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| {{Short description|Identification term in South Asia}}
| | #REDIRECT [[Geographical distribution of Urdu speakers]] |
| {{Infobox ethnic group
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| | group = <!-- (defaults to {{PAGENAME}}) -->
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| | image = [[Image:Zaban urdu mualla.png]]
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| | image_caption = The phrase ''Zaban-e Urdu-e Mualla'' or "Language of the Exalted Camp"
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| | total = 254,278,625 (speak as 1st language/2nd language)
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| | total_year = 2019
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| | total_source = <!-- source of total population; may be ''census'' or ''estimate'' -->
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| | total_ref = <ref>{{e22|urd|Urdu}}</ref>
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| | genealogy =
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| | regions = [[India]] (diasporic [[Urdu Belt]], a regional belt that consists of [[Hindi-Urdu]] belt states such as [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[Kashmir]], west [[Bihar]]-mostly [[Patna]] and [[Darbanga]], [[Khandesh]], coastal [[Malwa region]], [[Shimla district]] and [[Kangra district]] and [[Indian states|other Indian states]], many speakers live in various cities in [[South India]], mostly [[Bangalore]],[[Hyderabad]],[[Chennai]])<br>
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| [[Pakistan]] ([[Karachi]], [[Hyderabad, Sindh|Hyderabad]] & mainly across [[List of cities in Sindh by population|large cities in Sindh]] and [[List of most populous cities in Pakistan|other large Pakistani cities]])
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| [[Nepal]] ([[Terai]])<br>
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| [[Bangladesh]] ([[Dhaka]] as well as pockets in other parts of the country)
| | {{R from move}} |
| | region1 = {{flag|India}}
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| | pop1 = 50,772,631 (2011)
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| | ref1 = <ref name="Census">{{cite web|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011Census/C-16_25062018_NEW.pdf|title=Census of India 2011: Language|work=Office of the [[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]|date=2011|access-date=28 May 2020}}</ref>
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| | region2 = {{flag|Pakistan}}
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| | pop2 = 200,000,000 (2017) [can speak Urdu]
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| | ref2 = <ref name="Skutsch2013">{{cite book|author=Carl Skutsch|title=Encyclopedia of the World's Minorities|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iSUKAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT2234|date=7 November 2013|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-1-135-19395-9|pages=2234–}}</ref>{{ref label|a|a}}
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| | region3 = {{flag|Nepal}}
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| | pop3 = 691,546 (2011)
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| | ref3 = <ref>{{cite web|url=https://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/sources/census/wphc/Nepal/Nepal-Census-2011-Vol1.pdf|title=National Population and Housing Census 2011 |work=Central Bureau of Statistics, Government of Nepal|date=November 2012|access-date=19 July 2020}} According to this census, 671,851 out of Nepal's 691,546 Urdu-speakers resided in the [[Terai]] region. Urdu-speakers comprised 2.61% of Nepal's total population.</ref>
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| | region4 = {{flag|United States}}
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| | pop4 = 397,502 (2013)
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| | ref4 = <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www2.census.gov/library/data/tables/2008/demo/language-use/2009-2013-acs-lang-tables-nation.xls?#|title=Detailed Languages Spoken at Home and Ability to Speak English for the Population 5 Years and Over for United States: 2009-2013}}</ref>
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| | region5 = {{flag|Bangladesh}}
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| | pop5 = 300,000 (2008)
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| | ref5 = <ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/7407757.stm|title=Citizenship for Bihari refugees|date=19 May 2008|access-date=19 July 2020|work=BBC News}}</ref>
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| | region6 = {{flag|United Kingdom}}
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| | pop6 = 269,000 (2011)
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| | ref6 = <ref name="CensusUK">{{cite web|title=2011 Census: Quick Statistics|url=http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/census/2011-census/key-statistics-and-quick-statistics-for-wards-and-output-areas-in-england-and-wales/STB-2011-census--quick-statistics-for-england-and-wales--march-2011.html#tab-Main-language|access-date=11 April 2015|work=[[Office for National Statistics]]}}</ref>
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| | region7 = {{flag|Canada}}
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| | pop7 = 210,815 (2016)
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| | ref7 = <ref>{{cite web|title=Census Profile, 2016 Census, Canada|url=https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=PR&Code1=01&Geo2=PR&Code2=01&Data=Count&SearchText=Canada&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&B1=Language&TABID=1|website=Government of Canada, Statistics Canada|access-date=6 October 2020}}</ref>
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| | region8 = {{flag|Australia}}
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| | pop8 = 69,131 (2016)
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| | ref8 = <ref name="SBS"/>
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| | languages = [[Urdu]]
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| | religions = [[Islam]]
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| | related_groups =
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| | footnotes = {{ubl|{{note|a|a}} The figure for Pakistan includes only native Urdu-speakers, known as [[Muhajir (Urdu-speaking people)|Muhajirs]], and not other ethnic groups of Pakistan who may fluently speak Urdu as a first or second language, numbering up to an additional 220 million.<ref name="Nestorović2016">{{cite book|author=Čedomir Nestorović|title=Islamic Marketing: Understanding the Socio-Economic, Cultural, and Politico-Legal Environment|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LXJBDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA142|date=28 May 2016|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-3-319-32754-9|pages=142–}}</ref>}}
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| }} | | }} |
| Native speakers of [[Urdu]] are spread across [[South Asia]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Joseph|first=Ammu|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rdtjAAAAMAAJ&q=Urdudaan|title=Just Between Us: Women Speak about Their Writing|date=2004|publisher=Women's World, India|isbn=978-81-88965-15-1|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Mir|first=Raza|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nCehAwAAQBAJ&dq=Urdudaans&pg=PT105|title=The Taste of Words: An Introduction to Urdu Poetry|date=2014-06-15|publisher=Penguin UK|isbn=978-93-5118-725-7|language=en}}</ref> The vast majority of them are Muslims of the [[Hindi-Urdu Belt]] of Northern India (though North Indian people of many faiths, including Hindus, spoke Urdu prior to the mid-19th century),<ref name="Roy2020">{{cite book |last1=Roy |first1=Arundhati |title=Azadi: Freedom. Fascism. Fiction. |date=1 September 2020 |publisher=Haymarket Books |isbn=978-1-64259-380-8 |language=English |quote=The language known variously as Urdu/Hindi/Hindustani, and in an earlier era, Hindavi, was born on the streets and in the bazaars of North India. Khari Boli, spoken in and around Delhi and what is now western Uttar Pradesh, is the base language of which the Persian lexicon came to be added. Urdu, written in the Persian-Arabic script, was spoken by Hindus and Muslims across North India and the Deccan Plateau. ... The partitioning orf Urdu began in earnest in the second half of the nineteenth century, after the failed 1857 Ware of Independence (known to the British as the Mutiny), when India ceased to be merely an asset of the East India Company.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Ginsburgh |first1=V. |last2=Weber |first2=S. |title=The Palgrave Handbook of Economics and Language |date=8 April 2016 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-1-137-32505-1 |language=English |quote=Urdu is a stylized version of the colloquial language spoken by both Muslims and Hindus in what is now central north India.}}</ref><ref name="Farooqi2012">{{cite book |last1=Farooqi |first1=M. |title=Urdu Literary Culture: Vernacular Modernity in the Writing of Muhammad Hasan Askari |date=2012 |publisher=[[Springer Publishing|Springer]]|isbn=978-1-137-02692-7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Vc1fAQAAQBAJ&q=Urdu+cultural+contact+Hindus+Muslims&pg=PT185 |language=en |quote=Historically speaking, Urdu grew out of interaction between Hindus and Muslims. He noted that Urdu is not the language of Muslims alone, although Muslims may have played a larger role in making it a literary language. Hindu poets and writers could and did bring specifically Hindu cultural elements into Urdu and these were accepted.}}</ref> followed by the [[Deccanis|Deccani people]] of the [[Deccan Plateau|Deccan plateau]] in south-central India (who speak [[Deccani language|Deccani Urdu]]) and the [[Muhajir (Urdu-speaking people)|Muhajir people]] of [[Pakistan]].<ref name="Skutsch2013" /> The historical centres of Urdu speakers include [[Delhi]] and [[Lucknow]], as well as the [[Deccan]].<ref name="2005Schmidt">{{cite book|last1=Schmidt|first1=Ruth Laila|title=Urdu: An Essential Grammar|date=8 December 2005|publisher=[[Routledge]]|isbn=978-1-134-71319-6|language=en|quote=Historically, Urdu developed from the sub-regional language of the Delhi area, which became a literary language in the eighteenth century. Two quite similar standard forms of the language developed in Delhi, and in Lucknow in modern Uttar Pradesh. Since 1947, a third form, Karachi standard Urdu, has evolved. }}</ref><ref name="Mahapatra1989">{{cite book|last1=Mahapatra|first1=B. P.|title=Constitutional languages|date=1989|publisher=[[Presses Université Laval]]|isbn=978-2-7637-7186-1|page=553|language=en|quote=Modern Urdu is a fairly homogenous language. An older southern form, Deccani Urdu, is now obsolete. Two varieties however, must be mentioned viz. the Urdu of Delhi, and the Urdu of Lucknow. Both are almost identical, differing only in some minor points. Both of these varieties are considered 'Standard Urdu' with some minor divergences.}}</ref>
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| Although the majority of Urdu-speakers reside in [[Pakistan]] (including 30 million native speakers,<ref name="Skutsch2013" /> and up to 94 million second-language speakers),<ref name="Nestorović2016" /> where Urdu is the national and official language, most speakers who use Urdu as their [[First language|native tongue]] live in [[India]], where it is one of [[Languages with official status in India|22 official languages]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Pereltsvaig |first=Asya |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DB4xDwAAQBAJ&dq=most+urdu+speakers+live+in+india&pg=PA60 |title=Languages of the World: An Introduction|date=2017-08-24|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-107-17114-5|language=en |author-link=Asya Pereltsvaig}}</ref>
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| The Urdu-speaking community is also present in other parts of South Asia with a [[Muslim rule of India|historical Muslim presence]], such as the [[Stranded Pakistanis in Bangladesh|Biharis]]<ref name="AlexanderChatterji2015">{{cite book|author1=Claire Alexander|author2=Joya Chatterji|author3=Annu Jalais|title=The Bengal Diaspora: Rethinking Muslim migration|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gZ_hCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA96|date=6 November 2015|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-317-33593-1|pages=96–}}</ref> and [[Dhakaiyas]] (who speak [[Dhakaiya Urdu]]) in Bangladesh,<ref>{{Cite book|last=Redclift|first=Victoria|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BVxtNBjTaCgC&dq=dhakaiya+community&pg=PA82|title=Statelessness and Citizenship: Camps and the Creation of Political Space|date=2013-06-26|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-136-22032-6|language=en}}</ref> the Urdu-speaking members of the [[Madheshi people|Madheshi community]] in Nepal,<ref>{{cite news|url=https://unpo.org/members/20426|title=Madhesh|work=Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization|date=2020|access-date=16 July 2020}}</ref> some [[Islam in Sri Lanka|Muslims in Sri Lanka]]<ref>{{cite journal|title=Urdu in Sri Lanka: Socio-Linguistics of a Minority Language|date=1992|pages=185–201|journal=Islamic Studies|first=M.M.M.|last=Mahroof|volume = 31|issue = 2|jstor = 20840072}}</ref> and a section of [[Burmese Indians]].<ref name="BhattacharyaKripalani2015">{{cite book|author1=Jayati Bhattacharya|author2=Coonoor Kripalani|title=Indian and Chinese Immigrant Communities: Comparative Perspectives|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dr7MBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA121|date=1 March 2015|publisher=Anthem Press|isbn=978-1-78308-447-0|pages=9, 121–}}</ref> In addition, there are Urdu-speakers present amongst the South Asian diaspora, most notably in the [[Middle East]],<ref name="Schmidt2005">{{cite book|author=Ruth Laila Schmidt|title=Urdu: An Essential Grammar|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tAiiT5ZRX_kC&pg=PR23|date=8 December 2005|publisher=Routledge|isbn=1-134-71320-7|pages=23–}}</ref> North America (notably the United States and Canada),<ref name="Schmidt2005"/><ref name="Leonard2007">{{cite book|author=Karen Isaksen Leonard|title=Locating Home: India's Hyderabadis Abroad|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HQCvgavbQjgC|year=2007|publisher=Stanford University Press|isbn=978-0-8047-5442-2}}</ref> Europe (notably the United Kingdom),<ref name="BhatiaKoul2005"/> the [[Caribbean]] region,<ref name="BhatiaKoul2005">{{cite book|author1=Tej K Bhatia|author2=Ashok Koul|title=Colloquial Urdu: The Complete Course for Beginners|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PvqEAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA1|date=10 November 2005|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-134-77970-3|pages=1–}}</ref> Africa (notably [[South Africa]] and [[Mauritius]]),<ref name="BhatiaKoul2005"/> Southeast Asia (notably [[Singapore]])<ref name="Tschacher2017">{{cite book|author=Torsten Tschacher|title=Race, Religion, and the 'Indian Muslim' Predicament in Singapore|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Iuw9DwAAQBAJ&pg=PT235|date=10 November 2017|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-1-315-30337-6|pages=235–}}</ref> and Oceania (notably [[Australia]]<ref name="SBS">{{cite news|url=https://www.sbs.com.au/language/english/find-out-how-many-people-speak-urdu-in-your-suburb|title=Find out how many people speak Urdu in your suburb|work=SBS News|date=23 November 2018|access-date=19 July 2020|first=Waqar|last=Ali}}</ref> and [[Fiji]]).<ref name="BhatiaKoul2005"/> Other communities, most notably the [[Punjabis|Punjabi elite]] of Pakistan, have adopted Urdu as a [[First language|mother tongue]] and identify with both an Urdu speaker as well as [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] identity.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Singh|first=Nikky-Guninder Kaur|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=chCMDwAAQBAJ&dq=punjabis+adopting+urdu&pg=PA121|title=Of Sacred and Secular Desire: An Anthology of Lyrical Writings from the Punjab|date=2012-11-30|publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing|isbn=978-0-85772-139-6|language=en}}</ref>{{Additional citation needed|date=November 2020}}
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| ==See also==
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| * [[List of Muhajir people]]
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| * [[Muhajir (Urdu-speaking people)|Muhajir people]]
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| * [[Muhajir culture]]
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| * [[Urdu#Urdu speakers by country|Urdu speakers by country]]
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| * [[States of India by Urdu speakers]]
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| == References ==
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| {{reflist|30em}}
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| ==External links==
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| * {{cite news |last1=Alavi |first1=Shams Ur Rehman |title=Census Data on Language Reveals a Surprise about Urdu |url=https://thewire.in/culture/urdu-census-language-2011-north-india |access-date=18 July 2020 |work=The Wire |date=Jul 2018}}
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| * {{cite news |last1=Daniyal |first1=Shoaib |title=Surging Hindi, shrinking South Indian languages: Nine charts that explain the 2011 language census |url=https://scroll.in/article/884754/surging-hindi-shrinking-south-indian-languages-nine-charts-that-explain-the-2011-language-census |access-date=18 July 2020 |work=Scroll.in |date=Jul 2018}}
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| {{Muhajir communities}}
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| [[Category:Muhajir people| ]]
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| [[Category:Muhajir communities]]
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| [[Category:Ethnic groups in Pakistan]]
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| [[Category:Urdu]]
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