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{{About|the region administered by India as a union territory|other uses|Jammu and Kashmir (disambiguation){{!}}Jammu and Kashmir|and|Kashmir (disambiguation)}} | {{About|the region administered by India as a union territory|other uses|Jammu and Kashmir (disambiguation){{!}}Jammu and Kashmir|and|Kashmir (disambiguation)}} | ||
{{EngvarB|date=August 2021}}<!---Please do not add Indian or Pakistani English here--> | {{EngvarB|date=August 2021}}<!---Please do not add Indian or Pakistani English here--> | ||
{{Use dmy dates|date= | {{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}} | ||
{{Infobox settlement | {{Infobox settlement | ||
| name = Jammu and Kashmir | | name = Jammu and Kashmir | ||
| settlement_type = Region administered by India as a [[ | | settlement_type = Region administered by [[India]] as a [[union territory]]<ref name=britannica-2022-j&k/><ref name=ladakh-britannica-current>{{citation|last=Briticannica|first=Eds Encycl.|chapter=Ladakh|title=Encyclopaedia Britannica|date=1 March 2021|publisher= Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.|chapter-url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Ladakh|access-date=2 April 2022|quote=Ladakh, large area of the northern and eastern Kashmir region, northwestern Indian subcontinent. Administratively, Ladakh is divided between Pakistan (northwest), as part of Gilgit-Baltistan, and India (southeast), as part of Ladakh union territory (until October 31, 2019, part of Jammu and Kashmir state); in addition, China administers portions of northeastern Ladakh.}}</ref> | ||
| image_skyline = {{Photomontage | | image_skyline = {{Photomontage | ||
| photo1a = Pahalgam Valley.jpg | | photo1a = Pahalgam Valley.jpg | ||
| Line 24: | Line 25: | ||
| image_alt = | | image_alt = | ||
| image_caption = | | image_caption = | ||
| image_flag = | | image_flag = | ||
| | | image_map1 = File:Kashmir region. LOC 2003626427 - showing sub-regions administered by different countries.jpg | ||
| map_alt = Map of the disputed Kashmir region showing areas of control by India, Pakistan, and China | | map_alt = Map of the disputed Kashmir region showing areas of control by India, Pakistan, and China | ||
| | | map_caption1 = A map of the disputed [[Kashmir]] region with the two Indian-administered union territories Jammu and Kashmir and [[Ladakh]] shown in [[tan (color)|tan]].<ref name=tertiary-kashmir/> | ||
| | | image_map = {{maplink|frame=yes|plain=yes|frame-width=300|frame-height=170|frame-align=center|zoom=4|type=point|title=Jammu and Kashmir|marker=city|type2=shape|stroke-width2=2|stroke-color2=#808080}} | ||
| | | map_caption = Interactive map of Jammu and Kashmir | ||
| coordinates = {{ | | coordinates = {{Coord|33|5|24|N|74|47|24|E|display=inline,title}} | ||
| coor_pinpoint = | | coor_pinpoint = | ||
| coordinates_footnotes = | | coordinates_footnotes = | ||
| subdivision_type = Administering | | subdivision_type = [[List of sovereign states|Administering state]] | ||
| subdivision_name = [[India]] | | subdivision_name = [[India]] | ||
| established_title = [[ | | subdivision_type2 = | ||
| subdivision_name2 = | |||
| established_title = [[Union territory]] | |||
| established_date = 31 October 2019 | | established_date = 31 October 2019 | ||
| seat_type = Capital | | seat_type = [[Capital city|Capitals]] | ||
| seat = [[Srinagar]] (May–October)<br /> [[Jammu]] ( | | seat = [[Srinagar]] (May–October)<br />[[Jammu]] (November–April)<ref name="Darbar Move">{{Cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/what-is-the-darbar-move-in-j-k-all-about/article18409452.ece |title=What is the Darbar Move in J&K all about? |author=The Hindu Net Desk |date=8 May 2017 |newspaper=The Hindu |language=en-IN |access-date=23 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171110135648/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/what-is-the-darbar-move-in-j-k-all-about/article18409452.ece |archive-date=10 November 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref> | ||
| parts_type = [[List of districts in | | parts_type = [[List of districts in India|Districts]] | ||
| parts_style = para | | parts_style = para | ||
| p1 = [[List of districts | | p1 = [[List of districts of Jammu and Kashmir|20]] | ||
| government_footnotes = | | government_footnotes = | ||
| governing_body = [[Government of Jammu and Kashmir]] | | governing_body = [[Government of Jammu and Kashmir]] | ||
| leader_title = [[List of lieutenant governors of Jammu and Kashmir|Lieutenant Governor]] | | leader_title = [[List of lieutenant governors of Jammu and Kashmir|Lieutenant Governor]] | ||
| leader_name = [[Manoj Sinha]] | | leader_name = [[Manoj Sinha]] | ||
| leader_title3 = [[17th Lok Sabha|National Parliament]] | |||
| leader_name3 = [[Parliament of India]] <br />: [[Lok Sabha]] (5) | |||
| leader_title4 = [[High courts of India|High Court]] | |||
| leader_title3 = [[17th Lok Sabha| | |||
| leader_name3 = [[ | |||
| leader_title4 = [[High | |||
| leader_name4 = [[High Court of Jammu and Kashmir and Ladakh]] | | leader_name4 = [[High Court of Jammu and Kashmir and Ladakh]] | ||
| unit_pref = Metric | | unit_pref = Metric | ||
| Line 59: | Line 59: | ||
| area_rank = | | area_rank = | ||
| elevation_max_footnotes = <ref>{{Cite journal|url=http://publications.americanalpineclub.org/articles/12197506500/Saser-Kangri|title=Saser Kangri |journal= The American Alpine Journal (AAJ)|date=1975 |first1=Jogindar |last1=Singh |access-date=14 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190214115923/http://publications.americanalpineclub.org/articles/12197506500/Saser-Kangri|archive-date=14 February 2019|url-status=live |pages=67}} [https://aac-publications.s3.amazonaws.com/documents/aaj/1975/PDF/AAJ_1975_20_1_065.pdf pdf of original pages]</ref> | | elevation_max_footnotes = <ref>{{Cite journal|url=http://publications.americanalpineclub.org/articles/12197506500/Saser-Kangri|title=Saser Kangri |journal= The American Alpine Journal (AAJ)|date=1975 |first1=Jogindar |last1=Singh |access-date=14 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190214115923/http://publications.americanalpineclub.org/articles/12197506500/Saser-Kangri|archive-date=14 February 2019|url-status=live |pages=67}} [https://aac-publications.s3.amazonaws.com/documents/aaj/1975/PDF/AAJ_1975_20_1_065.pdf pdf of original pages]</ref> | ||
| elevation_max_m = | | elevation_max_m = 7,135 | ||
| elevation_max_point = [[Nun Kun|Nun Peak]] | | elevation_max_point = [[Nun Kun|Nun Peak]] | ||
| elevation_max_rank = | | elevation_max_rank = | ||
| Line 72: | Line 72: | ||
| population_rank = | | population_rank = | ||
| population_note = | | population_note = | ||
| registration_plate = JK | | registration_plate = [[Vehicle registration plates of India|JK]] | ||
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]] | | timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]] | ||
| utc_offset1 = +05:30 | | utc_offset1 = +05:30 | ||
| Line 86: | Line 86: | ||
| demographics_type1 = Languages | | demographics_type1 = Languages | ||
| demographics1_title1 = Official | | demographics1_title1 = Official | ||
| demographics1_info1 = [[ | | demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi]], [[Kashmiri language|Kashmiri]], [[Dogri language|Dogri]], [[Urdu]], [[English language|English]]<ref name="OfficialLang">{{cite web |url=http://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2020/222037.pdf |title=The Jammu and Kashmir Official Languages Act, 2020 |publisher=The Gazette of India|date=27 September 2020 |access-date=27 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201019215035/http://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2020/222037.pdf |archive-date=19 October 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | title=Parliament passes JK Official Languages Bill, 2020 | work=Rising Kashmir | date=23 September 2020 | url=http://risingkashmir.com/news/parliament-passes-jk-official-languages-bill-2020 | access-date=23 September 2020 | archive-date=24 September 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200924141909/http://risingkashmir.com/news/parliament-passes-jk-official-languages-bill-2020 | url-status=dead }}</ref> | ||
| demographics1_title2 = Spoken | | demographics1_title2 = Spoken | ||
| demographics1_info2 = [[Gujari language|Gojri]], [[Pahari-Pothwari|Pahari]],<ref name="Languages">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RRbIAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA184 |title=The Parchment of Kashmir: History, Society, and Polity |last=Khan |first=N. |date=6 August 2012 |publisher=Springer |isbn=9781137029584 |page=184 |language=en |access-date=23 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190223184947/https://books.google.com/books?id=RRbIAAAAQBAJ&lpg=PP1&pg=PA184#v=onepage&q&f=false |archive-date=23 February 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]], [[Bhadarwahi]],<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |title=Bhadrawahi |url=http://www.ethnologue.com/language/bhd |language=en|website=Ethnologue.com|access-date=6 August 2019}}</ref> [[Bateri language|Bateri]],<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |title=Bateri |url=http://www.ethnologue.com/language/btv |language=en}}</ref> [[Khowar language|Khowar]],<ref name="SimonsFenning2017">{{cite book|last1=Simons|first1= Gary F. |last2=Fennig|first2=Charles D. |title=Ethnologue: Languages of the World, Twentieth Edition|year=2017|publisher=[[SIL International]]|location= Dallas|language=en}}</ref> [[Shina language|Shina]],<ref name="Crane1956">{{cite book|last=Crane|first=Robert I.|title=Area Handbook on Jammu and Kashmir State|year=1956|publisher=University of Chicago for the Human Relations Area Files|language=en|page=179|quote=Shina is the most eastern of these languages and in some of its dialects such as the Brokpa of Dah and Hanu and the dialect of Dras, it impinges upon the area of the Sino-Tibetan language family and has been affected by Tibetan with an overlay of words and idioms.}}</ref><ref name="Dadri">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XNqOjvaAb9cC&pg=PA6 |title=Modern History of Jammu and Kashmir: Ancient times to Shimla Agreement |last1=Aggarwal |first1=J. C. |last2=Agrawal |first2=S. P. |date=1995 |publisher=Concept Publishing Company |isbn=9788170225577 |language=en |access-date=23 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190224001711/https://books.google.com/books?id=XNqOjvaAb9cC&lpg=PP1&pg=PA6#v=onepage&q&f=false |archive-date=24 February 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Burushaski]],<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |title=Pakistan's "Burushaski" Language Finds New Relatives |url=https://www.npr.org/2012/06/20/155454736/pakistans-burushaski-language-finds-new-relatives |language=en|website=Npr.org|access-date=6 August 2019}}</ref> | | demographics1_info2 = [[Gujari language|Gojri]], [[Pahari-Pothwari|Pahari]],<ref name="Languages">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RRbIAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA184 |title=The Parchment of Kashmir: History, Society, and Polity |last=Khan |first=N. |date=6 August 2012 |publisher=Springer |isbn=9781137029584 |page=184 |language=en |access-date=23 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190223184947/https://books.google.com/books?id=RRbIAAAAQBAJ&lpg=PP1&pg=PA184#v=onepage&q&f=false |archive-date=23 February 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]], [[Bhadarwahi]],<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |title=Bhadrawahi |url=http://www.ethnologue.com/language/bhd |language=en|website=Ethnologue.com|access-date=6 August 2019}}</ref> [[Bateri language|Bateri]],<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |title=Bateri |url=http://www.ethnologue.com/language/btv |language=en}}</ref> [[Khowar language|Khowar]],<ref name="SimonsFenning2017">{{cite book|last1=Simons|first1= Gary F. |last2=Fennig|first2=Charles D. |title=Ethnologue: Languages of the World, Twentieth Edition|year=2017|publisher=[[SIL International]]|location= Dallas|language=en}}</ref> [[Shina language|Shina]],<ref name="Crane1956">{{cite book|last=Crane|first=Robert I.|title=Area Handbook on Jammu and Kashmir State|year=1956|publisher=University of Chicago for the Human Relations Area Files|language=en|page=179|quote=Shina is the most eastern of these languages and in some of its dialects such as the Brokpa of Dah and Hanu and the dialect of Dras, it impinges upon the area of the Sino-Tibetan language family and has been affected by Tibetan with an overlay of words and idioms.}}</ref><ref name="Dadri">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XNqOjvaAb9cC&pg=PA6 |title=Modern History of Jammu and Kashmir: Ancient times to Shimla Agreement |last1=Aggarwal |first1=J. C. |last2=Agrawal |first2=S. P. |date=1995 |publisher=Concept Publishing Company |isbn=9788170225577 |language=en |access-date=23 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190224001711/https://books.google.com/books?id=XNqOjvaAb9cC&lpg=PP1&pg=PA6#v=onepage&q&f=false |archive-date=24 February 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Burushaski]],<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |title=Pakistan's "Burushaski" Language Finds New Relatives |url=https://www.npr.org/2012/06/20/155454736/pakistans-burushaski-language-finds-new-relatives |language=en|website=Npr.org|access-date=6 August 2019}}</ref> | ||
| website = {{URL|https://www.jk.gov.in}} | | website = {{URL|https://www.jk.gov.in/}} | ||
| footnotes = | | footnotes = | ||
| official_name = | | official_name = | ||
| Line 95: | Line 95: | ||
}} | }} | ||
'''Jammu and Kashmir'''{{efn|Pronounced variably as {{IPAc-en|ˈ|dʒ|æ|m|uː}} or {{IPAc-en|ˈ|dʒ|ʌ|m|uː}}, {{IPAc-en|ˈ|k|æ|ʃ|m|ɪər}} or {{IPAc-en|k|æ|ʃ|ˈ|m|ɪər}}.<ref>{{Citation |last=Jones |first=Daniel |author-link= Daniel Jones (phonetician) |title= English Pronouncing Dictionary |editor=Peter Roach |editor2=James Hartmann |editor3=Jane Setter |place=Cambridge |publisher= Cambridge University Press |orig-year=1917 |year=2003 |isbn=978-3-12-539683-8 }}</ref>}} is a region administered by [[India]] as a [[union territory]]<ref name=britannica-2022-j&k>{{citation|last1=Akhtar|first1=Rais|last2=Kirk|first2=William|chapter=Jammu and Kashmir|title=Encyclopaedia Britannica|date=22 March 2021|publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.|chapter-url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Jammu-and-Kashmir|access-date=2 April 2022|quote=The union territory is part of the larger region of Kashmir, which has been the subject of dispute between India, Pakistan, and China since the partition of the subcontinent in 1947. ... The territory that India administered on its side of the line, which contained both Jammu (the seat of the Dogra dynasty) and the Vale of Kashmir, took on the name Jammu and Kashmir. However, both India and Pakistan have continued to claim the entire Kashmir region}}</ref> and consists of the southern portion of the larger [[Kashmir]] region, which has been the subject of a dispute between India and Pakistan since 1947 | '''Jammu and Kashmir'''{{efn|Pronounced variably as {{IPAc-en|ˈ|dʒ|æ|m|uː}} or {{IPAc-en|ˈ|dʒ|ʌ|m|uː}}, {{IPAc-en|ˈ|k|æ|ʃ|m|ɪər}} or {{IPAc-en|k|æ|ʃ|ˈ|m|ɪər}}.<ref>{{Citation |last=Jones |first=Daniel |author-link= Daniel Jones (phonetician) |title= English Pronouncing Dictionary |editor=Peter Roach |editor2=James Hartmann |editor3=Jane Setter |place=Cambridge |publisher= Cambridge University Press |orig-year=1917 |year=2003 |isbn=978-3-12-539683-8 }}</ref>}} is a region administered by [[India]] as a [[union territory]]<ref name=britannica-2022-j&k>{{citation|last1=Akhtar|first1=Rais|last2=Kirk|first2=William|chapter=Jammu and Kashmir|title=Encyclopaedia Britannica|date=22 March 2021|publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.|chapter-url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Jammu-and-Kashmir|access-date=2 April 2022|quote=The union territory is part of the larger region of Kashmir, which has been the subject of dispute between India, Pakistan, and China since the partition of the subcontinent in 1947. ... The territory that India administered on its side of the line, which contained both Jammu (the seat of the Dogra dynasty) and the Vale of Kashmir, took on the name Jammu and Kashmir. However, both India and Pakistan have continued to claim the entire Kashmir region}}</ref> and consists of the southern portion of the larger [[Kashmir]] region, which has been the subject of a [[Kashmir#Kashmir_dispute|dispute]] between India and Pakistan since 1947 and between India and China since 1959.<ref name=tertiary-kashmir> The application of the term "administered" to the various regions of [[Kashmir]] and a mention of the Kashmir dispute is supported by the [[WP:TERTIARY|tertiary sources]] (a) through (e), reflecting [[WP:DUE|due weight]] in the coverage. Although "controlled" and "held" are also applied neutrally to the names of the disputants or to the regions administered by them, as evidenced in sources (h) through (i) below, "held" is also considered politicized usage, as is the term "occupied," (see (j) below). <br/> | ||
(a) {{citation|title=Kashmir, region Indian subcontinent|publisher=Encyclopaedia Britannica|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Kashmir-region-Indian-subcontinent |accessdate=15 August 2019}} (subscription required) Quote: "Kashmir, region of the northwestern Indian subcontinent ... has been the subject of dispute between India and Pakistan since the partition of the Indian subcontinent in 1947. The northern and western portions are administered by Pakistan and comprise three areas: Azad Kashmir, Gilgit, and Baltistan, the last two being part of a territory called the Northern Areas. Administered by India are the southern and southeastern portions, which constitute the state of Jammu and Kashmir but are slated to be split into two union territories.";<br/> (b) {{citation|last1=Pletcher|first1=Kenneth|title=Aksai Chin, Plateau Region, Asia|publisher=Encyclopaedia Britannica|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Aksai-Chin |accessdate=16 August 2019}} (subscription required) Quote: "Aksai Chin, Chinese (Pinyin) Aksayqin, portion of the Kashmir region, at the northernmost extent of the Indian subcontinent in south-central Asia. It constitutes nearly all the territory of the Chinese-administered sector of Kashmir that is claimed by India to be part of the Ladakh area of Jammu and Kashmir state."; <br/> (c) {{citation|chapter=Kashmir|title=Encyclopedia Americana|publisher=Scholastic Library Publishing|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=l_cWAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA328|year=2006|isbn=978-0-7172-0139-6|page=328}} C. E Bosworth, University of Manchester Quote: "KASHMIR, kash'mer, the northernmost region of the Indian subcontinent, administered partlv by India, partly by Pakistan, and partly by China. The region has been the subject of a bitter dispute between India and Pakistan since they became independent in 1947"; <br/> (d) {{citation|last1=Osmańczyk|first1=Edmund Jan|title=Encyclopedia of the United Nations and International Agreements: G to M|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fSIMXHMdfkkC&pg=PA1191|year=2003|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-0-415-93922-5|pages=1191–}} Quote: "Jammu and Kashmir: Territory in northwestern India, subject to a dispute between India and Pakistan. It has borders with Pakistan and China." <br/>(e) {{citation|last=Talbot|first=Ian|title=A History of Modern South Asia: Politics, States, Diasporas|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eNg_CwAAQBAJ&pg=PA28|year=2016|publisher=Yale University Press|isbn=978-0-300-19694-8|pages=28–29}} Quote: "We move from a disputed international border to a dotted line on the map that represents a military border not recognized in international law. The line of control separates the Indian and Pakistani administered areas of the former Princely State of Jammu and Kashmir."; <br/> (f) {{citation|last=Skutsch|first=Carl|editor-last=Ciment|editor-first=James|title=Encyclopedia of Conflicts Since World War II|edition=2nd|year=2015|orig-year=2007|isbn=978-0-7656-8005-1|chapter=China: Border War with India, 1962|location=London and New York|publisher=Routledge|page=573|quote=The situation between the two nations was complicated by the 1957–1959 uprising by Tibetans against Chinese rule. Refugees poured across the Indian border, and the Indian public was outraged. Any compromise with China on the border issue became impossible. Similarly, China was offended that India had given political asylum to the Dalai Lama when he fled across the border in March 1959. In late 1959, there were shots fired between border patrols operating along both the ill-defined McMahon Line and in the Aksai Chin.}}<br/> (g) {{citation|last=Clary|first=Christopher|year=2022|title=The Difficult Politics of Peace: Rivalry in Modern South Asia|publisher=Oxford University Press|location = Oxford and New York|isbn=9780197638408|page=109|quote=Territorial Dispute: The situation along the Sino-Indian frontier continued to worsen. In late July (1959), an Indian reconnaissance patrol was blocked, "apprehended," and eventually expelled after three weeks in custody at the hands of a larger Chinese force near Khurnak Fort in Aksai Chin. ... Circumstances worsened further in October 1959, when a major class at Kongka Pass in eastern Ladakh led to nine dead and ten captured Indian border personnel, making it by far the most serious Sino-Indian class since India's independence.}} <br/> (h) {{citation|last=Bose|first=Sumantra|title=Kashmir: Roots of Conflict, Paths to Peace|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3ACMe9WBdNAC&pg=PA294|year=2009|publisher=Harvard University Press|isbn=978-0-674-02855-5|pages=294, 291, 293}} Quote: "J&K: Jammu and Kashmir. The former princely state that is the subject of the Kashmir dispute. Besides IJK (Indian-controlled Jammu and Kashmir. The larger and more populous part of the former princely state. It has a population of slightly over 10 million, and comprises three regions: Kashmir Valley, Jammu, and Ladakh.) and AJK ('Azad" (Free) Jammu and Kashmir. The more populous part of Pakistani-controlled J&K, with a population of approximately 2.5 million.), it includes the sparsely populated "Northern Areas" of Gilgit and Baltistan, remote mountainous regions which are directly administered, unlike AJK, by the Pakistani central authorities, and some high-altitude uninhabitable tracts under Chinese control." <br/> (i) {{citation|last=Fisher|first=Michael H.|title=An Environmental History of India: From Earliest Times to the Twenty-First Century|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kZVuDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA166|year=2018|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-107-11162-2|page=166}} Quote: "Kashmir’s identity remains hotly disputed with a UN-supervised “Line of Control” still separating Pakistani-held Azad (“Free”) Kashmir from Indian-held Kashmir."; <br/> (j) {{citation|last=Snedden|first=Christopher|title=Understanding Kashmir and Kashmiris|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5amKCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA10|year=2015|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-1-84904-621-3|page=10}} Quote:"Some politicised terms also are used to describe parts of J&K. These terms include the words 'occupied' and 'held'." | |||
</ref> The [[Line of Control]] separates Jammu and Kashmir from the [[Kashmir#Current status and political divisions|Pakistani-administered]] territories of [[Azad Kashmir]] and [[Gilgit-Baltistan]] in the west and north. It lies to the north of the Indian states of [[Himachal Pradesh]] and [[Punjab, India|Punjab]] and to the west of [[Ladakh]] which is administered by India as a union territory.<ref name=ladakh-britannica-current/> | |||
Provisions for the formation of the union territory of Jammu and Kashmir were contained within the [[Jammu and Kashmir Reorganisation Act, 2019]], which was passed by both houses of the [[Parliament of India]] in August 2019. The act re-constituted the former [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|state of Jammu and Kashmir]] into two union territories, one being Jammu and Kashmir and the other being Ladakh, with effect from 31 October 2019.<ref name="Gazette2"/> | Provisions for the formation of the union territory of Jammu and Kashmir were contained within the [[Jammu and Kashmir Reorganisation Act, 2019]], which was passed by both houses of the [[Parliament of India]] in August 2019. The act re-constituted the former [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|state of Jammu and Kashmir]] into two union territories, one being Jammu and Kashmir and the other being Ladakh, with effect from 31 October 2019.<ref name="Gazette2"/> | ||
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Jammu and Kashmir is named after the two regions it encompasses {{ndash}} the [[Jammu region]] and the [[Kashmir Valley]]. | Jammu and Kashmir is named after the two regions it encompasses {{ndash}} the [[Jammu region]] and the [[Kashmir Valley]]. | ||
The Government of Pakistan and Pakistani sources refer to Jammu and Kashmir as a part of "Indian-occupied Kashmir" ("IOK") or "Indian-held Kashmir" (IHK).<ref>{{cite web |first= Ali | last=Zain |url= http://en.dailypakistan.com.pk/pakistan/pakistani-flag-hoisted-pro-freedom-slogans-chanted-in-indian-occupied-kashmir-567/ |title= Pakistani flag hoisted, pro-freedom slogans chanted in Indian Occupied Kashmir – Daily Pakistan Global |publisher= En.dailypakistan.com.pk |date= 13 September 2015 |access-date= 17 November 2015 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20151118114311/http://en.dailypakistan.com.pk/pakistan/pakistani-flag-hoisted-pro-freedom-slogans-chanted-in-indian-occupied-kashmir-567/ |archive-date= 18 November 2015 |url-status=live |df= dmy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://dunyanews.tv/index.php/en/World/298421-Pakistani-flag-hoisted-once-again-in-Indian-Occupi |title= Pakistani flag hoisted once again in Indian Occupied Kashmir |website=Dunya News |date= 11 September 2015 |access-date=17 November 2015}}</ref> The Government of India and Indian sources in turn, call the [[Pakistan-administered Kashmir|territory under Pakistan control]] "Pakistan-occupied Kashmir" ("POK") or "Pakistan-held Kashmir" ("PHK").<ref name="Snedden 2013 p.2-3">{{cite book |first=Christopher |last=Snedden |author-link=Christopher Snedden |title=Kashmir: The Unwritten History |publisher=HarperCollins India |year=2013 |isbn=978-9350298985 |pages=2–3}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-opinion/the-enigma-of-terminology/article5621801.ece|title=The enigma of terminology|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151016082903/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-opinion/the-enigma-of-terminology/article5621801.ece|archive-date=16 October 2015|newspaper=The Hindu|date=27 January 2014}}</ref> | The Government of Pakistan and Pakistani sources refer to Jammu and Kashmir as a part of "Indian illegally occupied Jammu and Kashmir" ("IIOJK") | ||
or "Indian-occupied Kashmir" ("IOK") or "Indian-held Kashmir" (IHK).<ref>{{cite web |first= Ali | last=Zain |url= http://en.dailypakistan.com.pk/pakistan/pakistani-flag-hoisted-pro-freedom-slogans-chanted-in-indian-occupied-kashmir-567/ |title= Pakistani flag hoisted, pro-freedom slogans chanted in Indian Occupied Kashmir – Daily Pakistan Global |publisher= En.dailypakistan.com.pk |date= 13 September 2015 |access-date= 17 November 2015 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20151118114311/http://en.dailypakistan.com.pk/pakistan/pakistani-flag-hoisted-pro-freedom-slogans-chanted-in-indian-occupied-kashmir-567/ |archive-date= 18 November 2015 |url-status=live |df= dmy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://dunyanews.tv/index.php/en/World/298421-Pakistani-flag-hoisted-once-again-in-Indian-Occupi |title= Pakistani flag hoisted once again in Indian Occupied Kashmir |website=Dunya News |date= 11 September 2015 |access-date=17 November 2015}}</ref> The Government of India and Indian sources in turn, call the [[Pakistan-administered Kashmir|territory under Pakistan control]] "Pakistan-occupied Kashmir" ("POK") or "Pakistan-held Kashmir" ("PHK").<ref name="Snedden 2013 p.2-3">{{cite book |first=Christopher |last=Snedden |author-link=Christopher Snedden |title=Kashmir: The Unwritten History |publisher=HarperCollins India |year=2013 |isbn=978-9350298985 |pages=2–3}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-opinion/the-enigma-of-terminology/article5621801.ece|title=The enigma of terminology|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151016082903/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-opinion/the-enigma-of-terminology/article5621801.ece|archive-date=16 October 2015|newspaper=The Hindu|date=27 January 2014}}</ref> | |||
"Indian-administered Kashmir" and "Indian-controlled Kashmir" are often used by neutral sources.<ref>South Asia: fourth report of session 2006–07 by Great Britain: Parliament: House of Commons: Foreign Affairs Committee page 37</ref> | "Indian-administered Kashmir" and "Indian-controlled Kashmir" are often used by neutral sources.<ref>South Asia: fourth report of session 2006–07 by Great Britain: Parliament: House of Commons: Foreign Affairs Committee page 37</ref> | ||
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Jammu and Kashmir is home to several valleys such as the Kashmir Valley, Tawi Valley, [[Chenab Valley]], [[Poonch River|Poonch]] Valley, [[Sind Valley]], and [[Lidder Valley]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Vij|first=Shivam|date=5 May 2017|title=Kashmir Is A Prison With Three Walls|url=https://www.huffingtonpost.in/2017/05/04/kashmir-is-a-prison-with-three-walls_a_22070340/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170505073150/http://www.huffingtonpost.in/2017/05/04/kashmir-is-a-prison-with-three-walls_a_22070340/|archive-date=5 May 2017|access-date=9 August 2019|work=[[HuffPost]]}} [https://shivamvij.in/2017/05/05/755/ Alt URL]</ref> The Kashmir valley is {{convert|100|km|mi|abbr=on}} wide and {{convert|15520.3|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}} in area.<ref name="AA1">{{cite web|url=https://www.asianage.com/columnists/indus-water-flow-can-t-be-stopped-721|title=Indus: The water flow can't be stopped|first=Mohan|last=Guruswamy|work=[[The Asian Age]]|date=28 September 2016|access-date=9 August 2019}}</ref> The [[Himalayas]] divide the Kashmir valley from the [[Tibetan plateau]] while the [[Pir Panjal]] range, which encloses the valley from the west and the south, separates it from the [[Punjab Plain]] of the [[Indo-Gangetic Plain]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.greaterkashmir.com/news/opinion/a-tryst-of-the-heart-and-history-along-the-karakoram-highway/|title=A Tryst of the Heart and History along the Karakoram Highway|first=Asma|last=Khan|work=[[Greater Kashmir]]|date=26 April 2018|access-date=9 August 2019}}</ref> Along the northeastern flank of the Valley runs the main range of the Himalayas.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.zmescience.com/other/feature-post/india-pakistan-conflict-07032019/|title=Why India and Pakistan keep fighting over Kashmir – the history of the Kashmir conflict|first=Mihai|last=Andrei|work=GME Science|date=11 March 2019|access-date=9 August 2019}}</ref> This valley has an average height of {{convert|1850|m|ft}} above sea-level,<ref name="AA1" /> but the surrounding Pir Panjal range has an average elevation of {{convert|10000|ft|m}}.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/society/history-and-culture/in-the-past-the-mountain-passes-were-entry-exit-points-for-travellers-and-invaders/article22136536.ece|title=Doorway of the gods: Himalaya crosses five countries|author1=Vrinda|author2=J. Ramanan|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=21 December 2017|access-date=9 August 2019}}</ref> The [[Jhelum River]] is the major Himalayan river which flows through the Kashmir valley.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Jhelum-River|title=Jhelum River|encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]|date=15 December 2015|access-date=9 August 2019}}</ref> The southern Jammu region is mostly mountainous, with the [[Shivalik Hills|Shivaliks]], the middle and the great Himalayas running parallel to each other in a southeast-northwest direction. A narrow southwestern strip constitutes fertile plains. The [[Chenab River|Chenab]], [[Tawi River|Tawi]] and [[Ravi River|Ravi]] are important rivers flowing through the Jammu region.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://nation.com.pk/29-Jul-2019/flooding-alert-issued-as-india-releases-water|title=Flooding alert issued as India releases water|work=[[The Nation (Pakistan)|The Nation]]|author=Agencies|date=29 July 2019|access-date=9 August 2019}}</ref> | Jammu and Kashmir is home to several valleys such as the Kashmir Valley, Tawi Valley, [[Chenab Valley]], [[Poonch River|Poonch]] Valley, [[Sind Valley]], and [[Lidder Valley]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Vij|first=Shivam|date=5 May 2017|title=Kashmir Is A Prison With Three Walls|url=https://www.huffingtonpost.in/2017/05/04/kashmir-is-a-prison-with-three-walls_a_22070340/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170505073150/http://www.huffingtonpost.in/2017/05/04/kashmir-is-a-prison-with-three-walls_a_22070340/|archive-date=5 May 2017|access-date=9 August 2019|work=[[HuffPost]]}} [https://shivamvij.in/2017/05/05/755/ Alt URL]</ref> The Kashmir valley is {{convert|100|km|mi|abbr=on}} wide and {{convert|15520.3|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}} in area.<ref name="AA1">{{cite web|url=https://www.asianage.com/columnists/indus-water-flow-can-t-be-stopped-721|title=Indus: The water flow can't be stopped|first=Mohan|last=Guruswamy|work=[[The Asian Age]]|date=28 September 2016|access-date=9 August 2019}}</ref> The [[Himalayas]] divide the Kashmir valley from the [[Tibetan plateau]] while the [[Pir Panjal]] range, which encloses the valley from the west and the south, separates it from the [[Punjab Plain]] of the [[Indo-Gangetic Plain]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.greaterkashmir.com/news/opinion/a-tryst-of-the-heart-and-history-along-the-karakoram-highway/|title=A Tryst of the Heart and History along the Karakoram Highway|first=Asma|last=Khan|work=[[Greater Kashmir]]|date=26 April 2018|access-date=9 August 2019}}</ref> Along the northeastern flank of the Valley runs the main range of the Himalayas.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.zmescience.com/other/feature-post/india-pakistan-conflict-07032019/|title=Why India and Pakistan keep fighting over Kashmir – the history of the Kashmir conflict|first=Mihai|last=Andrei|work=GME Science|date=11 March 2019|access-date=9 August 2019}}</ref> This valley has an average height of {{convert|1850|m|ft}} above sea-level,<ref name="AA1" /> but the surrounding Pir Panjal range has an average elevation of {{convert|10000|ft|m}}.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/society/history-and-culture/in-the-past-the-mountain-passes-were-entry-exit-points-for-travellers-and-invaders/article22136536.ece|title=Doorway of the gods: Himalaya crosses five countries|author1=Vrinda|author2=J. Ramanan|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=21 December 2017|access-date=9 August 2019}}</ref> The [[Jhelum River]] is the major Himalayan river which flows through the Kashmir valley.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Jhelum-River|title=Jhelum River|encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]|date=15 December 2015|access-date=9 August 2019}}</ref> The southern Jammu region is mostly mountainous, with the [[Shivalik Hills|Shivaliks]], the middle and the great Himalayas running parallel to each other in a southeast-northwest direction. A narrow southwestern strip constitutes fertile plains. The [[Chenab River|Chenab]], [[Tawi River|Tawi]] and [[Ravi River|Ravi]] are important rivers flowing through the Jammu region.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://nation.com.pk/29-Jul-2019/flooding-alert-issued-as-india-releases-water|title=Flooding alert issued as India releases water|work=[[The Nation (Pakistan)|The Nation]]|author=Agencies|date=29 July 2019|access-date=9 August 2019}}</ref> | ||
[[File:Banihal Pass, Jammu and Kashmir, India.jpg|thumb|upright=1.8|Panoramic view from the [[Banihal pass]]; the pass connects the mountainous Jammu region (right | [[File:Banihal Pass, Jammu and Kashmir, India.jpg|thumb|upright=1.8|Panoramic view from the [[Banihal pass]]; the pass connects the [[Vale of Kashmir]] (left) with the mountainous [[Jammu division|Jammu region]] (right)]] | ||
===Climate=== | ===Climate=== | ||
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===Air=== | ===Air=== | ||
[[File:Lapangan terbang Srinagar.jpg|thumb|[[Sheikh ul Alam Airport]], [[Srinagar]]]] | |||
Jammu and Kashmir has two major airports at the two capitals of the territory: [[Jammu Airport]] at Jammu and [[Sheikh ul Alam Airport]] at Srinagar, which is also the only international airport in the territory. These airports have regular flights to Delhi, Mumbai, Bangalore, Chandigarh and other major cities of the country. | Jammu and Kashmir has two major airports at the two capitals of the territory: [[Jammu Airport]] at Jammu and [[Sheikh ul Alam Airport]] at Srinagar, which is also the only international airport in the territory. These airports have regular flights to Delhi, Mumbai, Bangalore, Chandigarh and other major cities of the country. | ||
===Railway=== | ===Railway=== | ||
[[File:Srinagar railway station.jpg|thumb|Srinagar railway station]] | [[File:Srinagar railway station.jpg|thumb|left|Srinagar railway station]] | ||
[[File:Jammu Srinagar Highway.jpg|thumb|[[Jammu-Srinagar National Highway]]]] | |||
The under-construction [[Jammu-Baramulla line]] of the [[Northern Railways]] is the only railway line in the territory. Once complete, the line will connect the two regions of Jammu and Kashmir and will also provide a rail link to the Kashmir valley from other parts of the country. | The under-construction [[Jammu-Baramulla line]] of the [[Northern Railways]] is the only railway line in the territory. Once complete, the line will connect the two regions of Jammu and Kashmir and will also provide a rail link to the Kashmir valley from other parts of the country. | ||
===Road=== | ===Road=== | ||
The [[Jammu-Srinagar National Highway]], a segment of the [[National Highway 44 (India)|NH44]], is the main highway in the territory connecting the two capitals by road. National Highways 1, 144, 144A, 444, 501, 701 and 701A are the other NHs in the territory. | The [[Jammu-Srinagar National Highway]], a segment of the [[National Highway 44 (India)|NH44]], is the main highway in the territory connecting the two capitals by road. National Highways 1, 144, 144A, 444, 501, 701 and 701A are the other NHs in the territory. | ||
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The legislative branch of government is a unicameral [[Legislative Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir|legislative assembly]], whose tenure is five years. The legislative assembly may make laws for any of the matters in the [[State List]] of the Constitution of India except "public order" and "police", which will remain the preserve of the central [[Government of India]]. The Lieutenant Governor also has the power to promulgate ordinances which have the same force as the acts of the legislative assembly.<ref name="Indian Express"/> | The legislative branch of government is a unicameral [[Legislative Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir|legislative assembly]], whose tenure is five years. The legislative assembly may make laws for any of the matters in the [[State List]] of the Constitution of India except "public order" and "police", which will remain the preserve of the central [[Government of India]]. The Lieutenant Governor also has the power to promulgate ordinances which have the same force as the acts of the legislative assembly.<ref name="Indian Express"/> | ||
Elections for the Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly are to be held | Elections for the Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly are to be held to be expected in 2023.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://zeenews.india.com/india/jammu-and-kashmir-assembly-election-in-2021-after-delimitation-ec-sources-2230726.html|title=Jammu and Kashmir assembly election in 2021 after delimitation: EC sources|date=29 August 2019|website=Zee News}}</ref> | ||
===Judicial branch=== | ===Judicial branch=== | ||
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===Parties=== | ===Parties=== | ||
The main political parties active in the region are the [[ | The main political parties active in the region are the [[Jammu & Kashmir National Conference]] (President: [[Farooq Abdullah]]) the [[Jammu and Kashmir People's Democratic Party]] (President: [[Mehbooba Mufti]]) the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (State President: [[Ravinder Raina]]), the [[Indian National Congress]] (State President: [[Ghulam Ahmad Mir]]), and the [[Jammu and Kashmir People's Conference]] (President: [[Sajjad Gani Lone]]). Other parties with a presence in the region include the [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]], the [[Jammu and Kashmir National Panthers Party]], and the [[Jammu and Kashmir Apni Party]] (President: [[Altaf Bukhari]]). | ||
===Jammu and Kashmir in the Parliament of India=== | ===Jammu and Kashmir in the Parliament of India=== | ||
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== Economy == | == Economy == | ||
[[file:Kashmiri apple.jpg|thumb| | [[file:Kashmiri apple.jpg|thumb|left|Apples of Kashmir are famous for their taste]] | ||
Jammu and Kashmir's economy is primarily services-based and agriculture-oriented.<ref name="IBEF"/> The [[gross domestic product]] of Jammu and Kashmir was estimated at {{INRConvert|1.76|lc|year=2020}} in 2020–21.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://mospi.nic.in/sites/default/files/press_releases_statements/State_wise_SDP_15_03_2021.xls|title=MOSPI State Domestic Product, Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation|publisher=Government of India|date=15 March 2021|accessdate=17 April 2021}}</ref> Along with [[horticulture]] and [[agriculture]], tourism is an important industry for Jammu and Kashmir, accounting for about 7% to its economy.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/jammu-and-kashmir-s-tourism-flourishes-receives-highest-footfall-since-independence-1947-11665122159734.html|title=Jammu and Kashmir's tourism flourishes, receives highest footfall in 75 years|date=7 October 2022|website=mint}}</ref> | Jammu and Kashmir's economy is primarily services-based and agriculture-oriented.<ref name="IBEF"/> The [[gross domestic product]] of Jammu and Kashmir was estimated at {{INRConvert|1.76|lc|year=2020}} in 2020–21.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://mospi.nic.in/sites/default/files/press_releases_statements/State_wise_SDP_15_03_2021.xls|title=MOSPI State Domestic Product, Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation|publisher=Government of India|date=15 March 2021|accessdate=17 April 2021}}</ref> Along with [[horticulture]] and [[agriculture]], tourism is an important industry for Jammu and Kashmir, accounting for about 7% to its economy.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/jammu-and-kashmir-s-tourism-flourishes-receives-highest-footfall-since-independence-1947-11665122159734.html|title=Jammu and Kashmir's tourism flourishes, receives highest footfall in 75 years|date=7 October 2022|website=mint}}</ref> | ||
The Kashmir Valley is known for its [[sericulture]] and cold-water fisheries.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://thekashmirimages.com/2021/03/16/time-for-skuast-jammu-to-start-horti-dairy-farming-agri-engineering-deptts-lg/|title=Time for SKUAST-Jammu to start Horti, Dairy Farming, Agri Engineering deptts: LG|date=16 March 2021|work=The Kashmir Images}}</ref> Wood from Kashmir is used to make high-quality cricket bats, popularly known as Kashmir Willow.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/thesundaystandard/2017/nov/05/jalandhar-bats-with-pakistani-goods-1692212.html|title=Jalandhar bats with Pakistani goods|date=5 November 2017|work=The New Indian Express}}</ref> Major agricultural exports from Jammu and Kashmir include apples, pears, cherries, plums, saffron and walnuts.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://gulfnews.com/uae/jk-special-report-ready-reckoner-of-top-agri-product-manufacturers-and-industry-bodies-from-jammu--kashmir-1.1609037238326|title=J&K special report: Ready reckoner of top agri-product manufacturers and industry bodies from Jammu & Kashmir|date=27 December 2020|work=[[Gulf News]]}}</ref> The traditional [[Kashmiri handicrafts]] industry employs a large workforce of around 340 thousand artisans and has potential for producing export goods.<ref name="IBEF"/> Small-scale cottage industries include carpet weaving, silks, shawls, basketry, pottery, copper and [[Silversmith|silverware]], [[Kashmir papier-mâché|papier-mâché]] and [[Kashmir walnut wood carving|walnut wood]].<ref name="IBEF"/> The [[horticulture]] sector is the next biggest source of income in the economy. The temperature of Jammu and Kashmir is also suited to [[floriculture]] and can support various species of flora.<ref name="IBEF"/> | The Kashmir Valley is known for its [[sericulture]] and cold-water fisheries.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://thekashmirimages.com/2021/03/16/time-for-skuast-jammu-to-start-horti-dairy-farming-agri-engineering-deptts-lg/|title=Time for SKUAST-Jammu to start Horti, Dairy Farming, Agri Engineering deptts: LG|date=16 March 2021|work=The Kashmir Images}}</ref> Wood from Kashmir is used to make high-quality cricket bats, popularly known as Kashmir Willow.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/thesundaystandard/2017/nov/05/jalandhar-bats-with-pakistani-goods-1692212.html|title=Jalandhar bats with Pakistani goods|date=5 November 2017|work=The New Indian Express}}</ref> Major agricultural exports from Jammu and Kashmir include apples, pears, cherries, plums, saffron and walnuts.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://gulfnews.com/uae/jk-special-report-ready-reckoner-of-top-agri-product-manufacturers-and-industry-bodies-from-jammu--kashmir-1.1609037238326|title=J&K special report: Ready reckoner of top agri-product manufacturers and industry bodies from Jammu & Kashmir|date=27 December 2020|work=[[Gulf News]]}}</ref> The traditional [[Kashmiri handicrafts]] industry employs a large workforce of around 340 thousand artisans and has potential for producing export goods.<ref name="IBEF"/> Small-scale cottage industries include carpet weaving, silks, shawls, basketry, pottery, copper and [[Silversmith|silverware]], [[Kashmir papier-mâché|papier-mâché]] and [[Kashmir walnut wood carving|walnut wood]].<ref name="IBEF"/> The [[horticulture]] sector is the next biggest source of income in the economy. The temperature of Jammu and Kashmir is also suited to [[floriculture]] and can support various species of flora.<ref name="IBEF"/> | ||
[[File:1700s Boteh Example from - a Dochalla Shawl in the WOVENSOULS collection.jpg|thumb|Boteh from an Antique Kashmiri Dochalla Shawl]] | |||
Over 500 mineral blocks are present in Jammu and Kashmir, 261 of which are in the Kashmir Division alone.<ref name="TKIMin"/> [[Kishtwar]] is known as the 'land of sapphire and saffron'.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.greaterkashmir.com/todays-paper/jammu-todays-paper/kishtwar-couple-globalising-local-produce-promoting-kashmiri-dogra-arts-and-crafts|date=11 July 2021|author=Syed Amjad Shah|work=Greater Kashmir|title=Kishtwar couple globalising local produce; promoting Kashmiri-Dogra arts and crafts}}</ref> Resources such as timber, herbs and medicinal shrubs, edibles such as mushroom, [[Pinus gerardiana|chilgoza]], [[Nigella sativa|black zeera]], and saffron are available in the forests.<ref name="KishEx"/> The sapphire reserve mines of Machail, [[Paddar]] are a source of mineral wealth.<ref name="KishEx">{{cite news|url=https://www.dailyexcelsior.com/kishtwar-ignored-beauty/|date=15 March 2020|title=Kishtwar Ignored Beauty|work=Daily Excelsior}}</ref> Jammu and Kashmir is the only administrative unit in India with a large amount of [[borax]] and sapphire resources.<ref name="TKIMin"/> It possesses 36 percent of the graphite, 21 percent marble and 14 percent of [[gypsum]] present in India.<ref name="TKIMin"/> Coal, limestone and [[magnesite]] are found scattered among the different districts of the union territory.<ref name="TKIMin"/> | Over 500 mineral blocks are present in Jammu and Kashmir, 261 of which are in the Kashmir Division alone.<ref name="TKIMin"/> [[Kishtwar]] is known as the 'land of sapphire and saffron'.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.greaterkashmir.com/todays-paper/jammu-todays-paper/kishtwar-couple-globalising-local-produce-promoting-kashmiri-dogra-arts-and-crafts|date=11 July 2021|author=Syed Amjad Shah|work=Greater Kashmir|title=Kishtwar couple globalising local produce; promoting Kashmiri-Dogra arts and crafts}}</ref> Resources such as timber, herbs and medicinal shrubs, edibles such as mushroom, [[Pinus gerardiana|chilgoza]], [[Nigella sativa|black zeera]], and saffron are available in the forests.<ref name="KishEx"/> The sapphire reserve mines of Machail, [[Paddar]] are a source of mineral wealth.<ref name="KishEx">{{cite news|url=https://www.dailyexcelsior.com/kishtwar-ignored-beauty/|date=15 March 2020|title=Kishtwar Ignored Beauty|work=Daily Excelsior}}</ref> Jammu and Kashmir is the only administrative unit in India with a large amount of [[borax]] and sapphire resources.<ref name="TKIMin"/> It possesses 36 percent of the graphite, 21 percent marble and 14 percent of [[gypsum]] present in India.<ref name="TKIMin"/> Coal, limestone and [[magnesite]] are found scattered among the different districts of the union territory.<ref name="TKIMin"/> | ||
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Jammu and Kashmir is one of the largest recipients of grants from the central government annually.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.jakfinance.nic.in/budget/budget2122/8%20Demands%20for%20Grants%202021-22.pdf|title=Demand for Grants of Union Territory of Jammu and Kashmir 2021-22.|accessdate=2 August 2021|publisher=Finance Department Jammu and Kashmir}}</ref> According to the [[Sustainable Development Goals]] Index 2021, 10.35 percent of the population of Jammu and Kashmir live below the national poverty line, the [[List of Indian states and union territories by poverty rate|third-highest among union territories]] in the country.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://kashmirobserver.net/2021/06/11/10-35-population-in-jk-living-below-poverty-line-survey/amp/|title=10.35% Population In J&K Living Below Poverty Line: Survey|date=11 June 2021|accessdate=11 June 2021|work=Kashmir Observer}}</ref> | Jammu and Kashmir is one of the largest recipients of grants from the central government annually.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.jakfinance.nic.in/budget/budget2122/8%20Demands%20for%20Grants%202021-22.pdf|title=Demand for Grants of Union Territory of Jammu and Kashmir 2021-22.|accessdate=2 August 2021|publisher=Finance Department Jammu and Kashmir}}</ref> According to the [[Sustainable Development Goals]] Index 2021, 10.35 percent of the population of Jammu and Kashmir live below the national poverty line, the [[List of Indian states and union territories by poverty rate|third-highest among union territories]] in the country.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://kashmirobserver.net/2021/06/11/10-35-population-in-jk-living-below-poverty-line-survey/amp/|title=10.35% Population In J&K Living Below Poverty Line: Survey|date=11 June 2021|accessdate=11 June 2021|work=Kashmir Observer}}</ref> | ||
==Apple Cultivation== | |||
The apple industry is a significant source of employment in Jammu and Kashmir, generating the highest number of jobs. It provides approximately 400 man-days of work per year per hectare of orchards, supporting a workforce of 3.5 million people. Moreover, it contributes approximately 10 percent to the Gross State Domestic Product (GSDP). In the year 2020-2021, the apple production in Kashmir was reported to be 1,695,000.00 metric tonnes, while in the Jammu Division, it stood at 24,415.69 metric tonnes. The combined apple production for the entire Union Territory of Jammu and Kashmir amounted to 1,719,415.69 metric tonnes. Notably, the Kashmir Valley is the primary contributor to these numbers, accounting for 75 percent of India's total apple production and exporting around 1.8 million metric tonnes of apples annually. <ref>http://risingkashmir.com/kashmirs-apple-an-800-year-old-economical-backbone-of-kashmir</ref> | |||
== Media == | == Media == | ||
{{main|Media in Jammu and Kashmir}} | {{main|Media in Jammu and Kashmir}} | ||
[[File:Floating Post Office - Dal Lake - Srinagar- Jammu and Kashmir.jpg|thumb|left|Floating Post Office, Dal Lake - Srinagar]] | |||
The [[Telecom Regulatory Authority of India]] (TRAI) regulates all major aspects pertaining to media and telecommunications in Jammu and Kashmir.<ref>{{cite book |title=The Telecom Regulatory Authority of India Act, 1997 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0gfeQc1ZBqIC&pg=PA112 |publisher=Georg Thieme Verlag |page=112 |id=GGKEY:BJ6HEPE0NRE}}</ref> In addition, the Jammu and Kashmir administration released their [[media policy]] in 2020 which enabled government officers to sanction journalists and media organisations for disseminating "[[fake news]]," and is valid for the next five years.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://thewire.in/media/kashmir-new-media-policy-press-freedom|title=Why Journalists Are Worried About the New Media Policy in Jammu and Kashmir|date=17 July 2020|website=The Wire}}</ref> The policy attracted criticism for allegedly reducing people to "passive recipients of the information the government intends to disseminate."<ref>{{cite journal|url=https://www.epw.in/engage/article/kashmir-media-policy-accentuating-curbs-freedom-press|journal=Economic and Political Weekly|title=Kashmir Media Policy: Accentuating the Curbs on the Freedom of Press|date=19 August 2020|pages=7–8}}</ref> The [[Press Council of India]] (PCI) expressed concern over the provisions of fake news in the policy, as it "interferes with the free functioning of the press."<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2020/jun/17/press-council-of-india-seeks-jk-govt--reply-on-fake-news-in-its-media-policy-2157594.html|title=Press Council of India seeks J&K govt reply on 'fake news' in its media policy|work=The New Indian Express|date=17 June 2020}}</ref> | The [[Telecom Regulatory Authority of India]] (TRAI) regulates all major aspects pertaining to media and telecommunications in Jammu and Kashmir.<ref>{{cite book |title=The Telecom Regulatory Authority of India Act, 1997 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0gfeQc1ZBqIC&pg=PA112 |publisher=Georg Thieme Verlag |page=112 |id=GGKEY:BJ6HEPE0NRE}}</ref> In addition, the Jammu and Kashmir administration released their [[media policy]] in 2020 which enabled government officers to sanction journalists and media organisations for disseminating "[[fake news]]," and is valid for the next five years.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://thewire.in/media/kashmir-new-media-policy-press-freedom|title=Why Journalists Are Worried About the New Media Policy in Jammu and Kashmir|date=17 July 2020|website=The Wire}}</ref> The policy attracted criticism for allegedly reducing people to "passive recipients of the information the government intends to disseminate."<ref>{{cite journal|url=https://www.epw.in/engage/article/kashmir-media-policy-accentuating-curbs-freedom-press|journal=Economic and Political Weekly|title=Kashmir Media Policy: Accentuating the Curbs on the Freedom of Press|date=19 August 2020|pages=7–8}}</ref> The [[Press Council of India]] (PCI) expressed concern over the provisions of fake news in the policy, as it "interferes with the free functioning of the press."<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2020/jun/17/press-council-of-india-seeks-jk-govt--reply-on-fake-news-in-its-media-policy-2157594.html|title=Press Council of India seeks J&K govt reply on 'fake news' in its media policy|work=The New Indian Express|date=17 June 2020}}</ref> | ||
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Jammu and Kashmir has 18 stadiums, 23 training centres, three indoor sports complexes and 42 government-maintained playing fields.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://dteyssjk.nic.in/youth-sports/infra.html|title=Department of Youth Services & Sports|website=Department of Youth Services and Sports|publisher=Government of Jammu and Kashmir|url-status=dead|access-date=29 November 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191129051640/http://dteyssjk.nic.in/youth-sports/infra.html|archivedate=29 November 2019}}</ref> Srinagar is home to the [[Sher-i-Kashmir Stadium]], a stadium where international cricket matches have been played.<ref name=cricinfo>{{cite web | url = http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/team/match_results.html?class=2;id=559;type=ground | title = Records / Sher-i-Kashmir Stadium, Srinagar / One-Day Internationals | publisher = [[ESPNcricinfo]] | url-status = dead | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20140813232013/http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/team/match_results.html?class=2%3Bid%3D559%3Btype%3Dground |archivedate=13 August 2014}}</ref> The [[Maulana Azad Stadium]] in Jammu is one of the home venues for the [[Jammu and Kashmir cricket team]].<ref name=ca>{{cite web|title=Molana Azad Stadium, Jammu|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Grounds/14/1059.html|work=[[CricketArchive]]|accessdate=1 August 2021}}</ref> The [[Bakshi Stadium]] in Srinagar, named after [[Bakshi Ghulam Mohammad]], hosts football matches.<ref name=bakshitoi>{{cite news | url = http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-07-16/india/32697338_1_football-clubs-bakshi-stadium-santosh-trophy | title = J&K stadium hosts football match after 25-year gap | work = The Times of India | date = 16 July 2012 | access-date = 1 August 2021 | archive-date = 11 May 2013 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130511194756/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-07-16/india/32697338_1_football-clubs-bakshi-stadium-santosh-trophy | url-status = dead }}</ref> | Jammu and Kashmir has 18 stadiums, 23 training centres, three indoor sports complexes and 42 government-maintained playing fields.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://dteyssjk.nic.in/youth-sports/infra.html|title=Department of Youth Services & Sports|website=Department of Youth Services and Sports|publisher=Government of Jammu and Kashmir|url-status=dead|access-date=29 November 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191129051640/http://dteyssjk.nic.in/youth-sports/infra.html|archivedate=29 November 2019}}</ref> Srinagar is home to the [[Sher-i-Kashmir Stadium]], a stadium where international cricket matches have been played.<ref name=cricinfo>{{cite web | url = http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/team/match_results.html?class=2;id=559;type=ground | title = Records / Sher-i-Kashmir Stadium, Srinagar / One-Day Internationals | publisher = [[ESPNcricinfo]] | url-status = dead | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20140813232013/http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/team/match_results.html?class=2%3Bid%3D559%3Btype%3Dground |archivedate=13 August 2014}}</ref> The [[Maulana Azad Stadium]] in Jammu is one of the home venues for the [[Jammu and Kashmir cricket team]].<ref name=ca>{{cite web|title=Molana Azad Stadium, Jammu|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Grounds/14/1059.html|work=[[CricketArchive]]|accessdate=1 August 2021}}</ref> The [[Bakshi Stadium]] in Srinagar, named after [[Bakshi Ghulam Mohammad]], hosts football matches.<ref name=bakshitoi>{{cite news | url = http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-07-16/india/32697338_1_football-clubs-bakshi-stadium-santosh-trophy | title = J&K stadium hosts football match after 25-year gap | work = The Times of India | date = 16 July 2012 | access-date = 1 August 2021 | archive-date = 11 May 2013 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130511194756/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-07-16/india/32697338_1_football-clubs-bakshi-stadium-santosh-trophy | url-status = dead }}</ref> | ||
Institutions such as the [[Jawahar Institute of Mountaineering and Winter Sports]] provides mountaineering, skiing and adventure courses.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dailyexcelsior.com/ut-govt-denies-pensionary-benefits-to-retired-employees-of-jimws/|title=UT Govt denies pensionary benefits to retired employees of JIM&WS|website=Daily Excelsior|date=5 July 2021}}</ref> The [[Royal Springs Golf Course, Srinagar]], located on the banks of [[Dal lake]], is considered one of the best golf courses in India.<ref name=golf>{{cite web|title=India|url=http://www.rtj2.com/index.php?option=com_mtree&task=listcats&cat_id=55&Itemid=37|publisher=Robert Trent Jones – Golf Architects|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131212020422/https://www.rtj2.com/index.php?option=com_mtree&task=listcats&cat_id=55&Itemid=37|url-status=dead|archivedate=12 December 2013}}</ref> Jammu and Kashmir was also host to the first [[Khelo India Winter Games]], held in 2020 in Gulmarg.<ref name=":9">{{Cite news|last=Ashiq|first=Peerzada|date=7 March 2020|title=Khelo India Winter Games kicked off in J&K|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/sport/other-sports/khelo-india-winter-games-kicked-off-in-jk/article31011206.ece|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> Jammu and Kashmir came first with the most gold medals at 26, followed by the Indian Army team with 8 gold medals.<ref name=":8">{{Cite web|last=Iveson|first=Ali|date=15 March 2020|title=Hosts win 26 gold medals as first-ever Khelo India Winter Games conclude|url=https://www.insidethegames.biz/articles/1091948/khelo-india-winter-games|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201219123227/https://www.insidethegames.biz/articles/1091948/khelo-india-winter-games|archive-date=19 December 2020|website=Inside the Games}}</ref> The second edition of the winter games were also held in Gulmarg in 2021, with Jammu and Kashmir coming first again.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|date=2 March 2021|title=Spectacular Closing Ceremony of 2nd Khelo India National Winter Games organized at Gulmarg|url=http://www.knskashmir.com/spectacular-closing-ceremony-of-2nd-khelo-india-national-winter-games-organized-at-gulmarg-65215 | Institutions such as the [[Jawahar Institute of Mountaineering and Winter Sports]] provides mountaineering, skiing and adventure courses.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dailyexcelsior.com/ut-govt-denies-pensionary-benefits-to-retired-employees-of-jimws/|title=UT Govt denies pensionary benefits to retired employees of JIM&WS|website=Daily Excelsior|date=5 July 2021}}</ref> The [[Royal Springs Golf Course, Srinagar]], located on the banks of [[Dal lake]], is considered one of the best golf courses in India.<ref name=golf>{{cite web|title=India|url=http://www.rtj2.com/index.php?option=com_mtree&task=listcats&cat_id=55&Itemid=37|publisher=Robert Trent Jones – Golf Architects|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131212020422/https://www.rtj2.com/index.php?option=com_mtree&task=listcats&cat_id=55&Itemid=37|url-status=dead|archivedate=12 December 2013}}</ref> Jammu and Kashmir was also host to the first [[Khelo India Winter Games]], held in 2020 in Gulmarg.<ref name=":9">{{Cite news|last=Ashiq|first=Peerzada|date=7 March 2020|title=Khelo India Winter Games kicked off in J&K|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/sport/other-sports/khelo-india-winter-games-kicked-off-in-jk/article31011206.ece|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> Jammu and Kashmir came first with the most gold medals at 26, followed by the Indian Army team with 8 gold medals.<ref name=":8">{{Cite web|last=Iveson|first=Ali|date=15 March 2020|title=Hosts win 26 gold medals as first-ever Khelo India Winter Games conclude|url=https://www.insidethegames.biz/articles/1091948/khelo-india-winter-games|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201219123227/https://www.insidethegames.biz/articles/1091948/khelo-india-winter-games|archive-date=19 December 2020|website=Inside the Games}}</ref> The second edition of the winter games were also held in Gulmarg in 2021, with Jammu and Kashmir coming first again.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|date=2 March 2021|title=Spectacular Closing Ceremony of 2nd Khelo India National Winter Games organized at Gulmarg|url=http://www.knskashmir.com/spectacular-closing-ceremony-of-2nd-khelo-india-national-winter-games-organized-at-gulmarg-65215|website=Kashmir News Service}}</ref> | ||
== Tourism == | == Tourism == | ||
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File:Shalimar gardens.jpg|[[Shalimar Bagh, Srinagar|Shalimar Gardens]] | File:Shalimar gardens.jpg|[[Shalimar Bagh, Srinagar|Shalimar Gardens]] | ||
File:Dal Lake Hazratbal Srinagar.jpg|[[Dal Lake]] | File:Dal Lake Hazratbal Srinagar.jpg|[[Dal Lake]] | ||
File:Gulmarg gondola.JPG|[[Gulmarg]] Gondola and chairlift | |||
File:Cave Temple of Lord Amarnath.jpg|[[Amarnath Temple|Amarnath Cave]] | File:Cave Temple of Lord Amarnath.jpg|[[Amarnath Temple|Amarnath Cave]] | ||
</gallery> | </gallery> | ||
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==External links== | ==External links== | ||
* [http://jk.gov.in/ Government of Jammu and Kashmir] | * [http://jk.gov.in/ Government of Jammu and Kashmir] | ||
* [https://jkgad.nic.in/ General Administration Department] | * [https://jkgad.nic.in/ General Administration Department] | ||