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| {{Short description|India's foreign policy to deal with South-East Asian nations}}
| | #REDIRECT [[Act East policy]] |
| {{Use dmy dates|date=November 2016}}
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| {{Use Indian English|date=November 2016}}
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| [[File:Asia-map.png|right|thumb|300px|Political map showing India, China, and the Southeast Asian countries]] | |
| [[India]]'s '''Look East policy''' is an effort to cultivate extensive economic and strategic relations with the nations of [[Southeast Asia]] to bolster its standing as a [[regional power]] and a counterweight to the strategic influence of the [[China|People's Republic of China]]. Initiated in 1991, it marked a strategic shift in India’s perspective of the world.<ref>Thongkholal Haokip, "India’s Look East Policy: Its Evolution and Approach," ''South Asian Survey'', Vol. 18, No. 2 (September 2011), [http://sas.sagepub.com/content/18/2/239.short pp. 239-257].</ref> It was developed and enacted during the government of Prime Minister [[Narsimha Rao]] (1991–1996) and rigorously pursued by the successive administrations of [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]] (1998–2004) and [[Manmohan Singh]] (2004–2014).
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| The success of Look East policy enthused Indian foreign ministry officials to develop the policy into more action oriented, project and outcome based policy.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://opedcolumnsyndication.news.blog/2019/03/23/vietnams-salience-in-indias-act-east-policy|title=Vietnam's Salience in India's Act-East Policy|last=Jha|first=Pankaj|date=March 23, 2019|website=Oped Column Syndication}}</ref> After a couple of decades, India’s '''Act East policy''', which was announced in 2014 by the Prime minister [[Narendra Modi]]'s administration, became a successor to the Look East policy.<ref name=":0" /><ref name="VJ">{{Cite web |url=http://atimes.com/reports/CB21Ai01.html#top5 |title=Asia Times: Myanmar shows India the road to Southeast Asia |date=22 May 2001 |website= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010522142628/http://atimes.com/reports/CB21Ai01.html#top5 |archive-date=22 May 2001 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="PO">{{Cite web|url=https://archive.globalpolicy.org/globaliz/econ/2003/1011indiaasean.htm|title=India's 'Look East' Policy Pays off|website=archive.globalpolicy.org}}</ref><ref name="A">{{Cite web |url=http://www.atimes.com/atimes/South_Asia/IJ31Df01.html |title=Asia Times Online :: South Asia news - India rediscovers East Asia |date=17 May 2008 |website= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080517035426/http://www.atimes.com/atimes/South_Asia/IJ31Df01.html |archive-date=17 May 2008 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="C">{{Cite web |url=http://www.atimes.com/atimes/South_Asia/IJ31Df02.html |title=Asia Times Online :: South Asia news, business and economy from India and Pakistan |date=8 July 2008 |website= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080708233222/http://www.atimes.com/atimes/South_Asia/IJ31Df02.html |archive-date=8 July 2008 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="B">{{Cite web |url=http://www.atimes.com/atimes/South_Asia/IJ31Df03.html |title=Asia Times Online :: South Asia news, business and economy from India and Pakistan |date=5 September 2008 |website= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080905130712/http://www.atimes.com/atimes/South_Asia/IJ31Df03.html |archive-date=5 September 2008 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
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| ==Background==
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| Ever since the [[Sino-Indian War]] of 1962, China and India have been strategic competitors in South and East Asia.<ref name="A" /><ref name="PRIC">[http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd/cstdy:@field(DOCID+in0176) Sino-Indian relations]</ref> China has cultivated close commercial and military relations with India's neighbour [[Pakistan]] and competed for influence in [[Nepal]] and [[Bangladesh]].<ref>http://countrystudies.us/india/126.htm India-Nepal Treaty</ref> After [[Deng Xiaoping]]'s rise to power in China in 1979 and the subsequent [[Chinese economic reform]], China began reducing threats of expansionism and in turn cultivated extensive trade and economic relations with Asian nations. China became the closest partner and supporter of the [[State Peace and Development Council|military junta]] of Burma, which had been ostracised from the international community following the [[8888 Uprising|violent suppression of pro-democracy activities]] in 1988.<ref name="LG">[http://www.international-relations.com/CM7-2WB/Sino-Myanmar.htm Sino-Myanmar Relations: Analysis and Prospects by Lixin Geng, ''The Culture Mandala'', Vol. 7, no. 2, December 2006]</ref><ref name="V">{{cite book |last=Shambaugh|first=David |title=Power Shift: China and Asia's New Dynamics |pages=218 |year=2006 |publisher=[[University of California]] Press |isbn=978-0-520-24570-9 }}</ref> In contrast, during the [[Cold War]], India had a relatively hesitant relationship with many states in Southeast Asia as such diplomatic relations were given relatively low priority.<ref>{{cite web|author=David Brewster|url= https://www.academia.edu/8012918 |title=India as an Asia Pacific Power. Retrieved 19 August 2014}}</ref>
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| India's "Look East" policy was developed and enacted during the governments of prime ministers [[P.V. Narasimha Rao]] (1991–1996) and [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]] (1998–2004).<ref name="PO" /> Along with economic liberalisation and moving away from Cold War-era policies and activities, India's strategy has focused on forging close economic and commercial ties, increasing strategic and security cooperation and the emphasis of historic cultural and ideological links.<ref name="PO" /><ref name="A" /> India sought to create and expand regional markets for trade, investments and industrial development.<ref name="A" /> It also began strategic and military cooperation with nations concerned by the expansion of China's economic and strategic influence.<ref name="VJ" />
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| == Actions ==
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| ===Relations with East Asia===
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| Although it had traditionally supported Burma's [[National League for Democracy|pro-democracy movement]] for many years, India's policy changed in 1993, making friendly overtures to the military junta.<ref name="VJ" /> India signed trade agreements and increased its investments in Burma; although private sector activity remains low, India's state corporations have landed lucrative contracts for industrial projects and the construction of major roads and highways, pipelines and upgrading of ports.<ref name="G">{{cite web| url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/7013975.stm | work=BBC News | title=Explaining India's silence over Burma | date=26 September 2007 | access-date=11 May 2010}}</ref> India has also increased its competition with China over the harnessing of Burma's significant oil and natural gas reserves, seeking to establish a major and stable source of energy for its growing domestic needs, countering Chinese monopoly over Burmese resources and reducing dependence on oil-rich Middle Eastern nations. Although China remains Burma's largest military supplier,<ref name="VJ" /> India has offered to train Burma's military personnel and has sought their cooperation in curbing separatist militants and the heavy drug trafficking affecting much of [[Northeast India]].<ref name="G" /> Meanwhile China has won contracts harnessing more than 2.88–3.56 trillion cubits of natural gas in the A-1 Shwe field in the [[Rakhine State]] and has developed naval and surveillance installations along Burma's coast and the [[Coco Islands]]. This has provoked great concern and anxiety in India, which has stepped up its investment in port development, energy, transport and military sectors.<ref name="LG" /><ref name="VS">{{Cite web|url=http://www.worldpoliticsreview.com/article.aspx?id=129|title=India and China compete for Burma's resources}}</ref>
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| India has also established strong commercial, cultural and military ties with the [[Philippines]], [[Singapore]], [[Vietnam]] and [[Cambodia]].<ref name="PO" /> India signed [[free trade agreement]]s with [[Sri Lanka]] and [[Thailand]] and stepped up its military cooperation with them as well. It has numerous free trade agreements with East Asian economies, including a [[Comprehensive Economic Cooperation Agreement]] with [[Comprehensive Economic Cooperation Agreement|Australia]] and an [[Early Harvest Scheme]] with Thailand, while it is negotiating agreements with [[Japan]], [[South Korea]], and [[Association of Southeast Asian Nations]] (ASEAN) member states. Ties have been strengthened with [[Taiwan]], [[Japan]] and [[South Korea]] over common emphasis on democracy, human rights and strategic interests. South Korea and Japan remain amongst the major sources of foreign investment in India.<ref name="A" /><ref name=LADWIG>Walter C. Ladwig III, "Delhi’s Pacific Ambition: Naval Power, ‘Look East,’ and India’s Emerging Role in the Asia-Pacific," ''Asian Security'', Vol. 5, No. 2 (June 2009), pp. 98–101</ref>
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| While India has remained a staunch supporter of the "[[One China]]" policy and recognised the sovereignty of the People's Republic of China on the mainland over the [[Taiwan|Republic of China]] authorities on Taiwan, India has nevertheless pursued a policy of increasing engagement with Taiwan. India has stepped up engagement with East Asia fueled by its need for cooperation on counter-terrorism, humanitarian relief, anti-piracy, maritime and energy security, confidence-building and balancing the influence of other powers, notably China. Driven by the fact that more than 50% of India's trade passes through the [[Strait of Malacca|Malacca Strait]], the Indian navy has established a [[Far Eastern Naval Command (Indian Navy)|Far Eastern Naval Command]] off [[Port Blair]] on the [[Andaman and Nicobar Islands]]. India has also been conducting joint naval exercises with Singapore ([[SIMBEX]]) since 1993, with Vietnam in 2000 and has engaged in joint patrols with Indonesia in the [[Andaman Sea]] since 2002. Japan and India were also members of the tsunami relief regional core group in the Indian Ocean in 2004 along with Australia and the United States.<ref name="C" />
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| ===Relations with China===
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| While India and China remain strategic rivals, India's "Look East" policy has included significant rapprochement with China.<ref name="LADWIG" /> In 1993, India began holding high-level talks with Chinese leaders and established [[confidence-building measures]]. In 2006, China and India opened the [[Nathu La]] pass for cross-border trade for the first time since the 1962 war.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/5093712.stm "India-China trade link to reopen"], BBC News, 19 June 2006. Retrieved 31 January 2007.</ref> On 21 November 2006 Indian Prime Minister [[Manmohan Singh]] and the Chinese President [[Hu Jintao]] issued a 10-point joint declaration to improve ties and resolve long-standing conflicts.<ref name="O">{{Cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/news/2006/nov/21jintao6.htm|title=India-China relations: Ten-pronged strategy|website=www.rediff.com}}</ref> Trade between China and India increases by 50% each year, and is set to reach the $60 billion target set for 2010 by both Indian and Chinese governments and industrial leaders.<ref name="P">[http://www.financialexpress.com/news/India-China-to-meet-trade-target-by-2010/288307/ India, China to meet trade target by 2010]</ref> However, China's close [[China–Pakistan relations|relations with Pakistan]], skepticism about India's integration of [[Sikkim]], and Chinese claim over [[Arunachal Pradesh]] have threatened the improvement in bilateral relations.<ref name="APX">{{Cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/6145866.stm|title=India and China row over border|date=14 November 2006|via=news.bbc.co.uk}}</ref> India is currently providing asylum to the political-spiritual leader, the [[14th Dalai Lama]] also causes some friction in bilateral ties.<ref name="HT">{{Cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/storypage/storypage.aspx?id=51fad3e0-f239-4ac6-a5f5-5ab608e6a30d&&Headline=Pranab+to+take+up+stress+in+ties+in+China|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080929041627/http://www.hindustantimes.com/storypage/storypage.aspx?id=51fad3e0-f239-4ac6-a5f5-5ab608e6a30d&&Headline=Pranab+to+take+up+stress+in+ties+in+China|url-status=dead|title=In China, Pranab to take up the stress in ties|archive-date=29 September 2008}}</ref>
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| Chinese [[state media]] commentators have been critical of India's Look East policy. A ''[[People's Daily]]'' editorial opined that the Look East policy was "born out of [the] failure" of India's trying to play the Soviet Union and the United States against each other for its own benefit during the Cold War, and that trying to do the same with China and Japan by strengthening its ties with the latter would also fail.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://english.peopledaily.com.cn/90002/96417/7179404.html|title=India's "Look East Policy" means "Look to encircle China" ?|date=27 October 2010|access-date=1 November 2010|first=Li|last=Hongmei|publisher=[[People's Daily]]}}</ref> A columnist at the [[China Internet Information Center]] criticized the Look East policy as being borne out of a misguided "fear of China" and as reflecting "a lack of understanding of the [[People's Liberation Army|PLA]]'s strategic ambitions".<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.china.org.cn/opinion/2010-10/22/content_21181802.htm|title=India and China's great game in full swing|first=Dai|last=Bing|date=22 October 2010|access-date=1 November 2010|publisher=[[China Internet Information Center]]}}</ref>
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| ===Participation in supranational organisations===
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| India has developed multilateral organisations such as, the [[Mekong-Ganga Cooperation]] and [[BIMSTEC]], forging extensive cooperation on environmental, economic development, security and strategic affairs, permitting the growth of influence beyond South Asia and without the tense and obstructive presence of Pakistan and China that has stalled its efforts in the [[South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation]].<ref name="PO" /><ref name="C" /> India became a sectoral dialogue partner with [[Association of Southeast Asian Nations|ASEAN]] in 1992, in 1995 was given an advisory status, a member of the Council for Security Cooperation in the Asia-Pacific, a member of the ASEAN Regional Forum in 1996, and a summit level partner (on par with China, Japan and Korea) in 2002 and World cup 2002.<ref name="C" /> The first India-ASEAN Business Summit was held in New Delhi in 2002. India also acceded to ASEAN's [[Treaty of Amity and Cooperation in Southeast Asia]] in 2003.<ref name="C" />
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| In many cases, India's membership to these forums has been a result of attempts by the region to balance China's growing influence in the area. Notably, Japan brought India into ASEAN+6 to dilute the ASEAN+3 process, where China is dominant, while Singapore and Indonesia played a significant role in bringing India into the [[East Asia Summit]]. The United States and Japan have also lobbied for India's membership in the [[Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation]] (APEC). Numerous infrastructure projects also serve to tie India closer to East Asia. India is participating in the [[United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific]] and the Pacific initiatives for an [[Asian Highway Network]] and the [[Trans-Asian Railway]] network. Discussions are also proceeding on reopening the [[World War II]]-era [[Stilwell Road]] linking India's [[Assam]] state with China's [[Yunnan]] province through [[Myanmar]].<ref name="C" />
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| === Connectivity projects ===
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| Road and trade connectivity projects like [[Kaladan Multi-Modal Transit Transport Project]], [[India–Myanmar–Thailand Trilateral Highway]] etc have been taken up under the look east policy. currently these projects are ongoing.
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| ==Assessment==
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| According to [[Rejaul Karim Laskar]], a scholar of Indian foreign policy, the 'Look East' policy has strengthened India's political, economic and cultural relations with the countries of Southeast Asia and the Pacific and has ensured that India becomes an important part of the emerging economic and security architecture of the region.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Laskar|first1=Rejaul|title=Promoting National Interest Through Diplomacy|journal=Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary Diplomatist|date=December 2013|volume=1|issue=9|pages=59–60}}</ref> Commerce with South and East Asian nations accounts for almost 45% of India's foreign trade.<ref name="A" /> Although its efforts have met with considerable success, India trails China in the volume of trade and economic ties it enjoys with the nations of the region.<ref name="B" />
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| ==Act East policy==
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| The Modi administration stated that India would focus more and more on improving relation with [[ASEAN]] and other East Asian countries as per India's ''Look East Policy'' which was formulated during [[P. V. Narasimha Rao|Narasimha Rao]]'s government in 1991 for better economic engagement with its eastern neighbours, but the following government successfully turned it into a tool for forging strategic partnership and security cooperation with countries in that region in general and Vietnam and Japan in particular.<ref>{{cite web | title= Vietnam among pillars of India's "Look East" policy | date= 18 November 2013 | website= english.vietnamnet.vn | publisher= [[Vietnam News Agency]] | url= http://english.vietnamnet.vn/fms/government/89377/vietnam-among-pillars-of-india-s--look-east--policy.html | access-date= 18 November 2013}}</ref> In her visit to [[Hanoi]], [[Sushma Swaraj]] has stressed the need for an ''Act East Policy'',<ref>{{cite web | title= Modi govt to give greater push to India's Look East Policy, says Sushma Swaraj | work= [[Firstpost]] | date= 2014-08-25 | url= http://firstbiz.firstpost.com/economy/modi-govt-give-greater-push-indias-look-east-policy-says-sushma-swaraj-94718.html | access-date= 2014-09-10 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20140910195033/http://firstbiz.firstpost.com/economy/modi-govt-give-greater-push-indias-look-east-policy-says-sushma-swaraj-94718.html | archive-date= 10 September 2014 | url-status= dead }}</ref> which she said should replace India's over two decade-old ''Look East Policy'' emphasizing a more proactive role for India in this region.<ref>{{cite web | title= Sushma Swaraj tells Indian envoys to Act East and not just Look East | publisher= [[The Economic Times]] | date= 26 August 2014 | url= http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2014-08-26/news/53243802_1_india-and-asean-countries-east-asia-strategically-important-region}}</ref>
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| ==See also==
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| * [[Neighbourhood first policy]] (Coupled with the "Look East policy", it focuses on South Asian nations)
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| * [[BIMSTEC]]
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| * [[ASEAN–India Free Trade Area]]
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| ==References==
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| {{reflist|2}}{{Premiership of Narendra Modi}}{{Foreign relations of India}}
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| {{Policies of India}}
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| [[Category:Foreign policy doctrines of India]]
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| [[Category:Politics of Southeast Asia]]
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