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{{Infobox Christian leader | {{Infobox Christian leader | ||
| honorific-prefix = [[Mar]] | | honorific-prefix = [[Mar (title)|Mar]] | ||
| name = | | name = Parambil Chandy | ||
| honorific-suffix = | | honorific-suffix = | ||
| bishop_of = Metropolitan and Gate of All India. | | bishop_of = Metropolitan and Gate of All India. | ||
| Line 12: | Line 12: | ||
| ordination = 31 January 1663 | | ordination = 31 January 1663 | ||
| enthroned = 31 January 1663 | | enthroned = 31 January 1663 | ||
| ended = 1687 | | ended = 2 January 1687 | ||
| successor = [[Kariattil Mar Ousep|Kariattil Ousep]] | | successor = [[Kariattil Mar Ousep|Kariattil Ousep]] | ||
| birth_name = Chandy | | birth_name = Chandy | ||
| birth_date = | | birth_date = 1615 | ||
| birth_place = [[Muttuchira]] | | birth_place = [[Muttuchira]] | ||
| death_date = 1687 | | death_date = {{Death date and age|1687|1|2|1615|df=yes}} | ||
| death_place = [[Kuravilangad]] | | death_place = [[Kuravilangad]] | ||
| buried = [[St. Mary's Syro-Malabar Major Archiepiscopal Church Kuravilangad]] | | buried = [[St. Mary's Syro-Malabar Major Archiepiscopal Church Kuravilangad]] | ||
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}} | }} | ||
'''Parambil Chandy''' (''Alexandre de Campo'' in [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]]; 1615 – 2 January 1687) was an [[Catholic Church in India|Indian Catholic]] prelate who served as [[Archdiocese of Cranganore|Archbishop of Cranganore]] from 1663 to 1687.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.syromalabarchurch.in/syro-malabar-church-cronology.php|title=Syro Malabar Church Chronology|access-date=31 March 2021|archive-date=4 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211004221750/http://www.syromalabarchurch.in/syro-malabar-church-cronology.php|url-status=dead}}</ref> He was the first known native [[Indian people|Indian]] bishop.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Menon|first=A. Sreedhara|url=https://indianculture.gov.in/gazettes/kerala-district-gazetteers-ernakulam|title=Kerala District Gazetteers: Ernakulam|publisher=The Superintendent of Government Presses, Government Press|year=1965|location=Trivandrum|pages=186|quote=Alexander de Campo was the first Indian Bishop not only in Malabar but in whole of India.|author-link=A. Sreedhara Menon}}</ref> | |||
As archbishop, Chandy headed the [[East Syriac Rite|East Syriac]] faction known as the ''[[Syrian Catholics of Malabar|Paḻayakūṟ]]'', or "Old Allegiance", after the [[Coonan Cross Oath]] in 1653 brought secession from the Portuguese ''[[Padroado]]''. The faction soon returned to full communion with the [[Holy See]] as [[Eastern Catholic Churches|Eastern Catholics]] and would later become known as the [[Syro-Malabar Catholic Church|Syro-Malabar Church]]. Chandy, whose efforts to reconcile the other dissident Indian factions ultimately failed, died in 1687 and his tomb is at the [[Marth Mariam Syro-Malabar Church, Kuravilangad|Marth Mariam Church in Kuravilangad]]. | |||
==Background== | |||
[[File:Tomb of Palliveettil Mar Chandy Metropolitan and Gate of All India.jpg|thumb|Tomb of Parambil Mar Chandy, Metropolitan and Gate of All India, inside the Madbaha of Marth Mariam Syro-Malabar Church, Kuravilangad.]] | |||
[[File:Tomb of Palliveettil Mar Chandy Metropolitan and Gate of All India.jpg|thumb|Tomb of | |||
[[File:Marth Mariam Syro-Malabar Archdeacon Church, Kuravilangad.jpg|thumb|Marth Mariam Syro-Malabar Church, Kuravilangad.]] | [[File:Marth Mariam Syro-Malabar Archdeacon Church, Kuravilangad.jpg|thumb|Marth Mariam Syro-Malabar Church, Kuravilangad.]] | ||
Historically [[Saint Thomas Christians]] were part of [[East Syriac Rite|East Syriac]] Church. They came into direct communion with the [[Latin Church|Church of Rome]] through the [[Chaldean Catholic Church|Chaldean]] [[Patriarchate]] with the arrival of Metropolitan Mar [[Joseph Sulaqa]] and patriarchal delegate Mar Elias in AD 1554.<ref>{{citation|authorlink=Father Placid J Podipara|last=Podipara|first=Dr.Placid|date= 1938|title=The Syrian Church of Malabar}}</ref> Historically, the title of the head of the Church of Saint Thomas was the 'Metropolitan and the Gate of India' | Historically [[Saint Thomas Christians]] were part of [[East Syriac Rite|East Syriac]] Church. They came into direct communion with the [[Latin Church|Church of Rome]] through the [[Chaldean Catholic Church|Chaldean]] [[Patriarchate]] with the arrival of Metropolitan Mar [[Joseph Sulaqa]] and patriarchal delegate Mar Elias in AD 1554.<ref>{{citation|authorlink=Father Placid J Podipara|last=Podipara|first=Dr.Placid|date= 1938|title=The Syrian Church of Malabar}}</ref> Historically, the title of the head of the Church of Saint Thomas was the 'Metropolitan and the Gate of India'.<ref>{{citation|first=Placid|last= Podipara|authorlink=Father Placid J Podipara|title= The Hierarchy of Syro Malabar Church: chapter IV in Collected works of Rev Dr Placid Podipara, vol I|publisher= San Jose Publications|location=Mannanam| pages= 666–7}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.srite.de/index?id=2&cikk=84|author=Istvan Perczel|author-link=Istvan Perczel|title=The Saint Thomas Christians in India from 52 to 1687 AD|website=www.srite.de|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090215032305/http://srite.de/index?id=2&cikk=84|archive-date=15 February 2009}}</ref> | ||
After the [[Synod of Diamper]] in 1599, the Church of [[Saint Thomas Christians]] became subjected to Latin Church | After the [[Synod of Diamper]] in 1599, the Church of [[Saint Thomas Christians]] became subjected to [[Latin Church]] bishops. The Latin missionaries broke the historic connection of Thomas Christians with the [[List of patriarchs of the Church of the East|Patriarch of Babylon]] and downgraded the ancient Church of Christians of Saint Thomas into a mere suffragan of the archdiocese of Goa of the Latin Church. Later, the Metropolitanate was reinstated and the Archdiocese of Angamaly was renamed as the Archdiocese of Kodungalloor and its seat moved to Kodungalloor with Latin prelates.<ref>{{citation|first=Joseph|last=Thekkedathu|title= History of Christianity in India, Vol II| page=75}}</ref> | ||
Even though the Thomas Christians were subjected to Latin Church prelates in the hierarchy, the community consolidated under the leadership of the | Even though the Thomas Christians were subjected to Latin Church prelates in the hierarchy, the community consolidated under the leadership of the archdeacons as a separate rite with its own liturgy and traditions. The missionaries began to impose Latinisations in their rite of worship and tried to eliminate the authority and status of the Archdeaconate and thereby dishonour the status of their [[Syro-Malabar Church|ancient Church of Malabar]]. The community secretly tried to get prelates from the Patriarchate of the [[Chaldean Catholic Church|Chaldeans]] and the Patriarchate of the [[Assyrian Church of the East|Assyrians]]. | ||
The missionaries used their political power to prevent Thomas Christians from contacting with any Oriental Churches and they even arrested and deported [[Ahatalla]], a bishop of West Syriac Rite arrived in [[Mylapore|Mailappore]].<ref>{{citation|first=Joseph |last=Thekkedathu|title=opus cit|pages=94–5}}</ref> Thomas Christians rose up and revolted against the Portuguese in AD 1653 and consecrated (invalidly) the Archdeacon [[Parambil Thoma]] as the Bishop of Thomas Christians. This revolt was nearly complete and that changed the politics. | The missionaries used their political power to prevent Thomas Christians from contacting with any Oriental Churches and they even arrested and deported [[Ahatalla]], a bishop of West Syriac Rite arrived in [[Mylapore|Mailappore]].<ref>{{citation|first=Joseph |last=Thekkedathu|title=opus cit|pages=94–5}}</ref> Thomas Christians rose up and revolted against the Portuguese in AD 1653 and consecrated (invalidly) the Archdeacon [[Parambil Thoma]] as the Bishop of Thomas Christians. This revolt was nearly complete and that changed the politics. | ||
A protest took place in 1653 with the [[Coonan Cross Oath]]. Under the leadership of Archdeacon Thomas, the Thomas Christians publicly took an oath that they would not obey the Jesuit bishops.<ref>{{citation|title=A History of Christianity in India: The Beginnings to AD 1707|first=Stephen |last=Neill|pages= 319–20}}</ref><ref>{{citation|first=Eugene Cardinal|last= Tisserant| title=Eastern Christianity in India}}</ref><ref>{{citation|title=Malabar manual, Volume 1|first=William |last=Logan|page=206}}</ref> There are various versions about the wording of oath, one version being that the oath was directed against the Portuguese, another that it was directed against Jesuits, yet another version that it was directed against the authority of the [[Latin Church|Church of Rome]]<ref name=Gazette>{{cite book | A protest took place in 1653 with the [[Coonan Cross Oath]]. Under the leadership of Archdeacon Thomas, the Thomas Christians publicly took an oath that they would not obey the Jesuit bishops.<ref>{{citation|title=A History of Christianity in India: The Beginnings to AD 1707|first=Stephen |last=Neill|pages= 319–20}}</ref><ref>{{citation|first=Eugene Cardinal|last= Tisserant| title=Eastern Christianity in India}}</ref><ref>{{citation|title=Malabar manual, Volume 1|first=William |last=Logan|page=206}}</ref> There are various versions about the wording of oath, one version being that the oath was directed against the Portuguese, another that it was directed against Jesuits, yet another version that it was directed against the authority of the [[Latin Church|Church of Rome]]<ref name=Gazette>{{cite book |title=Census of India (1961: Kerala)|date=1965 |publisher=Office of the Registrar General|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0JCaAAAAIAAJ|language=en|page=111|quote=There are various versions about the wording of swearing, one version being that it was directed against the Portuguese, another that it was directed against Jesuits, yet another that it was directed against the authority of church of Rome }}</ref> However, after this oath, Saint Thomas Christians elevated Archdeacon Thomas to Metropolitan by the laying on of hands by twelve kattanars and he took the title [[Thoma I|Mar Thoma I]]. | ||
[[File:Alangad Syro-Malabar Church.jpg|thumb|St. Mary's Syro-Malabar Church, Alangad]] | [[File:Alangad Syro-Malabar Church.jpg|thumb|St. Mary's Syro-Malabar Church, Alangad]] | ||
At this point of time, Rome intervened and Carmelite | At this point of time, Rome intervened and Carmelite missionaries were sent to win the Thomas Christians back. Carmelites could convince the majority that the local church needs bishops and the consecration of the Archdeacon Thomas was claimed to be invalid as the consecration was conducted not by any bishop, but by twelve priests. Many leaders of the community rejoined the missionaries and later, due to political reasons. | ||
==Early life and ordination== | ==Early life and ordination== | ||
[[File:Kuravilangad Cheria Palli .jpg|thumb|right|250px| | [[File:Kuravilangad Cheria Palli .jpg|thumb|right|250px|Church of St. Sebastian, built by Chandy when he was vicar of Kuravilangad parish]] | ||
He belonged to the | He belonged to the Parambil house of [[Pakalomattam]] family at [[Muttuchira]]. Parambil Kuriakose married into Kudukkasserry and the son born to the couple later became the Bishop. "Alexander De Campo" is a Portuguese designation translated as "Alexander of the field" originating from "''Parambil Chandy''" in vernacular [[Malayalam]]. He was vicar of Kuravilangad Parish and later had Kuravilangad as his headquarters.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pakalomattamfamily.org/bishop.asp |title=:: Pakalomattamfamily :: - History |accessdate=2012-01-06 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141108064513/http://www.pakalomattamfamily.org/bishop.asp |archivedate=8 November 2014 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> | ||
He was a native of Muttuchira parish, in the present central Kerala. As a priest his original name was Father Parambil Chandy. He was consecrated Titular Bishop of [[Megara]] in [[Achala]] and [[Vicar Apostolic]] and Administrator of the Archbishopric of [[Cranganore]] on 31 January 1663, at [[Kaduthuruthy]]. He celebrated his first pontifical Mass at Muttuchira Church.<ref name="J. P. M. van der Ploeg">J. P. M. van der Ploeg, The Christians of St. Thomas in South India and their Syriac manuscripts page 30</ref> His appointment followed representations for the appointment of native Indians as bishops following the split in the church on account of the [[Coonan Cross Oath]]. His official title was Metropolitan and Gate of All India.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BR8YAAAAYAAJ|first=Wilhelm |last=Germann|publisher=C. Bertelsmann|year=1877|title=Die Kirche der Thomaschristen: ein Beitrag zur Geschichte der orientalischen Kirchen|author-link=Wilhelm Germann|page=494}}</ref> | |||
==Episcopacy== | |||
Parambil Chandy was appointed as a bishop when the community was divided under the [[Padroado|Portuguese Padroado]] and his cousin, [[Thoma I]], who was the then leader of the ''[[Malankara Church|Puthenkūttukar]]''. At first, Chandy was the counsellor of Thoma I. He had an instrumental role in the episcopal ascension of Thoma I.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=JmFetR5Wqd8C&dq=Kadavil+Chandy+Anjilimoottil&pg=PT737 The Encyclopedia of Eastern Orthodox Christianity, John Anthony McGuckin]</ref><ref name="ReferenceA">Mathew N. M. ''History of the Marthoma Church'', Vol. I. Page 183.</ref> According to Portuguese and [[Jesuits|Jesuit]] reports, Chandy had defected with Thoma I against Francis Garcia, the [[Archdiocese of Cranganore|Archbishop of Cranganore]].<ref name="Eugene Tisserant">{{citation|title=Eastern Christianity in India: A History of the Syro-Malabar Church from the Earliest Times to the Present Day|first=Eugene|last= Tisserant |pages= }}</ref><ref name="ReferenceA"/> | |||
There was a plan to appoint Archdeacon [[Giwargis of Christ]] by [[Abraham of Angamaly]] (1568–1597) as Metropolitan of India. Thus Giwargis should have become, according to the plans of Abraham and supported by the [[Jesuits]], the first indigenous Chaldaean [[Metropolitan bishop|metropolitan]] of the Saint Thomas Christians. However, from the last letter of Abraham, where he requests the Pope to confirm the archdeacon's election as Bishop of Palayur and his successor, is dated 13 January 1584, while from another letter of the same Abraham we learn that the would-be archdeacon died before his consecration.<ref>{{citation|first1=Ernst|last1= Bremer|first2= Susanne|last2=Röhl|title=Language of religion, language of the people: medieval Judaism, Christianity, and Islam|page= 401}}</ref> | |||
Chandy had an instrumental role in claiming eighty-four churches onto the Catholic side after the [[Coonan Cross Oath]].<ref name="Stephen Neill">{{citation|title=A History of Christianity in India: The Beginnings to AD 1707|first=Stephen|last= Neill |pages= 326–7}}</ref> After his death from 1678 till 1783 there were no native bishops in the Catholic faction of Saint Thomas Christians known as the ''[[Syrian Catholics of Malabar|Pazhayakūr]]''. In 1665, [[Gregorios Abdal Jaleel]], said to be a delegate of the Patriarch of Antioch (of the [[Syriac Orthodox Church]]), regularized the consecration of Thoma, who would form the [[West Syriac Rite|West Syriac]] oriented [[Malankara Church]].<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Alexander Toepel|author-link= |url=https://www.academia.edu/10859397|title=A letter from Alexander Kadavil to the Congregation of St. Thomas at Edapally|publisher=Uitgeverij Peeters en Departement Oosterse Studies|editor1=Timothy B Sailors|editor3=Emmanouela Grypeou|editor2=Alexander Toepel|editor4=Dmitrij Bumazhnov|journal=Bibel, Byzanz und Christlicher Orient: Festschrift für Stephen Gerö zum 65. Geburtstag (Orientalia Lovaniensia Analecta 187; Leuven: Peeters)|page=388|year=2011|isbn=9789042921771|issn=0777-978X}}</ref><ref name="Stephen Neill"/> | |||
===Later years and death=== | ===Later years and death=== | ||
In 1674, | In 1674, Chandy requested Rome to elect a coadjutor and proposed his nephew, Mathew Kunnel for the position. [[Carmelites]] arrived in India in 1676 with special Dutch passports (as the Dutch wouldn't allow any other European to work in their areas), and they were asked by Rome to elect an Indian. | ||
They elected Raphael Figueredo in 1677, who was born as an Indian in the sense that he was a half-caste Portuguese. This election shook the confidence the Roman faction had in the Carmelites and quarrels started to arise. | |||
Chandy died in 1687 and was buried at [[Kuravilangad]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nasrani.net/2007/02/13/kerala-syrian-christian-the-tomb-of-the-apostle-persian-church-syond-of-diamper-coonan-cross-oath-divisions/|title=Kerala Syrian Christian, Thomas the Apostle in India, The tomb of the Apostles, Persian Church, Syond of Diamper - Coonan Cross Oath, Subsequent divisions and the Nasrani People|date=13 February 2007|website=Nasranis|accessdate=31 July 2017}}</ref> | |||
== See also == | == See also == | ||
| Line 78: | Line 85: | ||
{{Authority control}} | {{Authority control}} | ||
{{DEFAULTSORT: | {{DEFAULTSORT:Parambil Chandy}} | ||
[[Category:Syro-Malabar Catholics]] | [[Category:Syro-Malabar Catholics]] | ||
[[Category:Christian clergy from Thrissur]] | [[Category:Christian clergy from Thrissur]] | ||
[[Category:1687 deaths]] | [[Category:1687 deaths]] | ||
[[Category:17th-century Eastern Catholic bishops]] | [[Category:17th-century Eastern Catholic bishops]] | ||
[[Category:17th-century Indian scholars]] | [[Category:17th-century Indian scholars]] | ||
[[Category:1615 births]] | |||
Latest revision as of 23:35, 27 July 2025
Parambil Chandy | |
|---|---|
| Metropolitan and Gate of All India. | |
 | |
| Diocese | Archdiocese of Cranganore |
| See | Kodungallur (Muziris) of the Marthoma Nazrenes. |
| Installed | 31 January 1663 |
| Term ended | 2 January 1687 |
| Predecessor | Abraham of Angamaly |
| Successor | Kariattil Ousep |
| Orders | |
| Ordination | 31 January 1663 |
| Personal details | |
| Birth name | Chandy |
| Born | 1615 Muttuchira |
| Died | 2 January 1687 (aged 71–72) Kuravilangad |
| Buried | St. Mary's Syro-Malabar Major Archiepiscopal Church Kuravilangad |
| Nationality | Indian |
Parambil Chandy (Alexandre de Campo in Portuguese; 1615 – 2 January 1687) was an Indian Catholic prelate who served as Archbishop of Cranganore from 1663 to 1687.[1] He was the first known native Indian bishop.[2]
As archbishop, Chandy headed the East Syriac faction known as the Paḻayakūṟ, or "Old Allegiance", after the Coonan Cross Oath in 1653 brought secession from the Portuguese Padroado. The faction soon returned to full communion with the Holy See as Eastern Catholics and would later become known as the Syro-Malabar Church. Chandy, whose efforts to reconcile the other dissident Indian factions ultimately failed, died in 1687 and his tomb is at the Marth Mariam Church in Kuravilangad.
Background[edit | edit source]
Historically Saint Thomas Christians were part of East Syriac Church. They came into direct communion with the Church of Rome through the Chaldean Patriarchate with the arrival of Metropolitan Mar Joseph Sulaqa and patriarchal delegate Mar Elias in AD 1554.[3] Historically, the title of the head of the Church of Saint Thomas was the 'Metropolitan and the Gate of India'.[4][5]
After the Synod of Diamper in 1599, the Church of Saint Thomas Christians became subjected to Latin Church bishops. The Latin missionaries broke the historic connection of Thomas Christians with the Patriarch of Babylon and downgraded the ancient Church of Christians of Saint Thomas into a mere suffragan of the archdiocese of Goa of the Latin Church. Later, the Metropolitanate was reinstated and the Archdiocese of Angamaly was renamed as the Archdiocese of Kodungalloor and its seat moved to Kodungalloor with Latin prelates.[6]
Even though the Thomas Christians were subjected to Latin Church prelates in the hierarchy, the community consolidated under the leadership of the archdeacons as a separate rite with its own liturgy and traditions. The missionaries began to impose Latinisations in their rite of worship and tried to eliminate the authority and status of the Archdeaconate and thereby dishonour the status of their ancient Church of Malabar. The community secretly tried to get prelates from the Patriarchate of the Chaldeans and the Patriarchate of the Assyrians.
The missionaries used their political power to prevent Thomas Christians from contacting with any Oriental Churches and they even arrested and deported Ahatalla, a bishop of West Syriac Rite arrived in Mailappore.[7] Thomas Christians rose up and revolted against the Portuguese in AD 1653 and consecrated (invalidly) the Archdeacon Parambil Thoma as the Bishop of Thomas Christians. This revolt was nearly complete and that changed the politics.
A protest took place in 1653 with the Coonan Cross Oath. Under the leadership of Archdeacon Thomas, the Thomas Christians publicly took an oath that they would not obey the Jesuit bishops.[8][9][10] There are various versions about the wording of oath, one version being that the oath was directed against the Portuguese, another that it was directed against Jesuits, yet another version that it was directed against the authority of the Church of Rome[11] However, after this oath, Saint Thomas Christians elevated Archdeacon Thomas to Metropolitan by the laying on of hands by twelve kattanars and he took the title Mar Thoma I.
At this point of time, Rome intervened and Carmelite missionaries were sent to win the Thomas Christians back. Carmelites could convince the majority that the local church needs bishops and the consecration of the Archdeacon Thomas was claimed to be invalid as the consecration was conducted not by any bishop, but by twelve priests. Many leaders of the community rejoined the missionaries and later, due to political reasons.
Early life and ordination[edit | edit source]
He belonged to the Parambil house of Pakalomattam family at Muttuchira. Parambil Kuriakose married into Kudukkasserry and the son born to the couple later became the Bishop. "Alexander De Campo" is a Portuguese designation translated as "Alexander of the field" originating from "Parambil Chandy" in vernacular Malayalam. He was vicar of Kuravilangad Parish and later had Kuravilangad as his headquarters.[12]
He was a native of Muttuchira parish, in the present central Kerala. As a priest his original name was Father Parambil Chandy. He was consecrated Titular Bishop of Megara in Achala and Vicar Apostolic and Administrator of the Archbishopric of Cranganore on 31 January 1663, at Kaduthuruthy. He celebrated his first pontifical Mass at Muttuchira Church.[13] His appointment followed representations for the appointment of native Indians as bishops following the split in the church on account of the Coonan Cross Oath. His official title was Metropolitan and Gate of All India.[14]
Episcopacy[edit | edit source]
Parambil Chandy was appointed as a bishop when the community was divided under the Portuguese Padroado and his cousin, Thoma I, who was the then leader of the Puthenkūttukar. At first, Chandy was the counsellor of Thoma I. He had an instrumental role in the episcopal ascension of Thoma I.[15][16] According to Portuguese and Jesuit reports, Chandy had defected with Thoma I against Francis Garcia, the Archbishop of Cranganore.[17][16]
There was a plan to appoint Archdeacon Giwargis of Christ by Abraham of Angamaly (1568–1597) as Metropolitan of India. Thus Giwargis should have become, according to the plans of Abraham and supported by the Jesuits, the first indigenous Chaldaean metropolitan of the Saint Thomas Christians. However, from the last letter of Abraham, where he requests the Pope to confirm the archdeacon's election as Bishop of Palayur and his successor, is dated 13 January 1584, while from another letter of the same Abraham we learn that the would-be archdeacon died before his consecration.[18]
Chandy had an instrumental role in claiming eighty-four churches onto the Catholic side after the Coonan Cross Oath.[19] After his death from 1678 till 1783 there were no native bishops in the Catholic faction of Saint Thomas Christians known as the Pazhayakūr. In 1665, Gregorios Abdal Jaleel, said to be a delegate of the Patriarch of Antioch (of the Syriac Orthodox Church), regularized the consecration of Thoma, who would form the West Syriac oriented Malankara Church.[20][19]
Later years and death[edit | edit source]
In 1674, Chandy requested Rome to elect a coadjutor and proposed his nephew, Mathew Kunnel for the position. Carmelites arrived in India in 1676 with special Dutch passports (as the Dutch wouldn't allow any other European to work in their areas), and they were asked by Rome to elect an Indian.
They elected Raphael Figueredo in 1677, who was born as an Indian in the sense that he was a half-caste Portuguese. This election shook the confidence the Roman faction had in the Carmelites and quarrels started to arise.
Chandy died in 1687 and was buried at Kuravilangad.[21]
See also[edit | edit source]
- Kadavil Chandy Kathanar
- Syro-Malabar Catholic Church
- List of Syro-Malabar Catholics
- Timeline of the Syro-Malabar Catholic Church
- Christianity in India
- Saint Thomas Christians[22]
External links[edit | edit source]
- Mar Chandy Parambil
- St Thomas Christian Encyclopaedia of India - Edited by George Menachery (1998).
- History of Christianity in India - Mundadan, A. Mathias (1984).
References[edit | edit source]
- ↑ "Syro Malabar Church Chronology". Archived from the original on 4 October 2021. Retrieved 31 March 2021.
- ↑ Menon, A. Sreedhara (1965). Kerala District Gazetteers: Ernakulam. Trivandrum: The Superintendent of Government Presses, Government Press. p. 186.
Alexander de Campo was the first Indian Bishop not only in Malabar but in whole of India.
- ↑ Podipara, Dr.Placid (1938), The Syrian Church of Malabar
- ↑ Podipara, Placid, The Hierarchy of Syro Malabar Church: chapter IV in Collected works of Rev Dr Placid Podipara, vol I, Mannanam: San Jose Publications, pp. 666–7
- ↑ Istvan Perczel. "The Saint Thomas Christians in India from 52 to 1687 AD". www.srite.de. Archived from the original on 15 February 2009.
- ↑ Thekkedathu, Joseph, History of Christianity in India, Vol II, p. 75
- ↑ Thekkedathu, Joseph, opus cit, pp. 94–5
- ↑ Neill, Stephen, A History of Christianity in India: The Beginnings to AD 1707, pp. 319–20
- ↑ Tisserant, Eugene Cardinal, Eastern Christianity in India
- ↑ Logan, William, Malabar manual, Volume 1, p. 206
- ↑ Census of India (1961: Kerala). Office of the Registrar General. 1965. p. 111.
There are various versions about the wording of swearing, one version being that it was directed against the Portuguese, another that it was directed against Jesuits, yet another that it was directed against the authority of church of Rome
- ↑ ":: Pakalomattamfamily :: - History". Archived from the original on 8 November 2014. Retrieved 6 January 2012.
- ↑ J. P. M. van der Ploeg, The Christians of St. Thomas in South India and their Syriac manuscripts page 30
- ↑ Germann, Wilhelm (1877). Die Kirche der Thomaschristen: ein Beitrag zur Geschichte der orientalischen Kirchen. C. Bertelsmann. p. 494.
- ↑ The Encyclopedia of Eastern Orthodox Christianity, John Anthony McGuckin
- ↑ 16.0 16.1 Mathew N. M. History of the Marthoma Church, Vol. I. Page 183.
- ↑ Tisserant, Eugene, Eastern Christianity in India: A History of the Syro-Malabar Church from the Earliest Times to the Present Day
- ↑ Bremer, Ernst; Röhl, Susanne, Language of religion, language of the people: medieval Judaism, Christianity, and Islam, p. 401
- ↑ 19.0 19.1 Neill, Stephen, A History of Christianity in India: The Beginnings to AD 1707, pp. 326–7
- ↑ Alexander Toepel (2011). Timothy B Sailors; Alexander Toepel; Emmanouela Grypeou; Dmitrij Bumazhnov (eds.). "A letter from Alexander Kadavil to the Congregation of St. Thomas at Edapally". Bibel, Byzanz und Christlicher Orient: Festschrift für Stephen Gerö zum 65. Geburtstag (Orientalia Lovaniensia Analecta 187; Leuven: Peeters). Uitgeverij Peeters en Departement Oosterse Studies: 388. ISBN 9789042921771. ISSN 0777-978X.
- ↑ "Kerala Syrian Christian, Thomas the Apostle in India, The tomb of the Apostles, Persian Church, Syond of Diamper - Coonan Cross Oath, Subsequent divisions and the Nasrani People". Nasranis. 13 February 2007. Retrieved 31 July 2017.
- ↑ Tisserant, Eugène (1957). Eastern Christianity in India : a history of the Syro-Malabar Church from the earliest time to the present day. Orient Longmans. OCLC 2383390.