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| {{short description|Ethnolinguistic composition of the population of South Asia}}
| | #REDIRECT [[Ethnic groups in South Asia]] |
| {{EngvarB|date=August 2020}}
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| {{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}
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| '''South Asian ethnic groups''' are an [[ethnolinguistics|ethnolinguistic]] grouping of the diverse populations of [[South Asia]], including the nations of [[India]], [[Pakistan]], [[Bangladesh]], [[Nepal]], [[Bhutan]], the [[Maldives]] and [[Sri Lanka]].<ref>{{cite web|title=UN Geoscheme|url=http://unstats.un.org/unsd/methods/m49/m49regin.htm}}</ref> [[Afghanistan]], which is usually considered to be in [[Central Asia]], is sometimes grouped with [[South Asia]], but [[Afghans]] are generally not included among South Asian ethnic groups.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Danico |first1=Mary Yu |title=Asian American Society: An Encyclopedia |date=2014 |publisher=SAGE Publications |isbn=978-1-4522-8189-6 |page=838 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gZleBAAAQBAJ&q=South+asian+americans+Afghanistan&pg=PA838 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title=Glossary of terms relating to ethnicity and race: for reflection and debate|first=Raj|last=Bhopal|journal=Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health|volume=58|issue=6|pages=441–445|year=2004|doi=10.1136/jech.2003.013466|pmc=1732794|pmid=15143107}}</ref><ref name=BSA>{{cite web|url=http://www.britsoc.co.uk/media/25564/EqualityandDiversity_LanguageandtheBSA_RaceMar05.doc?1429559280759|title=Language and the BSA: Ethnicity & Race|publisher=British Sociological Association|date=March 2005|access-date=27 April 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150427143029/http://www.britsoc.co.uk/media/25564/EqualityandDiversity_LanguageandtheBSA_RaceMar05.doc?1429559280759|archive-date=27 April 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Sarwal |first1=Amit |title=Bridging Imaginations: South Asian Diaspora in Australia |date=2012 |publisher=Readworthy Publications |isbn=978-81-935345-4-0 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Jt99DwAAQBAJ&q=South+asian+diaspora |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Lindsay2001">{{cite journal |last=Lindsay |first= olin |date=2001 |title=The South Asian Community |url=http://www.statcan.gc.ca/pub/89-621-x/89-621-x2007006-eng.pdf |journal=Profiles of Ethnic Communities in Canada |location=Ottawa |publisher=Statistics Canada | access-date=9 November 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130623200352/http://www.statcan.gc.ca/pub/89-621-x/89-621-x2007006-eng.pdf| archive-date=23 June 2013}}</ref>
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| The majority of the population fall within three large [[language family|linguistic groups]]: [[Indo-Aryan peoples|Indo-Aryan]], [[Dravidian people|Dravidian]] and [[Iranic peoples|Iranic]]. The Indian, Nepalese and Sri Lankan societies are traditionally divided into [[castes]] or clans, which are based primarily on labour divisions; these categories have had no official status in India since independence in 1947, except for the [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|scheduled castes and tribes]], which remain registered for the purpose of [[affirmative action]]. In today's [[India]], the population is categorised in terms of the 1,652 [[Languages of India|mother tongues spoken]].
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| These groups are also further subdivided into numerous sub-groups, castes and tribes. Indo-Aryans form the predominant ethno-linguistic group in [[India]] ([[North India]], [[East India]], [[West India]], [[Central India]]), [[Bangladesh]], [[Pakistan]], [[Nepal]], [[Sri Lanka]] and the [[Maldives]]. Dravidians form the predominant ethno-linguistic group in [[South India|southern India]], the northern and eastern regions of Sri Lanka and a small pocket of Pakistan. The [[Iranic peoples]] also have a significant presence in South Asia, the large majority of whom are located in Pakistan, with heavy concentrations in [[Balochistan, Pakistan|Balochistan]] and [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa|Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa]]. [[Dardic peoples]] are classified as belonging to the [[Indo-Aryan languages|Indo-Aryan language]] group,<ref>G. Morgenstierne Irano-Dardica. Wiesbaden 1973; Morgenstierne, G. Indo-Iranian frontier languages. ([[Institute for Comparative Research in Human Culture|Instituttet for Sammenlignende Kulturforskning]]. Publ. Ser. B: Skrifter, no. 11, 35, 40) Oslo: H. Aschehoug, 1929 sqq, reprint Oslo 1973, C. Masica The Indo-Aryan languages, New York 1991, p. 21; R.L. Trail and G.R. Cooper, Kalasha Dictionary, Islamabad & High Wycombe 1999 p. xi; The Indo-Aryan languages, edited by George Cardona and Dhanesh Jain. London, New York: Routledge, 2003</ref> forming a minority among the Indo-Aryans, though they are also sometimes classified as external to the Indo-Aryan branch.<ref>G.A. Grierson, The Pisaca Languages of North-Western India, Asiatic Society, London, 1906, repr. Delhi 1969, p. 4-6; still repeated in: History of Civilizations of Central Asia, Ahmad Hasan Dani, Vadim Mikhaĭlovich Masson, János Harmatta, Boris Abramovich Litvinovskiĭ, Clifford, 1999</ref> They are found in northern Pakistan ([[Gilgit-Baltistan]] and Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa) and in [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]] and [[Ladakh]], India.
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| Minority groups not falling within either large group mostly speak languages belonging to the [[Austroasiatic languages|Austroasiatic]] and [[Tibeto-Burman languages|Tibeto-Burman]] language families, and largely live around [[Ladakh]] and [[Northeast India]], Nepal, Bhutan and the [[Chittagong Hill Tracts]] of Bangladesh. The [[Andamanese]] (Sentinel, Onge, Jarawa, Great Andamanese) live in some of the Andaman Islands and speak a language isolate, as do the [[Kusunda people|Kusunda]] in central Nepal,<ref>D.E. Watters, ''Notes on Kusunda (a language isolate of Nepal)'', Kathmandu 2005</ref> the [[Vedda people|Vedda]] in Sri Lanka, and the [[Nihali]] of central India, who number about 5,000 people. The people of the [[Hunza valley]] in Pakistan are another distinct population; they speak [[Burushaski]], a language isolate.
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| The traditions of different ethnic groups in South Asia have diverged, influenced by external cultures, especially in the northwestern parts of South Asia and also in the border regions and busy ports, where there are greater levels of contact with external cultures. There is also a lot of genetic diversity within the region. For example, most of the ethnic groups of the [[North-East India|northeastern parts]] of South Asia are genetically related to peoples of [[East Asia|East]] or [[Southeast Asia]]. There are also genetically isolated groups who have not been genetically influenced by other groups, such as the [[Jarawas (Andaman Islands)|Jarawa people]] of the [[Andaman Islands]]. The largest ethno-linguistic group in South Asia are the Indo-Aryans, numbering around 1 billion, and the largest sub-group are the native speakers of [[Hindi languages]], numbering more than 470 million.
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| These groups are based solely on a linguistic basis and not on a genetic basis.
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| ==List of ethnic groups on the basis of language==
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| [[File: South Asian Language Families.jpg|thumb|South Asian language families]]
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| ===Indo-Aryan people===
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| [[Image:Major Indo-Aryan languages.png|thumb|200px|The extent of Indo-Aryan languages in South Asia]]
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| * [[Assamese people]]<ref>{{cite book
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| |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=p9PkFF3uq_8C&pg=PA5 |title=Fragmented Memories
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| |author=Yasmin Saikia|isbn=0822333732
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| |date=9 November 2004
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| }}</ref>
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| *[[Awadhi people]]
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| *[[Banjara|Banjara people]]
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| *[[Bhojpuri people]]
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| *[[Bengalis|Bengali people]]
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| *[[Bhil people]]
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| *[[Chakma people|Chakma]]
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| *[[Deccani Muslims|Deccani people]]
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| *[[Dhivehi people]]
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| *[[Dogra people]]
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| *[[Garhwali people]]
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| *[[Gujarati people]]
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| *[[Haryanvi people]]
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| *[[Kamrupi people]]
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| *[[Kashmiri people]]
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| *[[Khas people]]
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| *[[Konkani people]]
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| *[[Kumaoni people]]
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| *[[Kutchi people]]
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| *[[Maithili people]]
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| *[[Maldivians|Maldivian people]]
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| *[[Marathi people]]
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| *[[Magahi people]]
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| *[[Nagpuri people]]
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| *[[Odia people]]
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| *[[Parsi people]]
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| *[[Pahari people (disambiguation)|Pahari people]]
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| *[[Punjabi people]]
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| *[[Rajasthani people]]
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| **[[Marwaris]]
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| *[[Rohingya people]]
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| *[[Sindhi people]]
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| **[[Memons]]
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| *[[Saraiki people]]
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| *[[Saurashtra people]]
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| *[[Sinhalese people]]
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| *[[Sylheti people]]
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| *[[Tanchangya people]]
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| *[[Tharu people|Tharu]]
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| ====Dardic people====
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| The [[Dardic languages]] are largely seen as Indo-Aryan, but are sometimes seen as a separate [[Indo-Iranian languages|Indo-Iranian]] branch.
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| *[[Chitrali people]]
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| *[[Kalash people]]
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| *[[Kashmiri people]]
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| *[[Shina people]]
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| ===Iranic people===
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| *[[Baloch people]]
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| *[[Hazara people]]
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| *[[Irani (India)|Irani people]]
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| *[[Pashtun people]]
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| ===Nuristani people===
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| *[[Nuristani people]]
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| === Dravidian people ===
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| *[[Badagas]]
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| *[[Brahui people]]
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| *[[Kondha|Dongria Kondha]]
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| *[[Gondi people]]
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| *[[Irulas]]
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| *[[Kannadigas]]
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| *[[Khonds]]
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| *[[Kodava people|Kodava]]
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| *[[Kurukh people|Kurukh/Oraon]]
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| *[[Malayali]]
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| *[[Malto people]]
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| *[[Sauria Paharia people]]
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| *[[Tamil people]]
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| **[[Tamil people|Indian Tamils]]
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| ***[[Indian Tamils of Sri Lanka]]
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| **[[Sri Lankan Tamils]]
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| *[[Telugu people]]
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| *[[Toda people]]
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| *[[Tuluvas]]
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| ===Austroasiatic people===
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| *[[Khasi people]]
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| **[[Pnar people|Pnar/Jaintia]]
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| *[[Munda peoples]]
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| **[[Bhumij people]]
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| **[[Bonda people]]
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| **[[Ho people]]
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| **[[Juang people]]
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| **[[Kharia people]]
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| **[[Korku people]]
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| **[[Mahle people]]
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| **[[Munda people]]
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| **[[Santal people]]
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| **[[Sora people]]
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| *[[Nicobarese people]]
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| *[[Shompen people]]
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| ===Tibeto-Burmese people===
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| *[[Tibetans]] and [[Standard Tibetan|Tibetan-speaking]] peoples
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| **[[Ladakh#Demographics|Tibetan Ladakhis]]
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| **[[Uttarakhandi Bhotiya]]
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| **[[Sikkimese people]]
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| ***[[Bhutia]]s
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| **[[Monpa people|Monpa]]
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| ***[[Takpa]]
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| ***[[Tshangla]]
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| **[[Sherpas]]
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| **[[Bhotiya]]s
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| **[[Sherdukpen]]
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| **[[Aka (tribe)|Aka]]
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| **[[Miji people|Miji]]
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| **[[Tibetan Muslim]]
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| ***[[Purigpa|Burig]]
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| ***[[Balti people|Baltis]]
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| *[[Bodo-Kachari people]]
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| **[[Bodo people|Bodo People]]
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| **[[Dimasa people|Dimasa]]
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| **[[Garo people|Garo]]
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| **[[Hajong people|Hajong]]
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| **[[Sonowal Kacharis|Sonowal]]
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| **[[Sutiya people|Sutiya]]
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| *[[Chepang people|Chepang]]
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| *[[Gurung]]
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| *[[Khowa people|Khowa]]
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| *[[Kirat people]]
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| **[[Rai (ethnic group)|Rai]]
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| **[[Limbu people|Limbu]]
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| **[[Yakkha people|Yakkha]]
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| *[[Lepcha people]]
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| *[[Magar people]]
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| *[[Memba]]
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| *[[Naga people]]
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| *[[Newar people]]
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| *[[Nishi (tribe)|Nishi]]
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| *[[Tamang]]
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| *[[Thakali people|Thakali]]
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| *[[Tripuri people|Tripuri]]
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| *[[Meitei people|Meitei]] (Manipuri)
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| *[[Karbi people]] or [[Mikir]]
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| *[[Thami]]
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| *[[Zo people]]
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| **[[Bawm people]]
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| **[[Chin people|Chin]]
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| **[[Kuki people|Kuki]]
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| ***[[Halam tribe|Halam]]
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| ***[[Hrangkhol people|Hrangkhol]]
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| **[[Mizo people|Mizo]]
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| ===Andamanese and Nicobarese groups===
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| *[[Great Andamanese]] of the [[Andaman and Nicobar Islands]]
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| *[[Jangil]] of the [[Andaman and Nicobar Islands]]
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| *[[Jarawa (Andaman Islands)|Jarawa]] of the [[Andaman and Nicobar Islands]]
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| *[[Onge people|Onge]] of the [[Andaman and Nicobar Islands]]
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| *[[Sentinelese people|Sentinelese]] of the [[Andaman and Nicobar Islands]]
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| ===Semitic people===
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| *[[Arabs]] or mixed Arab and Indo-Aryan or Dravidian
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| **[[Arab (Gujarat)|Arabs in Gujarat]]
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| **[[Sri Lankan Moors]] (trace ancestry to Arab traders who settled in Sri Lanka)
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| **[[Iraqi biradri]] - a community of Muslims in north India (trace ancestry from Arab tribe of [[Bani Tamim]])
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| **[[Labbay]] Arab traders who settled in South India
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| **[[Konkani Muslims]] trace their ancestry to Arab traders.
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| **Boras trace ancestors to Arab traders and merchants.
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| **[[Chaush]] trace ancestors to traders from [[Yemen]].
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| **[[Syrian Malabar Nasranis]] are descendants of both Brahmin, Nair and Jewish converts to Christianity. (Some mixed later with Persians and Europeans later on){{Citation needed|reason=Reliable source needed for the whole sentence|date=March 2021}}
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| **[[Knanaya]] Syriac Christians who trace their origins to Mesopotamia
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| *[[Indian Jews]]
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| **[[Cochin Jews]] (Malayali Jews)
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| **[[Bene Israel]] (Marathi Jews)
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| **[[Baghdadi Jews]] ([[Arab Jews]] in [[Bengal]])
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| **[[Bnei Menashe]] ([[Mizo people|Mizo]] and [[Kuki peoples|Kuki]] Jews)
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| **[[Bene Ephraim]] (Telugu Jews)
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| **[[Paradesi Jews]] ([[European Jews]] in India)
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| ===Tai people===
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| *[[Ahom people]]
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| *[[Tai Aiton people|Tai Aiton]]
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| *[[Tai Phake people|Tai Phake]] or Tai Phakial
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| ===Turkic peoples===
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| *[[Turks in India|Turkish Indian]]
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| *[[Rowther]] are alleged descendants of [[Seljuk Empire|Seljuk Turks]] in [[Turco-Persian tradition|Turko-Persian tradition]]. They have since become the tradition of Turko-Indian in 12th Century.
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| *[[Mughal (tribe)|Mughal (Moghul)]] (A [[Sunni]] [[Islamic]] dynasty of Asia which originated in Central Asia)
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| **[[Chughtai]] [[Tartars]] (Those people who originated in [[Uzbekistan]] and fought for [[Chagatai Khan]] who was son of [[Genghis Khan]]).
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| **[[Barlas]] (A [[Turkification|Turkified]] Mongol tribe to which [[Babur]] belonged)
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| **[[Changezi]] (Those who were in army of [[Hulagu Khan]])
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| === Afro-Asian groups ===
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| *[[Chaush]]
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| *[[Sheedi|Sheedis/Siddis]], an ethnic community of [[Black African]] descent, found primarily in Pakistan, Gujarat, and Karnataka.
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| *[[Sri Lanka Kaffir people|Sri Lanka Kaffirs]]
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| ===European and Eurasian people===
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| *[[Anglo-Burmese]]
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| *[[Anglo-Indian]]
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| *[[Armenians in Bangladesh|Bangladeshi-Armenians]]
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| **[[Armenian community of Dhaka|Dhakaiya Armenians]]
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| *[[Burgher people]]
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| *[[French people in India|French-Indian]]
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| *[[Luso-Indian]]
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| *[[Romani people]]
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| *[[Eurasian]]s
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| ===Austronesian people===
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| *[[Sri Lankan Malays]]
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| ===East Asian people===
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| ====Chinese====
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| *[[Chinese people in Bangladesh|Bangladeshi Chinese]]
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| *[[Chinese community in India|Indian Chinese]]
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| *[[Chinese people in Sri Lanka|Sri Lankan Chinese]]
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| ===Linguistically isolate groups===
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| * [[Hunza people]]
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| * [[Kusunda people|Kusunda]]
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| * [[Nihali language|Nahali]]
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| * [[Vedda people|Vedda]]
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| ==Diaspora==
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| Many South Asian ethnic groups and nationalities have substantial diasporas outside of South Asia.
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| *[[South Asian American]]
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| **[[Bangladeshi American]]
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| **[[Indian American]]
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| ***[[Indo-Caribbean American]]
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| ***[[Fijian Indian diaspora|Indo-Fijian Americans]]
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| ***[[Telugu Americans]]
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| **[[Nepalese American]]
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| **[[Pakistani American]]
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| **[[Sri Lankan American]]
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| **[[Tamil American]]
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| *[[South Asian Canadian]]
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| **[[Bangladeshi Canadian]]
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| **[[Indo-Canadian]]
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| **[[Nepalese Canadian]]
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| **[[Pakistani Canadian]]
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| **[[Sri Lankan Canadian]]
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| **[[Tamil Canadian]]
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| *[[British Asian]]
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| **[[British Bangladeshi]]
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| **[[British Indian]]
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| **[[British Nepalese]]
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| **[[British Pakistani]]
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| **[[British Tamil]]
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| **[[Sri Lankans in the United Kingdom]]
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| **[[British Indo-Caribbean community]]
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| **[[Mauritians in the United Kingdom]]
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| **[[Asian-Scots]]
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| *[[South Asian Australian]]
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| **[[Bangladeshi Australian]]
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| **[[Indian Australian]]
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| ***[[Fijian Indian diaspora|Indo-Fijian Australian]]
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| **[[Nepalese Australian]]
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| **[[Pakistani Australian]]
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| **[[Sri Lankan Australian]]
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| *[[Indo Kiwi]]
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| *[[Indians in Singapore]]
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| *[[Malaysian Indian]]
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| *[[Nepalis in Singapore]]
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| **[[Tamil Malaysians]]
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| **[[Chitty]]
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| *[[Nepalese people in Malaysia]]
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| *[[Indian Indonesian]]
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| *[[Indo-Mauritian]]
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| **[[Bihari Mauritian]]
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| *[[Indo-Caribbean]]
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| **[[Indians in Barbados]]
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| **[[Indians in Belize]]
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| **[[Indians in the Dominican Republic]]
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| **[[Indians in French Guiana]]
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| **[[Indo-Grenadians]]
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| **[[Indians in Guadeloupe]]
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| **[[Indo-Guyanese]]
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| **[[Indo-Haitians]]
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| **[[Indo-Jamaican]]
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| **[[Indo-Martiniquais]]
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| **[[Indo-Saint Lucian]]
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| **[[Indo-Surinamese]]
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| **[[Indo-Trinidadian and Tobagonian]]
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| **[[Indo-Vincentian]]
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| *Indians in South America
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| **[[Indians in Argentina]]
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| **[[Indians in Brazil]]
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| **[[Indians in Panama]]
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| **[[Indians in Venezuela]]
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| *[[Burmese Indians]]
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| *[[South Asians in Hong Kong]]
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| *[[South Asians in the Philippines]]
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| *[[Indians in Germany]]
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| *[[Nepalis in Germany]]
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| *[[Indian South Africans]]
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| **[[Tamil South Africans]]
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| *[[Indians in Botswana]]
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| *[[Indians in Kenya]]
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| *[[Indians in Madagascar]]
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| *[[Indo-Mauritian]]
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| **[[Bihari Mauritian]]
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| *[[Indians in Mozambique]]
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| *[[Indo-Réunionnaise]]
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| *[[Indo-Seychellois]]
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| *[[Indians in Tanzania]]
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| *[[Indians in Uganda]]
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| *[[Indians in Zambia]]
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| *[[Indians in Zimbabwe]]
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| *[[Indians in Iran]]
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| *[[Indians in Thailand]]
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| *[[Indians in the United Arab Emirates]]
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| *[[Indians in Vietnam]]
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| *[[Indians in Panama]]
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| *[[Indian diaspora in France]]
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| *[[Indians in Israel]]
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| *[[Indians in Italy]]
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| *[[Indians in Portugal]]
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| *[[Indian community in Spain]]
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| *[[Indians in Fiji|Indo-Fijian]]
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| **[[South Indians in Fiji]]
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| *[[Indians in New Caledonia]]
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| See also [[Bangladeshi diaspora]], [[Non-resident Indian and person of Indian origin|Indian diaspora]], [[Non Resident Nepali|Nepalese diaspora]], [[Pakistani diaspora]], [[Punjabi diaspora]], [[Sri Lankan Tamil diaspora]], [[Tamil diaspora]].
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| Two (or possibly three) other people groups have ethnic and linguistic ties with the region:
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| *[[Dom people]]
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| *[[Romani people]]
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| *[[Lom people]] (who speak a language both related to Indo-Aryan and Armenian)
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| ==See also==
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| *[[Languages of South Asia]]
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| *[[Languages of Bangladesh]]
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| *[[Languages of Bhutan]]
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| *[[Languages of India]]
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| *[[Languages of Maldives|Languages of the Maldives]]
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| *[[Languages of Nepal]]
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| *[[Languages of Pakistan]]
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| *[[Languages of Sri Lanka]]
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| *[[List of ethnolinguistic regions of South Asia]]
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| *[[List of indigenous peoples#South Asia|List of indigenous peoples of South Asia]]
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| *[[List of Scheduled Tribes in India]]
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| *[[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes]]
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| *[[Non-resident Indian and person of Indian origin]]
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| *[[Non Resident Nepali]]
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| *[[Overseas Pakistani]]
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| *[[Desi]]
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| *[[Ethnic groups in Pakistan]]
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| *[[Ethnic groups in Nepal]]
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| *[[Genetics and archaeogenetics of South Asia]]
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| *[[Y-DNA haplogroups in populations of South Asia]]
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| '''National demographics:'''
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| *[[Demographics of Bangladesh]]
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| *[[Demographics of Bhutan]]
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| *[[Demographics of India]]
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| *[[Demographics of the Maldives]]
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| *[[Demographics of Nepal]]
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| *[[Demographics of Pakistan]]
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| *[[Demographics of Sri Lanka]]
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| ==References==
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| {{Reflist}}
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| ==External links==
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| {{commons category-inline|Ethnic groups in India}}
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| {{commons category-inline|Ethnic groups in Pakistan}}
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| {{commons category-inline|Ethnic groups in Nepal}}
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| {{Ethnicity}}
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| {{Uttarakhand}}
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| {{DEFAULTSORT:South Asian Ethnic Groups}}
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| [[Category:Ethnic groups in Pakistan]]
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| [[Category:Ethnic groups in India| ]]
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| [[Category:Ethnic groups in South Asia| ]]
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