Jair Bolsonaro: Difference between revisions

His Excellency
Jair Bolsonaro
His Excellency Jair Bolsonaro
	Bolsonaro in June 2022
38th President of Brazil
	Incumbent
	Assumed office ; 1 January 2019
Vice President	Hamilton Mourão
Preceded by	Michel Temer
President of the Alliance for Brazil
	Incumbent
	Assumed office ; 21 November 2019
Vice President	Flávio Bolsonaro
General Secretary	Admar Gonzaga
Preceded by	Position established
Federal Deputy for Rio de Janeiro
	In office; 1 February 1991 – 1 January 2019
City Councillor of Rio de Janeiro
	In office; 1 January 1989 – 1 February 1991
Personal details
Born	Jair Messias Bolsonaro; 21 March 1955 (age 71); Glicério, São Paulo, Brazil
Political party	Independent (2019–present)
Other political; affiliations	Template:No bold Social Liberal (2018–2019); Social Christian (2016–2018); Progressistas (2005–2016); Liberal Front (2005); Labour (2003–2005); Progressistas (1995–2003); Reform Progressives (1993–1995); Progressives (1993); Christian Democrats (1988–1993);
Spouse(s)	; Rogéria Nantes Braga (m. 1978; div. 1997) ; Ana Cristina Valle (m. 1997; div. 2007) ; Michelle de Paula (m. 2007)
Children	Flávio; Carlos; Eduardo; Jair Renan; Laura;
Residence	Palácio da Alvorada (presidential); Condomínio Vivendas da Barra (personal);
Education	Agulhas Negras Military Academy
Signature
Website	Official website
Military service
Allegiance	Brazil
Branch/service	Brazilian Army
Years of service	1973–1988
Rank	Captain
Commands	21st Field Artillery Group; 9th Field Artillery Group; 8th Parachutist Field Artillery Group

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Latest revision as of 21:07, 6 October 2022

Jair Messias Bolsonaro (born March 21, 1955) is a Brazilian politician. He is the 38th and current President of Brazil since 2019.^[2] He was a member of the Chamber of Deputies from 1991 until he became president in 2019. He was also a member of the Social Liberal Party (PSL) until he formed his own party, Alliance for Brazil, in November 2019. He is known for his far-right and populist political views.^[3]^[4]^[5]^[6]

2018 election[edit | edit source]

Bolsonaro was the PSL's presidential candidate in the 2018 Brazilian presidential election.^[6] He came in first place in the first round of the general election on 7 October 2018, with PT candidate Fernando Haddad coming in second place. The two candidates faced again on 28 October with Bolsonaro winning the election.^[7]

Assassination attempt[edit | edit source]

On September 6, 2018, Bolsonaro was stabbed multiple times while at a campaign rally in Juiz de Fora.^[8] Parts of Bolsonaro's liver, lung and intestine were damaged.^[9] He was hospitalized under "extremely stable" condition and released almost a month later on September 29.^[10]

Controversy[edit | edit source]

Bolsonaro was a open supporter of the military regime in Brazil in 1964. During the impeachment voting session of former President Dilma Rousseff, in his speech, Bolsonaro honored Carlos Alberto Brilhante Ustra, a widely known military colonel in Brazil by have been a torturer of militants and protesters in the Brazilian military dictatorship period.^[11]^[12]

In a television interview in the 1990s for the popular magazine Veja, he also made controversial declarations about the Pinochet's military dictatorship in Chile, praising the Chilean dictator and stating that "the regime should have acted more violently to restore the country.".^[13]

Bolsonaro is also notorious for his public speeches, which are perceived as being intolerant. He already spoke against minorities in certain occasions, particularly the LGBT (gay) community. In an interview for the documentary Out There, made by British actor and comedian Stephen Fry, which deals with the rise of homophobia in the world, and aired on the BBC in 2013, the then congressman stated: "No father is proud to have a gay son... We, Brazilians, don't like homosexuals. Not to like isn't the same as to hate.", he added. In a comment about what he heard, Fry said: "Bolsonaro is the typical homophobic that I found around the world, with his mantra that gays want to dominate society, recruit children or abuse them. Even in a progressive country like Brazil, its lies create hysteria among the ignorant, from where violence can arise." ^[14]

As president, Bolsonaro has downplayed the deadliness of the COVID-19 pandemic in Brazil. He said that the virus is no more deadly than the common flu. On 7 July 2020, Bolsonaro revealed that he had tested positive for COVID-19.^[15]

Since 2019, Bolsonaro has faced four separate accusations for crimes against humanity. He is under investigation before the International Criminal Court in The Hague for crimes against humanity, genocide of indigenous peoples and ecocide.^[16]

2022 election[edit | edit source]

Bolsonaro is running for re-election in the 2022 election, with his main opponent being former President Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva. Bolsonaro did not pick Hamilton Mourão as his running mate again, instead choosing General Walter Braga Netto.^[17] Throughout the election period, Bolsonaro has said that should he lose, the election would be corrupt and rigged against him.^[18] His actions have been compared to former U.S. President Donald Trump's attempts to overturn the results of the 2020 election.

On 2 October 2022, Bolsonaro advanced to the run-off election on 30 October against Lula.^[19] Lula won 48.43% of the vote against Bolsonaro's 43.20%.^[20]

Political views[edit | edit source]

An ardent anti-communist, Bolsonaro's positions are often viewed as conservative, populist, nationalist, and are commonly associated with far-right politics,^[21] he, however, denies those statements, saying he's aligned with traditional moderate right-wing ideals.^[21] He has described himself as being a pro-life, pro-gun and anti-establishment politician.^[22]^[23]

Bolsonaro is a strong opponent of left-wing policies, most notably same-sex marriage, secularism, drug legalization, abortion and environmental preservation.^[24] Regarding economic matters, he has advocated for liberal and free-market policies.^[25]

Notes[edit | edit source]

↑ ALIANÇA (2019–present): Party registration pending approval by the Superior Electoral Court.^[1]

References[edit | edit source]

↑ "Bolsonaro anuncia saída do PSL e criação do Aliança pelo Brasil" (in português). R7. 12 November 2019. Archived from the original on 12 November 2019. Retrieved 12 November 2019.
↑ "Right-wing nationalist Jair Bolsonaro sworn in as president of Brazil". Sky News. Retrieved 2019-01-01.
↑ Conversations/Jair Bolsonaro; A Soldier Turned Politician Wants To Give Brazil Back to Army Rule
↑ "Brazil's Trump? A congressman with presidential ambitions is being compared to Donald Trump. Can he win?". USnews.com. Retrieved 18 June 2017.
↑ "O inquietante 'fenômeno Bolsonaro'". brasil.elpais.com (in português). Retrieved 18 June 2017.
↑ ^6.0 ^6.1 "Brazil's congress starts to reform itself". The Economist. 14 October 2017.
↑ "Brazil's far-right candidate takes big lead in presidential election". The Washington Post. Retrieved 7 October 2018.
↑ Londoño, Ernesto (6 September 2018). "Brazil Presidential Candidate Jair Bolsonaro Is Stabbed at Campaign Rally". The New York Times. Retrieved 6 September 2018.
↑ Flávio, Bolsonaro (6 September 2018). "Flávio Bolsonaro 177 Senador_RJ Verified account". Twitter. Retrieved 6 September 2018.
↑ "Jair Bolsonaro é internado no Hospital Albert Einstein, em SP". G1 (in português). Retrieved 7 September 2018.
↑ "Brazil: tortured dissidents appalled by Bolsonaro's praise for dictatorship". TheGuardian. Retrieved 17 August 2019.
↑ "Brazil's Bolsonaro extols convicted torturer as a 'national hero'". Reuters. Retrieved 17 August 2019.
↑ "As homenagens de Bolsonaro a Pinochet e por que o general ainda divide o Chile". BBCBrasil (in português). Retrieved 17 August 2019.
↑ "Há cinco anos, Stephen Fry encontrava Jair Bolsonaro". RevistaForum (in português). Archived from the original on 18 August 2019. Retrieved 17 August 2019.
↑ "Brazilian President Jair Bolsonaro tests positive for coronavirus". CNN. Retrieved 2020-07-07.
↑ "Action against Bolsonaro takes an unprecedented step at the International Criminal Court..." Morning Express. 15 July 2021. Archived from the original on 16 July 2021. Retrieved 16 July 2021.
↑ "Bolsonaro afirma que pretende indicar Braga Netto como vice na chapa – Jovem Pan". Bolsonaro afirma que pretende indicar Braga Netto como vice na chapa – Jovem Pan (in português do Brasil). 2022-06-26. Retrieved 2022-06-27.
↑ "Vídeo de fraude em urna divulgado por Flávio Bolsonaro é falso, diz TRE-MG". UOL Eleições 2018. Retrieved 2022-07-19.
↑ "Brazil's Lula and Bolsonaro face run-off after surprisingly tight result". Yahoo. Retrieved 6 October 2022.
↑ "Resultados" (in Portuguese). TSE. Retrieved 6 October 2022.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
↑ ^21.0 ^21.1 Boadle, Anthony (27 September 2017). "Far-right presidential hopeful aims to be Brazil's Trump". London, England. Reuters. Retrieved 24 April 2018.
↑ "Outspoken pro-life candidate leads in Brazil's presidential election race". Retrieved 27 October 2018.
↑ Phillips, Tom (2018-04-19). "Trump of the tropics: the 'dangerous' candidate leading Brazil's presidential race". The Guardian. Retrieved 27 October 2018.
↑ Atkins, Ed (2018-10-29). "Jair Bolsonaro's Brazil Is a Disaster for the Amazon and Global Climate Change". Motherboard. Retrieved 2018-10-30.
↑ "Bolsonaro diz que é liberal e adota discurso que agrada investidores". 1.folha.uol.com.br.

External links[edit | edit source]

Bolsonaro official web site Archived 2015-06-08 at the Wayback Machine

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[note-2] ALIANÇA (2019–present): Party registration pending approval by the Superior Electoral Court.^[1]

[1] "Bolsonaro anuncia saída do PSL e criação do Aliança pelo Brasil" (in português). R7. 12 November 2019. Archived from the original on 12 November 2019. Retrieved 12 November 2019.

[3] "Right-wing nationalist Jair Bolsonaro sworn in as president of Brazil". Sky News. Retrieved 2019-01-01.

[nyt-4] Conversations/Jair Bolsonaro; A Soldier Turned Politician Wants To Give Brazil Back to Army Rule

[5] "Brazil's Trump? A congressman with presidential ambitions is being compared to Donald Trump. Can he win?". USnews.com. Retrieved 18 June 2017.

[6] "O inquietante 'fenômeno Bolsonaro'". brasil.elpais.com (in português). Retrieved 18 June 2017.

[veconomist-7] 6.0 ^6.1 "Brazil's congress starts to reform itself". The Economist. 14 October 2017.

[8] "Brazil's far-right candidate takes big lead in presidential election". The Washington Post. Retrieved 7 October 2018.

[Londono18-9] Londoño, Ernesto (6 September 2018). "Brazil Presidential Candidate Jair Bolsonaro Is Stabbed at Campaign Rally". The New York Times. Retrieved 6 September 2018.

[10] Flávio, Bolsonaro (6 September 2018). "Flávio Bolsonaro 177 Senador_RJ Verified account". Twitter. Retrieved 6 September 2018.

[11] "Jair Bolsonaro é internado no Hospital Albert Einstein, em SP". G1 (in português). Retrieved 7 September 2018.

[12] "Brazil: tortured dissidents appalled by Bolsonaro's praise for dictatorship". TheGuardian. Retrieved 17 August 2019.

[13] "Brazil's Bolsonaro extols convicted torturer as a 'national hero'". Reuters. Retrieved 17 August 2019.

[14] "As homenagens de Bolsonaro a Pinochet e por que o general ainda divide o Chile". BBCBrasil (in português). Retrieved 17 August 2019.

[15] "Há cinco anos, Stephen Fry encontrava Jair Bolsonaro". RevistaForum (in português). Archived from the original on 18 August 2019. Retrieved 17 August 2019.

[16] "Brazilian President Jair Bolsonaro tests positive for coronavirus". CNN. Retrieved 2020-07-07.

[morning_express-17] "Action against Bolsonaro takes an unprecedented step at the International Criminal Court..." Morning Express. 15 July 2021. Archived from the original on 16 July 2021. Retrieved 16 July 2021.

[18] "Bolsonaro afirma que pretende indicar Braga Netto como vice na chapa – Jovem Pan". Bolsonaro afirma que pretende indicar Braga Netto como vice na chapa – Jovem Pan (in português do Brasil). 2022-06-26. Retrieved 2022-06-27.

[19] "Vídeo de fraude em urna divulgado por Flávio Bolsonaro é falso, diz TRE-MG". UOL Eleições 2018. Retrieved 2022-07-19.

[20] "Brazil's Lula and Bolsonaro face run-off after surprisingly tight result". Yahoo. Retrieved 6 October 2022.

[21] "Resultados" (in Portuguese). TSE. Retrieved 6 October 2022.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)

[Boadle-22] 21.0 ^21.1 Boadle, Anthony (27 September 2017). "Far-right presidential hopeful aims to be Brazil's Trump". London, England. Reuters. Retrieved 24 April 2018.

[23] "Outspoken pro-life candidate leads in Brazil's presidential election race". Retrieved 27 October 2018.

[24] Phillips, Tom (2018-04-19). "Trump of the tropics: the 'dangerous' candidate leading Brazil's presidential race". The Guardian. Retrieved 27 October 2018.

[Atkins_2018-25] Atkins, Ed (2018-10-29). "Jair Bolsonaro's Brazil Is a Disaster for the Amazon and Global Climate Change". Motherboard. Retrieved 2018-10-30.

[:1-26] "Bolsonaro diz que é liberal e adota discurso que agrada investidores". 1.folha.uol.com.br.

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@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
-{{Short description|President of Brazil since 2019}}
-{{redirect|Bolsonaro|other people with the same surname|Bolsonaro (surname)}}
-{{pp-vandalism|small=yes}}
-{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2021}}
 {{Infobox officeholder
+| name                = Jair Bolsonaro
 | honorific-prefix    = [[Excellency|His Excellency]]
-|name                = Jair Bolsonaro
+| image               = 09 06 2022 Encontro com o Presidente dos Estados Unidos da América, Senhor Joe Biden (52135428558) (cropped).jpg
-|image               = Jair Bolsonaro 2021 (cropped).jpg<!-- DO NOT change the lead image in this article without discussing with other users in the talk page first! it will be reverted otherwise. stability is necessary. -->
+| caption             = Bolsonaro in June 2022
-|order               = <!-- Please do not add his order, it is against WP:MOS, unused and clutter, only exception is the President of the United States. -->
+| order               =
-|office              = [[President of Brazil]]
+| office              = 38th [[President of Brazil]]
-|vicepresident       = [[Hamilton Mourão]]
+| vicepresident       = [[Hamilton Mourão]]
-|term_start          = 1 January 2019
+| term_start          = 1 January 2019
-|term_end            =
+| term_end            =
-|predecessor         = [[Michel Temer]]
+| predecessor         = [[Michel Temer]]
-|successor           =
+| successor           =
-|office2             = [[Chamber of Deputies (Brazil)|Federal Deputy]] for [[Rio de Janeiro (state)|Rio de Janeiro]]
+| office1             = President of the [[Alliance for Brazil]]
-|term_start2         = 1 February 1991
+| vicepresident1      = [[Flávio Bolsonaro]]
-|term_end2           = 31 December 2018
+| 1blankname1         = {{nowrap|General Secretary}}
-|office3             = [[Municipal Chamber of Rio de Janeiro|Councillor of Rio de Janeiro]]
+| 1namedata1          = [[Admar Gonzaga]]
-|term_start3         = 1 January 1989
+| term_start1         = 21 November 2019
-|term_end3           = 31 January 1991
+| term_end1           =
-|birth_name          = Jair Messias Bolsonaro
+| predecessor1        = Position established
-|birth_date          = {{birth date and age|1955|3|21|df=y}}
+| successor1          =
-|birth_place         = [[Glicério]], [[Brazil]]
+| office2             = [[Chamber of Deputies (Brazil)|Federal Deputy]] for [[Rio de Janeiro (state)|Rio de Janeiro]]
-|death_date          =
+| term_start2         = 1 February 1991
-|death_place         =
+| term_end2           = 1 January 2019
-| party               = [[Liberal Party (Brazil, 2006)|PL]] (2021–present)
+| office3             = [[Municipal Chamber of Rio de Janeiro|City Councillor]] of [[Rio de Janeiro]]
+| term_start3         = 1 January 1989
+| term_end3           = 1 February 1991
+| party               = [[Independent politician|Independent]] (2019–present){{efn|name=note|[[Alliance for Brazil|ALIANÇA]] (2019–present): Party registration pending approval by the [[Superior Electoral Court]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://noticias.r7.com/prisma/r7-planalto/bolsonaro-anuncia-saida-do-psl-e-criacao-do-alianca-pelo-brasil-12112019 |title=Bolsonaro anuncia saída do PSL e criação do Aliança pelo Brasil |publisher=R7 |language=pt |date=12 November 2019 |access-date=12 November 2019 |archive-date=12 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191112203739/https://noticias.r7.com/prisma/r7-planalto/bolsonaro-anuncia-saida-do-psl-e-criacao-do-alianca-pelo-brasil-12112019 |url-status=live }}</ref>}}
 | otherparty          = {{Collapsible list
-|framestyle=border:none; padding:0; <!--as above-->
+  |framestyle=border:none; padding:0; <!--as above-->
-|title={{no bold|See list}}
+  |title={{no bold|See list}}
-|1=[[Independent politician|Independent]] (2019–2021) |2= [[Social Liberal Party (Brazil)|Social Liberal]] (2018–2019) |3= [[Social Christian Party (Brazil)|Social Christian]] (2016–2018) |4= [[Progressistas]] (2005–2016) |5= [[Liberal Front Party (Brazil)|Liberal Front]] (2005)|6= [[Brazilian Labour Party (current)|Labour]] (2003–2005) |7= [[Progressistas]] (1995–2003) |8= {{nowrap|[[Reform Progressive Party|Reform Progressives]] (1993–1995)}}|9= [[Progressive Party (Brazil, 1993)|Progressives]] (1993) |10= [[Christian Democratic Party (Brazil)|Christian Democrats]] (1988–1993)}}
+  |1= [[Social Liberal Party (Brazil)|Social Liberal]] (2018–2019) |2= [[Social Christian Party (Brazil)|Social Christian]] (2016–2018) |3= [[Progressistas]] (2005–2016) |4= [[Liberal Front Party (Brazil)|Liberal Front]] (2005)|5= [[Brazilian Labour Party (current)|Labour]] (2003–2005) |6= [[Progressistas]] (1995–2003) |7= {{nowrap|[[Reform Progressive Party|Reform Progressives]] (1993–1995)}}|8= [[Progressive Party (Brazil, 1993)|Progressives]] (1993) |9= [[Christian Democratic Party (Brazil)|Christian Democrats]] (1988–1993) }}
-|spouse              = {{plain list|
+| spouse              = {{plain list|
-*{{marriage|Rogéria Nantes Braga|1978|1997|end=div}}
+* {{Marriage|Rogéria Nantes Braga|1978|1997|end=div}}
-*{{marriage|Ana Cristina Valle|1997|2007|end=div}}
+* {{Marriage|Ana Cristina Valle|1997|2007|end=div}}
-*{{marriage|[[Michelle Bolsonaro|Michelle de Paula]]|2007}}}}
+* {{Marriage|[[Michelle Bolsonaro|Michelle de Paula]]|2007}}
-|children            = 5, including [[Flávio Bolsonaro|Flávio]], [[Carlos Bolsonaro|Carlos]], [[Eduardo Bolsonaro|Eduardo]]
+ }}
-|residence           = [[Palácio da Alvorada]]
+| children            = {{hlist|[[Flávio Bolsonaro|Flávio]]|[[Carlos Bolsonaro|Carlos]]|[[Eduardo Bolsonaro|Eduardo]]|Jair Renan|Laura}}
-|education           = [[Academia Militar das Agulhas Negras|Agulhas Negras Military Academy]]
+| residence           = {{Plainlist|
-|signature           = Signature of Jair Bolsonaro.svg
+* [[Palácio da Alvorada]] (presidential)
-|website             = {{url|bolsonaro.com.br|Official website}}
+* Condomínio Vivendas da Barra (personal)
-|allegiance          = {{flag|Brazil}}
-|branch              = {{flagicon|Brazil|army}} [[Brazilian Army]]
-|serviceyears        = 1973–1988
-|rank                = [[File:Barzil-Army-OF-2 (horizontal).svg|35px]] [[Captain (armed forces)|Captain]]
-|commands            = 21st Field Artillery Group<br>9th Field Artillery Group<br>8th Parachutist Field Artillery Group
 }}
-'''Jair Messias Bolsonaro''' ({{IPA-pt|ʒaˈiʁ meˈsi.ɐz bowsoˈnaɾu, ʒaˈiɾ -|br}}; born 21 March 1955) is a Brazilian politician and retired military officer who has been the 38th [[president of Brazil]] since 1 January 2019. He was [[2018 Brazilian general election|elected in 2018]] as a member of the [[Conservatism in Brazil|conservative]] [[Social Liberal Party (Brazil)|Social Liberal Party]] before cutting ties with it. From 1991 to 2018, Bolsonaro served in Brazil's [[Chamber of Deputies (Brazil)|Chamber of Deputies]], representing the [[Rio de Janeiro (state)|state of Rio de Janeiro]].
+| birth_name          = Jair Messias Bolsonaro
+| birth_date          = {{birth date and age|1955|3|21|df=y}}
-Bolsonaro was born in the town of [[Glicério]], in the [[state of São Paulo]]. He graduated from the [[Academia Militar das Agulhas Negras|Agulhas Negras Military Academy]] in 1977 and served in the [[Brazilian Army|Brazilian Army's]] field artillery and parachutist units. He became known to the public in 1986, when he wrote an article for ''[[Veja (magazine)|Veja]]'' magazine criticizing low wages for military officers, after which he was arrested and detained for 15 days. A year later, the same magazine accused him of planning to plant bombs in military units, which he denied. After being convicted by a lower court, the Brazilian Supreme Military Court acquitted him in 1988.<ref>{{cite web|first=Luiz Maklouf|last=Carvalho |date=1 April 2018 |url=https://politica.estadao.com.br/noticias/geral,o-julgamento-que-tirou-bolsonaro-do-anonimato,70002249929 |title=O julgamento que tirou Bolsonaro do anonimato |work=O Estado de São Paulo |access-date=8 October 2018|language=pt|url-status=live|archive-date=25 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200925084246/https://politica.estadao.com.br/noticias/geral,o-julgamento-que-tirou-bolsonaro-do-anonimato,70002249929}}</ref> He moved to the reserve in 1988 with the rank of [[Military ranks of Brazil|captain]] and ran for the [[Municipal Chamber of Rio de Janeiro|Rio de Janeiro City Council]] that year, elected as a member of the [[Christian Democratic Party (Brazil)|Christian Democratic Party]]. In 1990, Bolsonaro was elected to the lower chamber of Congress and he was reelected six times. During his 27-year tenure as a congressman, he became known for his [[national conservatism]]. He is a vocal opponent of [[same-sex marriage]] and [[homosexuality]],<ref name="noticias.terra.com.br">{{cite web|first=Claudia|last=Andrade |url=http://noticias.terra.com.br/brasil/noticias/0,,OI5114016-EI306,00-Bolsonaro+apos+uniao+gay+proximo+passo+e+legalizar+pedofilia.html|title=Bolsonaro: após união gay, próximo passo é legalizar pedofilia|date=5 May 2011 |website=Noticias.terra.com.br|access-date=7 September 2018|url-status=live|archive-date=25 February 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120225205028/http://noticias.terra.com.br/brasil/noticias/0,,OI5114016-EI306,00-Bolsonaro+apos+uniao+gay+proximo+passo+e+legalizar+pedofilia.html}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Sullivan |first=Zoe |date=29 October 2018 |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/feature/nbc-out/lgbtq-brazilians-edge-after-self-described-homophobic-lawmaker-elected-president-n925726 |title=LGBTQ Brazilians on edge after self-described 'homophobic' lawmaker elected president |website=NBC News |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181031110910/https://www.nbcnews.com/feature/nbc-out/lgbtq-brazilians-edge-after-self-described-homophobic-lawmaker-elected-president-n925726 |archive-date=31 October 2018}}</ref> [[abortion]],<ref name="osul.com.br">{{cite web|date=21 August 2015|title=Bolsonaro, em Porto Alegre, confirma ser contra o aborto e a favor da redução da maioridade penal|website=Jornal O Sul|trans-title=Bolsonaro, in Porto Alegre, confirms he is against abortion and in favor of lowering the age of criminal responsibility|url=http://www.osul.com.br/bolsonaro-em-porto-alegre-confirma-ser-contra-o-aborto-e-a-favor-da-reducao-da-maioridade-penal/|access-date=7 September 2018 |url-status=live|archive-date=16 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180616153432/http://www.osul.com.br/bolsonaro-em-porto-alegre-confirma-ser-contra-o-aborto-e-a-favor-da-reducao-da-maioridade-penal/}}</ref> [[affirmative action]],<ref name="Política">{{cite web|url=http://noticias.uol.com.br/politica/ultimas-noticias/2011/04/01/para-ministra-da-igualdade-racial-declaracoes-de-bolsonaro-sao-caso-explicito-de-racismo.htm|title=Para ministra da Igualdade Racial, declarações de Bolsonaro são caso explícito de racismo|publisher=Política|access-date=7 September 2018|url-status=live|archive-date=16 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180616180526/https://noticias.uol.com.br/politica/ultimas-noticias/2011/04/01/para-ministra-da-igualdade-racial-declaracoes-de-bolsonaro-sao-caso-explicito-de-racismo.htm}}</ref> [[drug liberalization]],<ref name="epoca2">{{cite web|website=revistaepoca.globo.com |url=http://revistaepoca.globo.com/Revista/Epoca/0,,EMI245890-15223,00.html|title=Jair Bolsonaro: "Sou preconceituoso, com muito orgulho"|access-date=7 September 2018|archive-date=12 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180412080809/http://revistaepoca.globo.com/Revista/Epoca/0,,EMI245890-15223,00.html|url-status=live}}</ref> and [[secularism]].<ref name="epoca2"/> In foreign policy, he has advocated closer relations to the [[United States]]<ref name=":3">{{cite web|last=Wierson|first=Arick |url=https://observer.com/2018/10/brazil-elections-jair-bolsonaro-donald-trump/amp/|title=Will Brazil's Jair Bolsonaro Become Trump's New Best Friend?|date=7 October 2018|website=[[The Observer]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181012014611/https://observer.com/2018/10/brazil-elections-jair-bolsonaro-donald-trump/amp/ |archive-date=12 October 2018|url-status=live|access-date=11 October 2018}}</ref> and [[Israel]].<ref name=":4">{{cite web|url=http://www.timesofisrael.com/brazils-workers-party-likens-pro-israel-presidential-front-runner-to-hitler|title=Brazil's Workers' Party likens pro-Israel presidential front-runner to Hitler|last=Staff|date=6 October 2018|website=[[The Times of Israel]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181012060252/http://www.timesofisrael.com/brazils-workers-party-likens-pro-israel-presidential-front-runner-to-hitler/|archive-date=12 October 2018|url-status=live|access-date=11 October 2018}}</ref> During the [[2018 Brazilian general election]] campaign, he started to advocate economically liberal and pro-market policies.<ref>{{cite web|website=Folha de S.Paulo |url=http://www1.folha.uol.com.br/poder/2017/10/1925458-bolsonaro-diz-que-e-liberal-e-adota-discurso-que-agrada-investidores.shtml|title=Bolsonaro diz que é liberal e adota discurso que agrada investidores – 09/10/2017 – Poder|access-date=7 December 2018|url-status=live|archive-date=16 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181116053224/https://www1.folha.uol.com.br/poder/2017/10/1925458-bolsonaro-diz-que-e-liberal-e-adota-discurso-que-agrada-investidores.shtml}}</ref> A polarizing and controversial politician, his views and comments, which have been described as [[far-right]] and [[Right-wing populism|populist]], have drawn both praise and criticism in Brazil.<ref name="nyt">{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1993/07/25/weekinreview/conversations-jair-bolsonaro-soldier-turned-politician-wants-give-brazil-back.html|title=Conversations/Jair Bolsonaro; A Soldier Turned Politician Wants To Give Brazil Back to Army Rule|first=James|last=Brooke|access-date=7 September 2018|newspaper=The New York Times |date=25 July 1993|url-status=live|archive-date=24 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181024103225/https://www.nytimes.com/1993/07/25/weekinreview/conversations-jair-bolsonaro-soldier-turned-politician-wants-give-brazil-back.html}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.wsj.com/amp/articles/brazilian-swamp-drainer-1539039700|access-date=11 October 2018 |title=Brazilian Swamp Drainer|last=Editorial Board|date=8 October 2018|newspaper=[[Wall Street Journal]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181010234348/https://www.wsj.com/amp/articles/brazilian-swamp-drainer-1539039700|archive-date=10 October 2018|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=O inquietante 'fenômeno Bolsonaro' |url=http://brasil.elpais.com/brasil/2014/10/07/politica/1412684374_628594.html |website=brasil.elpais.com|access-date=18 June 2017|date=7 October 2014|archive-date=16 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180616203834/https://brasil.elpais.com/brasil/2014/10/07/politica/1412684374_628594.html|url-status=live|language=pt}}</ref><ref name="veconomist">{{cite news|title=Brazil's congress starts to reform itself|url=https://www.economist.com/news/americas/21730206-clean-up-sleazy-political-system-will-require-lot-more-work-brazils-congress-starts|newspaper=[[The Economist]]|date=14 October 2017|access-date=15 October 2017|archive-date=15 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171015151746/https://www.economist.com/news/americas/21730206-clean-up-sleazy-political-system-will-require-lot-more-work-brazils-congress-starts|url-status=live}}</ref>
+| birth_place         = [[Glicério]], [[São Paulo (state)|São Paulo]], Brazil
+| death_date          =
-Bolsonaro announced his candidacy for president in March 2016 as a member of the [[Social Christian Party (Brazil)|Social Christian Party]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://extra.globo.com/noticias/brasil/jair-bolsonaro-apresentado-como-pre-candidato-presidencia-da-republica-18791859.html|title=Jair Bolsonaro é apresentado como pré-candidato à Presidência da República|work=Extra, Globo|access-date=8 October 2018|language=pt|archive-date=30 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181030170609/https://extra.globo.com/noticias/brasil/jair-bolsonaro-apresentado-como-pre-candidato-presidencia-da-republica-18791859.html|url-status=live}}</ref> He left the party in 2018 and joined the Social Liberal Party, and then launched [[Jair Bolsonaro 2018 presidential campaign|his presidential campaign]] in August that year, with retired general [[Hamilton Mourão]] as his running mate. He portrayed himself as an [[anti-establishment|outsider]] and a supporter of [[family values]]. He came in first place in the first round of the [[2018 Brazilian general election|general election on 7{{nbsp}}October 2018]], with [[Workers' Party (Brazil)|Workers' Party]] candidate [[Fernando Haddad]] coming in second. The two candidates had a [[Two-round system|runoff]] on 28 October 2018, and Bolsonaro was elected with 55.1% of the popular vote.
+| death_place         =
+| education           = [[Academia Militar das Agulhas Negras|Agulhas Negras Military Academy]]
-Bolsonaro placed many army officers in key positions in his cabinet. Before his inauguration, he said he would fill positions in his government based only on technical qualifications and skills rather than ideological sympathy. During his presidency, many appointees have clashed ideologically with the government. His ministers of [[Sérgio Moro|Justice]], [[Ricardo Vélez Rodríguez|Education]], the [[Carlos Alberto dos Santos Cruz|Secretary of Government]], the head of the [[Correios|postal service]] and other government officials fell out of favor with Bolsonaro and resigned.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.dw.com/pt-br/as-principais-baixas-do-governo-bolsonaro/g-49368323|title=As principais baixas do governo Bolsonaro|work=DW.com.br|access-date=8 July 2020|language=pt|archive-date=9 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200709094432/https://www.dw.com/pt-br/as-principais-baixas-do-governo-bolsonaro/g-49368323|url-status=live}}</ref> He focused on domestic affairs in his first months in office, dealing primarily with the fallout of the [[2014 Brazilian economic crisis]]. The economy did recover, albeit slowly, during his first year in office, while crime rates fell sharply.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://portal.fgv.br/en/news/slow-economic-recovery-and-china-be-discussed-2020-brazilian-prospects-seminar|title=Slow economic recovery and China to be discussed at 2020 Brazilian Prospects Seminar|work=FVG.br|date=5 March 2019|access-date=8 July 2020|archive-date=9 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200709002230/https://portal.fgv.br/en/news/slow-economic-recovery-and-china-be-discussed-2020-brazilian-prospects-seminar|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.em.com.br/app/noticia/politica/2019/12/23/interna_politica,1110113/no-1-ano-do-governo-bolsonaro-estados-garantem-queda-criminalidade.shtml|title=No primeiro ano do governo Bolsonaro, estados garantem queda na criminalidade|work=FVG.br|date=5 March 2019|access-date=8 July 2020|language=pt |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200925084249/https://www.em.com.br/app/noticia/politica/2019/12/23/interna_politica,1110113/no-1-ano-do-governo-bolsonaro-estados-garantem-queda-criminalidade.shtml|archive-date=25 September 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref> In 2019, Bolsonaro left the Social Liberal Party amid a confrontation with other members and formed the [[Alliance for Brazil]]. During his presidency, he rolled back protections for [[Indigenous peoples of Brazil|Indigenous groups]] in the [[Amazon rainforest]]<ref name="Indigenous Global Affairs"/> and facilitated its [[Deforestation of the Amazon rainforest|destruction through deforestation]].<ref name="environment"/> Bolsonaro's response to the [[COVID-19 pandemic in Brazil]] was criticized across the political spectrum after he sought to downplay the pandemic and its effects, opposed quarantine measures, and dismissed two health ministers, while the death toll increased rapidly.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-53021248|title=Coronavirus: How pandemic turned political in Brazil |author=Watson, Katy|work=BBC News|date=12 June 2020|access-date=8 July 2020|archive-date=6 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200706002714/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-53021248 |url-status=live}}</ref>
+| signature           = Signature of Jair Bolsonaro.svg
+| website             = {{url|bolsonaro.com.br|Official website}}
-== Early life ==
+| allegiance          = {{flag|Brazil}}
-{{Jair Bolsonaro sidebar}}
+| branch              = {{flagicon|Brazil|army}} [[Brazilian Army]]
-Bolsonaro was born on 21 March 1955 in [[Glicério]], [[São Paulo (state)|São Paulo]],<ref>{{cite news|author=Godoy, Marcelo|title=Um fantasma ronda o Planalto|url=http://infograficos.estadao.com.br/politica/bolsonaro-um-fantasma-ronda-o-planalto|work=[[O Estado de S. Paulo]]|date=2 April 2017|access-date=5 August 2018|archive-date=25 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225071459/http://infograficos.estadao.com.br/public/politica/bolsonaro-um-fantasma-ronda-o-planalto/|url-status=live}}</ref> in [[Southeast Region, Brazil|southeast]] Brazil, to Percy Geraldo Bolsonaro and Olinda Bonturi.<ref>[http://revistacrescer.globo.com/Voce-precisa-saber/noticia/2015/03/ele-era-digno-nao-era-de-falar-besteira-diz-mae-de-jair-bolsonaro.html "Ele não era de falar besteira', diz mãe de Jair Bolsonaro"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180703162827/https://revistacrescer.globo.com/Voce-precisa-saber/noticia/2015/03/ele-era-digno-nao-era-de-falar-besteira-diz-mae-de-jair-bolsonaro.html |date=3 July 2018 }}, revistacrescer.globo.com; accessed 28 April 2018.</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.bbc.com/portuguese/brasil-45973980 | title=Eleições 2018: berço do clã Bolsonaro, região do norte da Itália se agita com disputa no Brasil | author=Ferraz, Lucas | date=25 October 2018 | newspaper=BBC News Brasil | access-date=27 October 2018 | language=pt | archive-date=25 December 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225071448/https://www.bbc.com/portuguese/brasil-45973980%20 | url-status=live }}</ref> His family is mostly of [[Italian Brazilians|Italian]] descent, with some [[German Brazilians|German]] ancestry. On his father's side, he is the great-grandson of Italians from [[Veneto]] and [[Calabria]].<ref name="genealogia">{{cite journal|last=TADDONE|first=Daniel|date=23 October 2018|title=Taddone revela genealogia de Bolsonaro: 13 dos 16 trisavôs do candidato são italianos da Toscana, do Vêneto e da Calábria|url=http://www.insieme.com.br/pb/taddone-revela-genealogia-de-bolsonaro/|journal=Revista Insieme|access-date=29 October 2018|archive-date=25 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225071511/http://www.insieme.com.br/pb/taddone-revela-genealogia-de-bolsonaro/|url-status=live}}</ref> Bolsonaro's paternal grandfather's family comes from Veneto, more precisely [[Anguillara Veneta]], in the [[province of Padua]]. His great-grandfather, Vittorio Bolzonaro (the surname was originally written with a Z), was born on 12 April 1878. Vittorio's parents immigrated to Brazil when he was ten, together with his siblings, Giovanna and Tranquillo.<ref>{{cite news | title=In Veneto il paese del probabile presidente brasiliano Bolsonaro | url=https://stream24.ilsole24ore.com/video/mondo/in-veneto-paese-probabile-presidente-brasiliano-bolsonaro/AE9J8MWG | date=26 October 2018 | website=[[Il Sole 24 ore]] | access-date=27 October 2018 | language=it | archive-date=29 October 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181029031046/https://stream24.ilsole24ore.com/video/mondo/in-veneto-paese-probabile-presidente-brasiliano-bolsonaro/AE9J8MWG | url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="genealogia"/> His German ancestry came from his father's maternal grandfather, Carl "Carlos" Hintze, born in [[Hamburg]] around 1876, who immigrated to Brazil in 1883.<ref name="genealogia" /> His maternal grandparents were born in [[Lucca]], in [[Tuscany]], and went to live in Brazil in the 1890s.<ref name="genealogia"/> On 21 January 2022, his mother Olinda Bonturi Bolsonaro died at age 94. His father Percy Geraldo Bolsonaro died in 1995.<ref>{{cite news |title=President Bolsonaro calls off visit to Guyana after mom's death {{!}} Loop Caribbean News |url=https://caribbean.loopnews.com/content/president-bolsonaro-calls-visit-guyana-after-moms-death |work=Loop News |language=en}}</ref>
+| serviceyears        = 1973–1988
+| rank                = [[File:Barzil-Army-OF-2 (horizontal).svg|35px]] [[Captain (armed forces)|Captain]]
-Bolsonaro spent most of his childhood moving around São Paulo with his family, living in [[Ribeira, São Paulo|Ribeira]], [[Jundiaí]], and [[Sete Barras]], before settling in [[Eldorado, São Paulo|Eldorado]], in the state's southern region, in 1966, where he grew up with his five brothers.<ref>{{cite book |last=Bolsonaro |first=Flávio |date=2017 |title= Jair Messias Bolsonaro – Mito ou Verdade|publisher=Altadena Editora |isbn=9788594307002}}</ref>
+| commands            = 21st Field Artillery Group<br />9th Field Artillery Group<br />8th Parachutist Field Artillery Group
-His first name is a tribute to [[Jair da Rosa Pinto]], football player for [[Sociedade Esportiva Palmeiras|Palmeiras]] at the time of Bolsonaro's birth and who celebrated his 34th birthday on the same day.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://veja.abril.com.br/placar/inspiracao-para-nome-de-bolsonaro-jair-brilhou-por-palmeiras-e-selecao/ | title=Inspiração para o nome de Bolsonaro, Jair brilhou por Palmeiras e seleção | date=29 October 2018 | newspaper=Veja magazine | access-date=2 March 2020 | language=pt | archive-date=25 September 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200925084247/https://veja.abril.com.br/placar/inspiracao-para-nome-de-bolsonaro-jair-brilhou-por-palmeiras-e-selecao/ | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url= https://www1.folha.uol.com.br/amp/esporte/2018/10/craque-do-palmeiras-da-decada-de-1950-inspirou-nome-de-jair-bolsonaro.shtml | title= Craque do Palmeiras da década de 1950 inspirou nome de Jair Bolsonaro | date= 29 October 2018 | newspaper= Folha de S.Paulo | access-date= 2 March 2020 | language= pt | archive-date= 25 September 2020 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20200925084252/https://www1.folha.uol.com.br/amp/esporte/2018/10/craque-do-palmeiras-da-decada-de-1950-inspirou-nome-de-jair-bolsonaro.shtml | url-status= live }}</ref>
-== Military career ==
-{{multiple image
-| align = left
-| total_width = 280
-| image1 = Bolsonaro e pais.jpg
-| alt1 =
-| caption1 = Jair (left) with his parents at the [[Agulhas Negras Military Academy]] in 1979
-| image2 = Bolsonaro 1986 (cropped).jpg
-| alt2 =
-| caption2 = Bolsonaro in 1986<!--Please provide BETTER DESCRIPTION, so both captions will be of similar length-->
 }}
-In his final years in high school, Bolsonaro was admitted to the [[Escola Preparatória de Cadetes do Exército]] (the prep school of the [[Brazilian Army]]), which he entered in 1973. In 1974, he went to the [[Academia Militar das Agulhas Negras]] (Brazil's main [[military academy]]), graduating in 1977, as an [[Artillery]] officer. He served in the 9th Field Artillery Group, in [[Nioaque]], [[Mato Grosso do Sul]]. Later he studied at the Army Physical Training School in [[Rio de Janeiro]] and served in the 21st Field Artillery Group and the 8th Paratrooper Field Artillery Group, from the [[Paratroopers Brigade (Brazil)|Paratrooper Brigade]], both in the same city. His superior officers said he was "aggressive" and had "excessive ambition to get financial and economical gain".<ref name="nyt" /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www1.folha.uol.com.br/poder/2017/05/1884332-bolsonaro-era-agressivo-e-tinha-excessiva-ambicao-diz-ficha-militar.shtml#_=_|title=Bolsonaro era agressivo e tinha 'excessiva ambição', diz ficha militar|website=1.folha.com.br|access-date=7 September 2018|archive-date=25 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225071507/https://www1.folha.uol.com.br/poder/2017/05/1884332-bolsonaro-era-agressivo-e-tinha-excessiva-ambicao-diz-ficha-militar.shtml#_=_|url-status=live}}</ref> The assessment referred to Bolsonaro's attempt to mine gold in [[Bahia]] state; according to him, the activity was only a "hobby and mental hygiene". In 1987, he studied in the [[:pt:Escola de Aperfeiçoamento de Oficiais|Officers Improvement School]], where he made the Artillery Advanced Course.
+'''Jair Messias Bolsonaro''' (born March 21, 1955) is a [[Brazilians|Brazilian]] [[politician]]. He is the 38th and current [[President of Brazil|President]] of [[Brazil]] since 2019.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://news.sky.com/story/right-wing-nationalist-jair-bolsonaro-sworn-in-as-president-of-brazil-11596281|title=Right-wing nationalist Jair Bolsonaro sworn in as president of Brazil|website=Sky News|language=en|access-date=2019-01-01}}</ref> He was a member of the [[Chamber of Deputies (Brazil)|Chamber of Deputies]] from 1991 until he became president in 2019. He was also a member of the [[Social Liberal Party (Brazil)|Social Liberal Party]] (PSL) until he formed his own party, [[Alliance for Brazil]], in November 2019. He is known for his [[Far-right politics|far-right]] and [[Right-wing populism|populist]] political views.<ref name=nyt>[https://www.nytimes.com/1993/07/25/weekinreview/conversations-jair-bolsonaro-soldier-turned-politician-wants-give-brazil-back.html Conversations/Jair Bolsonaro; A Soldier Turned Politician Wants To Give Brazil Back to Army Rule]</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Brazil’s Trump? A congressman with presidential ambitions is being compared to Donald Trump. Can he win?|url=https://www.usnews.com/news/best-countries/articles/2017-01-19/brazils-controversial-congressman-jair-bolsonaro-eyes-the-presidency|website=USnews.com|access-date=18 June 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=O inquietante ‘fenômeno Bolsonaro’|url=http://brasil.elpais.com/brasil/2014/10/07/politica/1412684374_628594.html|website=brasil.elpais.com|access-date=18 June 2017|language=pt}}</ref><ref name="veconomist" />
-Bolsonaro's first rise to publicity came in 1986 when he gave an interview to the news magazine ''Veja''. He complained about low military salaries and claimed that the High Command was firing officers due to budgetary cuts and not because they were displaying 'deviations of conduct', as the command was telling the press.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.arqanalagoa.ufscar.br/pdf/recortes/R03088.pdf|title=''O salário está baixo''|website=Arqanalagoa.ufsacr.br|access-date=7 September 2018|archive-date=25 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180125181956/http://www.arqanalagoa.ufscar.br/pdf/recortes/R03088.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> Despite being reprimanded by his superiors, Bolsonaro received praise from fellow officers and wives of military men, becoming a household name for hardliners and right-wingers who were growing disenchanted with Brazil's new civilian democratic government.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://observatoriodaimprensa.com.br/jornal-de-debates/capitao-bolsonaro-a-historia-esquecida/|title=Capitão Bolsonaro, a história esquecida – Observatório da Imprensa – Você nunca mais vai ler jornal do mesmo jeito|date=6 April 2011|access-date=7 September 2018|archive-date=25 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225071456/http://observatoriodaimprensa.com.br/jornal-de-debates/capitao-bolsonaro-a-historia-esquecida/|url-status=live}}</ref>
-In October 1987, Bolsonaro faced a new accusation. ''Veja'' reported that, with an Army colleague, he had plans to plant bombs in military units in [[Rio de Janeiro]]. After Bolsonaro called the allegation "a fantasy", the magazine published, in its next issue, sketches in which the plan was detailed. The drawings had been allegedly made by Bolsonaro. Official records unearthed by the newspaper ''[[O Estado de S. Paulo]]'' in 2018 detailed the case.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://politica.estadao.com.br/noticias/geral,o-julgamento-que-tirou-bolsonaro-do-anonimato,70002249929 |title=O julgamento que tirou Bolsonaro do anonimato – Política |website=Estadão |access-date=8 October 2018 |archive-date=8 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181008061308/https://politica.estadao.com.br/noticias/geral,o-julgamento-que-tirou-bolsonaro-do-anonimato,70002249929 |url-status=live }}</ref> After an investigation by an administrative military bureau named Justification Board, Bolsonaro was unanimously considered guilty. According to this board, Bolsonaro had a "serious personality deviation and a professional deformation", "lack of moral courage to leave the Army" and "lied throughout the process" when denying frequent contacts with ''Veja''. The Supreme Military Court then analyzed the case. The general in charge of reporting the case voted to acquit Bolsonaro, arguing that he had already been penalized for the initial ''Veja'' article, that there was no testimonial evidence of his plans to plant bombs, and that there were "deep contradictions in the four graphological exams", two of which failed to conclude that Bolsonaro was the author of the sketches. Bolsonaro was acquitted by the majority of the court (9{{nbsp}}x 4{{nbsp}}votes). In December 1988, just after this ruling, he left the Army to begin his political career. He served in the military for 15 years, reaching the rank of captain.
-== Political career ==
-=== Councilor of Rio de Janeiro (1989–1991) ===
-[[File:Bolsonaro em março de 1990 (Acervo Globo).jpg|thumb|upright|Bolsonaro as Rio de Janeiro city councilor in March 1990. In October of the same year, he was elected Federal Deputy for Rio.]]
-Bolsonaro entered politics in 1988, elected [[city councilor]] in Rio de Janeiro, representing the [[Christian Democratic Party (Brazil)|Christian Democratic Party]] (PDC). According to the biography by his son Flávio, Bolsonaro "was a candidate for councilor because it happened to be the only option he had at the moment to avoid persecution by some superiors. His entry into politics happened by chance, for his desire was to continue in his military career".<ref name="book" />
-He spent only two years in the [[Municipal Chamber of Rio de Janeiro]]. He was described as a quiet, discreet and conservative councilor, and showed little participation.<ref name="vereador">{{cite journal |date=26 November 2017 |title=Como vereador, projeto de transporte gratuito para tropas – Política – Estadão |url=https://politica.estadao.com.br/noticias/geral,como-vereador-projeto-de-transporte-gratuito-para-tropas,70002097328 |journal=Estadão |language=pt |archive-date=25 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200925084303/https://politica.estadao.com.br/noticias/geral,como-vereador-projeto-de-transporte-gratuito-para-tropas,70002097328 |url-status=live }}</ref> His term as councilor was used mainly to give visibility to military causes, such as retirement benefits for former officers.<ref name="book">{{cite book |title=Jair Messias Bolsonaro – Mito ou Verdade |last=Bolsonaro |first=Flávio |publisher=Altadena Editora |year=2017 |location=Rio de Janeiro |isbn=9788594307002|language=pt-br|pages=77–79}}</ref>
-=== Federal Deputy for Rio de Janeiro (1991–2018) ===
-In the 1990 elections, Bolsonaro was elected a [[Chamber of Deputies (Brazil)|federal deputy]] for the Christian Democratic Party. He served seven consecutive terms, from 1991 to 2018. He has been affiliated with several other Brazilian political parties over the years. In 2014, he was the congressman who gained the most votes in Rio de Janeiro, with 465,000.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://eleicoes.uol.com.br/2014/noticias/2014/10/05/bolsonaro-rj-e-eleito-deputado-federal-no-rj-com-o-maior-numero-de-votos.htm |title=Bolsonaro (PP) é o deputado federal com maior número de votos no RJ – Notícias – UOL Eleições 2014 |work=UOL Eleições 2014 |access-date=29 October 2018 |language=pt-BR |archive-date=25 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225071444/https://eleicoes.uol.com.br/2014/noticias/2014/10/05/bolsonaro-rj-e-eleito-deputado-federal-no-rj-com-o-maior-numero-de-votos.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>
-In his 27 years of service in the [[National Congress of Brazil|Brazilian National Congress]], he put forward one constitutional amendment and at least 171 bills, two of which became law.<ref>[https://politica.estadao.com.br/noticias/geral,bolsonaro-aprova-dois-projetos-em-26-anos-de-congresso,70001900653 "Bolsonaro aprova dois projetos em 26 anos de Congresso"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612142850/https://politica.estadao.com.br/noticias/geral,bolsonaro-aprova-dois-projetos-em-26-anos-de-congresso,70001900653 |date=12 June 2018 }} {{in lang|pt}}. Page accessed on 7 June 2018.</ref> Bolsonaro, who claims to be persecuted by the left-wing parties, said most congressmen do not vote according to their agenda, but "by who the author of the bill is".<ref>[https://g1.globo.com/politica/noticia/2015/06/camara-aprova-pela-primeira-vez-emenda-de-jair-bolsonaro.html "Câmara aprova pela primeira vez emenda de Jair Bolsonaro"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180718203306/http://g1.globo.com/politica/noticia/2015/06/camara-aprova-pela-primeira-vez-emenda-de-jair-bolsonaro.html |date=18 July 2018 }}. Page accessed on 1 August 2018.</ref>
-In January 2018, Bolsonaro abandoned the [[Social Christian Party (Brazil)|Social Christian Party]] and switched to the [[Social Liberal Party (Brazil)|Social Liberal Party]] (PSL).<ref>{{cite news |title=Deputado Jair Bolsonaro deixa o PSC e se filia ao PSL |trans-title=Congressman Jair Bolsonaro leaves the PSC and joins the PSL |url=https://pleno.news/brasil/politica-nacional/deputado-jair-bolsonaro-deixa-o-psc-e-se-filia-ao-psl.html |access-date=16 September 2018 |publisher=Pleno |date=5 January 2018 |language=pt |archive-date=25 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225071503/https://pleno.news/brasil/politica-nacional/deputado-jair-bolsonaro-deixa-o-psc-e-se-filia-ao-psl.html |url-status=live }}</ref> After his arrival, the PSL adopted [[Conservatism|conservative]] and [[Right-wing politics|right-wing]] positions, and its social liberal group ''[[Livres (movement)|Livres]]'' announced its departure from the PSL.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://politica.estadao.com.br/blogs/blog-do-fucs/com-chegada-de-bolsonaro-livres-anuncia-saida-do-psl/|title=Com chegada de Bolsonaro, Livres anuncia saída do PSL|access-date=7 December 2018|archive-date=21 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190321013923/https://politica.estadao.com.br/blogs/blog-do-fucs/com-chegada-de-bolsonaro-livres-anuncia-saida-do-psl/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nexojornal.com.br/expresso/2018/10/09/Como-o-PSL-tomou-espa%C3%A7o-da-centro-direita-na-C%C3%A2mara|title=Como o PSL tomou espaço da centro-direita na Câmara|website=Nexo Jornal|access-date=7 December 2018|archive-date=24 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181124135424/https://www.nexojornal.com.br/expresso/2018/10/09/Como-o-PSL-tomou-espa%C3%A7o-da-centro-direita-na-C%C3%A2mara|url-status=live}}</ref>
-=== Presidential campaign (2018) ===
-{{Main|Jair Bolsonaro presidential campaign}}
-On 22 July 2018, the PSL nominated Bolsonaro for president in the [[2018 Brazilian general election|2018 election]].<ref>{{cite web |title=PSL oficializa candidatura de Jair Bolsonaro à Presidência, mas adia definição de vice |url=https://g1.globo.com/politica/eleicoes/2018/noticia/2018/07/22/psl-confirma-candidatura-de-jair-bolsonaro-a-presidencia-da-republica.ghtml |access-date=7 September 2018 |url-status=live |archive-date=8 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180908151337/https://g1.globo.com/politica/eleicoes/2018/noticia/2018/07/22/psl-confirma-candidatura-de-jair-bolsonaro-a-presidencia-da-republica.ghtml}}</ref> The [[Brazilian Labour Renewal Party]] also endorsed him. His coalition name was "Brazil above everything, God above everyone" (''Brasil acima de tudo, Deus acima de todos'').<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.gazetadopovo.com.br/eleicoes/2018/brasil-acima-de-tudo-conheca-a-origem-do-slogan-de-bolsonaro-7r6utek3uk1axzyruk1fj9nas |title=Conheça a origem do slogan de Bolsonaro |work=Gazeta do Povo |access-date=1 November 2018 |url-status=live |language=pt-BR |archive-date=1 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181101095428/https://www.gazetadopovo.com.br/eleicoes/2018/brasil-acima-de-tudo-conheca-a-origem-do-slogan-de-bolsonaro-7r6utek3uk1axzyruk1fj9nas}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.economist.com/the-americas/2017/11/09/jair-bolsonaro-hopes-to-be-brazils-donald-trump |title=Jair Bolsonaro hopes to be Brazil's Donald Trump |newspaper=The Economist |access-date=1 November 2018 |url-status=live |archive-date=30 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181030165226/https://www.economist.com/the-americas/2017/11/09/jair-bolsonaro-hopes-to-be-brazils-donald-trump}}</ref> Though contested by two lawsuits, the [[Superior Electoral Court]] of Brazil deferred them and his candidacy was made official on 6{{nbsp}}August.<ref>{{cite news |title=TSE aprova por unanimidade candidatura de Bolsonaro à Presidência |work=G1 |language=pt |url=https://g1.globo.com/politica/eleicoes/2018/noticia/2018/09/06/tse-aprova-por-unanimidade-candidatura-de-bolsonaro-a-presidencia.ghtml |access-date=7 September 2018 |archive-date=6 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180906231625/https://g1.globo.com/politica/eleicoes/2018/noticia/2018/09/06/tse-aprova-por-unanimidade-candidatura-de-bolsonaro-a-presidencia.ghtml |url-status=live }}</ref> In August Bolsonaro announced that [[Antônio Hamilton Mourão]], a retired army general, would be his running mate.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://g1.globo.com/politica/eleicoes/2018/noticia/2018/08/05/bolsonaro-anuncia-general-mourao-como-vice.ghtml |title=Bolsonaro anuncia general Hamilton Mourão como vice |date=5 August 2013 |website=G1 |access-date=21 August 2018 |url-status=live |archive-date=6 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180806110757/https://g1.globo.com/politica/eleicoes/2018/noticia/2018/08/05/bolsonaro-anuncia-general-mourao-como-vice.ghtml}}</ref>
-[[File:Protesto pró-Bolsonaro em Londres.jpg|thumb|left|Bolsonaro supporters in London, 7{{nbsp}}October 2018]]
-According to political pundits, Bolsonaro moderated his tone early in the campaign, taking a less aggressive and confrontational style. Economically, he started to support less government intervention in the economy (in contrast to the past, when he defended [[Developmentalism|developmentalist]] policies). On the other hand, he maintained his tough stance on crime and his defense of "traditional family values".<ref>{{cite news|title= Bolsonaro modera discurso econômico em aceno ao mercado|url= https://istoe.com.br/bolsonaro-modera-discurso-economico-em-aceno-ao-mercado/|work= Isto É magazine|access-date= 7 September 2018|language= pt|archive-date= 7 September 2018|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20180907183206/https://istoe.com.br/bolsonaro-modera-discurso-economico-em-aceno-ao-mercado/|url-status= dead}}</ref> Bolsonaro also said he planned to cut [[Taxation in Brazil|taxes]] across the board, particularly on inheritances and businesses, to generate growth and tackle unemployment.<ref>{{cite news|title=Bolsonaro quer menos fiscal em empresas e nenhum imposto sobre herança|url=https://www.valor.com.br/politica/5574761/bolsonaro-quer-menos-fiscal-em-empresas-e-nenhum-imposto-sobre-heranca|first=Raphael|last=Di Cunto|work=Valor Econômico|date=6 June 2018|access-date=7 September 2018|language=pt|archive-date=9 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180909073835/https://www.valor.com.br/politica/5574761/bolsonaro-quer-menos-fiscal-em-empresas-e-nenhum-imposto-sobre-heranca|url-status=dead}}</ref> He also promised more [[austerity]] measures and cuts in government spending, but had difficulty naming the areas where he would make cuts. He also said he would work to diminish the federal government's size and bureaucracy by enacting a wide variety of [[deregulation]] measures.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://oglobo.globo.com/brasil/em-encontro-com-empresarios-bolsonaro-promete-gestao-austera-corte-de-impostos-22851805|title=Em encontro com empresários, Bolsonaro promete gestão austera e e corte de impostos|date=4 July 2018|access-date=8 September 2018|website=G1|archive-date=8 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180908054237/https://oglobo.globo.com/brasil/em-encontro-com-empresarios-bolsonaro-promete-gestao-austera-corte-de-impostos-22851805|url-status=live}}</ref> Bolsonaro's promises to [[Law and order (politics)|restore security]] amid [[Crime in Brazil|record high crime]] and to stamp out Brazil's rampant [[Corruption in Brazil|political corruption]] won him huge popular support.<ref>{{cite news |title=How Women Could Win It for Bolsonaro |url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2018/10/26/how-women-could-win-it-for-bolsonaro/ |work=Foreign Policy |date=26 October 2018 |access-date=30 October 2018 |archive-date=30 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181030131238/https://foreignpolicy.com/2018/10/26/how-women-could-win-it-for-bolsonaro/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In October, he announced he would name [[Economic liberalism|liberal]] economist [[Paulo Guedes]] as his finance minister.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://politica.estadao.com.br/noticias/eleicoes,bolsonaro-anuncia-nomes-de-tres-ministros-em-eventual-governo,70002544037|title=Bolsonaro anuncia nomes de três ministros em eventual governo – Política|website=Estadão|access-date=7 December 2018|archive-date=16 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181016164906/https://politica.estadao.com.br/noticias/eleicoes,bolsonaro-anuncia-nomes-de-tres-ministros-em-eventual-governo,70002544037|url-status=dead}}</ref>
-On 9 August 2018, Bolsonaro attended the first presidential debate of the year, organized by the TV network [[Rede Bandeirantes]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Band faz primeiro debate com candidatos ao Planalto nesta quinta|url=https://www1.folha.uol.com.br/poder/2018/08/band-faz-primeiro-debate-com-candidatos-ao-planalto-nesta-quinta.shtml|work=Folha.uol.com.br|access-date=7 September 2018|language=pt|archive-date=20 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180820074655/https://www1.folha.uol.com.br/poder/2018/08/band-faz-primeiro-debate-com-candidatos-ao-planalto-nesta-quinta.shtml|url-status=live}}</ref> A week later, there was another debate at [[RedeTV!]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Oito presidenciáveis discutem propostas de governo no segundo debate da campanha eleitoral de 2018|url=https://g1.globo.com/politica/eleicoes/2018/noticia/2018/08/18/oito-presidenciaveis-discutem-propostas-de-governo-no-segundo-debate-da-campanha-eleitoral-de-2018.ghtml|work=G1|access-date=7 September 2018|language=pt|archive-date=7 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180907032632/https://g1.globo.com/politica/eleicoes/2018/noticia/2018/08/18/oito-presidenciaveis-discutem-propostas-de-governo-no-segundo-debate-da-campanha-eleitoral-de-2018.ghtml|url-status=live}}</ref> On 28 August, he gave an interview to [[Jornal Nacional]], Brazil's highest-rated primetime news program, at [[Rede Globo]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Jair Bolsonaro (PSL) é entrevistado no Jornal Nacional|url=https://g1.globo.com/jornal-nacional/noticia/2018/08/28/jair-bolsonaro-psl-e-entrevistado-no-jornal-nacional.ghtml|work=G1|access-date=7 September 2018|language=pt|archive-date=7 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180907032536/https://g1.globo.com/jornal-nacional/noticia/2018/08/28/jair-bolsonaro-psl-e-entrevistado-no-jornal-nacional.ghtml|url-status=live}}</ref>
-Bolsonaro was the first presidential candidate to raise over [[Brazilian real|R$]]1 million in donations from the public during the 2018 campaign. In the first 59 days, he amassed an average of R$17,000 per day.<ref>{{cite news|title=Bolsonaro é 1º presidenciável a arrecadar mais de R$ 1 milhão em vaquinha|url=https://noticias.uol.com.br/politica/eleicoes/2018/noticias/2018/09/03/bolsonaro-arrecada-mais-de-r-1-milhao-veja-quanto-renderam-vaquinhas.htm|work=UOL Eleições|access-date=7 September 2018|language=pt|archive-date=7 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180907032625/https://noticias.uol.com.br/politica/eleicoes/2018/noticias/2018/09/03/bolsonaro-arrecada-mais-de-r-1-milhao-veja-quanto-renderam-vaquinhas.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>
-After the [[Workers' Party (Brazil)|Workers' Party]] candidate [[Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva]] was arrested in April 2018, Bolsonaro became the front-runner in the election, according to all major opinion polls.<ref>{{cite journal|url=https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/brazil/2018-07-12/will-brazils-next-president-be-far-right-nationalist|title=Will Brazil's Next President be a Far-Right Nationalist?|journal=Foreign Affairs|access-date=30 September 2018|date=12 July 2018|archive-date=29 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180929155411/https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/brazil/2018-07-12/will-brazils-next-president-be-far-right-nationalist|url-status=live|last1=Carazza|first1=Bruno}}</ref><ref name="Disciple">{{cite news | last1=Brooks | first1=Brad | title=A Disciple of Brazil's Dictatorship Moves Closer to the Presidency | url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-brazil-election-bolsonaro-newsmaker/a-disciple-of-brazils-dictatorship-moves-closer-to-the-presidency-idUSKCN1MF1DP | date=5 October 2018 | newspaper=[[Reuters]] | access-date=5 October 2018 | archive-date=5 October 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181005123917/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-brazil-election-bolsonaro-newsmaker/a-disciple-of-brazils-dictatorship-moves-closer-to-the-presidency-idUSKCN1MF1DP | url-status=live }}</ref> A ''[[Datafolha]]'' poll from September showed Bolsonaro as the leading candidate in the first round with 28% of vote intentions, though runoff scenarios showed him losing to [[Geraldo Alckmin]], [[Fernando Haddad]] and [[Ciro Gomes]] and tying with [[Marina Silva]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://politica.estadao.com.br/noticias/eleicoes,bolsonaro-mantem-lideranca-mas-perde-para-adversarios-no-2-turno-diz-pesquisa,70002524399|title=Bolsonaro mantém liderança mas perde para adversários no 2º turno, diz pesquisa|work=Estado de São Paulo|access-date=30 September 2018|archive-date=30 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180930232045/https://politica.estadao.com.br/noticias/eleicoes,bolsonaro-mantem-lideranca-mas-perde-para-adversarios-no-2-turno-diz-pesquisa,70002524399|url-status=live}}</ref> Another ''Datafolha'' poll, conducted the week before election day, showed a considerable surge for Bolsonaro, who had 40% of vote intentions, or 36% when null or blank vote intentions were included. Haddad came in second with 25%, and Gomes third with 15%.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://g1.globo.com/politica/eleicoes/2018/noticia/2018/10/06/datafolha-para-presidente-votos-validos-bolsonaro-40-haddad-25-ciro-15-alckmin-8.ghtml|title=Datafolha para presidente, votos válidos: Bolsonaro, 40%; Haddad, 25%; Ciro, 15%; Alckmin, 8%|work=G1|access-date=7 October 2018|archive-date=7 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181007015617/https://g1.globo.com/politica/eleicoes/2018/noticia/2018/10/06/datafolha-para-presidente-votos-validos-bolsonaro-40-haddad-25-ciro-15-alckmin-8.ghtml|url-status=live}}</ref>
-The first round of the election occurred on 7{{nbsp}}October 2018. Bolsonaro finished in first place with 46% of the popular vote (49.2 million). Since he failed to win 50%, he faced the second-place finisher, Haddad, in a runoff held on 28 October 2018.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-45780176|title=Jair Bolsonaro: Far-right candidate wins first round of Brazil election|work=BBC|access-date=8 October 2018|date=8 October 2018|archive-date=19 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190619130608/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-45780176|url-status=live}}</ref>
-[[File:2019 Solenidade de Assinatura do Decreto que revoga o Horário de Verão (cropped).jpg|thumb|upright|Bolsonaro is known for his [[finger-gun]] gesture, which he used during the presidential campaign.]]
-After the first round, when his victory looked certain, Bolsonaro gave a speech by videolink to thousands of supporters who gathered at Paulista Avenue, in São Paulo. In the speech, he threatened to arrest, purge or kill "reds" and "petralhas" (a derogatory term for Worker's Party's members), and promised that members of the social movements [[Landless Workers' Movement|MST]] and [[Homeless Workers' Movement|MTST]] would be treated as "terrorists". He said: "This time, the clean-up will be even greater. This group ["reds"], if they want to stay, will have to abide by our laws{{nbsp}}... These red outlaws will be banned from our homeland. Either they go overseas, or they go to jail{{nbsp}}... Petralhada, you all go to the edge of the beach. It will be a cleaning never seen in the history of Brazil".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://br.reuters.com/article/topNews/idBRKCN1MW017-OBRTP|title="Esses marginais vermelhos serão banidos de nossa pátria", diz{{nbsp}}...|date=22 October 2018|website=Br.reuters.com|access-date=8 March 2019|archive-date=17 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190117095602/https://br.reuters.com/article/topNews/idBRKCN1MW017-OBRTP|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/oct/22/brazils-jair-bolsonaro-says-he-would-put-army-on-streets-to-fight|title=Brazil's Jair Bolsonaro threatens purge of leftwing 'outlaws'|first=Tom Phillips Latin America|last=correspondent|date=22 October 2018|website=Theguardian.com|access-date=7 March 2019|archive-date=26 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190226060918/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/oct/22/brazils-jair-bolsonaro-says-he-would-put-army-on-streets-to-fight|url-status=live}}</ref> The "edge of the beach", a Bolsonaro aide later confirmed, was a reference to a [[Brazilian Navy|Navy]] base at [[Restinga da Marambaia]], in Rio de Janeiro State, where the [[Brazilian military dictatorship]] tortured and killed dissidents.<ref name="uol.com.br">{{cite web|url=https://www1.folha.uol.com.br/poder/2018/12/bolsonaro-fez-referencia-a-area-de-desova-de-mortos-pela-ditadura.shtml|title=Bolsonaro fez referência a área de desova de mortos pela ditadura|date=29 December 2018|website=Folha de S.Paulo|access-date=8 March 2019|archive-date=31 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190331173321/https://www1.folha.uol.com.br/poder/2018/12/bolsonaro-fez-referencia-a-area-de-desova-de-mortos-pela-ditadura.shtml|url-status=live}}</ref> The speech was widely condemned by rivals, journalists and politicians.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://jornalggn.com.br/eleicoes/fascismo-ditadura-morte-da-democracia-as-reacoes-a-ameaca-de-bolsonaro-aos-adversarios-politicos-e-a-folha/|title=Fascismo e ditadura: as reações à ameaça de Bolsonaro aos adversários políticos e à Folha|first=Cíntia|last=Alves|date=22 October 2018|website=Jornalggn.com|access-date=8 March 2019|archive-date=12 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200612150259/https://jornalggn.com.br/eleicoes/fascismo-ditadura-morte-da-democracia-as-reacoes-a-ameaca-de-bolsonaro-aos-adversarios-politicos-e-a-folha/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://blogdosakamoto.blogosfera.uol.com.br/2018/10/22/apos-justica-demonstrar-fraqueza-bolsonaro-avisa-que-banira-opositores/|title=Após Justiça demonstrar fraqueza, Bolsonaro avisa que banirá opositores|website=blogdosakamoto.blogosfera.uol.com.br|access-date=8 March 2019|archive-date=7 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181107211803/https://blogdosakamoto.blogosfera.uol.com.br/2018/10/22/apos-justica-demonstrar-fraqueza-bolsonaro-avisa-que-banira-opositores/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://epoca.globo.com/conrado-hubner-mendes/nunca-mais-nunca-menos-23195184|title=Nunca mais, nunca menos|first=Conrado Hübner|last=Mendes|date=29 October 2018|website=Época|access-date=8 March 2019|archive-date=9 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190109191914/https://epoca.globo.com/conrado-hubner-mendes/nunca-mais-nunca-menos-23195184|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www1.folha.uol.com.br/ilustrissima/2019/01/bolsonaro-inaugura-o-presidencialismo-de-assombracao-diz-renato-lessa.shtml|title=Bolsonaro inaugura o presidencialismo de assombração, diz Renato Lessa|date=5 January 2019|website=Folha de S.Paulo|access-date=8 March 2019|archive-date=5 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190305203400/https://www1.folha.uol.com.br/ilustrissima/2019/01/bolsonaro-inaugura-o-presidencialismo-de-assombracao-diz-renato-lessa.shtml|url-status=live}}</ref>
-Bolsonaro won the runoff election with 55.13% of the votes, and was elected the 38th president of Brazil.<ref>{{cite news|title=Brazil's far-right candidate takes big lead in presidential election |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/amphtml/world/the_americas/brazilians-vote-in-presidential-election-with-a-trump-fan-as-front-runner/2018/10/07/7d82d512-c65d-11e8-9c0f-2ffaf6d422aa_story.html|newspaper=The Washington Post |access-date=7 October 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|author=Tom Phillips|date=29 October 2018 |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/oct/28/jair-bolsonaro-wins-brazil-presidential-election |title=Jair Bolsonaro declared Brazil's next president|newspaper=[[The Guardian]]|access-date=7 December 2018|archive-date=7 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181207045914/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/oct/28/jair-bolsonaro-wins-brazil-presidential-election|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|first1=Ernesto|last1=Londoño |first2=Shasta|last2=Darlington|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/10/28/world/americas/jair-bolsonaro-brazil-election.html|title=Jair Bolsonaro Wins Brazil's Presidency, in a Shift to the Far Right|date=28 October 2018|access-date=7 December 2018|newspaper=The New York Times|archive-date=21 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190321013923/https://www.nytimes.com/2018/10/28/world/americas/jair-bolsonaro-brazil-election.html|url-status=live}}</ref> He took office on 1{{nbsp}}January 2019.<ref>{{cite web|title=Jair Bolsonaro sworn in as president of Brazil|url=https://www.heraldsun.com.au/news/world/jair-bolsonaro-sworn-in-as-president-of-brazil/video/f7fa46708a7a55391d7b9391b5aa0db8|date=2 January 2019 |website=Herald Sun|access-date=2 January 2019|url-status=live|archive-date=13 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200613151325/https://www.heraldsun.com.au/news/world/jair-bolsonaro-sworn-in-as-president-of-brazil/video/f7fa46708a7a55391d7b9391b5aa0db8}}</ref>
-During the campaign, academics repeatedly raised concerns about the consequences of Bolsonaro's rise for the Brazilian democracy. In the news magazine ''[[Foreign Policy]]'', [[Federico Finchelstein]], a historian at the [[New School for Social Research]] who specializes in fascism, wrote, "Bolsonaro's vocabulary recalls the rhetoric behind Nazi policies of persecution and victimization. But does sounding like a Nazi make him a Nazi? Insomuch as he believes in holding elections, he is not there yet. However, things could change quickly if he gains power."<ref>{{cite web|first=Federico|last=Finchelstein |title=Jair Bolsonaro's Model Isn't Berlusconi. It's Goebbels. |website=Foreignpolicy.com |url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2018/10/05/bolsonaros-model-its-goebbels-fascism-nazism-brazil-latin-america-populism-argentina-venezuela/|access-date=9 March 2019|url-status=live|archive-date=26 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190326232416/https://foreignpolicy.com/2018/10/05/bolsonaros-model-its-goebbels-fascism-nazism-brazil-latin-america-populism-argentina-venezuela/}}</ref> [[Jason Stanley]], a [[Yale]] philosopher who has published widely on Nazism, said that Bolsonaro "uses more tactics associated to fascism than [the] American president Donald Trump".<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www1.folha.uol.com.br/internacional/en/world/2018/10/bolsonaro-uses-same-fascist-tactics-as-trump-says-yale-professor.shtml|title=Bolsonaro Uses Same Fascist Tactics As Trump, Says Yale Professor |date=4 October 2018 |website=Folha de S.Paulo|access-date=9 March 2019|archive-date=27 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190327090853/https://www1.folha.uol.com.br/internacional/en/world/2018/10/bolsonaro-uses-same-fascist-tactics-as-trump-says-yale-professor.shtml|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Harvard University|Harvard]]'s [[Steven Levitsky]] said that Bolsonaro "is clearly authoritarian", but not a fascist.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.com/portuguese/brasil-45829323|title=Por que este professor de Harvard acredita que a democracia brasileira está em risco|first=Ricardo|last=Ferraz|date=19 October 2018|website=Bbc.com|access-date=9 March 2019 |url-status=live|archive-date=27 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190327101339/https://www.bbc.com/portuguese/brasil-45829323}}</ref> Similar concerns were raised by analysts in Portugal<ref>{{cite web |first=João Miguel|last=Tavares |url=https://www.publico.pt/2018/10/06/mundo/opiniao/bolsonaro-um-fascista-e-um-fascista-1846282 |title=Bolsonaro: um fascista é um fascista|website=PÚBLICO|access-date=9 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190327112250/https://www.publico.pt/2018/10/06/mundo/opiniao/bolsonaro-um-fascista-e-um-fascista-1846282|archive-date=27 March 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> and Brazil.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nexojornal.com.br/colunistas/2018/N%C3%A3o-use-a-palavra-%E2%80%98fascismo%E2%80%99-em-v%C3%A3o|title=Não use a palavra 'fascismo' em vão|website=Nexo Jornal|access-date=9 March 2019|archive-date=27 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190327085924/https://www.nexojornal.com.br/colunistas/2018/N%C3%A3o-use-a-palavra-%E2%80%98fascismo%E2%80%99-em-v%C3%A3o|url-status=live}}</ref> Others, such as Marxist historian [[Perry Anderson]], dismissed the "fascist" and "populist" labels altogether.<ref>{{cite journal|url=https://www.lrb.co.uk/v41/n03/perry-anderson/bolsonaros-brazil|title=Bolsonaro's Brazil|first=Perry|last=Anderson|date=7 February 2019|issue=3|pages=11–22|journal=London Review of Books|volume=41|access-date=9 March 2019|archive-date=26 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190326122031/https://www.lrb.co.uk/v41/n03/perry-anderson/bolsonaros-brazil|url-status=live}}</ref>
-Another highly controversial aspect of the campaign was the alleged use of illegal digital communication strategies by some of Bolsonaro's most important financial supporters. According to an investigation by ''[[Folha de S.Paulo]]'', one of Brazil's best-selling newspapers, "Bolsonaro has been getting an illegal helping hand from a group of Brazilian entrepreneurs who are bankrolling a campaign to bombard [[WhatsApp]] users with [[fake news]] about Haddad."<ref>{{cite web|author=Tom Phillips|date=18 October 2018|website=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/oct/18/brazil-jair-bolsonaro-whatsapp-fake-news-campaign |title=Bolsonaro business backers accused of illegal Whatsapp fake news campaign|access-date=9 March 2019|url-status=live|archive-date=8 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190308202314/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/oct/18/brazil-jair-bolsonaro-whatsapp-fake-news-campaign}}</ref> The suspicions led to a formal investigation by electoral authorities and the Federal Police; Bolsonaro and allies denied any wrongdoing.<ref>{{cite web |title=TSE e PF vão investigar se empresas bancaram esquema ilegal pró-Bolsonaro no WhatsApp |author=Ricardo della Coletta |url=https://brasil.elpais.com/brasil/2018/10/19/politica/1539978047_019665.html |date=20 October 2018 |website=El País |language=pt |access-date=9 March 2019 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181105220232/https://brasil.elpais.com/brasil/2018/10/19/politica/1539978047_019665.html |archive-date=5 November 2018}}</ref> Another controversial point was that Taíse Feijó, now an adviser in Bolsonaro's government, was among those paid to feed fake news to his supporters.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.huffpost.com/entry/brazil-jair-bolsonaro-whatsapp_n_5d542b0de4b05fa9df088ccc |title=WhatsApp Is Radicalizing The Right In Bolsonaro's Brazil|last=Nemer|first=David|date=16 August 2019 |website=HuffPost|access-date=23 January 2020|url-status=live|archive-date=31 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200131133309/https://www.huffpost.com/entry/brazil-jair-bolsonaro-whatsapp_n_5d542b0de4b05fa9df088ccc}}</ref>
-==== Stabbing attack during campaign ====
-[[File:Bolsonaro é esfaqueado (2).jpg|thumb|The moment Bolsonaro was attacked at the [[Juiz de Fora]] rally]]
-Bolsonaro was stabbed in the abdomen on 6{{nbsp}}September 2018 while campaigning and interacting with supporters in [[Juiz de Fora]], [[Minas Gerais]].<ref name="Londono18">{{cite news |last1=Londoño |first1=Ernesto |title=Brazil Presidential Candidate Jair Bolsonaro Is Stabbed at Campaign Rally |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/09/06/world/americas/brazil-jair-bolsonaro.html |access-date=6 September 2018 |work=The New York Times |date=6 September 2018 |archive-date=7 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180907010028/https://www.nytimes.com/2018/09/06/world/americas/brazil-jair-bolsonaro.html |url-status=live }}</ref> At first, his son [[Flávio Bolsonaro]] stated that his father's wounds were only superficial and he was recovering in the hospital,<ref>{{cite news |last1=Phillips |first1=Dom |title=Jair Bolsonaro: Brazil's far-right presidential hopeful stabbed at campaign rally |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/sep/06/brazil-jair-bolsonaro-far-right-presidential-candidate-stabbed |access-date=6 September 2018 |work=the Guardian |date=6 September 2018 |archive-date=28 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200528160925/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/sep/06/brazil-jair-bolsonaro-far-right-presidential-candidate-stabbed |url-status=live }}</ref> but he later said the wounds seemed worse than initially thought<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/the_americas/right-wing-brazilian-presidential-candidate-jair-bolsonaro-stabbed-while-campaigning/2018/09/06/62381332-b20b-11e8-8b53-50116768e499_story.html|title=Brazilian presidential front-runner is stabbed while campaigning|date=6 September 2018|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|archive-date=7 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180907112900/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/the_americas/right-wing-brazilian-presidential-candidate-jair-bolsonaro-stabbed-while-campaigning/2018/09/06/62381332-b20b-11e8-8b53-50116768e499_story.html|url-status=live}}</ref> and his father most likely would not be able to start campaigning personally before the end of the first round.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-45451473|title=Stabbed Brazil politician 'lost 40% blood'|date=8 September 2018|work=BBC News|access-date=9 September 2018|archive-date=9 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180909020435/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-45451473|url-status=live}}</ref> He tweeted about his father's condition, explaining that the perforation had reached parts of the liver, lung, and intestine. He also said that Bolsonaro had lost a large amount of blood, arriving at the hospital with severe [[hypotension]] (his [[blood pressure]] was 10/3, equivalent to 100/30 mmHg), but that he had since stabilized.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://twitter.com/FlavioBolsonaro/status/1037808900660256773|title=Flávio Bolsonaro 177 Senador_RJ Verified account|last=Flávio|first=Bolsonaro|date=6 September 2018|website=Twitter|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180907032456/https://twitter.com/flaviobolsonaro/status/1037808900660256773|archive-date=7 September 2018|url-status=live|access-date=6 September 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Savarese |first1=Mauricio |last2=Prengaman |first2=Peter |title=Brazilian candidate Jair Bolsonaro stabbed during event |url=https://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/brazilian-candidate-jair-bolsonaro-stabbed-event-57652075 |access-date=6 September 2018 |work=ABC News |date=6 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180906232058/https://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/brazilian-candidate-jair-bolsonaro-stabbed-event-57652075 |archive-date=6 September 2018 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="Londono18" /> The attack was condemned by most of the other candidates in the presidential race, and by then [[President of Brazil|president]] [[Michel Temer]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Bolsonaro leva facada em MG: veja repercussão |work=G1.com |date=6 September 2018 |language=pt |url=https://g1.globo.com/politica/eleicoes/2018/noticia/2018/09/06/bolsonaro-leva-facada-veja-repercussao.ghtml |access-date=6 September 2018 |archive-date=7 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180907001457/https://g1.globo.com/politica/eleicoes/2018/noticia/2018/09/06/bolsonaro-leva-facada-veja-repercussao.ghtml |url-status=live }}</ref> The day after the attack, Bolsonaro was transferred to the [[Albert Einstein Israelite Hospital]] in [[São Paulo]], after a request from his family. According to the doctors, he was in an "extremely stable" condition.<ref>{{cite news|title=Jair Bolsonaro é internado no Hospital Albert Einstein, em SP|url=https://g1.globo.com/sp/sao-paulo/noticia/2018/09/07/jair-bolsonaro-chega-a-sao-paulo-para-ser-internado-no-albert-einstein.ghtml|work=G1|access-date=7 September 2018|language=pt|archive-date=7 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180907155053/https://g1.globo.com/sp/sao-paulo/noticia/2018/09/07/jair-bolsonaro-chega-a-sao-paulo-para-ser-internado-no-albert-einstein.ghtml|url-status=live}}</ref>
-Police arrested and identified the attacker as Adélio Bispo de Oliveira, who, according to security agents, claimed he was on "a mission from God".<ref>{{cite news|title=Brazilian presidential candidate stabbed at campaign rally|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/brazilian-candidate-stabbed-gets-hospital-almost-dead-n907311|date=6 September 2018|work=NBC News|access-date=7 September 2018|archive-date=7 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180907014410/https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/brazilian-candidate-stabbed-gets-hospital-almost-dead-n907311|url-status=live}}</ref> He had been a member of the [[Socialism and Liberty Party]] from 2007 to 2014. His social media posts included political criticisms of both Bolsonaro and Temer.<ref>{{cite news|title=Quem é o autor do ataque a Bolsonaro |url=https://brasil.elpais.com/brasil/2018/09/07/politica/1536275050_403883.html|work=El País Brasil|access-date=7 September 2018|language=pt|archive-date=7 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180907125256/https://brasil.elpais.com/brasil/2018/09/07/politica/1536275050_403883.html|url-status=live}}</ref> But an initial Federal Police investigation concluded that Adélio had no help from political organizations and acted alone.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://g1.globo.com/jornal-nacional/noticia/2018/09/28/pf-conclui-que-agressor-de-jair-bolsonaro-agiu-sozinho.ghtml|title=PF conclui que agressor de Jair Bolsonaro agiu sozinho|website=G1|access-date=8 March 2019|archive-date=28 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190128082737/https://g1.globo.com/jornal-nacional/noticia/2018/09/28/pf-conclui-que-agressor-de-jair-bolsonaro-agiu-sozinho.ghtml|url-status=live}}</ref> A medical report produced for a second investigation concluded that Bispo is mentally disturbed, having a "permanent paranoid delusional disorder" which, according to Brazilian law, prevents him from being considered legally liable for his actions.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://g1.globo.com/mg/minas-gerais/noticia/2019/03/07/laudo-aponta-que-agressor-de-bolsonaro-tem-doenca-mental.ghtml|title=Laudo aponta que agressor de Bolsonaro tem doença mental|website=G1|access-date=8 March 2019|archive-date=8 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190308041657/https://g1.globo.com/mg/minas-gerais/noticia/2019/03/07/laudo-aponta-que-agressor-de-bolsonaro-tem-doenca-mental.ghtml|url-status=live}}</ref> In a May 2019 decision, the Federal Court found Bispo not liable. Bolsonaro did not appeal the decision.<ref name=":7">{{cite web|author=Maria Eduarda Pessoa|date=2021-11-04|title=Em depoimento à PF, Bolsonaro reclama de inação de Moro na investigação de facada|url=https://www.opovo.com.br/noticias/politica/2021/11/04/em-depoimento-a-pf-bolsonaro-reclama-de-inacao-de-moro-na-investigacao-de-facada.html|access-date=2021-11-04|website=O POVO|language=pt-br}}</ref>
-On 29 September, a month after the attack, Bolsonaro was released from the hospital and returned to his home in Rio de Janeiro. His condition prevented him from returning to the campaign trail for the remainder of the first round of the presidential election.<ref>{{cite news|title=Bolsonaro recebe alta e deixa hospital em São Paulo|url=https://g1.globo.com/sp/sao-paulo/eleicoes/2018/noticia/2018/09/29/bolsonaro-recebe-alta-de-hospital-em-sao-paulo-diz-presidente-do-psl.ghtml|work=G1|access-date=30 September 2018|language=pt|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180929192357/https://g1.globo.com/sp/sao-paulo/eleicoes/2018/noticia/2018/09/29/bolsonaro-recebe-alta-de-hospital-em-sao-paulo-diz-presidente-do-psl.ghtml|archive-date=29 September 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>
-The first federal police investigation into the attack concluded that the attacker acted alone, but the investigation "leaves out many issues".<ref>{{cite web|last=Paiva|first=Fred Melo|date=2019-01-26|title=O que tem de verdade na "Facada no Mito"?|url=https://www.cartacapital.com.br/politica/a-faca-de-dois-gumes/|access-date=2021-11-04|website=CartaCapital|language=pt-BR}}</ref> Bolsonaro said he did not observe "any effort by former minister [[Sergio Moro]] to resolve the matter."<ref name=":7" /> Joaquim de Carvalho has said that the police left out of their investigation the search for information by a mastermind of the attack or even a self-attack. For this, expert medical examination of Bolsonaro and review of the medical records would be needed.<ref>{{cite web|last=Emilio|first=Paulo|date=2021-11-04|title=Flavio Bolsonaro faz ataque ao 247 por causa do documentário sobre a "fakeada"|url=https://www.brasil247.com/brasil/flavio-bolsonaro-faz-ataque-ao-247-por-causa-do-documentario-sobre-a-fakeada|access-date=2021-11-05|website=Brasil 247|language=pt-br}}</ref>
-==== Personal motto ====
-Bolsonaro's personal [[motto]], which he established in 2016, is [[Gospel of John|John]] 8:32: "[[The truth will set you free]]".<ref>{{Cite tweet|user=jairbolsonaro|number=727618002737348608 |title=João 8:32 - " E conhecereis a verdade, e a verdade vos libertará" |access-date=2022-07-01 |website=Twitter |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last1=Minas |first1=Estado de |last2=Minas |first2=Estado de |date=2019-08-26 |title=Bolsonaro cita João 8:32 e afirma que revelará 'a verdade' sobre a Amazônia |url=https://www.em.com.br/app/noticia/politica/2019/08/26/interna_politica,1080106/bolsonaro-cita-joao-8-32-afirma-revelara-verdade-sobre-amazonia.shtml |access-date=2022-07-01 |website=Estado de Minas |language=pt-BR}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=João 8:32 - " E conhecereis a... - Jair Messias Bolsonaro {{!}} By Jair Messias Bolsonaro {{!}} João 8:32 - " E conhecereis a verdade, e a verdade vos libertará". |url=https://www.facebook.com/jairmessias.bolsonaro/videos/jo%C3%A3o-832-e-conhecereis-a-verdade-e-a-verdade-vos-libertar%C3%A1/626043744211282/ |language=en |access-date=2022-07-01}}</ref>
-==== Protests ====
-{{Main|Ele Não movement}}
-[[File:EleNao (Porto Alegre, 2018-09-29) 63.jpg|thumb|Demonstration against Bolsonaro in [[Porto Alegre]], part of the [[Ele Não movement]]]]
-In the same weekend he left the hospital, thousands of people took the streets in dozens of cities in Brazil to protest against Bolsonaro and his political stances, chanting "''{{lang|pt|Ele não}}''" ("Not him").<ref name="globalnews">{{cite web|url=https://globalnews.ca/news/4500818/jair-bolsonaro-brazil-election-protests/|title=Thousands protest leading far-right presidential candidate in Brazil|work=Global News|access-date=30 September 2018|date=29 September 2018|archive-date=30 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180930015754/https://globalnews.ca/news/4500818/jair-bolsonaro-brazil-election-protests/|url-status=live}}</ref> There were also rallies in support of the candidate in sixteen states.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://g1.globo.com/jornal-nacional/noticia/2018/09/29/manifestacoes-a-favor-de-bolsonaro-ocorrem-em-16-estados.ghtml|title=Manifestações a favor de Bolsonaro ocorrem em 16 estados|work=G1|access-date=30 September 2018|archive-date=30 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180930041841/https://g1.globo.com/jornal-nacional/noticia/2018/09/29/manifestacoes-a-favor-de-bolsonaro-ocorrem-em-16-estados.ghtml|url-status=live}}</ref>
-=== Presidency (2019–present) ===
-{{main|Presidency of Jair Bolsonaro}}
-[[File:Solenidades. Homenagens (44744824410).jpg|thumb|left|[[Michel Temer]] with Bolsonaro and his wife [[Michelle Bolsonaro|Michelle]] during the [[Brazilian presidential inauguration|inauguration]] on 1 January 2019]]
-Bolsonaro was sworn in as President of the Republic on 1{{nbsp}}January 2019, succeeding [[Michel Temer]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/latino/will-bolsonaro-win-brazil-usher-right-wing-ripple-effects-latin-n926816|title=Will Bolsonaro's victory in Brazil usher right-wing ripple effects in Latin America?|website=NBC News|access-date=7 December 2018|archive-date=7 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181207060713/https://www.nbcnews.com/news/latino/will-bolsonaro-win-brazil-usher-right-wing-ripple-effects-latin-n926816|url-status=live}}</ref> Bolsonaro began to [[Bolsonaro administration cabinet members|get his cabinet together]] before his inauguration, choosing economist [[Paulo Guedes]] as his Economy minister and astronaut [[Marcos Pontes]] as his Science and Technology minister.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://g1.globo.com/politica/noticia/2018/10/31/bolsonaro-anuncia-astronauta-marcos-pontes-como-ministro-da-ciencia-e-tecnologia.ghtml|title=Bolsonaro anuncia astronauta Marcos Pontes como ministro da Ciência e Tecnologia|website=G1|access-date=7 December 2018|archive-date=20 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181120102811/https://g1.globo.com/politica/noticia/2018/10/31/bolsonaro-anuncia-astronauta-marcos-pontes-como-ministro-da-ciencia-e-tecnologia.ghtml|url-status=live}}</ref> Bolsonaro initially said his cabinet would be composed of 15 members; this figure later rose to 22 when he announced his final minister, [[Ricardo Salles]], in December. His predecessor, [[Michel Temer]], had a cabinet of 29 members.<ref name=P360Cabinet>{{cite web|url=https://www.poder360.com.br/governo/saiba-quem-sao-os-22-ministros-da-esplanada-de-bolsonaro/|title=Saiba quem são os 22 ministros da Esplanada de Bolsonaro|date=10 December 2018|website=Poder360|access-date=2 January 2019|archive-date=15 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181215123731/https://www.poder360.com.br/governo/saiba-quem-sao-os-22-ministros-da-esplanada-de-bolsonaro/|url-status=live}}</ref>
-Bolsonaro's [[Cabinet of Brazil|cabinet]] is composed of 16 ministers, two cabinet-level positions, and four presidential secretaries, including Chief of Staff [[Onyx Lorenzoni]].<ref name=P360Cabinet /> Bolsonaro's ministers included [[Operation Car Wash]] judge [[Sérgio Moro]] as Justice minister and congresswoman [[Tereza Cristina]] as minister of Agriculture.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-46063656|title=Brazil top judge becomes justice minister|date=1 November 2018|access-date=7 December 2018|website=Bbc.com|archive-date=6 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181206015101/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-46063656|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://politica.estadao.com.br/noticias/geral,bolsonaro-escolhe-deputada-tereza-cristina-para-chefiar-ministerio-da-agricultura,70002593049|title=Bolsonaro escolhe deputada Tereza Cristina para chefiar Ministério da Agricultura – Política|website=Estadão|access-date=7 December 2018|archive-date=16 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181116074748/https://politica.estadao.com.br/noticias/geral,bolsonaro-escolhe-deputada-tereza-cristina-para-chefiar-ministerio-da-agricultura,70002593049|url-status=live}}</ref>
-Early in his administration, Bolsonaro focused primarily on domestic and economic issues, ranging from tax reform to changes in social security, but he faced an uphill battle with Congress.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.wilsoncenter.org/blog-post/whats-happening-pension-reform-brazil|title=What's Happening with Pension Reform in Brazil?|website=Wilsoncenter.org|date=22 October 2019|access-date=7 May 2021}}</ref> Bolsonaro stripped the indigenous affairs agency [[Fundação Nacional do Índio|FUNAI]] of the responsibility to identify and demarcate [[Indigenous territory (Brazil)|indigenous lands]], arguing that those territories have tiny, isolated populations who would be controlled by NPOs, and proposing to integrate them into the larger Brazilian society. Critics feared that such integration would lead [[Indigenous peoples in Brazil|Brazilian Amerindians]] to suffer [[cultural assimilation]].<ref name="Indigenous Global Affairs">{{cite news |title=Brazil's new president makes it harder to define indigenous lands |url=https://globalnews.ca/news/4808295/jair-bolsonaro-funai-indigenous-farm-brazil/ |work=Global News |date=2 January 2019 |access-date=17 January 2019 |archive-date=19 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190119121906/https://globalnews.ca/news/4808295/jair-bolsonaro-funai-indigenous-farm-brazil/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Argentine President [[Mauricio Macri]] was the first foreign leader Bolsonaro received on a state visit to [[Brasília]] after he became president.<ref>{{cite news|date=16 January 2019|title=All Smiles in Brasilia as Macri and Bolsonaro Reset Relationship|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2019-01-16/all-smiles-in-brasilia-as-macri-and-bolsonaro-reset-relationship|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190120095119/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2019-01-16/all-smiles-in-brasilia-as-macri-and-bolsonaro-reset-relationship|archive-date=20 January 2019|access-date=22 January 2019|website=Bloomberg.com}}</ref>
-[[File:2020-03-19 Entrevista concedida ao apresentador Ratinho do SBT 17.jpg|thumb|upright|Bolsonaro in 2020]]
-The [[second inauguration of Nicolás Maduro]] in Venezuela took place nine days after [[Brazilian presidential inauguration#Inauguration of Jair Bolsonaro|Bolsonaro's inauguration]]. The disputed results of the [[2018 Venezuelan presidential election]] led to the [[Venezuelan presidential crisis]], as the [[National Assembly (Venezuela)|National Assembly]] rejected the results, considered Maduro an illegitimate ruler since his first term of office ended, and appointed [[Juan Guaidó]] as acting president. Bolsonaro did not attend Maduro's inauguration and recognized Guaidó as the legitimate ruler of Venezuela, alongside [[Mauricio Macri]] from Argentina and [[Donald Trump]] from the US, among others.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.reuters.com/article/us-brazil-argentina/brazil-argentina-step-up-pressure-on-venezuelas-maduro-idUSKCN1PA23T|title= Brazil, Argentina step up pressure on Venezuela's Maduro|author= Anthony Boadle|date= 16 January 2019|publisher= Reuters|access-date= 24 January 2019|archive-date= 25 September 2020|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20200925084327/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-brazil-argentina/brazil-argentina-step-up-pressure-on-venezuelas-maduro-idUSKCN1PA23T|url-status= live}}</ref> He said that "We will continue doing everything possible to re-establish order, democracy and freedom there".<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.reuters.com/article/us-brazil-venezuela/brazils-bolsonaro-pledges-action-to-restore-democracy-in-venezuela-idUSKCN1PC00N|title= Brazil's Bolsonaro pledges action to 'restore democracy' in Venezuela|date= 17 January 2019|publisher= Reuters|access-date= 24 January 2019|archive-date= 25 January 2019|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20190125020436/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-brazil-venezuela/brazils-bolsonaro-pledges-action-to-restore-democracy-in-venezuela-idUSKCN1PC00N|url-status= live}}</ref>
-Since his election, [[Opinion polling on the Jair Bolsonaro presidency|his popularity]] is steadily declining. A ''Datafolha'' survey, published on 21 May 2019, showed that 34% of respondents described Bolsonaro's administration as "great or good"; 26% as "regular", 36% as "bad or awful", while 4% did not respond. This was the first time more Brazilians rejected the politics of Bolsonaro than affirmed it.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://brasil.elpais.com/brasil/2019/05/21/politica/1558459667_020362.html |title=Desaprovação do Governo Bolsonaro supera aprovação pela primeira vez, mostra pesquisa Atlas Político |first=Flávia|last=Marreiro|date=23 May 2019|website=Brasil.elpais.com|access-date=9 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191214073020/https://brasil.elpais.com/brasil/2019/05/21/politica/1558459667_020362.html|archive-date=14 December 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> Meanwhile, after allegations of campaign-finance fraud, Bolsonaro fired [[Gustavo Bebianno]], a top adviser and general secretary for the president. His party was accused of diverting public campaign funds to candidates who did not run for office.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.wsj.com/articles/brazils-bolsonaro-fires-top-adviser-amid-accusations-of-campaign-finance-fraud-11550534863|title= Brazil's Bolsonaro Fires Key Adviser Amid Accusations of Campaign-Finance Fraud|author1= Paulo Trevisani|author2= Jeffrey T. Lewis|date= 18 February 2019|publisher= Wall Street Journal|access-date= 19 February 2019|archive-date= 20 February 2019|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20190220013009/https://www.wsj.com/articles/brazils-bolsonaro-fires-top-adviser-amid-accusations-of-campaign-finance-fraud-11550534863|url-status= live}}</ref>
-Throughout the [[COVID-19 pandemic in Brazil]], Bolsonaro and his administration have been accused of downplaying the crisis while the number of Brazilians infected by the virus climbed exponentially by mid-2020.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-52040205|title=Coronavirus: Bolsonaro downplays threat of pandemic to Brazil|date=25 March 2020|website=BBC.com|access-date=7 July 2020|archive-date=1 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200501054300/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-52040205|url-status=live}}</ref> Bolsonaro claimed that COVID-19 is no deadlier than "[[Influenza|the flu]]" and that his priority was the nation's economic recovery rather than the health crisis.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://theconversation.com/just-like-trump-brazils-bolsonaro-puts-the-economy-ahead-of-his-people-during-coronavirus-136351|title=Just like Trump, Brazil's Bolsonaro puts the economy ahead of his people during coronavirus|date=20 April 2020|website=TheConversation.com|access-date=7 July 2020|archive-date=9 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200609005226/https://theconversation.com/just-like-trump-brazils-bolsonaro-puts-the-economy-ahead-of-his-people-during-coronavirus-136351|url-status=live}}</ref> In fact, as of early 2021, the Brazilian economy was bouncing back, albeit somewhat slowly and inconsistently, as the pandemic was still threatening to undo any economic recovery.<ref>{{cite web|title=País já recuperou 89% da perda do PIB provocada pela pandemia, mas retomada não deve ganhar ritmo|url=https://g1.globo.com/economia/noticia/2021/03/04/pais-ja-recuperou-89percent-da-perda-do-pib-provocada-pela-pandemia-mas-retomada-nao-deve-ganhar-ritmo.ghtml|date=3 April 2021 |access-date=9 August 2021|website=G1}}</ref> Bolsonaro continually accused political opponents and the press of exaggerating the threat of the virus and called it a "fantasy" created by the media.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Phillips |first=Tom|date=23 March 2020|title=Brazil's Jair Bolsonaro says coronavirus crisis is a media trick |work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/mar/23/brazils-jair-bolsonaro-says-coronavirus-crisis-is-a-media-trick|access-date=7 July 2020|issn=0261-3077|archive-date=2 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200702014127/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/mar/23/brazils-jair-bolsonaro-says-coronavirus-crisis-is-a-media-trick|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Bolsonaro diz que 'pequena crise' do coronavírus é 'mais fantasia' e não 'isso tudo' que mídia propaga |url=https://g1.globo.com/politica/noticia/2020/03/10/bolsonaro-diz-que-questao-do-coronavirus-e-muito-mais-fantasia.ghtml|access-date=9 May 2021|website=G1|language=pt-br}}</ref>
-In August 2020, in the middle of the pandemic, Bolsonaro's approval rating showed signs of recovery, reaching its highest level since his inauguration.<ref>{{cite web|title=Datafolha: aprovação de Bolsonaro sobe para 37%, a melhor do mandato, e reprovação cai para 34%|website=G1|language=pt-br|url=https://g1.globo.com/politica/noticia/2020/08/13/bolsonaro-tem-aprovacao-de-37percent-e-reprovacao-de-34percent-diz-datafolha.ghtml|access-date=14 August 2020 |archive-date=14 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200814081948/https://g1.globo.com/politica/noticia/2020/08/13/bolsonaro-tem-aprovacao-de-37percent-e-reprovacao-de-34percent-diz-datafolha.ghtml|url-status=live}}</ref> In November 2020, he said he would not take a COVID vaccine if it became available, but he later said he would support any possible vaccine if the [[Brazilian Health Regulatory Agency|Brazilian Health Agency]] deemed it safe.<ref name="apnews.com">{{cite web|title=Brazil's Bolsonaro rejects COVID-19 shot, calls masks taboo|url=https://apnews.com/article/pandemics-brazil-health-coronavirus-pandemic-latin-america-0295d39d3032aa14c6675b8b4080e8cc|access-date=9 May 2021|website=AP NEWS|date=5 May 2021}}</ref> In the same broadcast, he called face masks "the last taboo to fall".<ref name="apnews.com"/>
-[[File:President Trump at the G20 (48144136177).jpg|thumb|left|Bolsonaro and Trump at the G20 meeting in 2019]]
-In early 2021, Bolsonaro's approval ratings fell again, mostly due to the government's response to the COVID-19 pandemic, vaccination controversies, and the concurrent economic crisis that evolved under his watch.<ref name=":6">{{cite web|date=22 January 2021|title=Crise derruba popularidade de Bolsonaro, aponta Datafolha|website=Folha de S.Paulo |url=https://www1.folha.uol.com.br/poder/2021/01/crise-derruba-popularidade-de-bolsonaro-aponta-datafolha.shtml|access-date=9 February 2021|language=pt-BR}}</ref> Days after Brazil surpassed Russia as the country worst hit by COVID, Bolsonaro held a political rally in Brasília; while surrounded by supporters and his own security guards, who were wearing masks, he did not.<ref>{{cite web |title=Bolsonaro attends rally as Brazil political scandal heats up|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/5/24/bolsonaro-attends-rally-as-brazil-political-scandal-heats-up|access-date=9 May 2021|website=www.aljazeera.com}}</ref> In June 2021, nationwide protests erupted against Bolsonaro's response to the pandemic; in São Paulo alone there were estimated to be 100,000 protesters on the streets.<ref>{{cite web|title=COVID-19: Bolsonaro doesn't believe in social distancing, masks or vaccines. That wasn't lost on those protesting|url=https://news.sky.com/story/covid-19-in-brazil-the-fact-500-000-have-died-and-the-country-isnt-in-lockdown-is-too-much-for-some-to-take-12336762|access-date=5 August 2021|website=Sky News}}</ref> In July, YouTube removed videos posted by Bolsonaro for spreading false information about the virus. YouTube has reportedly removed 15 videos altogether; one that was removed had shown that Brazil's former health minister, [[Eduardo Pazuello]], comparing the virus to [[HIV]].<ref>{{Cite news|date=22 July 2021|title=YouTube removes Bolsonaro videos for Covid misinformation |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-57923862|access-date=5 August 2021}}</ref> In other videos, Bolsonaro criticised efforts to stop the spread of the virus, such as wearing masks or taking the vaccine.<ref>{{Cite news |title=YouTube removes videos posted by Brazilian President Jair Bolsonaro that spread coronavirus misinformation|newspaper=Washington Post|issn=0190-8286 |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2021/07/22/youtube-bolsonaro-brazil-removal-covid-19/|access-date=5 August 2021}}</ref>
-By the end of June 2021, more members of the opposition started to call for his impeachment over his handling of the pandemic and spreading misinformation. The opposition signed a document with multiple accusations, such as blaming Bolsonaro for the deaths of 500,000 Brazilians from COVID-19, stating that his government had blatantly turned down expert advice on tackling the virus, and at least 20 other grievances.<ref>{{cite web|date=30 June 2021|title=Fresh bid to impeach Brazil's Bolsonaro over Covid response|url=https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20210630-fresh-bid-to-impeach-brazil-s-bolsonaro-over-covid-response|access-date=6 August 2021|website=France 24}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=30 June 2021|title=Fresh bid to impeach Brazil's Bolsonaro over Covid response|url=https://www.rfi.fr/en/fresh-bid-to-impeach-brazil-s-bolsonaro-over-covid-response|access-date=6 August 2021|website=RFI}}</ref>
-In July 2021, Bolsonaro claimed on Brazilian radio that his government's greatest achievement was "two and a half years without corruption".<ref>{{Cite news|title=Become an FT subscriber to read {{!}} Financial Times|url=https://www.ft.com/content/95820cc7-94a8-42e5-af40-bfedeae0833a|access-date=5 August 2021|newspaper=Financial Times|date=28 July 2021|last1=Harris|first1=Bryan}}</ref> In the same month, a scandal dubbed "vaccine-gate" emerged. After months of denying offers of vaccines and bartering the costs, Bolsonaro's government made a deal to buy the unapproved [[Covaxin]] vaccine from the Indian company Bharat Biotech at a very high price.<ref>{{Cite news|last=McCoy|first=Terrence|date=5 July 2021|title=As coronavirus probe deepens, Bolsonaro increasingly threatened by a corruption scandal|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2021/07/05/brazil-bolsonaro-corruption-investigation/|newspaper=The Washington Post}}</ref> It was found that the government allegedly paid ten times the amount agreed by Bharat Biotech for the vaccine<ref>{{Cite news|title=CPI da Covid: Quem é quem no escândalo Covaxin|language=pt-BR|work=BBC News Brasil|url=https://www.bbc.com/portuguese/brasil-57647163|access-date=5 August 2021}}</ref> and that the irregularities were not found in the prices of the vaccines, but in a payment of $45 million to a company in Singapore.<ref>{{cite web|date=3 July 2021|title=Brazil court approves investigation into Bolsonaro over vaccine deal|url=https://www.euronews.com/2021/07/03/brazil-court-approves-corruption-investigation-into-bolsonaro-over-vaccine-deal|access-date=6 August 2021|website=euronews}}</ref> In response, the Brazilian Supreme Court authorised a criminal investigation of Bolsonaro.<ref>{{cite web|date=2 July 2021|title=STF autoriza investigação de Bolsonaro por prevaricação no caso Covaxin|url=https://oglobo.globo.com/brasil/stf-autoriza-investigacao-de-bolsonaro-por-prevaricacao-no-caso-covaxin-1-25088702|access-date=5 August 2021|website=O Globo|language=pt-BR}}</ref>
-[[File:17 02 2022 Assinatura de atos Internacionais (51887572183).jpg|thumb|right|Bolsonaro and Orbán in Budapest, Hungary, in 2022]]
-In March 2021, Bolsonaro replaced Defense Minister [[Fernando Azevedo e Silva]] with [[Walter Souza Braga Netto]]; like Bolsonaro, Netto lionized the 1964–1985 [[military dictatorship in Brazil]]. A day later, the leaders of the army, air force, and navy all resigned.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Jeantet |first1=Diane |last2=Biller |first2=David |title=Brazil military chiefs quit as Bolsonaro seeks their support |url=https://apnews.com/article/brazil-rio-de-janeiro-cabinets-health-coronavirus-pandemic-fdeb61a84563bca5ed9ddf9dd437a8c9 |access-date=7 September 2021 |work=Associated Press |date=31 March 2021}}</ref> In April, Bolsonaro declared that the Brazilian armed forces would "go into the streets" if he ordered them.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Brito |first1=Ricardo |last2=Perry |first2=Michael |title=Brazil's Bolsonaro says military would follow his orders to take the streets |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/americas/brazils-bolsonaro-says-military-would-follow-his-orders-take-streets-2021-04-24/ |access-date=7 September 2021 |work=[[Reuters]] |date=24 April 2021}}</ref> In mid-August, the military conducted a ten-minute tank parade in Brasília, with Bolsonaro in attendance. The parade had been held annually in the last 30 years, but tanks had never been sent to the capital before. The parade was announced only a day in advance, and passed by the national congressional building, where lawmakers were due to vote on Bolsonaro's proposed election-related changes hours later. The lawmakers ultimately rejected the changes.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Alvares |first1=Debora |last2=Savares |first2=Mauricio |title=Military display rolls into Brazil capital before tense vote |url=https://apnews.com/article/science-caribbean-brazil-74267e007a4c09417d905b5447d16782 |access-date=7 September 2021 |work=Associated Press |date=11 August 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Phillips |first1=Tom |title=Bolsonaro's 'banana republic' military parade condemned by critics |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/aug/10/bolsonaro-banana-republic-military-parade-condemned-by-critics-brazil |access-date=7 September 2021 |work=[[The Guardian]] |date=10 August 2021}}</ref>
-In early August 2021, Bolsonaro threatened to respond with unconstitutional measures to an investigation of his baseless allegations of fraud vulnerabilities in Brazil's electronic voting system, because he deemed that investigation unconstitutional. Brazilian Supreme Court Justice [[Alexandre de Moraes]] had approved the investigation.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Fonseca |first1=Pedro |title=Brazil's Bolsonaro rages against probe, threatens to act beyond constitution |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/americas/brazils-bolsonaro-rages-against-probe-threatens-act-beyond-constitution-2021-08-05/ |access-date=7 September 2021 |work=[[Reuters]] |date=5 August 2021}}</ref> In mid-August 2021, Bolsonaro warned of a potential "institutional rupture", while urging the Brazilian Senate to charge de Moraes and another Supreme Court Judge, [[Luis Roberto Barroso]], the leader of the electoral court.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Paraguassu |first1=Lisandra |title=Bolsonaro attacks Brazil judges, warns of "institutional rupture" |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/americas/bolsonaro-attacks-brazil-judges-warns-institutional-rupture-2021-08-14/ |access-date=7 September 2021 |work=[[Reuters]] |date=15 August 2021}}</ref>
-On 26 October 2021, a senate committee approved a report calling for Bolsonaro to face criminal charges, including crimes against humanity, for his handling of the COVID-19 pandemic.<ref>{{cite web|date=2021-10-27|title=Brazilian Senate Committee Approves Report Calling for Criminal Charges Against President Jair Bolsonaro Over COVID-19 Handling – October 27, 2021|url=https://dailynewsbrief.com/2021/10/27/brazilian-senate-committee-approves-report-calling-for-criminal-charges-against-president-jair-bolsonaro-over-covid-19-handling/|access-date=2021-10-27|website=Daily News Brief}}</ref>
-On November 30, 2021, Bolsonaro and his son Senator [[Flávio Bolsonaro]] joined the [[Liberal Party (Brazil, 2006)|Liberal Party]] in preparation for the [[2022 Brazilian general election]] (as presidential candidates must be affiliated with a political party). He had previously considered returning to the [[Progressistas]], of which he was a member from 1995 to 2003 and from 2005 to 2016.<ref>{{cite web|date=2021-11-08|title=Bolsonaro to join right-wing Liberal Party for re-election campaign|url=https://brazilian.report/liveblog/2021/11/08/liberal-party-re-election-campaign/|access-date=2021-12-01|website=The Brazilian Report}}</ref>
-== Political positions ==
-[[File:Brazil protest 2016 March.jpg|thumb|left|Bolsonaro was one of the key political figures in support of the [[impeachment of Dilma Rousseff]] and the [[2015–16 protests in Brazil|2015–16 protests against corruption]], galvanizing a lot of support for his cause among the populace.]]
-Bolsonaro's political views have been described as [[Brazilian nationalism|nationalist]] and [[Right-wing populism|populist]] in nature, and he himself as an advocate of [[Far-right politics|far-right]] policies.<ref>{{cite news|first=Anthony|last=Boadle|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-brazil-politics-bolsonaro-interview/far-right-presidential-hopeful-aims-to-be-brazils-trump-idUSKCN1C2384|title=Far-right presidential hopeful aims to be Brazil's Trump|work=[[Reuters]]|location=London, England|date=27 September 2017|access-date=24 April 2018|archive-date=21 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190421191747/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-brazil-politics-bolsonaro-interview/far-right-presidential-hopeful-aims-to-be-brazils-trump-idUSKCN1C2384|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="opendemocracy">{{cite web|first=Pedro Henrique|last=Leal|url=https://www.opendemocracy.net/democraciaabierta/pedro-henrique-leal/bolsonaro-and-brazilian-far-right|title=Bolsonaro and the Brazilian far right|website=opendemocracy.net|date=24 April 2017|access-date=24 April 2018|archive-date=13 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190213084134/https://www.opendemocracy.net/democraciaabierta/pedro-henrique-leal/bolsonaro-and-brazilian-far-right|url-status=live}}</ref> His supporters, however, claim that his views are more aligned with traditional right-wing [[conservatism]].<ref>{{cite news|first=Katy|last=Watson|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-43414315|title=Brazil's rising tide of young conservatives seeks change|website=[[BBC News]]|publisher=BBC|location=London, England|date=2 April 2018|access-date=24 April 2018|archive-date=8 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180408230925/http://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-43414315|url-status=live}}</ref> His electorate is mainly formed by adults above the age of 34, the working [[Middle class|middle]] to upper class (mainly in the southeast region of the country), conservatives in general, college graduates, some centrists and the [[Christian right]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://oglobo.globo.com/brasil/renda-estudo-regiao-separam-eleitores-de-lula-bolsonaro-21286515|title=Renda, estudo e região separam eleitores de Lula e Bolsonaro|date=3 May 2017|website=O Globo|access-date=24 April 2018|archive-date=31 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180731165433/https://oglobo.globo.com/brasil/renda-estudo-regiao-separam-eleitores-de-lula-bolsonaro-21286515|url-status=live}}</ref> According to some polls, Bolsonaro's main support comes from the [[Southeast Region, Brazil|southeast]], [[Central-West Region, Brazil|central-west]] and [[South Region, Brazil|south]] regions of Brazil. His voters are usually male and [[White Brazilians|white]], with a noticeable gender gap, with Bolsonaro polling poorly among female voters (mustering only 18% support with this demographic).<ref name="globalnews"/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www1.folha.uol.com.br/poder/2017/12/1945680-nichos-realcam-contrastes-de-eleitores-de-lula-e-bolsonaro.shtml|title=Nichos realçam contrastes de eleitores de Lula e Bolsonaro|publisher=Folha de São Paulo|access-date=30 September 2018|archive-date=30 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180930231946/https://www1.folha.uol.com.br/poder/2017/12/1945680-nichos-realcam-contrastes-de-eleitores-de-lula-e-bolsonaro.shtml|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://noticias.r7.com/eleicoes-2018/ibope-mostra-queda-de-8-pontos-de-bolsonaro-na-regiao-sul-24092018|title=Ibope mostra queda de 8 pontos de Bolsonaro na região Sul|publisher=R7|access-date=30 September 2018|date=25 September 2018|archive-date=30 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180930232001/https://noticias.r7.com/eleicoes-2018/ibope-mostra-queda-de-8-pontos-de-bolsonaro-na-regiao-sul-24092018|url-status=live}}</ref> Just before the 2018 election, however, it was reported that female support for him had risen to 27%.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2018/10/brazil-bolsonaro-election-far-right-lula-election/572203/|title=A Brazilian Far-Right Populist and the Women Who Like Him|publisher=The Atlantic|access-date=4 October 2018|date=4 October 2018|archive-date=4 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181004225644/https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2018/10/brazil-bolsonaro-election-far-right-lula-election/572203/|url-status=live}}</ref>
-Bolsonaro is viewed as a [[Anti-abortion movements|pro-life]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-45982501|title=Jair Bolsonaro beyond the sound bites: What are his policies?|publisher=BBC|access-date=30 October 2019|date=28 October 2018|archive-date=13 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190813110137/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-45982501|url-status=live}}</ref> [[anti-establishment]] and [[Overview of gun laws by nation#Brazil|pro-gun]] politician, voicing opposition to most forms of [[Gun laws in Brazil|gun control]] legislation, arguing that law-abiding citizens have the right to self-defense, especially those living in rural areas.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/apr/19/jair-bolsonaro-brazil-presidential-candidate-trump-parallels|title=Trump of the tropics: the 'dangerous' candidate leading Brazil's presidential race|newspaper=The Guardian|access-date=27 October 2018|date=19 April 2018|last1=Phillips|first1=Tom|archive-date=20 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190520200018/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/apr/19/jair-bolsonaro-brazil-presidential-candidate-trump-parallels|url-status=live}}</ref> According to ''The Washington Post'', "Homicides hit a [[Crime in Brazil|record high]] of 63,880 last year [...] Bolsonaro's solution is zero tolerance. He has called for police to use more lethal force and wants to relax gun laws so that average citizens can defend themselves."<ref name="environment">{{cite news |title=Who is Jair Bolsonaro, the man likely to be Brazil's next president? |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2018/10/28/critics-are-afraid-jair-bolsonaro-heres-where-he-stands-issues/ |newspaper=The Washington Post |date=28 October 2018 |access-date=30 October 2018 |archive-date=30 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181030131250/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2018/10/28/critics-are-afraid-jair-bolsonaro-heres-where-he-stands-issues/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Bolsonaro often rejects accusations made against him of [[misogyny]] and [[homophobia]], and says he is not "far-right", but simply right-wing.<ref name="estadaomarco">{{cite news|first=Constança|last=Rezende|url=https://politica.estadao.com.br/noticias/geral,bolsonaro-quer-campo-de-refugiados-em-roraima,70002226010|title=Bolsonaro quer campo de refugiados em Roraima|newspaper=[[O Estado de S. Paulo]]|publisher=Grupo Estado|location=São Paulo, Brazil|date=14 March 2018|access-date=14 March 2018|archive-date=27 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190427233428/https://politica.estadao.com.br/noticias/geral,bolsonaro-quer-campo-de-refugiados-em-roraima,70002226010|url-status=live}}</ref>
-[[File:Press conference EU-Mercosul on June 26, 2019 (VII).jpg|thumb|Bolsonaro supported the [[European Union–Mercosur Free Trade Agreement]], which would form one of the world's largest free trade areas.]]
-Jair Bolsonaro is known for his strong opposition to [[Left-wing politics|left-wing policies]]. Most notably, he has been a vocal opponent of [[Same-sex marriage in Brazil|same-sex marriage]],<ref name="noticias.terra.com.br"/> environmental regulations,<ref name="Atkins 2018">{{cite web | last=Atkins | first=Ed | title=Jair Bolsonaro's Brazil Is a Disaster for the Amazon and Global Climate Change | website=Motherboard | date=29 October 2018 | url=https://motherboard.vice.com/en_us/article/43ejw3/jair-bolsonaros-brazil-is-a-disaster-for-the-amazon-and-global-climate-change | access-date=30 October 2018 | archive-date=30 October 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181030090701/https://motherboard.vice.com/en_us/article/43ejw3/jair-bolsonaros-brazil-is-a-disaster-for-the-amazon-and-global-climate-change | url-status=live }}</ref> abortion,<ref name="osul.com.br"/> [[affirmative action]] (particularly racial quotas),<ref name="Política"/> immigration<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jornalopcao.com.br/ultimas-noticias/bolsonaro-ve-imigrantes-como-ameaca-e-chama-refugiados-de-a-escoria-do-mundo-46043/|title=Bolsonaro vê imigrantes como "ameaça" e chama refugiados de "a escória do mundo" – Jornal Opção|date=18 September 2015|access-date=7 September 2018|archive-date=16 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180616185010/https://www.jornalopcao.com.br/ultimas-noticias/bolsonaro-ve-imigrantes-como-ameaca-e-chama-refugiados-de-a-escoria-do-mundo-46043/|url-status=live}}</ref> (particularly from Haiti, Africa and the Middle East, which he once called "the scum of humanity"),<ref name="opendemocracy" /> [[drug liberalization]],<ref name="epoca2"/> land reforms,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.olhardireto.com.br/noticias/exibir.asp?noticia=em-mato-grosso-bolsonaro-defende-radicalizacao-dos-produtores-contra-mst&id=410525|title=Em Mato Grosso, Bolsonaro defende radicalização dos produtores contra MST|access-date=7 September 2018|archive-date=16 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180716062524/http://www.olhardireto.com.br/noticias/exibir.asp?id=410525&noticia=em-mato-grosso-bolsonaro-defende-radicalizacao-dos-produtores-contra-mst|url-status=live}}</ref> and secularism at the federal level,<ref name="epoca2"/> among other things.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.americasquarterly.org/content/jair-bolsonaro-pro-torture-anti-gay-and-brazils-future-president|title=Jair Bolsonaro: Pro-Torture, Anti-Gay and Brazil's Future President?|website=Americasquarterly.org|access-date=7 September 2018|archive-date=30 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180830011436/https://www.americasquarterly.org/content/jair-bolsonaro-pro-torture-anti-gay-and-brazils-future-president|url-status=live}}</ref> He has also made statements in defense of the [[Brazilian military regime]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ebc.com.br/noticias/politica/2013/02/jair-bolsonaro-defende-golpe-militar-de-1964-em-recepcao-a-yoani-sanchez|title=Jair Bolsonaro defende golpe militar de 1964 em recepção a Yoani Sánchez|date=20 February 2013|access-date=7 September 2018|archive-date=5 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181005121115/http://www.ebc.com.br/noticias/politica/2013/02/jair-bolsonaro-defende-golpe-militar-de-1964-em-recepcao-a-yoani-sanchez|url-status=live}}</ref> (a dictatorship known for constant human rights violations).<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/jan/14/brazil-jair-bolsonaro-energy-drink-bolsomito|title=Brazil's far-right presidential contender gets soft drink named after him|first=Dom|last=Phillips|date=14 January 2018|newspaper=the Guardian|access-date=7 September 2018|archive-date=9 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180909063314/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/jan/14/brazil-jair-bolsonaro-energy-drink-bolsomito|url-status=live}}</ref> He argues that torture is a "legitimate practice" and says that he would try to pass new legislation regarding the introduction of life imprisonment to the Brazilian penal code.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.terra.com.br/istoegente/28/reportagens/entrev_jair.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130531142150/http://www.terra.com.br/istoegente/28/reportagens/entrev_jair.htm|archive-date=31 May 2013|title=Terra – ISTO GENTE – Entrevista: Jair Bolsonaro|date=31 May 2013|access-date=7 September 2018}}</ref> Bolsonaro supports the [[privatization]] of state-owned companies and advocates free market policies,<ref name=":1">{{cite web|url=http://www1.folha.uol.com.br/poder/2017/10/1925458-bolsonaro-diz-que-e-liberal-e-adota-discurso-que-agrada-investidores.shtml|title=Bolsonaro diz que é liberal e adota discurso que agrada investidores|website=1.folha.uol.com.br|access-date=24 April 2018|archive-date=12 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612163556/https://www1.folha.uol.com.br/poder/2017/10/1925458-bolsonaro-diz-que-e-liberal-e-adota-discurso-que-agrada-investidores.shtml|url-status=live}}</ref> although critics have stated that his policy-making record does not in fact show him to be a supporter of [[economic liberalism]].<ref name=":2">{{cite web|url=https://jornalggn.com.br/eleicoes/em-7-mandatos-bolsonaro-nao-foi-um-deputado-liberal-nem-totalmente-anti-pt/|title=Em 7 mandatos, Bolsonaro não foi um deputado liberal nem totalmente anti-PT|first=Cíntia|last=Alves|date=13 November 2017|access-date=11 February 2019|archive-date=12 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190212070451/https://jornalggn.com.br/eleicoes/em-7-mandatos-bolsonaro-nao-foi-um-deputado-liberal-nem-totalmente-anti-pt/|url-status=live}}</ref>
-In a 2017 interview with journalist Claudio Dantas Sequeira from ''[[O Antagonista]]'', Bolsonaro said that his views are directly aligned with the centrist to right-wing United States citizens' views on gun ownership, abortion, gender politics, and trade, despite the "left-leaning media frenzy" against him. He reiterated that he intends to reverse some disarmament laws, improve public security, and also improve trade ties with the United States, which he said were broken during [[Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva|Lula da Silva]]'s and [[Dilma Rousseff]]'s administrations.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=etEDQOZJJK0|title=ENTREVISTA &#124; Bolsonaro revela a O Antagonista seus planos para a Presidência|publisher=[[YouTube]]|access-date=11 January 2018|archive-date=2 November 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171102042224/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=etEDQOZJJK0&gl=US&hl=en|url-status=live}}</ref>
-[[File:2019 Reunião Bilateral com o Príncipe Charles - 48947648318.jpg|thumb|left|Bolsonaro and [[Charles, Prince of Wales|Charles]], the Prince of Wales in October 2019]]
-Bolsonaro has, during his long political career, expressed views regarded as being far-right.<ref>{{cite news|title=With Rousseff on the ropes, Brazil's far right sees an opening|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/may/05/brazil-far-right-dilma-rousseff-impeachment|newspaper=The Guardian|access-date=18 June 2017|date=5 May 2016|last1=Watts|first1=Jonathan|archive-date=10 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170710180129/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/may/05/brazil-far-right-dilma-rousseff-impeachment|url-status=live}}</ref> He has made statements that some people considered insulting, homophobic,<ref name="dw-homophobia">{{cite web|url=https://www.dw.com/en/unlikely-and-unlikable-jair-bolsonaro-could-lead-brazil/a-45083300|title=Unlikely and unlikable, Jair Bolsonaro could lead Brazil|website=DW.com|access-date=11 October 2018|archive-date=11 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181011214620/https://www.dw.com/en/unlikely-and-unlikable-jair-bolsonaro-could-lead-brazil/a-45083300|url-status=live}}</ref> violence-inciting,<ref name="globo-violence-inciting">{{cite web|url=http://oglobo.globo.com/cultura/ellen-page-confronta-jair-bolsonaro-em-cena-de-documentario-18855202|title=Ellen Page confronta Jair Bolsonaro em cena de documentário |author=Globo|website=Globo.com |date=11 March 2016|access-date=13 September 2016|archive-date=16 September 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160916130943/http://oglobo.globo.com/cultura/ellen-page-confronta-jair-bolsonaro-em-cena-de-documentario-18855202|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="usnews">{{cite web|url=https://www.usnews.com/opinion/world-report/articles/2017-10-20/could-jair-bolsonaro-become-brazils-next-president|title=Brazil's Donald Trump?|author=Mark Weisbrot|website=US News|access-date=1 March 2018|archive-date=2 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180302105325/https://www.usnews.com/opinion/world-report/articles/2017-10-20/could-jair-bolsonaro-become-brazils-next-president|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="washingtonpost">{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/acts-of-faith/wp/2017/11/28/a-trump-like-politician-in-brazil-could-snag-the-support-of-a-powerful-religious-group-evangelicals/|title=Acts of Faith. A Trump-like politician in Brazil could snag the support of a powerful religious group: evangelicals|newspaper=The Washington Post|access-date=1 March 2018|archive-date=18 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180218173247/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/acts-of-faith/wp/2017/11/28/a-trump-like-politician-in-brazil-could-snag-the-support-of-a-powerful-religious-group-evangelicals/|url-status=live}}</ref> misogynistic, sexist,<ref name="gardian-sexist">{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/sep/18/brazilian-congressman-rape-remark-compensation |title=Brazilian congressman ordered to pay compensation over rape remark|newspaper=The Guardian|date=18 September 2015|access-date=13 September 2016|archive-date=16 September 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160916130946/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/sep/18/brazilian-congressman-rape-remark-compensation|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="usnews" /><ref name="washingtonpost" /> racist<ref name="Gavin Fernando">{{cite web|url=http://www.news.com.au/lifestyle/real-life/wtf/is-this-the-worlds-most-repulsive-politician/news-story/926a4a59cf6132f770dfdbd46f610e97|title=Is this the world's most repulsive politician?|author=Gavin Fernando|website=News.com.au|access-date=13 September 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160913032510/http://www.news.com.au/lifestyle/real-life/wtf/is-this-the-worlds-most-repulsive-politician/news-story/926a4a59cf6132f770dfdbd46f610e97|archive-date=13 September 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="usnews" /><ref name="washingtonpost" /> or anti-refugee.<ref name="anti-refugee">{{cite news|author=Simon Romero|date=7 May 2016|title=Conservative's Star Rises in Brazil as Polarizing Views Tap Into Discontent|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/05/08/world/americas/conservatives-star-rises-in-brazil-as-polarizing-views-tap-into-discontent.html |newspaper=The New York Times|access-date=1 September 2017|url-status=live|archive-date=27 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170827070550/https://www.nytimes.com/2016/05/08/world/americas/conservatives-star-rises-in-brazil-as-polarizing-views-tap-into-discontent.html}}</ref> Other controversial political stances expressed by Bolsonaro have been the defense of the [[Capital punishment|death penalty]] (which is currently banned under the [[Constitution of Brazil]] of 1988) and of radical interventionism in Brazil by the military, along with an imposition of a [[Brazilian military government]].<ref name="epoca2"/><ref>{{cite news |last1=Londoño|first1=Ernesto |last2=Darlington|first2=Shasta |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/01/20/world/americas/brazil-lula-bolsonaro-election.html |title=Leftist Lion and Far-Right Provocateur Vie for Brazil Presidency|newspaper=The New York Times |date=20 January 2018 |access-date=7 June 2018|url-status=live|archive-date=3 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180603021425/https://www.nytimes.com/2018/01/20/world/americas/brazil-lula-bolsonaro-election.html}}</ref>
-Journalist [[Glenn Greenwald]] called Bolsonaro "the most misogynistic, hateful elected official in the democratic world".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://firstlook.org/theintercept/2014/12/11/misogynistic-hateful-elected-official-democacratic-world-brazils-jair-bolsonaro/|title=The Most Misogynistic, Hateful Elected Official in the Democratic World: Brazil's Jair Bolsonaro – The Intercept|website=The Intercept|date=11 December 2014|access-date=4 May 2015|archive-date=27 April 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150427174401/https://firstlook.org/theintercept/2014/12/11/misogynistic-hateful-elected-official-democacratic-world-brazils-jair-bolsonaro/|url-status=live}}</ref> [[News.com.au]] wondered whether Bolsonaro was "the world's most repulsive politician".<ref name="Gavin Fernando" /> British news magazine ''[[The Economist]]'' referred to him as a "radical", "religious nationalist", a "right-wing demagogue", and "apologist of dictators".<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.economist.com/news/americas/21731190-can-right-wing-demagogue-win-next-years-election-jair-bolsonaro-hopes-be-brazils-donald|title=Jair Bolsonaro hopes to be Brazil's Donald Trump|newspaper=The Economist|access-date=7 September 2018|date=9 November 2017|archive-date=10 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180810130937/https://www.economist.com/news/americas/21731190-can-right-wing-demagogue-win-next-years-election-jair-bolsonaro-hopes-be-brazils-donald|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Federico Finchelstein]], scholar on fascism and populism, has considered Bolsonaro, as he would link violence to [[austerity]] and [[Neoliberalism|neoliberal]] economic ideas, to be the most similar leader to [[Augusto Pinochet]] to come out from the young South American democracies.<ref>{{Cite journal|author-link=Federico Finchelstein|first=Federico|last=Finchelstein|journal=[[Clarín (Argentine newspaper)|Clarín]]|url=https://www.clarin.com/opinion/brasil-todas-opciones-malas_0_CyhTjjk9e.html|date=14 October 2018|title=Brasil: todas las opciones son malas|access-date=4 November 2018|archive-date=4 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181104130053/https://www.clarin.com/opinion/brasil-todas-opciones-malas_0_CyhTjjk9e.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
-Bolsonaro is an open admirer of former U.S. President [[Donald Trump]]. During Bolsonaro's campaign, some observers saw similarities between the two's ideals, hardline attacks and a reputation for incendiary rhetoric, as well as social media presence. Because of this, Bolsonaro has been called the Brazilian equivalent of Trump or the "Trump of the Tropics".<ref name="Foreign Staff">{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2018/10/29/brazils-president-elect-jair-bolsonaro-really-trump-tropics/|author=Foreign Staff|date=29 October 2018|title=Why Brazil's president-elect Jair Bolsonaro really is the 'Trump of the Tropics'|newspaper=The Telegraph|access-date=18 December 2018|archive-date=18 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181218102259/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2018/10/29/brazils-president-elect-jair-bolsonaro-really-trump-tropics/|url-status=live}}</ref>
-=== Honorific order given to Olavo de Carvalho ===
-On May 1, 2019, Bolsonaro awarded the [[Conservatism in Brazil|Brazilian conservative]] writer [[Olavo de Carvalho]] the [[Order of Rio Branco]] honorific order. Carvalho, who wrote books about [[Left-wing politics|leftist]] politics in Brazil and modern issues in general, was openly admired by Bolsonaro and sarcastically called by journalists his [[guru]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-05-01 |title=Bolsonaro concede a Olavo de Carvalho condecoração igual à de Mourão e Moro |url=https://www1.folha.uol.com.br/poder/2019/05/bolsonaro-concede-a-olavo-de-carvalho-condecoracao-igual-a-de-mourao-e-moro.shtml |access-date=2022-06-29 |website=Folha de S.Paulo |language=pt-BR}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-05-02 |title=Jair Bolsonaro homenageia Olavo de Carvalho |url=https://www.metropoles.com/colunas/igor-gadelha/jair-bolsonaro-homenageia-olavo-de-carvalho |access-date=2022-06-29 |website=Metrópoles |language=pt-BR}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Bolsonaro concede mais alta condecoração diplomática a Olavo de Carvalho |url=https://www.poder360.com.br/governo/bolsonaro-concede-mais-alta-condecoracao-diplomatica-a-olavo-de-carvalho/ |access-date=2022-06-29 |website=Poder360 |language=pt-br}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-05-01 |title=Bolsonaro concede a Olavo de Carvalho condecoração igual à de Mourão e Moro |url=https://gauchazh.clicrbs.com.br/politica/noticia/2019/05/bolsonaro-concede-a-olavo-de-carvalho-condecoracao-igual-a-de-mourao-e-moro-cjv5o8qg5009201o5u77w0lsc.html |access-date=2022-06-29 |website=GZH |language=pt-BR}}</ref>
-Carvalho was sometimes harshly critical of Bolsonaro, even calling him "dumb".<ref>{{Cite web |title='Burro', 'covarde'... Bolsonaro já foi alvo de Olavo de Carvalho; confira outros ataques - Política |url=https://politica.estadao.com.br/noticias/geral,eleicoes-2022-jair-bolsonaro-olavo-carvalho,70003933386 |access-date=2022-06-29 |website=Estadão |language=pt-BR}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-06-07 |title=Vídeo. Olavo de Carvalho a Bolsonaro: "Enfia a condecoração no cu" |url=https://www.metropoles.com/brasil/politica-brasil/video-olavo-de-carvalho-a-bolsonaro-enfia-a-condecoracao-no-cu |access-date=2022-06-29 |website=Metrópoles |language=pt-BR}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Brasil 247 |first=Redação |date=2020-06-07 |title=Olavo abandona Bolsonaro, diz que derruba seu governo e manda ele enfiar a condecoração |url=https://www.brasil247.com/brasil/olavo-abandona-bolsonaro-diz-que-derruba-seu-governo-e-manda-ele-enfiar-a-condecoracao |access-date=2022-06-29 |website=Brasil 247 |language=pt-br}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Vídeo: Olavo de Carvalho xinga Bolsonaro e Luciano Hang e diz que vai derrubar governo |url=https://revistaforum.com.br/politica/2020/6/7/video-olavo-de-carvalho-xinga-bolsonaro-luciano-hang-diz-que-vai-derrubar-governo-76588.html |access-date=2022-06-29 |website=Revista Fórum |language=pt-BR}}</ref>
-=== Views on the Brazilian military dictatorship ===
-[[File:Jair e Eduardo Bolsonaro no congresso com bandeira do Brasil.jpg|right|thumb|Bolsonaro and his son [[Eduardo Bolsonaro|Eduardo]] hold up a Brazilian flag during a ceremony to mark the 50th anniversary of the [[1964 Brazilian coup d'état|1964 military coup d'état]], 1{{nbsp}}April 2014.]]
-Throughout his political career, Bolsonaro has made several admiring comments about the U.S.–supported [[Brazilian military regime|Brazilian military dictatorship]] which ruled the country from 1964 to 1985. He said in 1993, eight years after the return of democracy, that the military regime had "led to a more sustainable and prosperous Brazil".<ref name="nyt" /> Bolsonaro has publicly referred to the military dictatorship as a "glorious" period in Brazil's history,<ref name="R7.com">{{Cite news|url=https://noticias.r7.com/brasil/bolsonaro-chama-ditadura-militar-brasileira-de-intervencao-democratica-31032015|title=Bolsonaro chama ditadura militar brasileira de "intervenção democrática"|date=31 March 2015|work=R7.com|access-date=13 September 2018|language=pt-BR|archive-date=5 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181005123054/https://noticias.r7.com/brasil/bolsonaro-chama-ditadura-militar-brasileira-de-intervencao-democratica-31032015|url-status=live}}</ref> and that under the military dictatorship, Brazil enjoyed "20 years of order and progress".<ref name="R7.com"/> In December 2008, Bolsonaro said that "the error of the dictatorship was that it tortured, but did not kill".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://jovempanfm.uol.com.br/panico/defensor-da-ditadura-jair-bolsonaro-reforca-frase-polemica-o-erro-foi-torturar-e-nao-matar.html|title=Defensor da Ditadura, Jair Bolsonaro reforça frase polêmica: "o erro foi torturar e não matar" – Pânico – Jovem Pan FM São Paulo 100.9|website=Jovem Pan FM|language=pt-BR|access-date=13 September 2018|date=8 July 2016|archive-date=4 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180904101345/http://jovempanfm.uol.com.br/panico/defensor-da-ditadura-jair-bolsonaro-reforca-frase-polemica-o-erro-foi-torturar-e-nao-matar.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
-Bolsonaro has also repeatedly made admiring comments about a number of other Latin American dictatorships. He praised Peruvian president [[Alberto Fujimori]] as a role model for his use of military intervention via [[1992 Peruvian constitutional crisis|self-coup]] against the judiciary and legislature.<ref name="nyt" /> In a 1998 interview with ''Veja'' magazine, Bolsonaro praised the [[Military dictatorship of Chile (1973–90)|Chilean dictatorship]] of [[Augusto Pinochet]], and said the Pinochet regime, which killed over 3,000 Chilean citizens, "should have killed more people".<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://congressoemfoco.uol.com.br/especial/noticias/as-frases-polemicas-de-jair-bolsonaro/|title=As frases polêmicas de Jair Bolsonaro|date=5 August 2017|work=Congresso em Foco|access-date=13 September 2018|language=pt-BR|archive-date=10 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180910170238/https://congressoemfoco.uol.com.br/especial/noticias/as-frases-polemicas-de-jair-bolsonaro/|url-status=live}}</ref> In 1999, Bolsonaro said that [[Hugo Chávez]] represented "hope for Latin America", comments that became a matter of controversy during the 2018 campaign, when Bolsonaro presented himself as a harsh critic of ''[[Chavismo]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://politica.estadao.com.br/noticias/geral,entrevista-de-bolsonaro-ao-estado-com-elogios-a-chavez-mobiliza-militancia,70002117151|title=Entrevista de Bolsonaro ao 'Estado' com elogios a Chávez mobiliza militância – Política|website=Estadão|access-date=8 March 2019|archive-date=27 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190327085902/https://politica.estadao.com.br/noticias/geral,entrevista-de-bolsonaro-ao-estado-com-elogios-a-chavez-mobiliza-militancia,70002117151|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2019, already in power, Bolsonaro commended Paraguayan dictator [[Alfredo Stroessner]] as a "visionary" and "statesman", drawing immediate criticism, particularly due to multiple allegations of [[pedophilia]] against Stroessner.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://brasil.elpais.com/brasil/2019/02/26/internacional/1551213499_127441.html|title=Bolsonaro elogia ditador paraguaio Alfredo Stroessner em público|first=Santi|last=Carneri|date=27 February 2019|website=Brasil.elpais.com|access-date=8 March 2019|archive-date=27 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190227144247/https://brasil.elpais.com/brasil/2019/02/26/internacional/1551213499_127441.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://epoca.globo.com/7-fatos-sobre-ditador-e-pedofilo-reiterado-elogiado-por-bolsonaro-23486277|title=7 fatos sobre o ditador — e pedófilo reiterado — elogiado por Bolsonaro|date=27 February 2019|website=Epoca.globo.com|access-date=8 March 2019|archive-date=9 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190309000559/https://epoca.globo.com/7-fatos-sobre-ditador-e-pedofilo-reiterado-elogiado-por-bolsonaro-23486277|url-status=live}}</ref>
-Speaking before his vote in favor of [[Impeachment process against Dilma Rousseff|President Dilma Rousseff's impeachment]] amid the [[Operation Car Wash|massive corruption scandal]], Bolsonaro paid homage to Colonel [[Carlos Alberto Brilhante Ustra|Brilhante Ustra]], an agent of [[Brazilian military government|Brazil's military dictatorship]], and announced on the floor of the Chamber of Deputies that he was dedicating his pro-impeachment vote to Ustra's memory. Ustra had headed the [[DOI-CODI]] torture unit where Rousseff was allegedly tortured during the military dictatorship. Left-wing deputy [[Jean Wyllys]] spat at him after his statement during the same session. The congressman claimed to have suffered homophobic offenses from Jair Bolsonaro and his allies.<ref>{{cite web |title=A lightning rod for attacks by Brazil's right-wing |url=https://www.latimes.com/world/brazil/la-fg-brazil-congressman-20151128-story.html |work=Los Angeles Times |access-date=7 September 2018 |archive-date=7 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180907011053/http://www.latimes.com/world/brazil/la-fg-brazil-congressman-20151128-story.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Watts|first=Jonathan|date=18 April 2016 |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/apr/18/dilma-rousseff-congress-impeach-brazilian-president |title=Dilma Rousseff: Brazilian congress votes to impeach president|newspaper=The Guardian|access-date=18 April 2016|issn=0261-3077|archive-date=18 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160418080130/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/apr/18/dilma-rousseff-congress-impeach-brazilian-president|url-status=live}}</ref>
-In a TV interview with ''Câmera Aberta'' in the 1990s, Bolsonaro said that if he ever became president, he would use this as an opportunity to shut down the National Congress and instigate a military coup himself. {{as of|2018}}, he appeared to have changed his mind, and said that if someone becomes the head of the country, it would be through voting.<ref>{{cite web|title=Folha de S.Paulo – Internacional – En – Brazil – Congressman Bolsonaro Defended New Military Coup in the 1990s|date=4 June 2018|website=1.folha.uol.com.br |url=http://www1.folha.uol.com.br/internacional/en/brazil/2018/06/1970871-congressman-bolsonaro-defended-new-military-coup-in-the-1990s.shtml|access-date=4 June 2018|archive-date=12 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612165428/https://www1.folha.uol.com.br/internacional/en/brazil/2018/06/1970871-congressman-bolsonaro-defended-new-military-coup-in-the-1990s.shtml|url-status=live}}</ref>
-In March 2019, Bolsonaro stated that the [[1964 Brazilian coup d'état|1964 coup d'état]] that overthrew President [[João Goulart]]<ref name=1964coup>{{cite news|author=Kingstone, Steve|date=1 April 2004 |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/3588339.stm|title=Brazil remembers 1964 coup d'etat|publisher=BBC News|access-date=8 May 2007|url-status=live|archive-date=23 January 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100123103343/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/3588339.stm}}</ref> was not a [[Coup d'état|coup]], and that 31 March, the day the coup was installed, should be "properly commemorated".<ref>{{cite web|title=Bolsonaro determinou que Defesa faça as 'comemorações devidas' do golpe de 64, diz porta-voz|url=https://g1.globo.com/politica/noticia/2019/03/25/bolsonaro-determinou-que-defesa-faca-as-comemoracoes-devidas-do-golpe-de-64-diz-porta-voz.ghtml|website=G1|access-date=26 March 2019 |archive-date=26 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190326131421/https://g1.globo.com/politica/noticia/2019/03/25/bolsonaro-determinou-que-defesa-faca-as-comemoracoes-devidas-do-golpe-de-64-diz-porta-voz.ghtml|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Santa Rita |first1=Bruno |last2=Souza |first2=Renato |last3=Kafruni |first3=Simone |title=Bolsonaro recomendou 'devidas comemorações' do golpe de 1964, diz Porta-Voz |url=https://www.correiobraziliense.com.br/app/noticia/politica/2019/03/25/interna_politica,745271/bolsonaro-recomendou-devidas-comemoracoes-do-golpe-de-1964-diz-port.shtml |website=Correio Braziliense |language=pt-BR |date=25 March 2019 |access-date=26 March 2019 |archive-date=26 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190326141815/https://www.correiobraziliense.com.br/app/noticia/politica/2019/03/25/interna_politica,745271/bolsonaro-recomendou-devidas-comemoracoes-do-golpe-de-1964-diz-port.shtml |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.terra.com.br/noticias/brasil/politica/bolsonaro-nao-considera-que-houve-golpe-em-1964-e-determina-comemoracoes-devidas-diz-porta-voz,a833162dc1987b126cd259b9717d944d6sjaukq7.html |title=Bolsonaro determina "comemorações devidas" do 31 de março|website=Terra|access-date=26 March 2019|archive-date=27 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190327022159/https://www.terra.com.br/noticias/brasil/politica/bolsonaro-nao-considera-que-houve-golpe-em-1964-e-determina-comemoracoes-devidas-diz-porta-voz,a833162dc1987b126cd259b9717d944d6sjaukq7.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
-=== Foreign policy ===
-{{See also|List of international presidential trips made by Jair Bolsonaro}}
-[[File:19-03-2019 Encontro com o Senhor Donald Trump, Presidente dos Estados Unidos da América.jpg|right|thumb|Bolsonaro with United States President [[Donald Trump]] at the [[White House]], 19 March 2019]]
-[[File:20 09 2021 - Encontro com o Primeiro Ministro do Reino Unido, Boris Johnson (51496837523).jpg|thumb|right|Bolsonaro with United Kingdom Prime Minister [[Boris Johnson]], 20 September 2021]]
-During the 2018 presidential campaign, Bolsonaro said he would make considerable changes to Brazil's foreign relations, saying that the "''[[Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Brazil)|Itamaraty]]'' needs to be in service of the values that were always associated with the Brazilian people". He also said that the country should stop "praising dictators" and attacking democracies, such as the [[United States]], [[Israel]] and [[Italy]].<ref name="foreignpolicy">{{Cite news|first=Ana Cristina|last=Campos |url=http://agenciabrasil.ebc.com.br/politica/noticia/2018-10/veja-propostas-de-bolsonaro-e-haddad-para-politica-externa|title=Veja as propostas de Bolsonaro e Haddad para a política externa|work=Agência Brasil|date=26 October 2018|access-date=26 October 2018|archive-date=26 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181026133450/http://agenciabrasil.ebc.com.br/politica/noticia/2018-10/veja-propostas-de-bolsonaro-e-haddad-para-politica-externa|url-status=live}}</ref> In early 2018, he affirmed that his "trip to the five democratic countries the United States, Israel, [[Japan]], [[South Korea]], and [[Taiwan]] showed who we will be and we would like to join good people". Bolsonaro has shown distrust towards [[China]] throughout the presidential campaign claiming they "[want to] buy Brazil",<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://manchikoni.com/presidential-candidates-present-a-drastic-turn-in-foreign-policy-jair-bolsonaro-psl-promises-to-break-brazils-traditional-diplomatic-positions-while-fernando-haddad/ |title=Presidential candidates present a drastic turn in foreign policy Jair Bolsonaro (PSL) promises to break Brazil's traditional diplomatic positions while Fernando Haddad|access-date=27 October 2018|archive-date=28 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181028073809/https://manchikoni.com/presidential-candidates-present-a-drastic-turn-in-foreign-policy-jair-bolsonaro-psl-promises-to-break-brazils-traditional-diplomatic-positions-while-fernando-haddad/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mKVnvgrkcfQ|title=Os compromissos de Bolsonaro em Taiwan.|work=Jair Bolsonaro|date=4 March 2018|access-date=29 October 2018|archive-date=7 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181007191057/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mKVnvgrkcfQ|url-status=live}}</ref> although Brazil recorded a US$20 billion trade surplus with China in 2018, and China is only the 13th largest source of foreign direct investment into Brazil.<ref name="ft">{{cite web|url=https://www.ft.com/content/b5371a10-044a-11e9-bf0f-53b8511afd73|title=Bolsonaro will regret baiting the Chinese tiger|last=Spektor|first=Matias|date=27 December 2018|website=Financial Times|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181228035040/https://www.ft.com/content/b5371a10-044a-11e9-bf0f-53b8511afd73|archive-date=28 December 2018|url-status=live|access-date=27 December 2018}}</ref> Bolsonaro said he wishes to continue to have business with the Chinese but he also said that Brazil should "make better [economic] deals" with other countries, with no "ideological agenda" behind it.<ref name="estadaomarco" /> His stance towards China has also been interpreted by some{{who|date=April 2021}} as an attempt to curry favor from the [[Donald Trump|Trump]] administration to garner concessions from the US.<ref name="ft"/> However, Bolsonaro has mostly changed his position on China after he took office, saying that the two countries were "born to walk together" during his visit to Beijing in October 2019.<ref name=":5">{{cite web|url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2019/12/06/bolsonaro-losing-bet-trump-brazil-tariffs/|title=Bolsonaro Placed a Losing Bet on Trump|last=Stuenkel|first=Oliver|website=Foreign Policy|access-date=6 December 2019|archive-date=6 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191206191650/https://foreignpolicy.com/2019/12/06/bolsonaro-losing-bet-trump-brazil-tariffs/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=25 October 2019 |url=https://www.scmp.com/news/china/diplomacy/article/3034658/common-ground-investment-still-no-hint-brazil-signing-chinas|title=Still no hint of Brazil signing up for China's Belt and Road Initiative |website=South China Morning Post|access-date=6 December 2019|archive-date=6 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191206191640/https://www.scmp.com/news/china/diplomacy/article/3034658/common-ground-investment-still-no-hint-brazil-signing-chinas|url-status=live}}</ref> He has also said that Brazil will stay out of the ongoing [[China–United States trade war|China-U.S. trade war]].<ref name=":5" />
-Bolsonaro said that his first international trip as president would be to [[Brazil–Israel relations|Israel]].<ref name="palestine">{{cite news |title=Israel hails election of Brazil's controversial Bolsonaro, who plans visit soon |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/israel-hails-election-of-brazils-controversial-bolsonaro-who-plans-visit/ |work=The Times of Israel |date=29 October 2018 |access-date=31 October 2018 |archive-date=1 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181101020510/https://www.timesofisrael.com/israel-hails-election-of-brazils-controversial-bolsonaro-who-plans-visit/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Bolsonaro also said that the [[State of Palestine]] "is not a country, so there should be no embassy here", adding that "you don't negotiate with terrorists."<ref name="palestine" /> The announcement was warmly received by the [[prime minister]] of Israel, [[Benjamin Netanyahu]], who welcomed Bolsonaro to Israel in March 2019 during the final weeks of a re-election campaign,<ref>{{cite news|url=https://jg-tc.com/news/world/netanyahu-warmly-welcomes-brazil-s-bolsonaro-in-israel/article_2b286bf8-4d6e-5f02-9a6d-4e83a9cf4e34.html|title=Netanyahu embraces Brazil's far-right Bolsonaro in Israel|work=Associated Presa|date=31 March 2019|access-date=6 April 2018|first=Ilan|last=Ben Zion|archive-date=6 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190406124230/https://jg-tc.com/news/world/netanyahu-warmly-welcomes-brazil-s-bolsonaro-in-israel/article_2b286bf8-4d6e-5f02-9a6d-4e83a9cf4e34.html|url-status=live}}</ref> but was met with condemnation from the [[Arab League]], which warned Bolsonaro it could damage diplomatic ties.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/arab-league-warns-brazil-that-jerusalem-embassy-move-could-harm-ties/ |title=Arab League warns Brazil that Jerusalem embassy move could harm ties |work=Times of Israel |date=11 December 2018 |access-date=3 May 2019 |archive-date=31 March 2019 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190331171504/https://www.timesofisrael.com/arab-league-warns-brazil-that-jerusalem-embassy-move-could-harm-ties/}}</ref> "I love Israel," Bolsonaro said in Hebrew at a welcoming ceremony, with Netanyahu at his side, at Tel Aviv's Ben-Gurion airport.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dw.com/en/i-love-israel-brazils-bolsonaro-lands-in-tel-aviv/a-48134150|title='I love Israel' — Brazil's Bolsonaro lands in Tel Aviv |website=Dw.com|access-date=5 December 2019|archive-date=4 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191204235025/https://www.dw.com/en/i-love-israel-brazils-bolsonaro-lands-in-tel-aviv/a-48134150|url-status=live}}</ref>
-[[File:Bolsonaro Xi Jinping China 2019.jpg|left|thumb|Bolsonaro with Chinese President [[Xi Jinping]] in October 2019]]
-Bolsonaro also praised U.S. President [[Donald Trump]] and [[Foreign policy of the Donald Trump administration|his foreign policy]],<ref name="foreignpolicy" /> and has been called "the tropical Trump".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ft.com/content/874c8a46-4873-11e9-bbc9-6917dce3dc62|title=Brazil's 'Tropical Trump' seeks to reset ties with White House visit|website=Ft.com|access-date=9 November 2019|archive-date=9 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191109155433/https://www.ft.com/content/874c8a46-4873-11e9-bbc9-6917dce3dc62|url-status=live}}</ref> His son [[Eduardo Bolsonaro|Eduardo]] has indicated that Brazil should distance itself from [[Iran]], sever ties with [[Nicolás Maduro]]'s government in [[Venezuela]] and relocate [[List of diplomatic missions in Israel|Brazil's embassy in Israel]] to [[Jerusalem]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Brazil Should Shun Venezuela and Embrace Israel, Bolsonaro's Son Says |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2018-10-10/brazil-to-shun-venezuela-and-embrace-israel-bolsonaro-son-says |work=Bloomberg |date=10 October 2018 |access-date=29 October 2018 |archive-date=29 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181029232403/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2018-10-10/brazil-to-shun-venezuela-and-embrace-israel-bolsonaro-son-says |url-status=live }}</ref> Bolsonaro is widely considered the most [[Foreign relations of the United States|pro-American]] candidate in Brazil since the 1980s. PSL members said that if elected, he would dramatically improve [[Brazil–United States relations|relations between the United States and Brazil]].<ref name=":3" /> During an October 2017 campaign rally in [[Miami]], he saluted the [[Flag of the United States|American flag]] and led chants of "USA! USA!" to a large crowd.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.americasquarterly.org/content/what-expect-jair-bolsonaro|title=What to Expect from Jair Bolsonaro|last=Winter|first=Brian|date=9 October 2018|website=[[Americas Quarterly]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181012053919/https://www.americasquarterly.org/content/what-expect-jair-bolsonaro|archive-date=12 October 2018|url-status=live|access-date=11 October 2018}}</ref> U.S. National Security Advisor [[John R. Bolton|John Bolton]] praised Bolsonaro as a "like-minded" partner and said his victory was a "positive sign" for Latin America.<ref>{{cite news |title=Jair Bolsonaro: Brazil's far-right president-elect wants to move Israel embassy from Tel Aviv to Jerusalem |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/jair-bolsonaro-brazil-embassy-israel-tel-aviv-jerusalem-middle-east-palestine-a8614066.html |work=The Independent |date=2 November 2018 |access-date=2 November 2018 |archive-date=2 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181102190515/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/jair-bolsonaro-brazil-embassy-israel-tel-aviv-jerusalem-middle-east-palestine-a8614066.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
-At the regional level, Bolsonaro praised Argentine President [[Mauricio Macri]] for ending the 12-year rule of [[Néstor Kirchner|Néstor]] and [[Cristina Fernández de Kirchner]], which he saw as similar to Lula and Rousseff. Although he does not have plans to leave the [[Mercosur]], he criticized it for prioritizing ideological issues over economic ones.<ref>{{cite news|first= Alberto|last= Almendariz|url= https://www.lanacion.com.ar/2180830-bolsonaro-un-saludo-macri-termino-dilma-kirchner|title= Bolsonaro: "Un abrazo a Macri, que terminó con la 'Dilma Kirchner'"|trans-title= Bolsonaro: "A hug for Macri, who ended the 'Dilma-Kirchner'"|language= es|date= 11 October 2018|newspaper= La Nación|access-date= 29 October 2018|archive-date= 30 October 2018|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20181030035503/https://www.lanacion.com.ar/2180830-bolsonaro-un-saludo-macri-termino-dilma-kirchner|url-status= live}}</ref> A staunch anti-communist, Bolsonaro has condemned [[Cuba]]'s former leader [[Fidel Castro]] and the current regime in that island.<ref name="churchill"/><ref>{{cite news |title=Brazil's Bolsonaro names Trump fan top diplomat as Cuba relations sour |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-brazil-politics/brazils-bolsonaro-names-trump-fan-top-diplomat-as-cuba-relations-sour-idUSKCN1NJ31M |work=Reuters |date=3 December 2018 |access-date=3 December 2018 |archive-date=4 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181204005931/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-brazil-politics/brazils-bolsonaro-names-trump-fan-top-diplomat-as-cuba-relations-sour-idUSKCN1NJ31M |url-status=live }}</ref>
-Bolsonaro praised British Prime Minister [[Winston Churchill]], saying that he had learned from Churchill: "Patriotism, love for your fatherland, respect for your flag – something that has been lost over the last few years here in Brazil{{nbsp}}... and governing through example, especially at that difficult moment of the Second World War."<ref name="churchill">{{cite news |title=Jair Bolsonaro denies he is a fascist and paints himself as a Brazilian Churchill |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/oct/30/jair-bolsonaro-denies-he-is-a-fascist-brazilian-churchill |work=The Guardian |date=30 October 2018 |access-date=31 October 2018 |archive-date=30 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181030232222/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/oct/30/jair-bolsonaro-denies-he-is-a-fascist-brazilian-churchill |url-status=live }}</ref> Bolsonaro said he's open to the possibility of hosting a [[United States military deployments|U.S. military base]] in Brazil to counter [[Russia]]n influence in the region.<ref>{{cite news |title=Brazil military uneasy with Bolsonaro's openness to U.S. base: source |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-brazil-usa-base/brazil-military-uneasy-with-bolsonaros-openness-to-u-s-base-source-idUSKCN1OZ0IW |publisher=Reuters |date=5 January 2019 |access-date=17 January 2019 |archive-date=19 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190119121406/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-brazil-usa-base/brazil-military-uneasy-with-bolsonaros-openness-to-u-s-base-source-idUSKCN1OZ0IW |url-status=live }}</ref> With the intention to persuade Trump to make Brazil a [[NATO]] member in March 2019, Bolsonaro said: "the discussions with the United States will begin in the coming months".<ref>{{cite news |title=Trump says strongly considering NATO membership for Brazil |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-brazil-nato/trump-says-looking-at-nato-membership-for-brazil-idUSKCN1R024O |publisher=Reuters |date=19 March 2019 |access-date=20 March 2019 |archive-date=20 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190320191314/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-brazil-nato/trump-says-looking-at-nato-membership-for-brazil-idUSKCN1R024O |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Trump says looking at NATO membership for Brazil|url=https://www.euronews.com/2019/03/19/trump-says-looking-at-nato-membership-for-brazil|publisher=Euronews|date=19 March 2019|access-date=20 March 2019|archive-date=20 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190320191315/https://www.euronews.com/2019/03/19/trump-says-looking-at-nato-membership-for-brazil|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title='Diplomacia em primeiro lugar, até as últimas consequências', diz Bolsonaro sobre Venezuela|url=https://g1.globo.com/mundo/noticia/2019/03/19/diplomacia-em-primeiro-lugar-ate-as-ultimas-consequencias-diz-bolsonaro-sobre-venezuela.ghtml|website=G1.globo.com|date=19 March 2019|access-date=20 March 2019|archive-date=20 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190320191314/https://g1.globo.com/mundo/noticia/2019/03/19/diplomacia-em-primeiro-lugar-ate-as-ultimas-consequencias-diz-bolsonaro-sobre-venezuela.ghtml|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Em almoço fechado, Trump diz querer Brasil como membro pleno da Otan|url=https://www1.folha.uol.com.br/mundo/2019/03/em-almoco-fechado-trump-diz-querer-brasil-como-membro-pleno-da-otan.shtml|publisher=Folha de S.Paulo|date=20 March 2019|access-date=20 March 2019|archive-date=20 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190320191318/https://www1.folha.uol.com.br/mundo/2019/03/em-almoco-fechado-trump-diz-querer-brasil-como-membro-pleno-da-otan.shtml|url-status=live}}</ref>
-[[File:Bolsonaro and Putin in November 2019 (cropped).jpg|right|thumb|Bolsonaro with Russian President [[Vladimir Putin]] in November 2019]]
-With formal U.S. support for Brazil's entry to [[OECD]] in May 2019, Bolsonaro said, "currently, all 36 members of the organization support the entry of the country, fruit of confidence in the new Brazil being built, more free, open and fair".<ref>{{cite news|title=Official Twitter of President Jair Bolsonaro|url=https://twitter.com/jairbolsonaro/status/1131634002824245248|publisher=@jairbolsonaro|language=pt|date=23 May 2019|access-date=28 May 2019|archive-date=19 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200319082243/https://twitter.com/jairbolsonaro/status/1131634002824245248|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Official Twitter of United States Embassy in Brazil|url=https://twitter.com/EmbaixadaEUA/status/1131526230073851909|publisher=@EmbaixadaEUA|language=pt|date=23 May 2019|access-date=28 May 2019|archive-date=15 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190815163809/https://twitter.com/EmbaixadaEUA/status/1131526230073851909|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=USA Officially Supports Brazil's Candidature to The OECD|url=https://www1.folha.uol.com.br/internacional/en/business/2019/05/usa-officially-supports-brazils-candidature-to-the-oecd.shtml|publisher=Folha de S.Paulo|date=24 May 2019|access-date=28 May 2019|archive-date=8 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200308151357/https://www1.folha.uol.com.br/internacional/en/business/2019/05/usa-officially-supports-brazils-candidature-to-the-oecd.shtml|url-status=live}}</ref> In October 2019, on a state visit to China, he announced the end of the need for visas for Chinese and Indian entry into Brazil. Brazil had already removed the need for visas for people from the U.S., Canada, Japan, and Australia.<ref>{{cite news|title=Brazil says it will no longer require visas from Chinese, Indian citizens|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-brazil-visas/brazil-says-it-will-no-longer-require-visas-from-chinese-indian-citizens-idUSKBN1X32AX|publisher=Reuters|date=25 October 2019|access-date=25 October 2019|archive-date=25 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191025204021/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-brazil-visas/brazil-says-it-will-no-longer-require-visas-from-chinese-indian-citizens-idUSKBN1X32AX|url-status=live}}</ref>
-=== Environment ===
-[[File:2021 Top ten countries for tropical primary forest loss - World Resources Institute.svg |thumb| Home to much of the Amazon rainforest, Brazil's tropical [[Old-growth forest|primary (old-growth)]] forest loss greatly exceeds that of other countries.<ref name=WRI_20220428>{{cite web |title=Forest Pulse: The Latest on the World's Forests |url=https://research.wri.org/gfr/latest-analysis-deforestation-trends |website=WRI.org |publisher=World Resources Institute |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220428222031/https://research.wri.org/gfr/latest-analysis-deforestation-trends |archive-date=28 April 2022 |date=28 April 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref>]]
-Brazil has the world's [[Amazon rainforest|largest tropical rainforest]] in the [[Amazon basin]]. According to ''[[The Washington Post]]'', "Bolsonaro is a powerful supporter of [[Agriculture in Brazil|agribusiness]] [...] and is likely to favor profits over preservation. [...] Bolsonaro has chafed at foreign pressure to safeguard [[Amazon rainforest|the Amazon rainforest]], and he served notice to international nonprofit groups such as the [[World Wildlife Fund]] that he will not tolerate their agendas in Brazil. He has also come out strongly against [[Indigenous territory (Brazil)|lands]] reserved for [[Indigenous peoples in Brazil|indigenous tribes]]. Bolsonaro advisers additionally say that he plans to expand [[Nuclear activities in Brazil|nuclear]] and hydroelectric power into the Amazon."<ref name="environment"/>
-Bolsonaro rejects the [[scientific consensus on climate change]]. He repeatedly threatened to withdraw from the [[Paris Agreement]] during his campaign.<ref>{{cite news|title=Bolsonaro diz que Brasil deixará Acordo de Paris se não forem aceitas mudanças|url=https://br.reuters.com/article/topNews/idBRKBN1OB2ZY-OBRTP |language=pt|work=Reuters|date=12 December 2018|access-date=29 June 2019|archive-date=29 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190629164348/https://br.reuters.com/article/topNews/idBRKBN1OB2ZY-OBRTP |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{cite web|url=https://www.science.org/content/article/brazil-s-new-president-has-scientists-worried-here-s-why|title=Brazil's new president has scientists worried. Here's why|last=Escobar|first=Herton|date=22 January 2019|website=Science {{!}} AAAS|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190125183232/https://www.sciencemag.org/news/2019/01/brazil-s-new-president-has-scientists-worried-here-s-why|archive-date=25 January 2019|url-status=live|access-date=25 January 2019}}</ref> Even before taking office, he backed out of Brazil's offer to host the [[United Nations Climate Change conference#2019: COP 25/CMP 15/CMA 2, Madrid, Spain|2019 UN Climate Change Conference]].<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-climate-change-accord-brazil-idUSKCN1NX27B|title=Brazil's Bolsonaro nixes plans to host U.N. climate event|date=28 November 2018|work=Reuters|access-date=25 January 2019|archive-date=25 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190125131020/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-climate-change-accord-brazil-idUSKCN1NX27B|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Ernesto Araújo]], the new Minister of Foreign Affairs appointed by Bolsonaro, has called global warming a [[Global warming conspiracy theory|plot]] by "cultural Marxists"<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/nov/15/brazil-foreign-minister-ernesto-araujo-climate-change-marxist-plot|title=Brazil's new foreign minister believes climate change is a Marxist plot|last=editor|first=Jonathan Watts Global environment|date=15 November 2018|work=The Guardian|access-date=25 January 2019|issn=0261-3077|archive-date=13 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191113045658/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/nov/15/brazil-foreign-minister-ernesto-araujo-climate-change-marxist-plot|url-status=live}}</ref> and eliminated the Climate Change Division of the ministry.<ref name=":0" /> Two departments of the [[Ministry of the Environment (Brazil)|Ministry of the Environment]] dealing with [[climate change in Brazil]] and mitigation and one dealing with deforestation were also eliminated.<ref name=":0" />
-In April 2019, the [[American Museum of Natural History]] canceled an event honoring Bolsonaro after facing heavy public criticism, including from New York Mayor [[Bill de Blasio]]. The museum's directorate justified its decision in a statement, "With mutual respect for the work and goals of our organizations, we jointly agreed that the Museum is not the optimal location for the Brazilian-Am. Chamber of Commerce gala dinner. This traditional event will go forward at another location on the original date and time."<ref>{{cite news |title=Museum cancels event honouring Brazil's Jair Bolsonaro |agency=BBC |date=16 April 2019 |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-47946955 |access-date=16 April 2019 |archive-date=16 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190416122909/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-47946955 |url-status=live }}</ref> Bolsonaro supported plans to open the Reserva Nacional do Cobre e Associados (Renca) [[Amazon rainforest|Amazonian]] reserve in Brazil's northern states of [[Pará]] and [[Amapá]] to commercial [[mining]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Bolsonaro says Brazil rainforest reserve may be opened to mining |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-brazil-amazon-mining/brazils-bolsonaro-says-rainforest-reserve-should-be-opened-to-mining-idUSKCN1RO29H |work=Reuters |date=12 April 2019 |access-date=17 April 2019 |url-status=live |archive-date=17 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190417155619/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-brazil-amazon-mining/brazils-bolsonaro-says-rainforest-reserve-should-be-opened-to-mining-idUSKCN1RO29H}}</ref>
-[[File:28 06 2019 Reunião Paralela dos Líderes do G20, sobre Economia Digital (48142864762).jpg|right|thumb|Bolsonaro, French President [[Emmanuel Macron]] and Saudi Crown Prince [[Mohammad bin Salman]] at the 2019 G20 Osaka summit]]
-[[Deforestation of the Amazon rainforest|Destruction of the Amazon rainforest]] increased by 88% for the month of June 2019, during Bolsonaro's first year as president, as compared with the previous year, according to [[National Institute for Space Research]] (INPE). Bolsonaro rejected the agency's data as false. The IPSE director was fired after he rebutted Bolsonaro's criticism of IPSE.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://g1.globo.com/natureza/noticia/2019/07/03/desmatamento-na-amazonia-em-junho-e-88percent-maior-do-que-no-mesmo-periodo-de-2018.ghtml|title=Desmatamento na Amazônia em junho é 88% maior do que no mesmo período de 2018 |website=G1|language=pt-br|access-date=28 July 2019|archive-date=21 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190821174847/https://g1.globo.com/natureza/noticia/2019/07/03/desmatamento-na-amazonia-em-junho-e-88percent-maior-do-que-no-mesmo-periodo-de-2018.ghtml|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-britain-climatechange-protests/london-climate-change-protesters-daub-brazilian-embassy-blood-red-idUKKCN1V30LA |title=London climate change protesters daub Brazilian embassy blood red|website=Reuters|access-date=15 August 2019|archive-date=15 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190815214303/https://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-britain-climatechange-protests/london-climate-change-protesters-daub-brazilian-embassy-blood-red-idUKKCN1V30LA|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Amazon deforestation: Brazil's Bolsonaro dismisses data as 'lies' |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-49052360 |website=[[BBC News]] |access-date=23 August 2019 |date=20 July 2019 |archive-date=21 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190821164317/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-49052360 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=de Campos |first1=João Pedroso |title=Após rebater Bolsonaro, diretor do Inpe deixará o cargo |url=https://veja.abril.com.br/politica/apos-rebater-bolsonaro-diretor-do-inpe-deixara-o-cargo/ |website=[[Veja (magazine)|Veja]] |access-date=23 August 2019 |language=pt |date=2 August 2019 |archive-date=23 August 2019 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190823072444/https://veja.abril.com.br/politica/apos-rebater-bolsonaro-diretor-do-inpe-deixara-o-cargo/}}</ref> The Bolsonaro administration decreased government efforts to combat illegal logging, ranching and mining in the Amazon. Government enforcement actions such as fines, warnings and the confiscation or destruction of illegal equipment in protected areas decreased by 20% in the first half of 2018 compared to the first half of 2017.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Casado |first1=Letícia |last2=Londoño |first2=Ernesto |title=Under Brazil's Far-Right Leader, Amazon Protections Slashed and Forests Fall |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/07/28/world/americas/brazil-deforestation-amazon-bolsonaro.html |website=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=23 August 2019 |date=28 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190823025943/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/07/28/world/americas/brazil-deforestation-amazon-bolsonaro.html |archive-date=23 August 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref>
-=== Christianity and secularism ===
-[[File:Jair Bolsonaro discursa na 74ª Sessão da Assembleia Geral da ONU (cropped).jpg|right|thumb|Bolsonaro speaking to the United Nations General Assembly in September 2019]]
-Bolsonaro is a member of the [[Catholic Church in Brazil|Catholic Church]] (while his wife and one of his sons are [[Evangelical Christian]]s).<ref>{{Cite news|title=Bolsonaro, a Catholic, Expanded His Base Among Evangelicals |url=https://www1.folha.uol.com.br/internacional/en/brazil/2018/10/bolsonaro-a-catholic-expanded-his-base-among-evangelicals.shtml|date=30 October 2018|work=Folha de S.Paulo|access-date=1 November 2018|language=pt-BR|archive-date=25 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200925084335/https://www1.folha.uol.com.br/internacional/en/brazil/2018/10/bolsonaro-a-catholic-expanded-his-base-among-evangelicals.shtml|url-status=live}}</ref> However, according to ''[[The New Yorker]]'' reporter [[Jon Lee Anderson]] "he had himself baptized as an evangelical [Protestant] early in his campaign, by being ceremonially dunked in the Jordan River."<ref>Jon Lee Anderson, "Southern Strategy," ''The New Yorker'', 1 April 2019.</ref> He is reported to have attended a [[Baptist]] church for 10 years.<ref>{{cite web |first1=Chayenne |last1=Polimédio |title=The Rise of the Brazilian Evangelicals |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2018/01/the-evangelical-takeover-of-brazilian-politics/551423/ |magazine=[[The Atlantic]] |publisher=[[Emerson Collective]] |location=Washington DC |date=24 January 2018 |access-date=30 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190427233429/https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2018/01/the-evangelical-takeover-of-brazilian-politics/551423/ |archive-date=27 April 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref> In a 2017 speech, Bolsonaro stated, "God above everything. There is no such thing as a [[secular state]]. The state is Christian, and any minority that is against this has to change, if they can."<ref>{{cite news |last1=Johny |first1=Stanly |title=Who is Jair Bolsonaro? |work=The Hindu |date=3 November 2018 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/international/who-is-jair-bolsonaro/article25413969.ece |access-date=7 December 2018 |archive-date=12 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200612184354/https://www.thehindu.com/news/international/who-is-jair-bolsonaro/article25413969.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> He later evolved his position to maintaining the country a secular state during the first round of the Brazilian presidential elections: "We are going to make a government for everyone, regardless of religion. Even for atheists. We have almost 5% of atheists in Brazil, and they have the same needs that others have."<ref name="noticias.uol.com.br">{{cite web |url=https://noticias.uol.com.br/politica/eleicoes/2018/noticias/2018/10/06/em-ultima-fala-antes-de-votacao-bolsonaro-faz-aceno-para-ateus-e-gays.htm |title=Em última fala antes de votação, Bolsonaro faz aceno para ateus e gays |publisher=[[Universo Online|UOL]] |date=6 October 2018 |access-date=10 October 2018 |url-status=live |archive-date=25 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200925084328/https://noticias.uol.com.br/politica/eleicoes/2018/noticias/2018/10/06/em-ultima-fala-antes-de-votacao-bolsonaro-faz-aceno-para-ateus-e-gays.htm}}</ref>
-=== Views on women ===
-In an interview with ''Zero Hora'' in 2015, Bolsonaro argued that men and women should not receive the same salaries, because women get pregnant, adding that he believes federal law mandating paid [[maternity leave]] harms work productivity.<ref>{{Cite news|first=Vanessa|last=Lima|url=https://revistacrescer.globo.com/Familia/Maes-e-Trabalho/noticia/2015/02/jair-bolsonaro-diz-que-mulher-deve-ganhar-salario-menor-porque-engravida.html|title=Jair Bolsonaro diz que mulher deve ganhar salário menor porque engravida|work=revistacrescer.globo.com|access-date=2 June 2018|language=pt-br|archive-date=16 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180616203800/https://revistacrescer.globo.com/Familia/Maes-e-Trabalho/noticia/2015/02/jair-bolsonaro-diz-que-mulher-deve-ganhar-salario-menor-porque-engravida.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Bolsonaro has denied saying that women should receive less than men; he claims it was statistical data by [[IBGE]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www1.folha.uol.com.br/poder/2018/08/bolsonaro-diz-que-cabe-a-justica-diferenca-salarial-entre-homens-e-mulheres.shtml|title=Bolsonaro diz que cabe à justiça acabar com a diferença salarial entre homens e mulheres|date=28 August 2018|work=Folha de S.Paulo|access-date=22 October 2018|language=pt-BR|archive-date=25 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200925084332/https://www1.folha.uol.com.br/poder/2018/08/bolsonaro-diz-que-cabe-a-justica-diferenca-salarial-entre-homens-e-mulheres.shtml|url-status=live}}</ref>
-In a public speech in April 2017, Bolsonaro said he had five children, that the first four were male and that for the fifth he produced a daughter out of "a moment of weakness".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://exame.abril.com.br/brasil/piada-de-bolsonaro-sobre-sua-filha-gera-revolta-nas-redes-sociais/|title=Piada de Bolsonaro sobre sua filha gera revolta nas redes sociais|website=exame.abril.com.br|language=pt-BR|access-date=2 June 2018|date=6 April 2017|archive-date=12 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612184611/https://exame.abril.com.br/brasil/piada-de-bolsonaro-sobre-sua-filha-gera-revolta-nas-redes-sociais/|url-status=dead}}</ref>
-[[File:Maria do Rosário e Jair Bolsonaro 2016.jpg|thumb|Bolsonaro arguing with Federal Deputy [[Maria do Rosário]] in the [[Chamber of Deputies (Brazil)|Chamber of Deputies]], 14 September 2016]]
-Bolsonaro provoked controversy for a series of remarks made to and about Federal Deputy and former Human Rights Minister [[Maria do Rosário]]. During a Congressional debate, Bolsonaro said that minors should be [[Trial as an adult|treated as adults]] if they commit heinous crimes such as murder or rape, to which Maria do Rosário responded by calling him a "rapist".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://veja.abril.com.br/blog/reinaldo/geral/e-chegada-a-hora-de-dar-um-basta-as-bocalidades-de-bolsonaro-hoje-o-mais-importante-aliado-da-esquerda-bocal-ambos-se-alimentam-e-se-merecem/|title=É chegada a hora de dar um "Basta!" às boçalidades de Bolsonaro, hoje o mais importante aliado da esquerda boçal: ambos se alimentam e se merecem!|website=Reinaldo Azevedo – VEJA.com.br}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www1.folha.uol.com.br/poder/2014/12/1559815-para-rebater-deputada-bolsonaro-diz-que-nao-a-estupraria.shtml|title=Para rebater deputada, Bolsonaro diz que não a 'estupraria'|website=Márcio Falcão e Gabriela Guerreiro – Folha de São Paulo|access-date=1 August 2018|archive-date=16 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180616180508/https://www1.folha.uol.com.br/poder/2014/12/1559815-para-rebater-deputada-bolsonaro-diz-que-nao-a-estupraria.shtml|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.terra.com.br/noticias/brasil/politica/bolsonaro-sobre-ataque-a-deputada-me-acusou-de-estuprador,36ba9a143643a410VgnVCM5000009ccceb0aRCRD.html|title=Bolsonaro sobre ataque a deputada: "me acusou de estuprador" |website=André Naddeo – Terra}}</ref> Bolsonaro then stated that Congresswoman Rosário was "not worth raping; she is very ugly".<ref name="gardian-sexist"/> The remarks drew considerable condemnation throughout Brazil. In the aftermath of these remarks, Bolsonaro was tried and convicted in a Federal court in September 2015 on counts of [[hedonic damages]] against Rosário.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www1.folha.uol.com.br/colunas/monicabergamo/2015/09/1682452-bolsonaro-e-condenado-por-dizer-que-maria-do-rosario-nao-merece-estupro.shtml|title=Mônica Bergamo: Bolsonaro é condenado por dizer que Maria do Rosário 'não merece' estupro|work=Folha de S.Paulo|access-date=2 June 2018|language=pt-BR|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200925084344/https://www1.folha.uol.com.br/paywall/login.shtml?https%3A%2F%2Fwww1.folha.uol.com.br%2Fcolunas%2Fmonicabergamo%2F2015%2F09%2F1682452-bolsonaro-e-condenado-por-dizer-que-maria-do-rosario-nao-merece-estupro.shtml|archive-date=25 September 2020|url-status=live}}</ref> In June 2016, the Federal Supreme Court responded to a complaint filed by the [[Attorney General of Brazil|Attorney General]] and decided to open two criminal actions against Bolsonaro. The Supreme Court ruled that he had potentially [[Incitement|incited]] rape and [[defamation|defamed]] the honor of his fellow Deputy. He faced a penalty of up to six months of jail and a fine.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://g1.globo.com/politica/noticia/2016/06/bolsonaro-vira-reu-por-falar-que-maria-do-rosario-nao-merece-ser-estuprada.html|title=Bolsonaro vira réu por falar que Maria do Rosário não merece ser estuprada |date=21 June 2016|work=Política|access-date=2 June 2018|language=pt-BR|archive-date=30 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180530091704/http://g1.globo.com/politica/noticia/2016/06/bolsonaro-vira-reu-por-falar-que-maria-do-rosario-nao-merece-ser-estuprada.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Ultimately in August 2017, an appellate court upheld a lower court's verdict which found Bolsonaro guilty and sentenced him to pay a fine to Rosário of R$10,000 (roughly equivalent to US$2,500).<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www1.folha.uol.com.br/poder/2017/08/1910097-stj-determina-que-bolsonaro-indenize-maria-do-rosario-por-danos-morais.shtml|title=STJ determina que Bolsonaro indenize Maria do Rosário por danos morais|work=Folha de S.Paulo |access-date=2 June 2018|archive-date=25 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200925084335/https://www1.folha.uol.com.br/poder/2017/08/1910097-stj-determina-que-bolsonaro-indenize-maria-do-rosario-por-danos-morais.shtml|url-status=live}}</ref> This lawsuit was dismissed by the Supreme Federal Court as Bolsonaro was inaugurated as president in 2019 and acquired [[Legal immunity|immunity from prosecution]].<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.bbc.com/portuguese/brasil-46012367|title=Após posse presidencial, processos contra Bolsonaro no STF serão suspensos|last=Gragnani|first=Juliana|date=30 October 2018|work=BBC News Brasil|access-date=15 November 2018 |url-status=live|archive-date=15 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181115202043/https://www.bbc.com/portuguese/brasil-46012367}}</ref>
-=== Views on homosexuality ===
-[[File:Parada gay 2011 - bonecos dilma e bolsonaro.jpg|thumb|left|[[Gay Pride]] parade in São Paulo, June 2011]]
-In May 2002, after then-President Fernando Henrique Cardoso attended a pro-gay-marriage gathering, Bolsonaro said, "If I see two men kissing in the street, I will beat them."<ref>{{cite web|first=Pedro Henrique|last=Fonseca|url=https://apnews.com/article/1f9b79df9b1d4f14aeb1694f0dc13276|title=A look at offensive comments by Brazil candidate Bolsonaro|website=AP News|date=29 September 2018|access-date=14 July 2021}}</ref> He later publicly defended beating gay children, saying, "If your child starts to become like that, a little bit gay, you take a whip and you change their behavior." He also said, "If a kid hangs out with someone who uses marijuana, he'll end up snorting, and if he hangs out with gay person, he definitely is going to turn into a faggot."<ref>{{cite web|title=Folha de S.Paulo – Câmara: Palmada muda filho "gayzinho", declara deputado federal – 26/11/2010|url=http://www1.folha.uol.com.br/fsp/cotidian/ff2611201025.htm|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200925084342/https://www1.folha.uol.com.br/fsp/cotidian/ff2611201025.htm|archive-date=25 September 2020|access-date=3 June 2018|website=1.folha.uol.com.br}}</ref>
-In a June 2011 interview with ''[[Playboy]]'', Bolsonaro said, "I would be incapable of loving a gay son", and added that he would prefer any gay son of his "to die in an accident".<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://noticias.terra.com.br/brasil/bolsonaro-quotprefiro-filho-morto-em-acidente-a-um-homossexualquot,cf89cc00a90ea310VgnCLD200000bbcceb0aRCRD.html|title=Bolsonaro: "prefiro filho morto em acidente a um homossexual"|work=Terra|access-date=2 June 2018|language=pt-BR|archive-date=25 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200925084333/http://noticias.terra.com.br/brasil/bolsonaro-quotprefiro-filho-morto-em-acidente-a-um-homossexualquot,cf89cc00a90ea310VgnCLD200000bbcceb0aRCRD.html|url-status=live}}</ref> In the same interview, he said that if a gay couple moved in next door to him, it would lower the market value of his house.
-In an interview that same month with ''Jornal de Notícias'', Bolsonaro linked homosexuality to [[pedophilia]], saying, "many of the children who are adopted by gay couples will be abused by these couples".<ref>{{cite web|first=Pedro Henrique|last=Fonseca|url=https://www.jn.pt/brasil/interior/deputado-bolsonaro-diz-que-governo-transforma-gays-numa-classe-privilegiada-1879387.html|title=Deputado Bolsonaro diz que Governo transforma gays numa classe privilegiada|website=Jornal de Notícias|date=21 June 2011|access-date=7 September 2018|archive-date=12 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180812114615/https://www.jn.pt/brasil/interior/deputado-bolsonaro-diz-que-governo-transforma-gays-numa-classe-privilegiada-1879387.html|url-status=live}}</ref> He further argued that Brazil does not need legislation specifically targeting homophobia, because "most homosexuals are murdered by their respective pimps at hours when good citizens are already asleep".<ref name="epoca2"/>
-In British actor [[Stephen Fry]]'s 2013 documentary ''Out There'', Bolsonaro said, "no father is ever proud of having a gay son" and "we Brazilians do not like homosexuals".<ref>{{cite AV media|last=novoiluminismo|title=Entrevista – Jair Bolsonaro e Angélica Ivo [ORIGINAL]|date=17 October 2013|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9TiqyO5JQZs|access-date=3 June 2018}}</ref>
-[[File:Beijaço contra Bolsonaro e Marco Feliciano 2.jpg|thumb|Bolsonaro and his son, Eduardo, together with fellow congressman [[Marco Feliciano]], watching as a couple of protesters for LGBT rights kiss on the floor of the Committee on Culture of the Chamber of Deputies, May 2016]]
-In a March 2016 video interview for ''[[Vice Media|Vice]]'' with [[Elliot Page]], an openly [[lesbian]] actress at the time, Page asked Bolsonaro whether he should have been beaten as a child (alluding to Bolsonaro's public statements that gay children should be beaten). Bolsonaro replied, "You are very nice. If I were a cadet in the military academy and saw you on the street, I would whistle at you. All right? You are very pretty."<ref name="advocate.com">{{Cite news|url=https://www.advocate.com/world/2016/3/12/watch-ellen-page-confronts-brazils-biggest-homophobe-gaycation|title=WATCH: Ellen Page Confronts Brazil's Biggest Homophobe on 'Gaycation'|date=12 March 2016|access-date=10 June 2018|archive-date=12 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612143655/https://www.advocate.com/world/2016/3/12/watch-ellen-page-confronts-brazils-biggest-homophobe-gaycation|url-status=live}}</ref> Bolsonaro added, "Over time, due to liberal habits, drugs, with women also working, the number of homosexuals has really increased."<ref name="advocate.com" />
-On 9 November 2017, the Court of Justice for the State of Rio de Janeiro sentenced Bolsonaro to pay a fine of R$150,000 for [[hate speech]] because of televised comments he made in 2011 to the [[Custe o Que Custar|''CQC'' TV program]], when Bolsonaro stated that "there is no risk" of his family producing a homosexual child because his children had a "good education". Judge Luciana Teixeira said that the deputy had abused his right of free expression to commit a wrongful act. "You cannot deliberately attack and humiliate, ignoring the principles of equality, just because you invoke freedom of expression," said the judge.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www1.folha.uol.com.br/poder/2017/11/1934062-bolsonaro-e-condenado-a-pagar-r-150-mil-por-declaracoes-contra-gays.shtml|title=Bolsonaro é condenado a pagar R$ 150 mil por declarações contra gays|work=Folha de S.Paulo |access-date=11 September 2018|archive-date=2 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181002122427/https://www1.folha.uol.com.br/poder/2017/11/1934062-bolsonaro-e-condenado-a-pagar-r-150-mil-por-declaracoes-contra-gays.shtml|url-status=live}}</ref>
-However, on 11 January 2016, when he began to present himself as a pre-candidate to the [[Presidency of Brazil]], Bolsonaro began to moderate his discourse on gay people by publishing a video on his official YouTube channel:
-<blockquote>I have nothing to do with anyone's behavior. If the man and the woman later decide to live with their partner, to form a couple, to live with a same-sex person, go and be happy. But we cannot admit that, by our omission in the Parliament, children become homosexuals in the future, or have such homosexual behavior in the future, by the influence of school. That is inadmissible.<ref>{{cite web |url = https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mbiNDU3ztyw |publisher = Jair Bolsonaro |type = canal oficial |title = Homofobia? |access-date = 1 November 2018 |archive-date = 7 October 2018 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20181007200813/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mbiNDU3ztyw&gl=US&hl=en |url-status = live }}</ref>
-</blockquote>
-Since then, Bolsonaro states he has nothing against gays and that he fights only the "gay kit" in schools.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www1.folha.uol.com.br/poder/2018/07/bolsonaro-se-diz-vitima-de-noticias-falsas-mas-recorre-a-fakes-sobre-seu-proprio-passado.shtml |title=Bolsonaro se diz vítima de notícias falsas, mas recorre a 'fakes' sobre seu próprio passado |publisher=Folha de S. Paulo |date=31 July 2018 |access-date=10 August 2018}}</ref> On 4{{nbsp}}October 2018, for example, Bolsonaro said:
-<blockquote>Each person, after a certain age, owner of their acts, will take care of their life. For six-year-old children, it cannot be. A father does not want to come home and see his son playing with a doll by the influence of school. Homosexuals will be happy if I become president.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://ultimosegundo.ig.com.br/politica/2018-10-04/bolsonaro-sobre-homossexuais-serao-felizes.html|title="Homossexuais serão felizes se eu for presidente", diz Bolsonaro em entrevista|publisher=[[Internet Group|iG]]|date=4 October 2018|access-date=10 October 2018|archive-date=11 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181011013754/https://ultimosegundo.ig.com.br/politica/2018-10-04/bolsonaro-sobre-homossexuais-serao-felizes.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
-</blockquote>
-That same month, shortly before the first round of the Brazilian presidential elections, he said: "We are going to make a government for everybody. For gays, and some gays are fathers, who are mothers. It is a work for everyone".<ref name="noticias.uol.com.br"/> After being elected president, when asked by [[William Bonner (newscaster)|William Bonner]] in the ''[[Jornal Nacional]]'' about what he would say to those who are more prejudiced and aggressive against gays, Bolsonaro replied: "The aggression against a fellow man has to be punished in the way of law. And if [such aggression is committed] for a reason like this, you have to have your sentence increased."<ref>{{cite web |url=https://g1.globo.com/jornal-nacional/noticia/2018/10/29/presidente-eleito-jair-bolsonaro-e-entrevistado-no-jornal-nacional.ghtml |title=Presidente eleito, Jair Bolsonaro é entrevistado no Jornal Nacional |publisher=[[Jornal Nacional]] |date=29 October 2018 |access-date=6 November 2018 |archive-date=6 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181106132502/https://g1.globo.com/jornal-nacional/noticia/2018/10/29/presidente-eleito-jair-bolsonaro-e-entrevistado-no-jornal-nacional.ghtml |url-status=live }}</ref>
-=== Views on political violence ===
-[[File:Plenário do Senado (24998818073).jpg|thumb|upright|Bolsonaro visits the [[Brazilian Senate|Federal Senate]], March 2016.]]
-On multiple occasions, Bolsonaro has publicly endorsed physical violence as a legitimate and necessary form of political action. In 1999, when he was 44 years old and a representative in the Brazilian Congress, Bolsonaro said during a TV interview that the only way of "changing" Brazil was by "killing thirty thousand people, beginning with [[Fernando Henrique Cardoso]]" (then President of Brazil).<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.gazetadopovo.com.br/politica/republica/o-dia-que-bolsonaro-quis-matar-fhc-sonegar-impostos-e-declarar-guerra-civil-8mtm0u0so6pk88kqnqo0n1l69|title=Bolsonaro sincero quis matar FHC e sonegar impostos|website=Gazeta do Povo|access-date=9 March 2019|archive-date=4 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190404184459/https://www.gazetadopovo.com.br/politica/republica/o-dia-que-bolsonaro-quis-matar-fhc-sonegar-impostos-e-declarar-guerra-civil-8mtm0u0so6pk88kqnqo0n1l69/|url-status=live}}</ref> During the 2018 campaign, he stated during a rally in [[Acre (state)|Acre]] that the local "petralhas" (a derogatory term for members of the Workers' Party) would be "shot"; according to his aides, the statement was a "joke".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://oglobo.globo.com/brasil/campanha-confirma-video-em-que-bolsonaro-fala-em-fuzilar-petralhada-do-acre-foi-brincadeira-23033857|title=Campanha confirma vídeo em que Bolsonaro fala em 'fuzilar petralhada do Acre': 'Foi brincadeira'|date=3 September 2018|website=O Globo|access-date=9 March 2019|archive-date=20 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190320122344/https://oglobo.globo.com/brasil/campanha-confirma-video-em-que-bolsonaro-fala-em-fuzilar-petralhada-do-acre-foi-brincadeira-23033857|url-status=live}}</ref> One week before the second round, Bolsonaro said during a speech that in his administration "petralhas" and "reds" (i.e. leftists) would be arrested, purged or taken to the "corner of the beach", a term that was later revealed to mean a Navy base where dissidents of the [[Brazilian military dictatorship]] were murdered.<ref name="uol.com.br"/>
-In 1999, talking about [[Chico Lopes]], a former president of the Brazilian Central Bank who invoked his right to remain silent during a Congress hearing, Bolsonaro declared himself in favour of torture in this sort of situation.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://piaui.folha.uol.com.br/lupa/2018/07/31/bolsonaro-roda-viva/ |title=Bolsonaro no Roda Viva: erros e acertos do candidato do PSL à Presidência |author1=Chico Marés |author2=Clara Becker |author3=Leandro Resende |author4=Nathália Afonso |date=31 July 2018 |website=Lupa |language=pt |access-date=9 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181228185717/https://piaui.folha.uol.com.br/lupa/2018/07/31/bolsonaro-roda-viva/ |archive-date=28 December 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref> Asked about this phrase years later, Bolsonaro said: "Ask the father of a kidnapped child what he would like him to do to discover [where the kid is]. You have to take brutal measures, which some consider torture".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www1.folha.uol.com.br/poder/2018/10/veja-11-frases-polemicas-de-bolsonaro.shtml|title=Veja 11 frases polêmicas de Bolsonaro|date=6 October 2018|website=Folha de S.Paulo|access-date=9 March 2019|archive-date=27 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190327090657/https://www1.folha.uol.com.br/poder/2018/10/veja-11-frases-polemicas-de-bolsonaro.shtml|url-status=live}}</ref>
-=== Birth control for the poor ===
-Bolsonaro provoked considerable controversy for public remarks made in July 2008, where he proposed to provide poor people with birth control methods, who he suggested might be too uneducated to understand family planning education. Bolsonaro said:
-<blockquote>I wish Brazil had a family planning program. It's not even worthy to talk about education when most of these [poor] people are not prepared to receive education, therefore they won't educate themselves. Only rigid birth control can save us from chaos. An educated man and woman will hardly desire an extra child with the sole purpose of engaging in a social welfare assistance program [as it is nowadays]. We need to adopt a rigid birth control policy. We can't make demagogic speeches any longer, proposing bills and means of government to support these poor people [who] are increasingly proliferating throughout the country. [...] People who aren't prepared to have children, shouldn't have them. This is what I stand for and I'm not worried about getting votes in the future. It's past time to discuss a policy to contain this demographic explosion, otherwise, we'll keep voting in this [[Chamber of Deputies|Chamber]] only matters such as [[Bolsa Família]], loans for the poor, gas vouchers, etc. Methods [of birth control] have to be provided for those who, unfortunately, are ignorant and have no means to control their offspring. Because we [as upper-middle class] can control ours. Poor people don't control [theirs].<ref>{{cite web|author=O POVO |url=https://www.opovo.com.br/noticias/politica/2018/06/bolsonaro-defendeu-esterilizacao-como-forma-de-combater-miseria-e-crim.html|title=Bolsonaro defendeu esterilização de pobres como forma de combater miséria e criminalidade|website=O POVO|language=pt-br|access-date=15 June 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180615111031/https://www.opovo.com.br/noticias/politica/2018/06/bolsonaro-defendeu-esterilizacao-como-forma-de-combater-miseria-e-crim.html|archive-date=15 June 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/brazil-jair-bolsonaro-stabbing-video-president-candidate-juiz-de-fora-minas-gerais-a8526726.html|title='Brazil's Donald Trump' critically injured in presidential campaign rally stabbing|work=The Independent|access-date=2018-09-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180916101510/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/brazil-jair-bolsonaro-stabbing-video-president-candidate-juiz-de-fora-minas-gerais-a8526726.html|archive-date=16 September 2018|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.timeslive.co.za/news/world/2018-06-14-forced-sterilisation-of-brazilian-woman-sparks-uproar/|title='Forced' sterilisation of Brazilian woman sparks uproar|access-date=2018-09-16|archive-date=16 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180916093516/https://www.timeslive.co.za/news/world/2018-06-14-forced-sterilisation-of-brazilian-woman-sparks-uproar/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=2018-06-11 |url=https://www1.folha.uol.com.br/poder/2018/06/bolsonaro-defendeu-esterilizacao-de-pobres-para-combater-miseria-e-crime.shtml|title=Bolsonaro defendeu esterilização de pobres para combater miséria e crime |work=Folha de S.Paulo|access-date=2018-10-18|language=pt-BR|archive-date=18 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181018201612/https://www1.folha.uol.com.br/poder/2018/06/bolsonaro-defendeu-esterilizacao-de-pobres-para-combater-miseria-e-crime.shtml|url-status=live}}</ref>
-</blockquote>
-As a Congressman, Bolsonaro put forward three bills trying to remove "virtually all" legal restrictions to surgical sterilisation via the public health system, including the reduction of "the minimum age of sterilization to 21 years".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www1.folha.uol.com.br/poder/2018/06/bolsonaro-defendeu-esterilizacao-de-pobres-para-combater-miseria-e-crime.shtml|title=Bolsonaro defendeu esterilização de pobres para combater miséria e crime|date=11 June 2018|website=Folha de S.Paulo|access-date=18 October 2018|archive-date=18 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181018201612/https://www1.folha.uol.com.br/poder/2018/06/bolsonaro-defendeu-esterilizacao-de-pobres-para-combater-miseria-e-crime.shtml|url-status=live}}</ref> None of the bills were voted through.
+==2018 election==
+Bolsonaro was the PSL's presidential candidate in the [[Brazilian general election, 2018|2018 Brazilian presidential election]].<ref name="veconomist" >{{cite news|title=Brazil’s congress starts to reform itself|url=https://www.economist.com/news/americas/21730206-clean-up-sleazy-political-system-will-require-lot-more-work-brazils-congress-starts|work=[[The Economist]]|date=14 October 2017}}</ref> He came in first place in the first round of the general election on 7 October 2018, with [[Workers' Party (Brazil)|PT]] candidate [[Fernando Haddad]] coming in second place. The two candidates faced again on 28 October with Bolsonaro winning the election.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/amphtml/world/the_americas/brazilians-vote-in-presidential-election-with-a-trump-fan-as-front-runner/2018/10/07/7d82d512-c65d-11e8-9c0f-2ffaf6d422aa_story.html|title=Brazil’s far-right candidate takes big lead in presidential election|work=The Washington Post|access-date=7 October 2018}}</ref>
-== Personal life ==
+==Assassination attempt==
-[[File:Bolsonaro e filhos.jpg|thumb|Bolsonaro and two of his sons, Eduardo and Flávio, in the late 1980s]]
+On September 6, 2018, Bolsonaro was stabbed multiple times while at a campaign rally in [[Juiz de Fora]].<ref name="Londono18">{{cite news |last1=Londoño |first1=Ernesto |title=Brazil Presidential Candidate Jair Bolsonaro Is Stabbed at Campaign Rally |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/09/06/world/americas/brazil-jair-bolsonaro.html |access-date=6 September 2018 |work=The New York Times |date=6 September 2018 |language=en}}</ref> Parts of Bolsonaro's [[liver]], [[lung]] and [[intestine]] were damaged.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://twitter.com/FlavioBolsonaro/status/1037808900660256773|title=Flávio Bolsonaro 177 Senador_RJ Verified account|last=Flávio|first=Bolsonaro|date=6 September 2018|website=Twitter|access-date=6 September 2018}}</ref> He was hospitalized under "extremely stable" condition and released almost a month later on September 29.<ref>{{cite news|title=Jair Bolsonaro é internado no Hospital Albert Einstein, em SP|url=https://g1.globo.com/sp/sao-paulo/noticia/2018/09/07/jair-bolsonaro-chega-a-sao-paulo-para-ser-internado-no-albert-einstein.ghtml|work=G1|access-date=7 September 2018|language=pt}}</ref>
-Bolsonaro has been married three times and has five children. His first wife was Rogéria Nantes Braga (with whom he has three sons: [[Flávio Bolsonaro|Flávio]], [[Carlos Bolsonaro|Carlos]] and [[Eduardo Bolsonaro|Eduardo]]). His second marriage was with Ana Cristina Valle (with whom he has a son, Renan). In 2007, he married his third and current wife [[Michelle Bolsonaro|Michelle de Paula Firmo Reinaldo]] (with whom he has a daughter, Laura).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://g1.globo.com/politica/eleicoes/2018/noticia/2018/10/28/a-mulher-dos-bastidores-saiba-quem-e-michelle-bolsonaro-a-nova-primeira-dama.ghtml|title=A mulher dos bastidores: saiba quem é Michelle Bolsonaro, a nova primeira-dama|publisher=G1|language=pt|date=28 October 2018|access-date=9 January 2019|archive-date=18 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190118111148/https://g1.globo.com/politica/eleicoes/2018/noticia/2018/10/28/a-mulher-dos-bastidores-saiba-quem-e-michelle-bolsonaro-a-nova-primeira-dama.ghtml|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.terra.com.br/istoegente/65/reportagem/rep_bolsonaro.htm|title=ISTOÉ Gente Online|website=Terra.com.br|access-date=28 April 2018|archive-date=12 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180512004300/http://www.terra.com.br/istoegente/65/reportagem/rep_bolsonaro.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>
-While working in Congress, Bolsonaro hired Michelle as a secretary and over the next two years she received unusual promotions and her salary more than tripled. He was forced to fire her after the [[Supreme Federal Court]] ruled that [[nepotism]] is illegal in the public administration.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://universa.uol.com.br/especiais/michelle-bolsonaro/index.htm#tematico-1|title=A bela da fera|website=universa.uol.com.br|access-date=7 September 2018|archive-date=16 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180616180516/https://universa.uol.com.br/especiais/michelle-bolsonaro/index.htm#tematico-1|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://oglobo.globo.com/brasil/bolsonaro-empregou-ex-mulher-parentes-dela-no-legislativo-22143135|title=Bolsonaro empregou ex-mulher e parentes dela no Legislativo|website=O Globo|access-date=18 October 2018|date=3 December 2017|archive-date=18 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181018161858/https://oglobo.globo.com/brasil/bolsonaro-empregou-ex-mulher-parentes-dela-no-legislativo-22143135|url-status=live}}</ref> {{as of|2018}}, Bolsonaro and his wife lived in [[Barra da Tijuca]], [[Rio de Janeiro]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://noticias.uol.com.br/politica/ultimas-noticias/2018/12/29/bolsonaro-posa-com-vizinhos-no-rio-antes-de-se-mudar-para-brasilia.htm|title=Bolsonaro posa com vizinhos no Rio antes de se mudar para Brasília|website=noticias.uol.com.br|language=pt-br|access-date=2 January 2019|archive-date=2 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190102143216/https://noticias.uol.com.br/politica/ultimas-noticias/2018/12/29/bolsonaro-posa-com-vizinhos-no-rio-antes-de-se-mudar-para-brasilia.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>
+==Controversy==
+Bolsonaro was a open supporter of the military regime in Brazil in 1964. During the [[impeachment]] voting session of former President [[Dilma Rousseff]], in his speech, Bolsonaro honored Carlos Alberto Brilhante Ustra, a widely known military [[colonel]] in Brazil by have been a [[torture]]r of militants and [[protest]]ers in the [[Fifth Brazilian Republic (1964-1985)|Brazilian military dictatorship]] period.<ref>{{cite news|title=Brazil: tortured dissidents appalled by Bolsonaro's praise for dictatorship|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/mar/30/brazil-bolsonaro-regime-military-dictatorship|work=TheGuardian|access-date=17 August 2019|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Brazil's Bolsonaro extols convicted torturer as a 'national hero'|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-brazil-politics-torture/brazils-bolsonaro-extols-convicted-torturer-as-a-national-hero-idUSKCN1UY2TJ|work=Reuters|access-date=17 August 2019|language=en}}</ref>
-Bolsonaro has three granddaughters, two by his son Flávio<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ebiografia.com/flavio_bolsonaro/|title=Biografia de Flávio Bolsonaro|website=eBiografia}}</ref> and one by his son Eduardo.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.poder360.com.br/congresso/nasce-filha-de-eduardo-bolsonaro-com-psicologa-heloisa-wolf/|title=Nasce filha de Eduardo Bolsonaro com psicóloga Heloísa Wolf|website=Poder360}}</ref> Eduardo and Flávio Bolsonaro are [[Evangelical]] [[Protestant religion|Protestant]] [[Christians]] and members of the [[Brazilian Baptist Convention|Baptist Church in Brazil]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://extra.globo.com/famosos/pastor-descolado-de-direita-terno-azul-de-8-mil-casamento-de-eduardo-bolsonaro-heloisa-wolf-23641459.html|title=Pastor descolado de direita e terno azul de R$ 8 mil: O casamento de Eduardo Bolsonaro e Heloísa Wolf|date=5 May 2019|website=Extra Online}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://pleno.news/brasil/cidades/flavio-bolsonaro-familia-e-fe.html|title=Flávio Bolsonaro: família e fé|website=pleno.news}}</ref>
+In a television interview in the 1990s for the popular [[magazine]] ''[[Veja]]'', he also made controversial declarations about the [[Augusto Pinochet|Pinochet]]'s [[Junta|military dictatorship]] in [[Chile]], praising the Chilean dictator and stating that "the regime should have acted more violently to restore the country.".<ref>{{cite news|title=As homenagens de Bolsonaro a Pinochet e por que o general ainda divide o Chile|url=https://www.bbc.com/portuguese/internacional-47674503|work=BBCBrasil|access-date=17 August 2019|language=pt}}</ref>
-== Honours and awards ==
+Bolsonaro is also notorious for his public speeches, which are perceived as being intolerant. He already spoke against [[Minority group|minorities]] in certain occasions, particularly the [[LGBT]] ([[gay]]) community. In an interview for the documentary ''Out There'', made by British [[actor]] and [[comedian]] [[Stephen Fry]], which deals with the rise of [[homophobia]] in the world, and aired on the [[BBC]] in 2013, the then congressman stated: "No father is proud to have a gay son... We, Brazilians, don't like homosexuals. Not to like isn't the same as to hate.", he added. In a comment about what he heard, Fry said:  "Bolsonaro is the typical homophobic that I found around the world, with his mantra that gays want to dominate society, recruit children or abuse them. Even in a [https://simple.m.wiktionary.org/wiki/progressive progressive] country like Brazil, its lies create hysteria among the ignorant, from where violence can arise." <ref>{{cite news|title=Há cinco anos,  Stephen Fry encontrava Jair Bolsonaro|url=https://revistaforum.com.br/direitos/ha-cinco-anos-stephen-fry-encontrava-jair-bolsonaro-video/amp/|work=RevistaForum|access-date=17 August 2019|language=pt|archive-date=18 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190818022522/https://revistaforum.com.br/direitos/ha-cinco-anos-stephen-fry-encontrava-jair-bolsonaro-video/amp/|url-status=dead}}</ref>
-=== National honours ===
+As president, Bolsonaro has downplayed the deadliness of the [[COVID-19 pandemic]] in [[COVID-19 pandemic in Brazil|Brazil]]. He said that the virus is no more deadly than the common [[flu]]. On 7 July 2020, Bolsonaro revealed that he had tested positive for [[Coronavirus disease 2019|COVID-19]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Brazilian President Jair Bolsonaro tests positive for coronavirus|url=https://www.cnn.com/2020/07/07/americas/brazil-bolsonaro-positive-coronavirus-intl/index.html|access-date=2020-07-07|website=CNN}}</ref>
-* [[File:BRA Ordem de Rio Branco Gra-Cruz BAR.svg|50x50px]] Grand Master and Grand Cross of the [[Order of Rio Branco]] (1 January 2019)<ref>{{cite news |title=Itamaraty foge de padrão ao condecorar Eduardo e Flávio Bolsonaro |url=https://www.em.com.br/app/noticia/politica/2019/05/03/interna_politica,1050870/itamaraty-foge-de-padrao-ao-condecorar-eduardo-e-flavio-bolsonaro.shtml |website=Estado de Minas |date=3 March 2019 |access-date=23 October 2019 |archive-date=21 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190821021628/https://www.em.com.br/app/noticia/politica/2019/05/03/interna_politica,1050870/itamaraty-foge-de-padrao-ao-condecorar-eduardo-e-flavio-bolsonaro.shtml |url-status=live }}</ref>
-* [[File:BRA OMFA - OMD Gra-Cruz BAR.svg|50x50px]] Grand Master and Grand Cross of the [[Order of Defence Merit (Brazil)|Order of Defence Merit]] (8 January 2019)<ref>{{cite web |title=Presidente recebe Ordem do Mérito da Defesa |url=https://www.defesa.gov.br/noticias/51335-ministro-da-defesa-recebe-a-ordem-do-merito-naval-no-grau-gra-cruz |work=Ministério da Defesa |access-date=27 June 2019 |archive-date=27 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190627205910/https://www.defesa.gov.br/noticias/51335-ministro-da-defesa-recebe-a-ordem-do-merito-naval-no-grau-gra-cruz |url-status=live }}</ref>
-* [[File:BRA Ordem do Merito Militar Gra-cruz.png|50x50px]] Grand Master and Grand Cross of the [[Order of Military Merit (Brazil)|Order of Military Merit]] (16 June 2019)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.defesa.gov.br/noticias/55035-discursos-condecoracoes-e-apresentacoes-marcam-o-dia-do-exercito-em-brasilia |title=Discursos, condecorações e apresentações marcam o Dia do Exército em Brasília |publisher=defesa.gov.br |date=17 April 2019 |access-date=16 June 2019 |archive-date=16 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190616232329/https://www.defesa.gov.br/noticias/55035-discursos-condecoracoes-e-apresentacoes-marcam-o-dia-do-exercito-em-brasilia |url-status=live }}</ref>
-* [[File:Brazil Order of Naval Merit.jpg|50x50px]] Grand Master and Grand Cross of the [[Order of Naval Merit (Brazil)|Order of Naval Merit]] (8 January 2019)<ref name="Medalhas" />
-* [[File:BRA Ordem do Mérito Aeronáutico Grã-Cruz.png|50x50px]] Grand Master and Grand Cross of the [[Order of Aeronautical Merit (Brazil)|Order of Aeronautical Merit]] (3 January 2019)<ref name="Medalhas">{{cite web|title=Após Aeronáutica e Exército, Bolsonaro é homenageado pela Marinha|url=https://noticias.uol.com.br/politica/ultimas-noticias/2019/01/08/apos-aeronautica-e-exercito-bolsonaro-e-homenageado-pela-marinha.htm|work=noticias.uol.com.br|access-date=27 June 2019|language=pt-br|archive-date=23 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191023140550/https://noticias.uol.com.br/politica/ultimas-noticias/2019/01/08/apos-aeronautica-e-exercito-bolsonaro-e-homenageado-pela-marinha.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>
-*[[File:Ordem do Mérito Judiciário do Trabalho - Grã-Cruz (Brasil).png|50x50px]] Grand Collar of the [[Order of Labor Judicial Merit]] (13 August 2019)<ref>{{cite web|title=TST entrega comenda da Ordem do Mérito Judiciário do Trabalho 2019 – Notícias – TST|url=http://www.tst.jus.br/web/guest/noticias/-/asset_publisher/89Dk/content/tst-entrega-comenda-da-ordem-do-merito-judiciario-do-trabalho-2019?inheritRedirect=false&redirect=http://www.tst.jus.br/web/guest/noticias?p_p_id=101_INSTANCE_89Dk&p_p_lifecycle=0&p_p_state=normal&p_p_mode=view&p_p_col_id=column-2&p_p_col_count=2|work=www.tst.jus.br|access-date=19 August 2019|archive-date=2 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200802003330/http://www.tst.jus.br/web/guest/noticias/-/asset_publisher/89Dk/content/tst-entrega-comenda-da-ordem-do-merito-judiciario-do-trabalho-2019?inheritRedirect=false&redirect=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tst.jus.br%2Fweb%2Fguest%2Fnoticias%3Fp_p_id%3D101_INSTANCE_89Dk&p_p_lifecycle=0&p_p_state=normal&p_p_mode=view&p_p_col_id=column-2&p_p_col_count=2|url-status=live}}</ref>
-* [[File:Ordem do mérito judiciario militar.png|50x50px]] Grand Cross of the [[Order of Military Judicial Merit]] (28 March 2019)<ref>{{cite news|title=Bolsonaro recebe, em Brasília, homenagem da Justiça Militar|url=http://agenciabrasil.ebc.com.br/politica/noticia/2019-03/bolsonaro-recebe-em-brasilia-homenagem-da-justica-militar|website=EBC|date=28 March 2019|access-date=23 October 2019|archive-date=15 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191015013043/http://agenciabrasil.ebc.com.br/politica/noticia/2019-03/bolsonaro-recebe-em-brasilia-homenagem-da-justica-militar|url-status=live}}</ref>
-* [[File:Medalha do mérito Mauá.png|50x50px]] The [[Mauá Medal of Merit]] (15 August 2019)<ref name="Redação">{{cite web|title="Existe abuso, mas não pode cercear o trabalho das instituições", diz Bolsonaro|url=https://odocumento.com.br/existe-abuso-mas-nao-pode-cercear-o-trabalho-das-instituicoes-diz-bolsonaro/|website=Odocumento.com.br|date=15 August 2019|access-date=19 August 2019|language=pt-BR|first=Da|last=Redação|archive-date=18 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191218042533/https://odocumento.com.br/existe-abuso-mas-nao-pode-cercear-o-trabalho-das-instituicoes-diz-bolsonaro/|url-status=live}}</ref>
-* [[File:Medalha do Pacificador.png|50x50px]] The [[Peacemaker Medal]] (5 December 2018)<ref name="Redação"/>
-=== Awards ===
+Since 2019, Bolsonaro has faced four separate accusations for [[crimes against humanity]]. He is under investigation before the [[International Criminal Court]] in [[The Hague]] for crimes against humanity, [[genocide]] of indigenous peoples and [[ecocide]].<ref name="morning express">{{cite news |author=<!--Staff writer(s)/no by-line.--> |title=Action against Bolsonaro takes an unprecedented step at the International Criminal Court... |url=https://morningexpress.in/action-against-bolsonaro-takes-an-unprecedented-step-at-the-international-criminal-court-as-indigenous-people-prepare-to-denounce-him-for-genocide-and-ecocide-in-court/ |url-status=live |work=Morning Express |date=15 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210716235634/https://morningexpress.in/action-against-bolsonaro-takes-an-unprecedented-step-at-the-international-criminal-court-as-indigenous-people-prepare-to-denounce-him-for-genocide-and-ecocide-in-court/ |archive-date=16 July 2021 |access-date=16 July 2021}}</ref>
-* One of ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'' magazine's 100 most influential people in 2019 and 2020<ref name="time19">{{cite news|url=http://time.com/collection/100-most-influential-people-2019/|publisher=time.com|title=Most influential people 2019|access-date=26 April 2019|archive-date=17 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190417231322/http://time.com/collection/100-most-influential-people-2019/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="time20">{{cite news|url=https://time.com/collection/100-most-influential-people-2020/|publisher=time.com|title=Most influential people 2020|access-date=23 September 2020|archive-date=23 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200923054625/https://time.com/collection/100-most-influential-people-2020/|url-status=live}}</ref>
-* Brazilian-American Chamber of Commerce's 2019 Person of the Year<ref>{{cite news |title=2019 Person of the Year Awards |url=https://brazilcham.com/event/2019-person-of-the-year-awards-gala-dinner |website=Brazilcham.com |date=14 May 2019 |access-date=19 September 2019 |archive-date=2 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191102044906/https://brazilcham.com/event/2019-person-of-the-year-awards-gala-dinner/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
-* [[OCCRP]]'s 2020 Person of the Year "for his role in promoting organized crime and corruption"<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.occrp.org/en/poy/2020/ | title=Person of the Year · 2020 Winner: Jair Bolsonaro | website=[[OCCRP]] | year=2020 | access-date=30 December 2020 }}</ref>
-* On 25 October 2021, Bolsonaro was recognized as an honorary citizen by the city council of [[Anguillara Veneta]], Italy, his paternal grandfather's hometown.<ref>{{cite web|author=di Gian Antonio Stella |url=https://www.corriere.it/cronache/21_ottobre_27/bolsonaro-anguillara-veneta-cittadino-onorario-lega-dba50ad4-3694-11ec-9169-9535c00f6f72.shtml |title=Bolsonaro, ad Anguillara Veneta è cittadino onorario: la scelta (discussa) della giunta leghista |publisher=Corriere.it |date= |accessdate=2022-02-21}}</ref> This aroused reactions in Italy.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.ilrestodelcarlino.it/padova/bolsonaro-anguillara-200-pesone-1.6984363| title = Bolsonaro Padova, 500 antagonisti caricati dalla polizia: idranti per fermarli – Cronaca}}</ref>
-== Electoral history ==
+==2022 election==
+{{main|2022 Brazilian general election}}
+Bolsonaro is running for re-election in the [[2022 Brazilian general election|2022 election]], with his main opponent being former President [[Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva]]. Bolsonaro did not pick [[Hamilton Mourão]] as his running mate again, instead choosing General [[Walter Braga Netto]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-06-26 |title=Bolsonaro afirma que pretende indicar Braga Netto como vice na chapa – Jovem Pan |url=https://jovempan.com.br/noticias/politica/eleicoes-2022/bolsonaro-afirma-que-pretende-indicar-braga-netto-como-vice-na-chapa.html |access-date=2022-06-27 |website=Bolsonaro afirma que pretende indicar Braga Netto como vice na chapa – Jovem Pan |language=pt-BR}}</ref> Throughout the election period, Bolsonaro has said that should he lose, the election would be [[corrupt]] and rigged against him.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vídeo de fraude em urna divulgado por Flávio Bolsonaro é falso, diz TRE-MG |url=https://noticias.uol.com.br/politica/eleicoes/2018/noticias/2018/10/07/tse-esta-apurando-denuncia-de-filho-de-bolsonaro-sobre-fraude-em-urna.htm |access-date=2022-07-19 |website=UOL Eleições 2018}}</ref> His actions have been compared to former U.S. President [[Donald Trump]]'s [[Attempts to overturn the 2020 United States presidential election|attempts to overturn the results]] of the [[2020 United States presidential election|2020 election]].
-=== Presidential ===
+On 2 October 2022, Bolsonaro advanced to the run-off election on 30 October against Lula.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bing.com/search?q=lula%20run%20off&qs=n&form=QBRE&=Search%20%7B0%7D%20for%20%7B1%7D&=Search%20work%20for%20%7B0%7D&=%25eManage%20Your%20Search%20History%25E&sp=-1&pq=lula%20run%20of&sc=10-11&sk=&cvid=074F44EF747F494D837A4690116971DC&ghsh=0&ghacc=0&ghpl=|title=Brazil's Lula and Bolsonaro face run-off after surprisingly tight result|publisher=Yahoo|accessdate=6 October 2022}}</ref> Lula won 48.43% of the vote against Bolsonaro's 43.20%.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://resultados.tse.jus.br/oficial/app/index.html#/eleicao;e=e544/resultados/cargo/1|language=Portuguese|accessdate=6 October 2022|title=Resultados|publisher=TSE}}</ref>
-{| class=wikitable style="text-align: center;"
-|-
-!rowspan=2|Election
-!colspan=4|First round
-!colspan=4|Second round
-|-
-!Votes
-!%
-!Position
-!Result
-!Votes
-!%
-!Position
-!Result
-|-
-! [[2018 Brazilian general election|2018]]
-| 49,276,990
-| 46.0
-| #1
-| '''Run-off'''
-| 57,797,847
-| 55.1
-| #1
-| '''Elected'''
-|}
-=== Chamber of Deputies ===
+==Political views==
-{| class=wikitable style="text-align: center;"
+An ardent [[Anti-communism|anti-communist]], Bolsonaro's positions are often viewed as [[Conservatism|conservative]], [[Populism|populist]], [[Nationalism|nationalist]], and are commonly associated with [[far-right]] politics,<ref name="Boadle">{{cite news|first=Anthony|last=Boadle|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-brazil-politics-bolsonaro-interview/far-right-presidential-hopeful-aims-to-be-brazils-trump-idUSKCN1C2384|title=Far-right presidential hopeful aims to be Brazil's Trump|agency=[[Reuters]]|location=London, England|date=27 September 2017|access-date=24 April 2018}}</ref> he, however, denies those statements, saying he's aligned with traditional moderate [[right-wing]] ideals.<ref name="Boadle"/> He has described himself as being a [[Anti-abortion|pro-life]], pro-gun and [[anti-establishment]] politician.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.lifesitenews.com/news/outspoken-pro-life-candidate-leads-in-brazils-presidential-election-race|title=Outspoken pro-life candidate leads in Brazil's presidential election race|access-date=27 October 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/apr/19/jair-bolsonaro-brazil-presidential-candidate-trump-parallels|title=Trump of the tropics: the 'dangerous' candidate leading Brazil's presidential race|newspaper=The Guardian|access-date=27 October 2018|date=2018-04-19|last1=Phillips|first1=Tom}}</ref>
-|-
-!rowspan=2|Election
-|-
-!Party
-!Votes
-!%
-!Position in Rio de Janeiro State
-!Result
-|-
-! [[1990 Brazilian legislative election|1990]]
-| [[Christian Democratic Party (Brazil)|PDC]]
-|
-|
-|
-| Elected<ref>{{Cite news| url=https://www.bbc.com/portuguese/brasil-42231485| title=Como o discurso de Bolsonaro mudou ao longo de 27 anos na Câmara?| newspaper=BBC News Brasil| date=7 December 2017| last1=Shalders – @Shaldim| first1=André| access-date=2 November 2018| archive-date=16 November 2018| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181116224108/https://www.bbc.com/portuguese/brasil-42231485| url-status=live}}</ref>
-|-
-![[1994 Brazilian general election|1994]]
-|[[Reform Progressive Party|PPR]]
-| 111,927
-| 2.5
-| #3
-| Elected<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tse.jus.br/eleicoes/eleicoes-anteriores/eleicoes-1994/resultados-das-eleicoes-1994/rio-de-janeiro/resultados-das-eleicoes-1994-rio-de-janeiro-deputado-federal|title=Resultados das Eleições 1994 – Rio de Janeiro – deputado federal|website=Tse.jus.br|access-date=7 December 2018|archive-date=8 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181208074947/http://www.tse.jus.br/eleicoes/eleicoes-anteriores/eleicoes-1994/resultados-das-eleicoes-1994/rio-de-janeiro/resultados-das-eleicoes-1994-rio-de-janeiro-deputado-federal|url-status=live}}</ref>
-|-
-![[1998 Brazilian general election|1998]]
-|[[Progressistas|PPB]]
-| 102,893
-| 1.4
-| #10
-| Elected<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tse.jus.br/eleicoes/eleicoes-anteriores/eleicoes-1998/candidaturas-votacao-e-resultados/resultado-da-eleicao-de-1998|title=Resultado da eleição de 1998|website=Tse.jus.br|access-date=7 December 2018|archive-date=15 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190815200711/http://www.tse.jus.br/eleicoes/eleicoes-anteriores/eleicoes-1998/candidaturas-votacao-e-resultados/resultado-da-eleicao-de-1998|url-status=live}}</ref>
-|-
-![[2002 Brazilian general election|2002]]
-|[[Progressistas|PPB]]
-| 88,945
-| 1.1
-| #21 <ref>{{cite web|title=Folha Online – Especial – 2002 – Eleições|url=https://www1.folha.uol.com.br/folha/especial/2002/eleicoes/congresso_nacional-camara_dos_deputados.shtml|work=www1.folha.uol.com.br|access-date=22 August 2019|archive-date=5 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191205193529/https://www1.folha.uol.com.br/folha/especial/2002/eleicoes/congresso_nacional-camara_dos_deputados.shtml|url-status=live}}</ref>
-| Elected<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tse.jus.br/eleicoes/eleicoes-anteriores/eleicoes-2002/candidaturas-votacao-e-resultados/resultado-da-eleicao-2002|title=Resultado da eleição 2002|website=Tse.jus.br|access-date=7 December 2018|archive-date=15 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190815201043/http://www.tse.jus.br/eleicoes/eleicoes-anteriores/eleicoes-2002/candidaturas-votacao-e-resultados/resultado-da-eleicao-2002|url-status=live}}</ref>
-|-
-![[2006 Brazilian general election|2006]]
-|[[Progressistas|PP]]
-| 99,700
-| 1.2
-| #14 <ref>{{cite web|title=Folha Online – Especial – 2006 – Eleições – Apuração – Rio de Janeiro – Deputado Federal|url=http://eleicoes.folha.uol.com.br/folha/especial/2006/eleicoes/rj1df-1.html|work=eleicoes.folha.uol.com.br|access-date=22 August 2019|archive-date=16 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191216105801/http://eleicoes.folha.uol.com.br/folha/especial/2006/eleicoes/rj1df-1.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
-| Elected<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tse.jus.br/eleicoes/eleicoes-anteriores/eleicoes-2006/candidaturas-e-resultados/resultado-da-eleicao-2006|title=Resultado da eleição 2006|website=Tse.jus.br|access-date=7 December 2018|archive-date=24 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181124154327/http://www.tse.jus.br/eleicoes/eleicoes-anteriores/eleicoes-2006/candidaturas-e-resultados/resultado-da-eleicao-2006|url-status=live}}</ref>
-|-
-![[2010 Brazilian general election|2010]]
-|[[Progressistas|PP]]
-| 120,646
-| 1.5
-| #11 <ref name="quadruplicou">{{cite web|title=Reeleito deputado pelo Rio, Bolsonaro quase quadruplicou votos em relação a 2010 – Política – iG|url=https://ultimosegundo.ig.com.br/politica/2014-10-05/reeleito-deputado-pelo-rio-bolsonaro-quase-quadruplicou-votos-em-relacao-a-2010.html|work=Último Segundo|date=6 October 2014|access-date=22 August 2019|language=pt-BR|first=iG São|last=Paulo|archive-date=22 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190822010822/https://ultimosegundo.ig.com.br/politica/2014-10-05/reeleito-deputado-pelo-rio-bolsonaro-quase-quadruplicou-votos-em-relacao-a-2010.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
-| Elected<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tse.jus.br/eleicoes/eleicoes-anteriores/eleicoes-2010/candidaturas-votacao-e-resultados/estatisticas|title=Estatísticas das Eleições 2010|website=Tse.jus.br|access-date=7 December 2018|archive-date=7 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181207102936/http://www.tse.jus.br/eleicoes/eleicoes-anteriores/eleicoes-2010/candidaturas-votacao-e-resultados/estatisticas|url-status=live}}</ref>
-|-
-![[2014 Brazilian general election|2014]]
-|[[Progressistas|PP]]
-| 464,572
-| 6.1
-| #1 <ref name="quadruplicou" />
-| Elected<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www2.camara.leg.br/camaranoticias/noticias/POLITICA/475303-CONFIRA-A-APURACAO-DA-VOTACAO-POR-ESTADO.html|title=Confira a apuração da votação por estado|website=2.camara.leg.br|access-date=7 December 2018|archive-date=7 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181207102737/http://www2.camara.leg.br/camaranoticias/noticias/POLITICA/475303-CONFIRA-A-APURACAO-DA-VOTACAO-POR-ESTADO.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
-|}
-== References ==
+Bolsonaro is a strong opponent of [[left-wing]] policies, most notably [[same-sex marriage]], [[secularism]], [[drug legalization]], [[abortion]] and environmental preservation.<ref name="Atkins 2018">{{cite web | last=Atkins | first=Ed | title=Jair Bolsonaro's Brazil Is a Disaster for the Amazon and Global Climate Change | website=Motherboard | date=2018-10-29 | url=https://motherboard.vice.com/en_us/article/43ejw3/jair-bolsonaros-brazil-is-a-disaster-for-the-amazon-and-global-climate-change | access-date=2018-10-30}}</ref> Regarding economic matters, he has advocated for [[Liberalism|liberal]] and [[free-market]] policies.<ref name=":1">{{cite web|url=http://www1.folha.uol.com.br/poder/2017/10/1925458-bolsonaro-diz-que-e-liberal-e-adota-discurso-que-agrada-investidores.shtml|title=Bolsonaro diz que é liberal e adota discurso que agrada investidores|website=1.folha.uol.com.br}}</ref>
-{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}
-== Further reading ==
+==Notes==
+{{notelist}}
-* Amaral, Oswald E. “The Victory of Jair Bolsonaro According to the Brazilian Electoral Study of 2018.” ''Brazilian Political Science Review'' (2020). 14 (1): e0004 -1/13 [https://www.scielo.br/j/bpsr/a/LqxmCxx8pX3W448MX6dRcWP/?lang=en&format=html online]
+==References==
-* Bloch, Agata, and Marco Vallada Lemonte. "Introduction to the Meteoric Political Rise of Brazilian President Jair Bolsonaro Under a Crisis of the 'Brazilianness'." ''Ameryka Łacińska. Kwartalnik Analityczno-Informacyjny'' 4.106 (2020): 1–22. [http://amerykalacinska.com/ojs/index.php/al/article/download/1031/888 online]
+{{reflist}}
-* Boito, Armando. "Reform and Political Crisis in Brazil: Class Conflicts in Workers' Party Governments and the Rise of Bolsonaro Neo-fascism." in ''Reform and Political Crisis in Brazil'' (Brill, 2021).
-* Burity, Joanildo. "The Brazilian Conservative Wave, the Bolsonaro Administration, and Religious Actors." ''Brazilian Political Science Review'' 15 (2021). [https://www.scielo.br/j/bpsr/a/K6WPj8yxktVRMQcqcxpWQFc/ online]
-* Casarões, Guilherme et al. "Brazilian foreign policy under Jair Bolsonaro: far-right populism and the rejection of the liberal international order." ''Cambridge Review of International Affairs'' (September 2021), p1-21.
-* De Sá Guimarães, Feliciano, and Irma Dutra De Oliveira E Silva. "Far-right populism and foreign policy identity: Jair Bolsonaro's ultra-conservatism and the new politics of alignment." ''International Affairs'' 97.2 (2021): 345–363. [https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Feliciano-Guimaraes-2/publication/349975845_Far-right_populism_and_foreign_policy_identity_Jair_Bolsonaro's_ultra-conservatism_and_the_new_politics_of_alignment/links/606cb0fca6fdccf289fd4420/Far-right-populism-and-foreign-policy-identity-Jair-Bolsonaros-ultra-conservatism-and-the-new-politics-of-alignment.pdf online]
-* Da Silva, Antonio José Bacelar, and Erika Robb Larkins. "The Bolsonaro election, antiblackness, and changing race relations in Brazil." ''Journal of Latin American and Caribbean Anthropology'' 24.4 (2019): 893–913. [https://repository.arizona.edu/bitstream/handle/10150/636332/Bacelar_da_Silva_and_Larkins_final.pdf?sequence=1 online]
-* Layton, Matthew L., et al. "Demographic polarization and the rise of the far right: Brazil's 2018 presidential election." ''Research & Politics'' 8.1 (2021): 2053168021990204. [https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/2053168021990204 online]
-* Neto, Octavio Amorim, and Gabriel Alves Pimenta. "The First Year of Bolsonaro in Office: Same Old Story, Same Old Song?." ''Revista de Ciencia Politica'' 40.2 (2020): 187–213. [https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Octavio-Amorim-Neto-2/publication/343778878_The_First_Year_of_Bolsonaro_in_Office_Same_Old_Story_Same_Old_Song/links/5f3fbfdca6fdcccc43e0290e/The-First-Year-of-Bolsonaro-in-Office-Same-Old-Story-Same-Old-Song.pdf online]
-* Pagliarini, Andre. "Facing Bolsonaro's Brazil: A progressive US foreign policy toward Brazil must neither defer to nor confront far-right president Jair Bolsonaro. instead, it should illuminate his antidemocratic tendencies while centering key global fights against inequality and climate change." ''NACLA Report on the Americas'' 52.1 (2020): 47–52.
-* Pereira, Frederico Batista, and Felipe Nunes. "Media Choice and the Polarization of Public Opinion About Covid-19 in Brazil." ''Revista Latinoamericana de Opinión Pública'' (2021) 1–19. [https://revistas.usal.es/index.php/1852-9003/article/download/23681/24949/ online]
-==External links==
+== External links ==
-{{sisterlinks|d=Q10304982|c=Category:Jair Bolsonaro|n=no|b=no|v=no|voy=no|m=no|mw=no|species=no|s=no|wikt=no}}
+{{Commons category-inline|Jair Bolsonaro}}
-* [http://www2.planalto.gov.br/ President of Brazil] {{in lang|pt}}
+* [http://www.bolsonaro.com.br/ Bolsonaro official web site] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150608042216/http://www.bolsonaro.com.br/ |date=2015-06-08 }}
-* {{Official website|https://www.bolsonaro.com.br/}} {{in lang|pt}}
-* {{twitter|jairbolsonaro}}
-* {{facebook|jairmessias.bolsonaro}}
-* {{instagram|jairmessiasbolsonaro}}
-* [https://www.camara.leg.br/deputados/74847/biografia Profile in the Chamber of Deputies]
-{{s-start}}
-{{s-ppo}}
-{{s-bef|before=[[Luciano Bivar]]}}
-{{s-ttl|title=[[Social Liberal Party (Brazil)|PSL]] nominee for [[President of Brazil]]|years=[[2018 Brazilian general election|2018]]}}
-{{s-non|reason=Party extinct}}
-|-
-{{s-new|office}}
-{{s-ttl|title=National President of the [[Alliance for Brazil]]|years=2019–present}}
-{{s-inc}}
-|-
-{{s-off}}
-{{s-bef|before=[[Michel Temer]]}}
-{{s-ttl|title= [[President of Brazil]]|years=2019–present}}
-{{s-inc}}
-|-
-{{s-prec}}
-{{s-new|First}}
-{{s-ttl|title=[[Brazilian order of precedence]]<br />1st in line<br />{{small|''as [[President of Brazil]]''}}}}
-{{s-fol|after=[[Hamilton Mourão]]<br>''{{small|as [[Vice President of Brazil]]}}''}}
-{{s-end}}
-{{Presidents of Brazil}}
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-[[Category:Jair Bolsonaro| ]]
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His Excellency Jair Bolsonaro
Bolsonaro in June 2022

38th President of Brazil
Incumbent
Assumed office 1 January 2019
Vice President	Hamilton Mourão
Preceded by	Michel Temer
President of the Alliance for Brazil
Incumbent
Assumed office 21 November 2019
Vice President	Flávio Bolsonaro
General Secretary	Admar Gonzaga
Preceded by	Position established
Federal Deputy for Rio de Janeiro
In office 1 February 1991 – 1 January 2019
City Councillor of Rio de Janeiro
In office 1 January 1989 – 1 February 1991

Personal details
Born	Jair Messias Bolsonaro (1955-03-21) 21 March 1955 (age 71) Glicério, São Paulo, Brazil
Political party	Independent (2019–present)^{[lower-alpha 1]}
Other political affiliations	Template:No bold Social Liberal (2018–2019) Social Christian (2016–2018) Progressistas (2005–2016) Liberal Front (2005) Labour (2003–2005) Progressistas (1995–2003) Reform Progressives (1993–1995) Progressives (1993) Christian Democrats (1988–1993)
Spouse(s)	Rogéria Nantes Braga ( m. 1978; div. 1997) Ana Cristina Valle ( m. 1997; div. 2007) Michelle de Paula ( m. 2007)
Children	Flávio Carlos Eduardo Jair Renan Laura
Residence	Palácio da Alvorada (presidential) Condomínio Vivendas da Barra (personal)
Education	Agulhas Negras Military Academy
Signature
Website	Official website
Military service
Allegiance	Brazil
Branch/service	Brazilian Army
Years of service	1973–1988
Rank	Captain
Commands	21st Field Artillery Group 9th Field Artillery Group 8th Parachutist Field Artillery Group