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{{Short description|Strait between India and Sri Lanka}} | |||
[[ | {{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}} | ||
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}} | |||
{{Infobox body of water | |||
| name = Palk Strait | |||
| native_name = | |||
| other_name = | |||
| image = File:Adams bridge map.png | |||
| alt = | |||
| caption = Palk Strait separating [[Palk Bay]] from the [[Gulf of Mannar]] | |||
| image_bathymetry = File:Palk Bay bathymetry.jpg | |||
| alt_bathymetry = | |||
| caption_bathymetry = [[Bathymetry]] of the Palk Strait, with water depth in metres | |||
| location = [[Bay of Bengal]]–[[Laccadive Sea]] | |||
| group = | |||
| coordinates = {{coord|10|00|N|79|45|E|region:LK_type:waterbody_scale:2500000|display=title,inline}} | |||
| type = [[Strait]] | |||
| etymology = [[Sir Robert Palk, 1st Baronet|Robert Palk]] | |||
| basin_countries = India, Sri Lanka | |||
| width = {{cvt|137|km}} | |||
| min_width = {{cvt|64|km}} | |||
| length = {{cvt|137|km}} | |||
| max-depth = {{cvt|35|m}} | |||
| cities = [[Rameswaram]] <br/> [[Jaffna]] | |||
| pushpin_map = India | |||
| pushpin_label_position = <!-- left, right, top or bottom --> | |||
| pushpin_map_alt = Location of the strait between India and Sri Lanka | |||
| pushpin_map_caption = | |||
}} | |||
'''Palk Strait''' is a [[strait]] between the [[States and territories of India|Indian state]] of [[Tamil Nadu]] and the [[Northern Province, Sri Lanka|Northern Province]] of Sri Lanka. It links the [[Palk Bay]] in the [[Bay of Bengal]] to the [[Gulf of Mannar]] in the [[Laccadive Sea]]. It stretches for about {{cvt|137|km}} and is {{cvt|64 to 137|km}} wide. It is named after [[Robert Palk]], who was a governor of [[Madras Presidency|Madras]] (1755–1763) during the [[Company rule in India|Company Raj]] period. | |||
Several rivers including the [[Vaigai river|Vaigai]] flow into the strait. The strait consists of many islands and is interspersed with a [[archipelago|chain]] of low islands and [[reef]] [[shoals]] that are collectively called [[Ram Setu]] or [[Adam's Bridge]]. The shallow waters and reefs make it difficult for large ships to pass through, although fishing boats and small craft navigate the waters. [[Dredging]] the sea to make it deeper for navigation and plans for a bridge over the waters have been proposed. | |||
== <ref>{{Cite book |last1=Dlugos |first1=Jenn |chapter=It's Computation, Not a Competition |date=2021-10-13 |title=Awesome Space Tech |pages=26–27 |chapter-url=https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003233190-17 |access-date=2026-03-27 |place=New York |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-003-23319-0 |last2=Hatton |first2=Charlie |doi=10.4324/9781003233190-17 }}</ref>Geography == | |||
[[File:Tamil Nadu topo deutsch mit Gebirgen.png|thumb|left|[[Gulf of Mannar]]]] | |||
==References== | The Palk strait extends between [[Pamban Island]] in the southeastern tip of the [[States and territories of India|Indian state]] of [[Tamil Nadu]] and [[Thalaimannar]] in the [[Northern Province, Sri Lanka|Northern Province]] of Sri Lanka. It connects the [[Palk Bay]] in the [[Bay of Bengal]] in the north with the [[Gulf of Mannar]] in the [[Laccadive Sea]] in the south. It stretches for about {{cvt|137|km}} and is {{cvt|64 to 137|km}} wide. Several rivers including the [[Vaigai River|Vaigai]] flow into the strait.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|title=Palk Strait|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Palk-Strait|encyclopedia=[[Britannica]]|access-date=1 June 2024}}</ref> | ||
The strait consists of many islands and is interspersed with a [[archipelago|chain]] of low islands and [[reef]] [[shoals]] that are collectively called [[Ram Setu]] or [[Adam's Bridge]].<ref>{{cite EB1911|wstitle=Palk Straits|volume=20|page=635}}</ref> As per the | |||
[[Hindu mythology|Hindu]] [[Indian epic|epic]] ''[[Ramayana]]'', the bridge was purportedly constructed by the [[vanara]] army of [[Rama]] to rescue Rama's wife [[Sita]] from the [[Asura]] king [[Ravana]].<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|title=Ram Setu|url=http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9003680|encyclopedia=[[Britannica]]|year=2007|access-date=1 June 2024}}</ref> The strait is relatively shallow with the region around the shoals typically around {{cvt|1-3|m}} deep, while the central part of the strait is typically around {{cvt|20|m}} deep. The strait reaches a maximum depth of {{cvt|35|m}}.<ref name="Geo">{{Cite journal |last1=Dubey |first1=K.M. |last2=Chaubey |first2=A.K. |last3=Gaur |first3=A.S. |last4=Joglekar |first4=M.V. |date=January 2023 |title=Evolution of Ramasetu region as a link between India and Sri Lanka during the late Pleistocene and Holocene |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S0033589422000412/type/journal_article |journal=Quaternary Research |volume=111 |pages=166–176 |doi=10.1017/qua.2022.41 |issn=0033-5894|url-access=subscription }}</ref> | |||
== Geology == | |||
Due to lowered sea levels during the [[Last Glacial Period]] (115,000-11,700 years [[Before Present]]) where sea levels reached a maximum of {{cvt|120|m}} below present values, the entirety of the relatively shallow strait was exposed as dry land. Following the rise to present sea levels during the [[Holocene]], by around 7,000 years ago, the strait became submerged.<ref name="Geo"/> The [[Ocean wave|waves]] around it, to its north and south are of high contrast. To the north, the waves in the Bay of Bengal are mostly [[Swell (ocean)|swells]] while that on the south, in the Palk Bay, the waves are mostly smaller [[wind waves]].<ref>{{cite journal|title=Observation on dominance of swells over wind-seas in the coastal waters of Gulf of Mannar, India|last=Kumar|first=Sanil|date=2017-08-09|doi=10.5194/os-2017-16-ac1|journal=Ocean Science Discussions |doi-access=free }}</ref> The [[significant wave height]]s is relatively low with an average of around {{cvt|0.5|m}} close to the Ram Setu.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=George|first1=victor|last2=Kumar|first2=V. Sanil|date=October 2019|title=Wind-wave measurements and modelling in the shallow semi-enclosed Palk Bay|journal=Ocean Engineering|volume=189|article-number=106401|doi=10.1016/j.oceaneng.2019.106401|s2cid=203096484 |issn=0029-8018}}</ref> | |||
== Transport and navigation == | |||
The shallow waters and reefs make it difficult for large ships to pass through, although fishing boats and small craft navigate the waters. [[Dredging]] the strait to make it deeper for navigation and plans for a bridge over the waters have been proposed.<ref name="Canal">{{cite web |url=http://www.ipcs.org/article/india-the-world/harnessing-the-troubled-waters-sethusamudram-canal-project-1508.html |title=Harnessing the Troubled Waters: Sethusamudram Canal Project |work=IPCS|access-date=1 June 2024}}</ref> Construction of a shipping channel through the strait was first proposed to the British government of India in 1860, and a number of commissions have studied the proposal. The latest of these was the [[Sethusamudram Shipping Canal Project]], commissioned by the [[Government of India]] in 2005.<ref>{{cite book |editor-last1=Brunn |editor-first1=Stanley D. |title=Engineering Earth: The Impacts of Megaengineering Projects |date=19 March 2011 | chapter=When Megaengineering Disturbs Ram: The Sethusamudram Ship Canal Project |last1=van Dijk |first1=Michiel |last2=Mamadouh |first2=Virginie |publisher=Springer Science & Business Media |isbn=978-90-481-9920-4 |pages=296–310 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mEyjMx7EV8IC&pg=PA296 |access-date=23 May 2022 }}</ref> However, the plan encountered opposition on religious grounds.<ref>{{cite news |title=Hanuman bridge is myth: Experts |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Hanuman-bridge-is-myth-Experts/articleshow/25601383.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811080809/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2002-10-19/india/27311963_1_adam-s-bridge-nasa-rama-or-ramayana|url-status=live |archive-date=11 August 2011|date=19 October 2002 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=25 April 2011}}</ref> | |||
The [[Pamban Island]] is linked to the [[mainland India|Indian mainland]] by the [[Pamban Bridge]], which was opened for traffic on 24 February 1914.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/infrastructure/pamban-bridge-10-awesome-facts-about-indias-first-sea-bridge/will-turn-100-in-february-2014/slideshow/25683811.cms|title=Pamban bridge: 10 awesome facts about India's first sea bridge - Pamban bridge: India's first sea bridge|access-date=1 December 2023|newspaper=[[The Economic Times]]|archive-date=11 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240711112517/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/infrastructure/pamban-bridge-10-awesome-facts-about-indias-first-sea-bridge/will-turn-100-in-february-2014/slideshow/25683811.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> A [[New Pamban Bridge|new railway bridge]] was completed near the old Pamban Bridge in 2024 after rail transportation on the old bridge was suspended permanently in February 2023 due to concerns on stability of the bridge.<ref>{{cite news|date=3 February 2023 |title=Rail traffic on old Pamban bridge permanently stopped|newspaper= [[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/rail-traffic-on-old-pamban-bridge-permanently-stopped/article66467820.ece |access-date=4 February 2023 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://press108.online/india/ministry-of-railways-confirms-new-bridge-in-pamban/ |title=Ministry of Railways confirms New Bridge in Pamban|date=25 December 2018 |work=Press108|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=1 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190301140327/https://press108.online/india/ministry-of-railways-confirms-new-bridge-in-pamban/}}</ref> An adjacent road bridge was opened in 1988.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Datta|first1=Rangan |title=Rameswaram: A holy island town along India's southern borderland |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/my-kolkata/places/travel-to-the-edge-of-india-on-a-trip-to-pamban-islands-rameswaram/cid/1913631|access-date=9 February 2023 |work=[[The Telegraph (India)|The Telegraph]] |date=1 February 2023|archive-date=9 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230209171347/https://www.telegraphindia.com/my-kolkata/places/travel-to-the-edge-of-india-on-a-trip-to-pamban-islands-rameswaram/cid/1913631|url-status=live}}</ref> Trains used to traverse from [[Madras]] to [[Dhanushkodi]] at the southern tip of the Pamban island and a ferry connected to Talaimannar on the [[Mannar Island]], before a train carried passengers to [[Colombo]]. The railway line to Dhanushkodi was destroyed during [[1964 Rameswaram cyclone|1964 Dhanushkodi cyclone]] along with the Pamban-Dhanuskodi passenger train, killing around 200 people.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hindu.com/2006/07/17/stories/2006071705960300.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071027141816/http://www.hindu.com/2006/07/17/stories/2006071705960300.htm |archive-date=27 October 2007|title=Their sentiment to metre gauge train is unfathomable |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=17 July 2006 |first=C. |last=Jaishankar |access-date=1 December 2006}}</ref> The ferry service continued till the 1970s between Rameswaram and Talaimannar, but was discontinued by the Indian Government in 1984.<ref>{{cite web |date=17 April 2025 |title=Mannar- Rameswaram ferry service: Update from President |url=https://www.newswire.lk/2025/04/17/mannar-rameswaram-ferry-service-update-from-president/ |access-date=24 June 2025 |work=Newswire }}</ref> | |||
The [[Palk Strait Bridge]] is a proposed undersea tunnel and bridge linking India and Sri Lanka. It was first discussed in 2002, and has been examined several times since.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Hegadekatti |first1=Kartik |title=Tunnel from India to Sri Lanka|url=http://www.blog.indianrailways.gov.in/the-tunnel-from-india-to-sri-lanka/ |access-date=9 January 2019 |date=6 January 2016|archive-date=9 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190109204813/http://www.blog.indianrailways.gov.in/the-tunnel-from-india-to-sri-lanka/}}</ref> | |||
== See also == | |||
* [[Andaman Sea]] | |||
* [[Coral reefs in India]] | |||
* [[Borders of India]] | |||
* [[Exclusive economic zone of India]] | |||
== References == | |||
{{Reflist}} | {{Reflist}} | ||
== External links == | == External links == | ||
{{Commons category|Palk Strait}} | |||
* [http://www.theodorekaye.com/palk-strait-2 Photo essay on the Palk Strait.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180405140858/http://www.theodorekaye.com/palk-strait-2 |date=5 April 2018 }} | |||
{{ | {{Waters of South Asia}} | ||
{{Geography of Sri Lanka}} | |||
{{ | {{list of seas}} | ||
{{Authority control}} | |||
[[Category:Palk Strait| ]] | |||
[[Category:Bodies of water of Jaffna District]] | |||
[[Category:India–Sri Lanka border]] | |||
[[Category:International straits]] | |||
[[Category:Landforms of Tamil Nadu]] | |||
[[Category:Straits of India]] | |||
[[Category:Straits of Sri Lanka]] | |||
Latest revision as of 09:26, 29 March 2026
| Palk Strait | |
|---|---|
 Palk Strait separating Palk Bay from the Gulf of Mannar | |
  Palk Strait | |
 Bathymetry of the Palk Strait, with water depth in metres | |
| Location | Bay of Bengal–Laccadive Sea |
| Coordinates | 10°00′N 79°45′E / 10.000°N 79.750°E |
| Type | Strait |
| Etymology | Robert Palk |
| Basin countries | India, Sri Lanka |
| Max. length | 137 km (85 mi) |
| Max. width | 137 km (85 mi) |
| Min. width | 64 km (40 mi) |
| Max. depth | 35 m (115 ft) |
| Settlements | Rameswaram Jaffna |
Palk Strait is a strait between the Indian state of Tamil Nadu and the Northern Province of Sri Lanka. It links the Palk Bay in the Bay of Bengal to the Gulf of Mannar in the Laccadive Sea. It stretches for about 137 km (85 mi) and is 64 to 137 km (40 to 85 mi) wide. It is named after Robert Palk, who was a governor of Madras (1755–1763) during the Company Raj period.
Several rivers including the Vaigai flow into the strait. The strait consists of many islands and is interspersed with a chain of low islands and reef shoals that are collectively called Ram Setu or Adam's Bridge. The shallow waters and reefs make it difficult for large ships to pass through, although fishing boats and small craft navigate the waters. Dredging the sea to make it deeper for navigation and plans for a bridge over the waters have been proposed.
[1]Geography[edit | edit source]
The Palk strait extends between Pamban Island in the southeastern tip of the Indian state of Tamil Nadu and Thalaimannar in the Northern Province of Sri Lanka. It connects the Palk Bay in the Bay of Bengal in the north with the Gulf of Mannar in the Laccadive Sea in the south. It stretches for about 137 km (85 mi) and is 64 to 137 km (40 to 85 mi) wide. Several rivers including the Vaigai flow into the strait.[2]
The strait consists of many islands and is interspersed with a chain of low islands and reef shoals that are collectively called Ram Setu or Adam's Bridge.[3] As per the Hindu epic Ramayana, the bridge was purportedly constructed by the vanara army of Rama to rescue Rama's wife Sita from the Asura king Ravana.[4] The strait is relatively shallow with the region around the shoals typically around 1–3 m (3 ft 3 in – 9 ft 10 in) deep, while the central part of the strait is typically around 20 m (66 ft) deep. The strait reaches a maximum depth of 35 m (115 ft).[5]
Geology[edit | edit source]
Due to lowered sea levels during the Last Glacial Period (115,000-11,700 years Before Present) where sea levels reached a maximum of 120 m (390 ft) below present values, the entirety of the relatively shallow strait was exposed as dry land. Following the rise to present sea levels during the Holocene, by around 7,000 years ago, the strait became submerged.[5] The waves around it, to its north and south are of high contrast. To the north, the waves in the Bay of Bengal are mostly swells while that on the south, in the Palk Bay, the waves are mostly smaller wind waves.[6] The significant wave heights is relatively low with an average of around 0.5 m (1 ft 8 in) close to the Ram Setu.[7]
[edit | edit source]
The shallow waters and reefs make it difficult for large ships to pass through, although fishing boats and small craft navigate the waters. Dredging the strait to make it deeper for navigation and plans for a bridge over the waters have been proposed.[8] Construction of a shipping channel through the strait was first proposed to the British government of India in 1860, and a number of commissions have studied the proposal. The latest of these was the Sethusamudram Shipping Canal Project, commissioned by the Government of India in 2005.[9] However, the plan encountered opposition on religious grounds.[10]
The Pamban Island is linked to the Indian mainland by the Pamban Bridge, which was opened for traffic on 24 February 1914.[11] A new railway bridge was completed near the old Pamban Bridge in 2024 after rail transportation on the old bridge was suspended permanently in February 2023 due to concerns on stability of the bridge.[12][13] An adjacent road bridge was opened in 1988.[14] Trains used to traverse from Madras to Dhanushkodi at the southern tip of the Pamban island and a ferry connected to Talaimannar on the Mannar Island, before a train carried passengers to Colombo. The railway line to Dhanushkodi was destroyed during 1964 Dhanushkodi cyclone along with the Pamban-Dhanuskodi passenger train, killing around 200 people.[15] The ferry service continued till the 1970s between Rameswaram and Talaimannar, but was discontinued by the Indian Government in 1984.[16]
The Palk Strait Bridge is a proposed undersea tunnel and bridge linking India and Sri Lanka. It was first discussed in 2002, and has been examined several times since.[17]
See also[edit | edit source]
References[edit | edit source]
- ↑ Dlugos, Jenn; Hatton, Charlie (13 October 2021). "It's Computation, Not a Competition". Awesome Space Tech. New York: Routledge. pp. 26–27. doi:10.4324/9781003233190-17. ISBN 978-1-003-23319-0. Retrieved 27 March 2026.
- ↑ "Palk Strait". Britannica. Retrieved 1 June 2024.
- ↑ Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 20 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 635.
- ↑ "Ram Setu". Britannica. 2007. Retrieved 1 June 2024.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 Dubey, K.M.; Chaubey, A.K.; Gaur, A.S.; Joglekar, M.V. (January 2023). "Evolution of Ramasetu region as a link between India and Sri Lanka during the late Pleistocene and Holocene". Quaternary Research. 111: 166–176. doi:10.1017/qua.2022.41. ISSN 0033-5894.
- ↑ Kumar, Sanil (9 August 2017). "Observation on dominance of swells over wind-seas in the coastal waters of Gulf of Mannar, India". Ocean Science Discussions. doi:10.5194/os-2017-16-ac1.
- ↑ George, victor; Kumar, V. Sanil (October 2019). "Wind-wave measurements and modelling in the shallow semi-enclosed Palk Bay". Ocean Engineering. 189 106401. doi:10.1016/j.oceaneng.2019.106401. ISSN 0029-8018. S2CID 203096484.
- ↑ "Harnessing the Troubled Waters: Sethusamudram Canal Project". IPCS. Retrieved 1 June 2024.
- ↑ van Dijk, Michiel; Mamadouh, Virginie (19 March 2011). "When Megaengineering Disturbs Ram: The Sethusamudram Ship Canal Project". In Brunn, Stanley D. (ed.). Engineering Earth: The Impacts of Megaengineering Projects. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 296–310. ISBN 978-90-481-9920-4. Retrieved 23 May 2022.
- ↑ "Hanuman bridge is myth: Experts". The Times of India. 19 October 2002. Archived from the original on 11 August 2011. Retrieved 25 April 2011.
- ↑ "Pamban bridge: 10 awesome facts about India's first sea bridge - Pamban bridge: India's first sea bridge". The Economic Times. Archived from the original on 11 July 2024. Retrieved 1 December 2023.
- ↑ "Rail traffic on old Pamban bridge permanently stopped". The Hindu. 3 February 2023. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 4 February 2023.
- ↑ "Ministry of Railways confirms New Bridge in Pamban". Press108. 25 December 2018. Archived from the original on 1 March 2019. Retrieved 1 December 2023.
- ↑ Datta, Rangan (1 February 2023). "Rameswaram: A holy island town along India's southern borderland". The Telegraph. Archived from the original on 9 February 2023. Retrieved 9 February 2023.
- ↑ Jaishankar, C. (17 July 2006). "Their sentiment to metre gauge train is unfathomable". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 27 October 2007. Retrieved 1 December 2006.
- ↑ "Mannar- Rameswaram ferry service: Update from President". Newswire. 17 April 2025. Retrieved 24 June 2025.
- ↑ Hegadekatti, Kartik (6 January 2016). "Tunnel from India to Sri Lanka". Archived from the original on 9 January 2019. Retrieved 9 January 2019.
External links[edit | edit source]
- Photo essay on the Palk Strait. Archived 5 April 2018 at the Wayback Machine