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| {{Short description|Indian Muslim scholar and co-founder of Darul Uloom Deoband}}
| | #REDIRECT [[Qasim Nanawtawi]] |
| {{Use Indian English|date=September 2016}}
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| {{Use dmy dates|date=September 2016}}
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| {{Infobox religious biography | religion= [[Islam]]
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| |region = Indian Subcontinent
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| |era = Modern era
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| |name = Muhammad Qasim Nanautavi
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| |honorific-prefix = [[Hujjat al-Islam]]<br> Qasimul-Uloom wal-Khairat<ref>{{cite book|last=Muhammad Yousuf|first=Banuri|title=Nafhatul Anbar|publisher=Al-Majlis al-Ilmi|pages=258}}</ref>
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| | image =
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| |birth_date = 1832
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| |birth_place = [[Nanauta]], [[Mughal Empire]]
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| |death_date = {{death date and age|df=y|1880|4|15|1832}}
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| |death_place = [[Deoband]], [[British Raj|British India]]
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| |occupation = [[Islamic scholar]]
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| |denomination = [[Sunni]]
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| |jurisprudence = [[Hanafi]]
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| |creed = [[Maturidi]]<ref>{{cite journal|url=https://brill.com/view/journals/wdi/60/2-3/article-p293_6.xml?language=de#FN000073|title=Salafī Challenge and Māturīdī Response: Contemporary Disputes over the Legitimacy of Māturīdī kalām|year=2020|publisher=Brill|doi=10.1163/15700607-06023P06|last1=Bruckmayr|first1=Philipp|journal=Die Welt des Islams|volume=60|issue=2–3|pages=293–324|doi-access=free}}</ref>
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| | main_interests = [[Aqidah]], [[Tafsir]], [[Tasawwuf]], [[Hadith]], [[Fiqh]], [[Kifaya]], [[Usul al-fiqh|Usul]], Ma'aani, [[Mantiq]], [[Falsafa]],
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| | influenced= [[Mahmud Hasan Deobandi]], [[Ahmad Hasan Amrohi]], [[Abdul Wahid Bengali]], [[List of Darul Uloom Deoband alumni|Deoband alumni]]
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| | notable_ideas = Widow Re-marriage
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| |children = [[Hafiz Muhammad Ahmad]] (son)
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| |relatives = [[Siddiqi family of Nanauta]] | |
| |resting_place = [[Mazar-e-Qasmi]]
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| |founder = [[Darul Uloom Deoband]], [[Jamia Qasmia Madrasa Shahi]]
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| |serviceyears = 1857
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| |battles = [[Indian War of Independence]]
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| *{{small|[[Battle of Shamli]]}}
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| }} | | }} |
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| '''Muhammad Qasim Nanautavi''' (1832 – 15 April 1880) ({{Lang-ur| مولانا محمد قاسم نانوتوی}}) was an Indian [[Sunni]] [[Hanafi]] [[Maturidi]] [[Islamic Scholar]], [[theologian]] and a [[Sufi]] who was one of the main founders of the [[Deobandi|Deobandi Movement]], starting from the [[Darul Uloom Deoband]].<ref name=BRICS/>
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| ==Name and lineage==
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| {{Further|Siddiqi family of Nanauta}}
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| His [[Arabic name#Ism|ism]] ([[given name]]) was Muhammad Qasim. His ''[[nasab]]'' ([[patronymic]]) is: Muhammad Qāsim ibn Asad Ali ibn Ghulam Shāh ibn Muhammad Bakhsh ibn Alāuddīn ibn Muhammad Fateh ibn Muhammad Mufti ibn Abd al-Samī{{efn|At Abd al-Samī, the nasab of Nanautawi meets with that of [[Mamluk Ali Nanautawi]].<ref name="yaqub"/>}} ibn Muhammad Hāshim<ref name="sawaneh">{{cite book |last1=Gīlānī |first1=Manāzir Ahsan |author-link1=Manazir Ahsan Gilani |title=Sawānih Qāsmi |trans-title=Biography of Qāsim|publisher=Maktaba Darul Uloom Deoband |location=[[Deoband]]|volume=1|language=ur |page=113}}</ref><ref name="yaqub">{{cite book |author1=Professor Nur al-Hasan Sherkoti |editor1-last=Deobandi |editor1-first=Nawaz |editor1-link=Nawaz Deobandi |title=Sawaneh Ulama-e-Deoband |publisher=Nawaz Publications |location=[[Deoband]]|volume = 2 |pages=90–214 |edition=January 2000 |language=ur |chapter=Hadhrat Mawlāna Muhammad Yāqūb Nanautawi}}</ref>
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| The "nasab" meets [[Qasim ibn Muhammad ibn Abu Bakr]] after 44 links.<ref name="a1">{{cite book |last1=Adrawi |first1=Nizāmuddīn Asīr |author-link1=Asir Adrawi |title=Maulānā Muḥammad Qāsim Nānautvī, ḥayāt aur kārnāme |trans-title = Mawlāna Muhammad Qasim Nanautawi: Life and Works]|page=42 |edition=2015 |language=ur}}</ref>
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| ==Early life and education==
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| Nanautawi was born in 1832 (either in [[Sha'ban]] or [[Ramadan (calendar month)|Ramadan]], 1248 [[Hijri year|AH]]) into the [[Siddiqi family of Nanauta|Siddiqi family]] of [[Nanauta]], a town near [[Saharanpur]], India.<ref name="azam">{{cite thesis |last=Qasmi|first=Mohd. Azam |date= 1988 |title=Molana Mohd. Qasim Nanautvi's. Contribution to Islamic Thought With Special Reference to Al-Kalam|type=PhD |url=https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/144511523.pdf |access-date=3 October 2020|page=72}}</ref>
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| Nanautawi was schooled at [[Nanauta]], where he memorized the ''[[Quran]]'' and learned calligraphy.<ref name="education">{{cite book |last1=Adrawi |first1=Asīr |author1-link=Asir Adrawi |title=Mawlāna Muḥammad Qāsim Nanautawi: Hayāt awr Kārnāme |trans-title=Mawlāna Muḥammad Qāsim Nanautawi: Life and works|pages=43–59}}</ref> Aged nine, Nanautawi moved to [[Deoband]] where he studied at the [[madrasa]] of [[Usmani family of Deoband#Karamat Hussain|Karamat Hussain]]. The teacher at this "madrasa" was [[Usmani family of Deoband#Karamat Hussain|Mehtab Ali]], the uncle of [[Mahmud Hasan Deobandi]].<ref name="education"/> Under the instruction of Mehtab Ali, Nanautawi completed the primary books of Arabic grammar and syntax.<ref name="education"/>Thereafter, his mother sent him to [[Saharanpur]], where his maternal grandfather Wajīhuddīn Wakīl, who was a poet of Urdu and Persian, lived.<ref name="education"/> Wakīl enrolled his grandson in the Persian class of Muḥammad Nawāz Sahāranpūri, under whom, Nanautawi, then aged twelve, completed Persian studies.<ref name="education"/>
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| In 1844, Nanautawi joined the [[Zakir Husain Delhi College|Delhi College]], where he studied with [[Mamluk Ali Nanautawi]].<ref name="education"/> According to [[Asir Adrawi]], "Nanautawi although was enrolled in the college, he would take private classes at his teachers home, instead of the college".<ref name="education"/> He studied the major books with Mamluk Ali, including "[[mantiq]]" and philosophy, and few other books with Mufti Sadruddīn.<ref name="education"/> According to [[Ashraf Ali Thanwi]], "Mamluk Ali, the teacher of [[Rashid Ahmad Gangohi]] and Nanautawi was a government employee at Dār al-Baqā", in Delhi, which suggests that Nanautawi possibly studied there.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Gilāni |first1=Manāzir Ahsan |author1-link=Manazir Ahsan Gilani |title=Sawāneh Qāsmi |trans-title=Biography of Qāsim|volume=1|page=223}}</ref> [[Manazir Ahsan Gilani]] has tried to reconcile the reports concerning Nanautawi's education at the college. He says that, the name of Nanautawi appeared in the official registry of the college in the first year and argues, "whatsoever it is, but it is not right that he gained education there, since the starting".<ref>{{cite book |last1=Gilāni |first1=Manāzir Ahsan |author1-link=Manazir Ahsan Gilani |title=Sawāneh Qāsmi |trans-title=Biography of Qāsim|volume=1|page=224}}</ref> Nanautawi stayed in Delhi for around five or six years,<ref>{{cite book |last1=Gilāni |first1=Manāzir Ahsan |author1-link=Manazir Ahsan Gilani |title=Sawāneh Qāsmi |trans-title=Biography of Qāsim|volume=1|page=230}}</ref> and graduated, aged seventeen.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Gilāni |first1=Manāzir Ahsan |author1-link=Manazir Ahsan Gilani |title=Sawāneh Qāsmi |trans-title=Biography of Qāsim|volume=1|page=229}}</ref> Gīlāni says that, Nanautawi studied with Mamluk Ali Nanautawi, but not the syllabus of the college, rather studied at his home.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Gilāni |first1=Manāzir Ahsan |author1-link=Manazir Ahsan Gilani |title=Sawāneh Qāsmi |trans-title=Biography of Qāsim|volume=1|pages=226–227}}</ref> It is commonly accepted that Nanautawi did not appear in the college exams.<ref>{{cite book |author1=Abdur Rasheed Arshad |editor1-last=Deobandi |editor1-first=Nawaz |editor1-link=Nawaz Deobandi |title=Sawaneh Ulama-e-Deoband|volume = 2 |page=12 |edition=January 2000 |language=Urdu |chapter=Hadhrat Mawlāna Muhammad Qāsim Nanautawi}}</ref>
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| ==Career==
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| === Academic career ===
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| {{unreferenced section|date=February 2020}}
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| After the completion of his education, Nanautavi became the editor of the press at Matbah-e-Ahmadi. During this period, at Ahmad Ali's insistence, he wrote a [[Scholia|scholium]] on the last few portions of Sahihul [[Sahih al-Bukhari|Bukhari]]. Before the establishment of Darul Uloom Deoband, he taught Euclid for some time at the Chhatta Masjid. His lectures were delivered at the printing press. His teaching produced a group of accomplished [[Ulama]], the example of which had not been seen since Shah Abdul Ghani's time.
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| In 1860, he performed [[Hajj]] and, on his return, he accepted a profession of collating books at Matbah-e-Mujtaba in [[Meerut]]. Nanautavi remained attached to this press until 1868. He performed Hajj for the second time and then accepted a job at Matbah-e-Hashimi in Meerut.
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| === Polemical debates ===
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| {{unreferenced section|date=October 2020}}
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| On 8 May 1876, a "Fair for God-Consciousness" was held at Chandapur village, near Shahjahanpur (U. P.), under the auspices of the local Zamindar, [[Piyare Lal Kabir-panthi]] and [[Padre Knowles]], and with the support and permission of the collector of Shahjahanpur, Robert George. Christians, Hindus, and Muslims were invited through posters to attend and prove the truthfulness of their respective religions. At the suggestion of Muhammad Munir Nanautavi and Maulvi Ilahi Bakhsh Rangin Bareillwi, Nanautavi, accompanied by numerous colleagues, also participated. All of these Ulama delivered speeches at the fair. Nanautavi repudiated the Doctrine of the [[Trinity]], speaking in support of the Islamic conception of God. One newspaper wrote:<blockquote>In the gathering of 8 May of the current year (1876), Muhammad Qasim gave a lecture and stated the merits of Islam. The Padre Sahib explained the Trinity in a strange manner, saying that in a line are found three attributes: length, breadth and depth, and thus Trinity is proven in every way. The said Maulawi Sahib confuted it promptly. Then, while the Padre Sahib and the Maulawi Sahib were debating regarding the speech, the meeting broke up, and in the vicinity and on all sides arose the outcry that the Muslims had won. Wherever a religious divine of Islam stood, thousands of men would gather around him. In the meeting of the first day, the Christians did not reply to the objections raised by the followers of Islam, while the Muslims replied the Christians word by word and won.</blockquote>
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| === Political and revolutionary activities ===
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| He participated in the Indian Rebellion of 1857 in the [[Battle of Shamli]] between the British and the anti-colonialist ulema. The scholars were ultimately defeated at that battle.<ref name=TwoCircles>{{cite web|url=http://twocircles.net/2012feb18/sir_syed_and_maulana_qasim_nanotvi.html |author=Maulana Nadeem-ul-Wajidi|title=Sir Syed and Maulana Qasim Nanotvi|publisher=TwoCircles.net website|date=18 February 2012|access-date=16 August 2018}}</ref><ref name=BRICS>[https://bricsmagazine.com/en/articles/the-clash-of-academic-civilizations The Clash of Academic Civilizations on BRICS Business Magazine website] Retrieved 16 August 2018</ref>
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| ===Establishment of Islamic schools===
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| {{See also|Darul Uloom Deoband}}
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| He established [[Darul Uloom Deoband]] in 1866 with the financial help and funding of the Muslim states within India and the rich individuals of the Muslim Indian community.<ref name=Dawn>[https://www.dawn.com/news/701816/past-present-resentment-in-response Past present: Resentment in response (founders of Deoband Movement)] Dawn (newspaper), Published 11 March 2012, Retrieved 4 March 2019</ref><ref name=TwoCircles/>
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| He conformed to the [[Shari'a]] and worked to motivate other people to do so. It was through his work that a prominent [[madrasa]] was established in Deoband and a mosque was built in 1868. Through his efforts, Islamic schools were established at various other locations as well.<ref name=haqislam>[http://haqislam.org/maulana-qasim-nanotwi/ Profile of Muhammad Qasim Nanotvi on haqislam.org website] Retrieved 16 August 2018</ref>
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| His greatest achievement was the revival of an educational movement for the renaissance of religious sciences in India and the creation of guiding principles for the madaris (schools). Under his attention and supervision, madaris were established in areas such as Thanabhavan, Galautti, [[Kerana]], [[Danapur]], [[Meerut]], and [[Muradabad]]. Most of them still exist, rendering educational and religious services in their vicinity. Funding of these religious schools initially was done by the rulers of the Muslim states and the rich individuals of the Muslim Indian community.<ref name=Dawn/><ref name=haqislam/>
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| Under Muhammad Qasim Nanautvi's guidance, these religious schools, at least in the beginning, remained distant from politics and devoted their services to providing only religious education to Muslim children. The curriculum at these schools was studying the Quran, Hadith, Islamic law, and logic.<ref name=Dawn/>
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| [[Jamia Qasmia Madrasa Shahi]] was established under his supervision.<ref name="history">{{cite book |author1=Syed Mehboob Rizwi |author-link=Syed Mehboob Rizwi |translator=Prof. Murtaz Hussain F. Quraishi |title=Tarikh Darul Uloom Deoband|trans-title=History of The Dar al-Ulum Deoband |volume=1 |publisher=Idara-e-Ehtemam, [[Darul Uloom Deoband|Dar al-Ulum Deoband]]|location= Deoband |page=361 |language=en}}</ref>
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| ==Death and legacy==
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| Nanautavi died on 15 April 1880 at the age of 47. His grave is to the north of the Darul-Uloom. Since Qasim Nanautavi is buried there, the place is known as [[Mazar-e-Qasmi|Qabrastan-e-Qasimi]], where countless Deobandi scholars, students, and others are buried.<ref name=storyofpakistan>[https://storyofpakistan.com/maulana-mohammad-qasim-nanutvi Profile of Maula Mohammad Qasim Nanotvi on storyofpakistan.com website] Retrieved 4 March 2019</ref>
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| Well-known Muslim educationist of that time [[Syed Ahmad Khan]] had great respect for Nanautavi and wrote an emotional and long article on his death.<ref name=storyofpakistan/>
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| He has been given the title of [[Hujjat al-Islam]] by his followers.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deoband.org/2013/03/history/biographies-of-scholars/the-proof-of-islam-shaykh-qasim-al-nanotwi/|title = The Proof of Islam: Shaykh Qasim al-Nanotwi|date = 5 March 2013}}</ref><ref>[[Asir Adrawi]], Maulana Qasim Nanautawi Hayat awr Karnamy, [[Deoband]]: Shaykh al-Hind Academy</ref>
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| ==Family==
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| Nanautavi's son [[Hafiz Muhammad Ahmad]] was a Grand Mufti of [[Hyderabad State]] from 1922 to 1925<ref>{{cite book |last1=Adrawi |first1=Asir |author-link1=Asir Adrawi |title=Tazkirah Mashahir-e-Hind: Karwan-e-Rafta |publisher=Darul Muallifeen |location=[[Deoband]] |page=17 |edition=1st, 1994 |language=ur}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author1=Muhammad Miyan Deobandi |author-link=Muhammad Miyan Deobandi |title=Ulama-e-Haq awr Unke Mujahidana Kaarname |volume = 1|location = Deoband |publisher=Faisal International|pages=162–163 |language=ur |chapter=Hafiz Muhammad Ahmad}}</ref> and served as the [[List of Mohtamims of Darul Uloom Deoband|Vice Chancellor]] of Deoband seminary for thirty five years.<ref>{{cite book |title=Tārīkh Darul Uloom Deoband |trans-title=History of The Dar al-Ulum Deoband|author1=Syed Mehboob Rizwi|author-link=Syed Mehboob Rizwi|translator=Prof. Murtaz Husain F. Quraishi |volume= 2 |publisher=Idara-e-Ehtemam |location=[[Darul Uloom Deoband|Dar al-Ulum Deoband]] |pages=37–38, 170–174|edition=1981}}</ref>
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| Nanautawi's grandson [[Muhammad Tayyib Qasmi]] served as the Vice Chancellor of Deoband seminary for more than five decades and co-founded the [[All India Muslim Personal Law Board]],<ref name="pasemargezindah">{{cite book |author1=Noor Alam Khalil Amini |author-link=Noor Alam Khalil Amini |title=Pas-e-Marg-e-Zindah|publisher=Idara Ilm-o-Adab, Deoband |pages=108–172 |language=ur}}</ref> while Tayyib's son [[Muhammad Salim Qasmi]] founded the [[Darul Uloom Waqf, Deoband|Darul Uloom Waqf]] seminary.<ref name="john">{{cite book |last1=Butt |first1=John |author-link1=John Mohammed Butt |title=A Talib's Tale: The Life and Times of a Pashtoon Englishman |year=2020 |publisher=[[Penguin Random House]] |isbn=9788184004397 |page=173 |edition=2020}}</ref> Salim's son [[Muhammad Sufyan Qasmi]] is the rector of [[Darul Uloom Waqf, Deoband|Darul Uloom Waqf]].<ref name="baseerat">{{cite news |title=A Condolence Meet of Hazrat Maulana Salim Qasmi and Mufti Abdullah Kapodri |url=https://english.baseeratonline.com/2018/07/20/a-condolence-meet-of-hazrat-maulana-salim-qasmi-and-mufti-abdullah-kapodri-ra/ |access-date=24 May 2020 |work=Baseerat Online}}</ref>
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| == Publications ==
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| * ''Aab-i Hayat'' (commentary on the life of the prophet [[Muhammad]]<ref name=haqislam/><ref name=storyofpakistan/>
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| * ''Tahzir al-Nas''<ref name=Books/>
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| * ''Mubahisah Shahjahanpur''<ref name=Books>[https://archive.org/search.php?query=subject%3A%22qasim+nanotvi%22&page=2 Muhammad Qasim Nanotvi books on Archived link] Retrieved 16 August 2018</ref><ref name=storyofpakistan/>
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| * ''Tasfiyat al-Aqa'id''<ref name=Books/>
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| * ''Tauseeq-ul-Kalam''<ref name=storyofpakistan/>
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| ==Notes==
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| {{notelist}}
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| ==See also==
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| *[[Muhammad Mian Mansoor Ansari]]
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| ==Bibliography==
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| * {{cite thesis |last=Naeem|first=Fuad S |date= 2015 |title=Interreligious Debates, Rational Theology, and the ʿUlamaʾ in the Public Sphere: Muḥammad Qāsim Nānautvī and the Making of Modern Islam in South Asia |type=PhD |publisher=[[Georgetown University]] |url=https://repository.library.georgetown.edu/handle/10822/761512 |access-date=3 October 2020}}
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| * {{cite book |author1=`Abd Allah bin Muhammad al-Afriqui |title=Introducing Imam Muhammad Qasim al-Nanautwi |publisher=Imam Gangohi Academy of Research |location=[[Johannesburg]] |edition=July 2013 |url=https://archive.org/details/IntroducingImamMuhammadQasimNanautwi |access-date=3 October 2020}}
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| * {{cite thesis |last=Thānwi|first=Muhammad Asad |date= 30 September 2005 |title=Moulana Muhammad Qasim Nanotvi ki Dīni wa Ilmi Khidmāt Ka Tehqeeqi Mutāla |trans-title= The Religious and Educational Services of Moulana Muhammad Qasim Nanotvi|type=PhD |publisher=[[University of Karachi]] |url=https://archive.org/details/QasimAl-ulumWal-khayratKiDiniWaIlmiKhidmat/QasimAl-ulumWal-khayratKiDiniWaIlmiKhidmat |access-date=3 October 2020}}
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| * {{cite thesis |last=Qasmi|first=Mohd. Azam |date= 1988 |title=Molana Mohd. Qasim Nanautvi's. Contribution to Islamic Thought With Special Reference to Al-Kalam|type=PhD |publisher=[[Aligarh Muslim University]] |url=https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/144511523.pdf |access-date=3 October 2020}}
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| * {{cite book |last1=Adrawi |first1=Nizāmuddīn Asīr |author-link1=Asir Adrawi |title=Maulānā Muḥammad Qāsim Nānautvī, ḥayāt aur kārnāme |trans-title = Mawlāna Muhammad Qasim Nanautawi: Life and Works|publisher=Shaikhul Hind Academy |location=[[Darul Uloom Deoband]] |edition=2015 |language=ur}}
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| * {{cite book |author1=Mawlāna Abdur Rasheed Arshad |editor1-last=Deobandi |editor1-first=Nawaz |editor1-link=Nawaz Deobandi |title=Sawaneh Ulama-e-Deoband |publisher=Nawaz Publications |location=[[Deoband]]|volume = 2 |pages=7–82 |edition=January 2000 |language=ur |chapter=Shaykhul Hind Mawlāna Mahmūd Hasan}}
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| ==References==
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| {{Reflist}}
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| {{Qasmi family}}
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| {{Hanafi scholars}}
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| {{Maturidi}}
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| {{DEFAULTSORT:Nanautavi, Muhammad Qasim}}
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| [[Category:1832 births]]
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| [[Category:1880 deaths]]
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| [[Category:Indian independence activists from Uttar Pradesh]]
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| [[Category:People from Saharanpur district]]
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| [[Category:Indian Sunni Muslim scholars of Islam]]
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| [[Category:Deobandis]]
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| [[Category:Founders of Indian schools and colleges]]
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| [[Category:Hanafi]]
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| [[Category:Hanafis]]
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| [[Category:Maturidis]]
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| [[Category:Mujaddid]]
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| [[Category:People from Nanauta]]
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| [[Category:Qasmi family]]
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| [[Category:Burials at Mazar-e-Qasmi]]
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