhalli]] (1235),{{sfn|Foekema|1996|p=67}} [[Nageshvara-Chennakeshava Temple complex, Mosale|Mosale]]{{sfn|Foekema|1996|p=81}} and [[Mallikarjuna Temple, Basaralu|Basaralu]] (1234){{sfn|Foekema|1996|p=43}} are some of the notable examples of Hoysala art. While the temples at Belur and Halebidu are the best known because of the beauty of their sculptures, the Hoysala art finds more complete expression in the smaller and lesser known temples.{{sfn|Foekema|1996|loc=Preface, 47, 59}} The outer walls of all these temples contain an intricate array of stone sculptures and horizontal friezes (decorative mouldings) that depict the Hindu epics. These depictions are generally clockwise in the traditional direction of circumambulation (''[[pradakshina]]''). The temple of Halebidu has been described as an outstanding example of Hindu architecture{{sfn|Foekema|1996|p=61}} and an important milestone in Indian architecture.{{sfn|Kamath|2001|p=135}} The temples of Belur and Halebidu are a proposed [[UNESCO]] [[World Heritage Sites|world heritage sites]].<ref name="heritage">{{cite news|title=Sacred Ensembles of the Hoysala – Tentative Lists|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/5898/ |work=UNESCO |access-date=4 September 2014|location=World Heritage Centre, Paris, France|date=July 2014}}</ref>
<gallery>
File:View_of_Akkana_Basadi_from_northeastern_side_at_Shravanabelagola.jpg|[[Akkana Basadi, Shravanabelagola]]
File:Vesara style shrine and superstructure in Lakshmi Narasimha temple at Nuggehalli.JPG|Vesara style ''Vimana'' of the Lakshmi Narasimha temple at Nuggehalli (1246 CE)
File:Rear view of stellate shrine in the Ishvara temple at Arasikere 1.JPG|Stellate ''Vimana'', at Ishvara Temple (Arasikere) built in 1220 CE
File:Jain Temple at Halebidu.jpg|[[Jain temples, Halebidu]]
File:Nageshvara (near) and Chennakeshava (far) temples at Mosale.JPG|Twin temples (1200 CE) at Mosale, the Nageshvara (near) and Chennakeshava temple (far)
File:Shilabaalika on pillar bracket in Chennakeshava Temple at Belur2.jpg|A sculpture of a dancer on pillar bracket, 1117 CE, (''Shilabaalika'' or ''Madanika'') in the Chennakeshava temple at Belur
</gallery>
[[File:Shasana (Inscription) at Keshava Temple, Somanathapura.jpg|thumb|Old Kannada inscription (1270 CE) of King Narasimha III at Keshava Temple, Somanathapura.]]
===Language===
The support of the Hoysala rulers for the Kannada language was strong, and this is seen even in their [[Epigraphy|epigraph]]s, often written in polished and poetic language, rather than prose, with illustrations of floral designs in the margins.{{sfn|Ayyar|1993|p=600}} According to historian Sheldon Pollock, the Hoysala era saw the complete displacement of Sanskrit, with Kannada dominating as the courtly language.{{sfn|Pollock|2006|pp=288{{ndash}}289}}
Temples served as local schools where learned Brahmins taught in Sanskrit, while Jain and Buddhist monasteries educated novice monks. Schools of higher learning were called ''Ghatikas''. The local Kannada language was widely used in the rising number of devotional movements to express the ecstatic experience of closeness to the deity (''vachanas'' and ''devaranama''). Literary works were written in it on palm leaves which were tied together. While in past centuries Jain works had dominated Kannada literature, Shaiva and early Brahminical works became popular during the Hoysala reign.{{sfn|Narasimhacharya|1988|p=17}}
Writings in Sanskrit included poetry, grammar, lexicon, manuals, rhetoric, commentaries on older works, prose fiction and drama.{{sfn|Thapar|2002|loc=p. 393: The ''Manasollasa'' of king [[Someshvara III]] is an early encyclopaedia in Sanskrit}} Inscriptions on stone (''Shilashasana'') and [[Indian copper plate inscriptions|copper plates]] (''Tamarashasana'') were written mostly in Kannada but some were in Sanskrit or were bilingual. The sections of bilingual inscriptions stating the title, genealogy, origin myths of the king and benedictions were generally done in Sanskrit. Kannada was used to state terms of the grants, including information on the land, its boundaries, the participation of local authorities, rights and obligations of the grantee, taxes and dues, and witnesses. This ensured the content was clearly understood by the local people without ambiguity.{{sfn|Thapar|2002|pp=393{{ndash}}395}}{{refn|1=However by the 14th century, bilingual inscriptions lost favour and inscriptions were mostly in the local language.{{sfn|Thapar|2002|pp=393{{ndash}}395}}|group=note}}
== Notes ==
{{reflist|group=note}}
==References==
{{Reflist}}
==Bibliography==
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* {{cite book |last1= Chopra|first1= P.N. |last2= Ravindran |first2= T.K. |last3=Subrahmanian |first3= N. |title= History of South India (Ancient, Medieval and Modern) Part 1 |year=2003 |publisher= Chand Publications |location=New Delhi |isbn= 978-81-219-0153-6}}
* {{cite book |last1=Desai |first1=Pandurang Bhimarao |last2=Ritti |first2=Shrinivas |last3=Gopal |first3=B. R. |title=A History of Karnataka: from pre-history to unification |date=1970 |publisher=Kannada Research Institute, Karnatak University |location=Dharwar |isbn=|oclc=203297 |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.430132/page/n1/mode/2up?view=theater}}
* {{cite book |last=Foekema |first=Gerard |title= A Complete Guide To Hoysala Temples |year=1996 |publisher= Abhinav |location= New Delhi |isbn=978-81-7017-345-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=puhKEqJpElEC}}
*{{cite book|editor-last1=Fritz |editor-first1=John M. |editor-last2=Michell |editor-first2=George |title= New Light on Hampi: Recent Research at Vijayanagar|year= 2001|publisher=MARG |location= Mumbai|isbn= 81-85026-53-X}}
* {{cite book |last1=Hardy |first1=Adam |title=Indian Temple Architecture: Form and Transformation -The Karnata Dravida Tradition 7th to 13th Centuries |date=1995 |publisher=Abhinav Publications |isbn=978-81-7017-312-0 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aU0hCAS2-08C}}
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* {{cite book |last1=Keay |first1=John |author1-link=John Keay |title=India: a history |date=2000 |publisher=Atlantic Monthly Press |location=New York |isbn=9780802195500 |page=|url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/indiahistory00keay/page/n5/mode/2up?view=theater }}
* {{cite journal |last1=Kumar |first1=B. Pandu |title=Agrarian System of the Hoysalas: as depiction in the inscriptions |journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |date=2006|volume=67 |pages=217{{ndash}}223 |doi=|via=JSTOR |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44147940 |publisher=Indian History Congress |jstor=44147940 |issn=2249-1937}}
* {{cite book |last1=Menon |first1=Indira |title=Rhythms in Stone: The Temples of South India |date=2013 |publisher=Ambi Knowledge Resources |location=New Delhi |isbn=9788190359139 |page=128 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ym17YA_jhCgC}}
* {{cite book |last= Narasimhacharya |first= R. |title=  History of Kannada Literature |url= https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.489059 |year=1988|publisher= Asian Educational Services |location= New Delhi; Madras |isbn= 978-81-206-0303-5}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Nayaka |first1=Hanuma |title=Merchants as Agents of the State under the Hoysalas |journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |date=2003 |volume=64 |pages=238{{ndash}}246 |doi=|via=JSTOR |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44145465 |publisher=Indian History Congress |jstor=44145465 |issn=2249-1937}}
* {{cite book |last = Pollock | first = Sheldon |  author-link = Sheldon Pollock | title = The Language of Gods in the World of Men: Sanskrit, Culture and Power in Pre-modern India | year = 2006 | publisher = Berkeley and London: University of California Press| isbn = 978-0-520-24500-6 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CMskDQAAQBAJ}}
* {{cite book |last= Rice |first=Edward P. |title=A History of Kannada Literature |orig-date=1921 |year=1982 |publisher=Asian Educational Services |location=New Delhi |isbn= 978-81-206-0063-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2fhCH-NRatUC |edition=2nd}}{{Better source needed|date=September 2022}}
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* {{cite book |last= Sen |first= Sailendra Nath |title= Ancient Indian History and Civilization |year=1999 |publisher= New Age Publishers |isbn=978-81-224-1198-0 |edition=2nd |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Wk4_ICH_g1EC}}
* {{cite book |last1=Sen |first1=Sailendra |title=A Textbook of Medieval Indian History |date=2013 |publisher=Primus Books |isbn=978-93-80607-34-4}}
* {{cite book |first1=Radhika |last1=Seshan |first2=Shraddha |last2=Kumbhojkar |year=2018 |title=Re-searching Transitions in Indian History |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RyZhDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT47 |location=London; New York |publisher=[[Routledge]] |oclc=1041706962 |isbn=9780429487569}}
* {{cite book |last=Shiva Prakash |first=H.S. |editor=Ayyappapanicker |title=Medieval Indian Literature: an anthology |year= 1997 |publisher=Sahitya Akademi| isbn=978-81-260-0365-5 |chapter= Kannada |volume=2}}
* {{cite book |last= Thapar |first= Romila |title=The Penguin History of Early India: from the origins to AD 1300 |year= 2002 |publisher= [[Penguin Books]] |location= New Delhi |isbn= 978-0-14-302989-2 |url=https://archive.org/details/HistoryOfEarlyIndiaFromTheOriginsToAD1300Thapar/page/n3/mode/2up}}
* {{cite book |last1=Van der Geer |first1=Alexandra Anna Enrica |title=Animals in Stone: Indian Mammals Sculptured Through Time |date=2008 |publisher=[[Brill Publishers]] |location=Leiden |isbn=978-90-04-16819-0 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oQ3quxh9gsgC}}
===Web===
{{Refbegin}}
*{{cite news |url= http://www.hindu.com/2004/07/25/stories/2004072501490300.htm|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20041022053319/http://www.hindu.com/2004/07/25/stories/2004072501490300.htm|url-status= dead|archive-date= 22 October 2004|title=Belur proposal for World Heritage Status|access-date=17 November 2006 |location=Chennai, India|work= [[The Hindu]]|date=25 July 2004}}
*{{cite web |url=http://www.kamat.com/kalranga/deccan/hoysala/belur.htm|title=Hoysala Temples of Belur, by K. L. Kamat, 04 November 2006|access-date=3 December 2006 |work=© 1996–2006 Kamat's Potpourri}}
{{Refend}}
===Further reading===
* {{cite book |last1=Desai |first1=Pandurang Bhimarao |last2=Ritti |first2=Shrinivas |last3=Gopal |first3=B. R. |title=A History of Karnataka: from pre-history to unification |date=1970 |publisher=Kannada Research Institute, Karnatak University |location=Dharwar |isbn=|oclc=203297 |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.430132/page/n1/mode/2up?view=theater |ref=none}}
* {{cite book |last1=Derrett |first1=J. |last2=Duncan |first2=M. |title=The Hoysalas: a medieval Indian royal family |date=1957 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |location=London |isbn=|oclc=1070864216 |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.ernet.528535/page/n3/mode/2up |ref=none}}
* {{cite book |last=Foekema |first=Gerard |title= Architecture Decorated with Architecture: later medieval temples of Karnataka, 1000–1300 AD |year=2003 |publisher=Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers Pvt. Ltd |location= New Delhi |isbn= 81-215-1089-9 |ref=none}}
* {{cite book |last1=Keay |first1=John |author1-link=John Keay |title=India: a history |date=2000 |publisher=Atlantic Monthly Press |location=New York |isbn=9780802195500 |page=|url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/indiahistory00keay/page/n5/mode/2up?view=theater |ref=none}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Kumar |first1=B. Pandu |title=Agrarian System of the Hoysalas: as depiction in the inscriptions |journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |date=2006|volume=67 |pages=217{{ndash}}223 |doi=|via=JSTOR |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44147940 |publisher=Indian History Congress |jstor=44147940 |issn=2249-1937|ref=none}}
* {{cite book |last1=Menon |first1=Indira |title=Rhythms in Stone: The Temples of South India |date=2013 |publisher=Ambi Knowledge Resources |location=New Delhi |isbn=9788190359139 |page=128 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ym17YA_jhCgC |ref=none}}
==External links==
*{{cite web |url=http://www.kamat.com/kalranga/deccan/hoysala.htm |title=Hoysala Dynasty, Jyothsna Kamat|access-date=17 November 2006 |work=© 1996–2006 Kamat's Potpourri }}
*{{cite web |url=http://inscriptions.whatisindia.com/|title=Indian Inscriptions-South Indian Inscriptions, (vols 9, 15,17,18)|access-date=17 November 2006 |work= What Is India Publishers (P) Ltd, Saturday, 18 November 2006}}
{{Middle kingdoms of India}}
{{Karnataka topics}}
{{Authority control}}
[[Category:Hoysala Empire| ]]
[[Category:1343 disestablishments in Asia]]
[[Category:States and territories established in 1026]]
[[Category:Empires and kingdoms of India]]
[[Category:Former countries in South Asia]]
[[Category:Hindu states]]
[[Category:Jain empires and kingdoms]]
[[Category:Hindu monarchs]]
[[Category:States and territories disestablished in 1343]]

Latest revision as of 07:50, 2 November 2024

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