Dalip Singh Saund: Difference between revisions

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{{short description|American politician (1899-1973)}}
{{Short description|American politician (1899–1973)}}
{{more citations needed|date=January 2013}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=August 2021}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=October 2012}}
{{Infobox officeholder
{{Infobox officeholder
|native_name =  
| name                = Dalip Singh Saund
|image       = Dalip Singh Saund.jpg
| image               = DS Saund.jpg
|state       = [[California]]
| caption            = Official portrait, {{circa|1961}}
|district   = {{ushr|CA|29|29th}}
| state               = [[California]]
|term_start = January 3, 1957
| district           = {{ushr|CA|29|r}}
|term_end   = January 3, 1963
| term_start         = January 3, 1957
|predecessor = [[John J. Phillips]]
| term_end           = January 3, 1963
|successor   = [[Patrick M. Martin]] (redistricting)
| predecessor         = [[John J. Phillips]]
|birth_date = {{birth date|1899|9|20}}
| successor           = [[Patrick M. Martin]] (redistricting)
|birth_place = [[Amritsar district|Chhajjalwaddi]], [[Punjab Province (British India)|Punjab]], [[British Raj|British India]]
| birth_name          =
|death_date = {{death date and age|1973|4|22|1899|9|20}}
| birth_date         = {{birth date|1899|9|20}}
|death_place = [[Los Angeles]], [[California]], U.S.
| birth_place         = Chhajulwadi, [[Amritsar district]], [[Punjab Province (British India)|Punjab Province]], [[British Raj|British India]] (present-day [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], [[India]])
|party       = [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]]
| death_date         = {{death date and age|1973|4|22|1899|9|20}}
|spouse     = {{marriage|Marian Kosa|1928}}
| death_place         = [[Los Angeles]], [[California]], U.S.
|children   = 3
| resting_place        =
|relatives   = [[Daleep Singh]] (great-grandnephew)
| party               = [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]]
|education   = [[University of the Punjab]] {{small|([[Bachelor of Arts|BA]])}}<br />[[University of California, Berkeley]] {{small|([[Master of Arts|MA]], [[Doctor of Philosophy|PhD]])}}
| father              =
| mother              =
| spouse             = Marian Kosa
| children           =  
| relatives           = [[Daleep Singh]] (Great-grandnephew)
| education           = [[University of the Punjab]] ([[Bachelor of Science|BS]])<br />[[University of California, Berkeley]] ([[Master of Arts|MA]], [[Doctor of Philosophy|PhD]])
| citizenship        = British India (1899–1947)<br />India (1947–1949)<br />United States (1949–1973)
| signature          =
| native_name        = ਦਲੀਪ ਸਿੰਘ ਸੌਂਧ
| native_name_lang    = pa
}}
}}
'''Dalip Singh Saund''' (September 20, 1899 – April 22, 1973) was an Indian-born American politician who was a member of the [[United States House of Representatives]]. He served the [[California's 29th congressional district|29th District]] of [[California]] from January 3, 1957 to January 3, 1963. He was the first [[Asian American]], the first [[Indian American]], the first [[Sikhism in the United States|Sikh American]], and the first member of a non-[[Abrahamic religions|Abrahamic faith]] to be elected to the [[United States Congress]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Lall|first=Bhuvan|date=2021-06-25|title=THE LIFE OF DALIP SINGH SAUND: INDIAN BLOOD AND AMERICAN DREAM|url=https://thedailyguardian.com/the-life-of-dalip-singh-saund-indian-blood-and-american-dream/|access-date=2021-11-05|website=The Daily Guardian|language=en-US}}</ref>
'''Dalip Singh Saund''' ({{Langx|pa|ਦਲੀਪ ਸਿੰਘ ਸੌਂਧ|Dalīp Siṅgh Saundh|label=}}; September 20, 1899 – April 22, 1973) was an Indian-born American farmer, lobbyist, [[judicial officer]], academic, and [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic Party]] politician who served in the [[United States House of Representatives]] from 1957 to 1963. He was the first [[Sikhism in the United States|Sikh]], [[Punjabi Americans|Punjabi American]], [[Indian Americans|Indian American]], and first [[Asian Americans|Asian American]] elected to the [[United States Congress]]. As a resident of [[Westmoreland, California]], Saund represented {{ushr|CA|29}}, which at the time consisted of [[Imperial County, California|Imperial]] and [[Riverside County, California|Riverside]] counties.


==Biography==
Born in Chhajulwadi, [[Punjab Province (British India)|Punjab Province]], [[Presidencies and provinces of British India|British India]], Saund studied at [[Prince of Wales College]] and [[University of the Punjab]], where he was active in the [[Indian independence movement]]. In 1920, he immigrated to the United States to continue his studies at the [[University of California, Berkeley]], where he earned a [[Master of Arts]] and [[Doctor of Philosophy|Ph.D]]. After marrying and settling in California's [[Imperial Valley]] as a farmer, he continued his activism for Indian independence and established the Indian Association of America, lobbying for the eligibility of Indians for naturalization, which was permitted under the [[Luce–Celler Act]] of 1946. He became a naturalized citizen of the United States in 1949.
[[File:DS Saund.jpg|thumb|150px|Photo of Dalip Singh Saund.]]
Saund was born in Chhajulwadi, [[Amritsar district]], [[Punjab (British India)|Punjab Province]], [[British Raj|British India]] (now Chhajjalwaddi, [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], [[India]]), to an [[Indian people|Indian]] [[Punjabis|Punjabi]] [[Sikh]] family. He received his [[bachelor's degree]] in mathematics from the [[University of Punjab]] in 1919.


He immigrated to the [[United States of America|United States]] (via [[Ellis Island]]) originally to study [[agriculture]] at the [[University of California, Berkeley]].  While at the university, he obtained a [[master's degree]] (1922) and a [[PhD]] (1924), both in mathematics. His studies were sponsored by [[Gurdwara Sahib Stockton|Stockton Gurdwara]] in [[Stockton, California]] as he lived in the [[gurdwara]]-owned Guru Nanak Khalsa Hostel. Stockton Gurdwara was "the first permanent Sikh American settlement and gurdwara in the United States."<ref>{{cite news |url= http://www.leginfo.ca.gov/pub/11-12/bill/sen/sb_0101-0150/scr_104_bill_20120910_chaptered.html|title= Relative to the 100-year anniversary of the Sikh American|date= August 20, 2012 | work=CA State Legislature}}</ref> He thereafter remained in the United States, becoming a successful farmer. He married Marian Kosa in 1928. They had three children.<ref name="Patterson">{{cite web|url=https://www-tc.pbs.org/rootsinthesand/dalip.pdf|title=Triumph and Tragedy of Dalip Saund|last=Patterson|first=Tom|work=California Historian|date=June 1992|access-date=September 27, 2020|via=PBS}}</ref>
As a long-time supporter of President [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]], Saund became active in local Democratic Party politics, winning a local election for a [[justice of the peace]] in 1952. Despite the area's strong [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] tendency at the time, Saund was elected to an open seat in the U.S. House of Representatives in 1956. As a member of the [[United States House Committee on Foreign Affairs|House Committee on Foreign Affairs]], he was a critic of [[United States foreign policy in the Middle East]] and conducted a tour of Asia where he met with [[David Ben-Gurion]], [[Sukarno]], and [[Jawaharlal Nehru]]. He won election to three terms before he was hospitalized for a debilitating stroke in 1962 and defeated by Republican [[Patrick M. Martin]]. He died after a second stroke in 1973.


In 1930, Saund was commissioned by the Khalsa Diwan Society based in California to write a book called “My Mother India" which was written in support of the [[Indian independence movement]]. Saund wrote that his book was intended to “answer various questions that commonly arise in the minds of the American people regarding the cultural and political problems of India.” His book addressed [[Indian caste system|India's caste system]] as one of those questions and "pleaded for the civil rights of the downtrodden in India as he compared caste in India to [[Racism in the United States|racism in America]] and elsewhere."<ref>{{cite news|url= http://www.singhofjudah.com/2015/07/30/first-asian-u-s-congress-sikh-inspired-civil-rights-principlesl|title= First Asian Congressman Championed Civil Rights and Denounced Imperialism|date= July 30, 2015|work= Singh of Judah}}{{Dead link|date=July 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
==Early life==
[[File:Dalip Singh Saund with family, Aneka Amerika 102 (1957), p15.jpg|thumb|Family portrait photograph of the Saund family in 1957]]
Dalip Singh Saund was born in Chhajulwadi, [[Punjab Province (British India)|Punjab Province]], [[British Raj|British India]], on September 20, 1899, to [[Punjabis|Punjabi]] [[Sikhs|Sikh]] parents Natha Singh and Jeoni Kaur. His father died when he was ten years old. He attended [[Govt. Gandhi Memorial Science College|Prince of Wales College]].{{sfn|Pradhan|1996|pp=240}}<ref name="article">{{cite news |last=Mackaye |first=Milton |date=August 2, 1958 |title=U.S. Congressman from Asia |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_saturday-evening-post_1958-08-02_231_5 |work=[[The Saturday Evening Post]]}}</ref> Saund supported the [[Indian independence movement]] while studying at the [[University of the Punjab]]. In 1919, he graduated with a Bachelor of Science in mathematics from the University of Punjab.<ref name="life"/><ref name="life2">{{Cite news |title=SAUND, Dalip Singh (Judge) |work=[[United States House of Representatives]] |url=https://history.house.gov/People/Detail/21228 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200824205335/https://history.house.gov/People/Detail/21228 |archive-date=August 24, 2020}}</ref>


Later, he campaigned to allow people of [[South Asian Americans|South Asian]] descent to become naturalized citizens. After the [[Luce–Celler Act of 1946|Luce-Celler Act]] was passed in 1946, he applied for naturalization and became an American citizen in 1949. He ran for election in 1950 as a Justice of the Peace for [[Westmorland, California|Westmoreland township]], [[California]], and won the election, but his election was thrown out as he had been a citizen for less than a year. He later ran again for the same post and won.<ref>{{cite news |url= http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-05-09/us-canada-news/31641153_1_president-barack-obama-citizenship-study-agriculture|archive-url= https://archive.today/20120721022931/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-05-09/us-canada-news/31641153_1_president-barack-obama-citizenship-study-agriculture|url-status= dead|archive-date= July 21, 2012|work= [[The Times of India]]|title= Dalip Singh Saund among Asian American trailblazers: Obama|date= May 9, 2012 }}</ref>
In 1920, Saund immigrated to the United States using money from his brother to study food preservation at the [[University of California, Berkeley]] and arrived on September 27.<ref name="life">{{Cite news |date=December 19, 2008 |title=Breaking Barriers: Congressman Dalip Singh Saund |work=[[Pew Research Center]] |url=https://www.pewforum.org/2008/12/19/breaking-barriers-congressman-dalip-singh-saund/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200824204903/https://www.pewforum.org/2008/12/19/breaking-barriers-congressman-dalip-singh-saund/ |archive-date=August 24, 2020}}</ref><ref name="life2"/>{{sfn|Pradhan|1996|pp=241}} He did not return to India until 1957.<ref>{{Cite news |date=January 3, 1958 |title=Congressman Finds Indians Like U.S. |page=3 |work=[[The Olympian]] |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/114444979/the-olympian/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221211134010/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/114444979/the-olympian/ |archive-date=December 11, 2022 |via=[[Newspapers.com]]}}</ref> He graduated with a Master of Arts in 1922, and Ph.D. in 1924. He married Marian Z. Kosa, with whom he had three children, on July 21, 1928.<ref name="life2"/>{{sfn|Pradhan|1996|pp=241}}


In November 1955, he announced his campaign to run for the House of Representatives as a [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democrat]] and won an election for an open seat against a famous [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] aviator, [[Jacqueline Cochran]]. He was re-elected twice, becoming the first [[Sikhism in the United States|Sikh American]], the first [[Asian American]], the first [[Indian American]] and first member of a non-[[Abrahamic]] faith to be elected to Congress.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Lall|first=Bhuvan|date=2021-06-25|title=THE LIFE OF DALIP SINGH SAUND: INDIAN BLOOD AND AMERICAN DREAM|url=https://thedailyguardian.com/the-life-of-dalip-singh-saund-indian-blood-and-american-dream/|access-date=2021-11-05|website=The Daily Guardian|language=en-US}}</ref>
Saund became a farmer in the [[Imperial Valley]] in 1925. His book ''My Mother India'', a response to [[Katherine Mayo]]'s ''[[Mother India (book)|Mother India]]'', was published by [[Stockton, California]]'s Sikh temple in 1930. He organized the Indian Association of America and served as its first president in 1942. He and the organization lobbied for legislation to allow Indians to be eligible for [[naturalization]]. The [[Luce–Celler Act]] was passed in 1946, and Saund gained American citizenship on December 16, 1949.{{sfn|Pradhan|1996|pp=241-242}}<ref>{{Cite news |date=April 24, 1973 |title=Dalip Saund, 73; Former Congressman |page=46 |work=[[Los Angeles Times]] |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/57972204/the-los-angeles-times/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200824204147/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/57972204/the-los-angeles-times/ |archive-date=August 24, 2020 |via=[[Newspapers.com]]}}</ref><ref name="life2"/>


On May 1, 1962, Saund suffered a severe [[stroke]] on an airplane flight which left him unable to speak or walk without assistance. Though unable to campaign, he won the June Democratic primary (running in the newly numbered [[California's 38th congressional district|38th district]]) but was defeated for reelection in the November general election by Republican [[Patrick M. Martin]] by a 56% to 44% margin.<ref name=HouseHistory>{{cite web |url=https://history.house.gov/People/Detail/21228 |title=SAUND, Dalip Singh (Judge) |website=United States House of Representatives: History, Art, & Archives |publisher=U.S. House of Representatives |access-date=April 1, 2019}}</ref>
==Career==
===Early politics===
Saund supported [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] during the [[1932 United States presidential election|1932 presidential election]]. He worked for Glen Killingsworth, the Justice of the Peace of [[Westmorland, California|Westmoreland]] in [[Imperial County, California|Imperial County]]. Saund was elected to the Imperial County Democratic Central Committee without opposition in 1950, with the aid of Killingsworth, who died shortly afterwards. He was later elected as head of the committee in 1954.<ref name="life2"/>{{sfn|Saund|1960}} He served as a delegate to the [[1952 Democratic National Convention|1952]], [[1956 Democratic National Convention|1956]], and [[1960 Democratic National Convention]]s.<ref>{{Cite news |title=SAUND, Dalip Singh (Judge) (1899-1973) |work=[[United States House of Representatives]] |url=https://bioguideretro.congress.gov/Home/MemberDetails?memIndex=s000075 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200824210919/https://bioguideretro.congress.gov/Home/MemberDetails?memIndex=s000075 |archive-date=August 24, 2020}}</ref>


Following his defeat, his condition slightly improved, allowing him to be moved from a hospital in [[Bethesda, Maryland]] to California. He had a second stroke about 10 years later and died on April 22, 1973 at his [[Hollywood, California|Hollywood]] home.<ref name=HouseHistory/>
Saund ran for Justice of the Peace in the 1950 election, but was not allowed to take the position as he had not been a U.S. citizen for long enough.<ref>{{Cite news |date=May 11, 2012 |title=Dalip Singh Saund - First Asian in Congress |work=Clevland.com |url=https://www.cleveland.com/asian-indian-heritage-project/2012/05/dalip_singh_saund_-_first_asia.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200824211450/https://www.cleveland.com/asian-indian-heritage-project/2012/05/dalip_singh_saund_-_first_asia.html |archive-date=August 24, 2020}}</ref> In 1951, Saund attempted to be appointed by the [[Imperial County, California|Imperial County]] Board of Supervisors, but they selected Frank Lyall instead. Saund defeated Lyall in the 1952 election to become Justice of the Peace of Westmoreland.<ref name="life"/><ref>{{Cite news |date=November 22, 1952 |title=Justice Race Decided |page=7 |work=[[Los Angeles Times]] |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/57974429/the-los-angeles-times/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200824205829/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/57974429/the-los-angeles-times/ |archive-date=August 24, 2020 |via=[[Newspapers.com]]}}</ref><ref name="article"/> He claimed to be the only native Indian holding office in the United States at the time.<ref>{{Cite news |date=November 22, 1952 |title=India-Born Man In Congress Bid |page=26 |work=[[Des Moines Tribune]] |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/57974647/des-moines-tribune/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200824210207/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/57974647/des-moines-tribune/ |archive-date=August 24, 2020 |via=[[Newspapers.com]]}}</ref>


==Publications authored==
===United States House of Representatives===
* {{cite book|title=My Mother India|year=c. 1930|publisher=Pacific coast Khalsa Diwan society (Sikh temple)|location=Stockton, California|pages=218|oclc=3401226|lccn=30013748}} {{LCC|DS421 .S25}} {{OCLC|253315388}}<ref>This book was written as a critique to the sensational ''Mother India'', by [[Katherine Mayo]], which argued against Indian self-rule. See: {{cite web|last=Tisdale|first=Sara|title=Breaking Barriers: Congressman Dalip Singh Saund|url=http://www.pewforum.org/Breaking-Barriers-Congressman-Dalip-Singh-Saund.aspx|work=Pew Forum on Religion & Public Life|publisher=[[Pew Research Center]]|access-date=March 10, 2012|date=December 19, 2008}}</ref>
====Elections====
* {{cite book|title=Congressman From India|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.547568|year=1960|publisher=Dutton|location=New York|pages=192|oclc=1098264|lccn=60012293}} {{LCC|E748.S28 A3}}
[[File:Dalip Singh Saund.jpg|thumb|Portrait of Saund during his tenure in the [[United States House of Representatives]]]]
* {{cite book|title=Gandhi, the man and his message.|year=n.d.|publisher=n.p.|pages=14|oclc=20750572}}
During the [[1956 United States House of Representatives elections|1956 election]], Saund ran to replace [[John R. Phillips (American politician)|John R. Phillips]], who was retiring, as the United States representative from {{ushr|CA|29}}.<ref>{{Cite news |date=January 20, 1956 |title=Area Voters Face Loss of Judgeship |page=7 |work=The Pomona Progress Bulletin |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/58604812/the-pomona-progress-bulletin/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200903234119/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/58604812/the-pomona-progress-bulletin/ |archive-date=September 3, 2020 |via=[[Newspapers.com]]}}</ref> On April 16, a legal challenge was filed against Saund claiming that he had not been a U.S. citizen long enough to run in the election, but the challenge was dismissed by the [[California Courts of Appeal|4th District California Court of Appeal]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=April 17, 1956 |title=Judge's Status As Citizen Challenged |page=9 |work=[[Oakland Tribune]] |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/58604922/oakland-tribune/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200903234129/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/58604922/oakland-tribune/ |archive-date=September 3, 2020 |via=[[Newspapers.com]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=April 21, 1956 |title=Challenge of Judge Saund's Candidacy Taken to High Court |page=25 |work=[[The San Bernardino Sun]] |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/58605187/the-san-bernardino-county-sun/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200903235106/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/58605187/the-san-bernardino-county-sun/ |archive-date=September 3, 2020 |via=[[Newspapers.com]]}}</ref> He won the Democratic nomination and later defeated Republican nominee [[Jacqueline Cochran]] in the general election despite [[Dwight D. Eisenhower]] winning the area in the [[1956 United States presidential election in California|presidential election]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=June 6, 1956 |title=1956 Democratic primary |page=1 |work=The Pomona Progress Bulletin |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/58605791/the-pomona-progress-bulletin/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200903235500/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/58605791/the-pomona-progress-bulletin/ |archive-date=September 3, 2020 |via=[[Newspapers.com]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=September 15, 1958 |title=1956 election results |page=5 |work=[[United States House of Representatives]] |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/58605791/the-pomona-progress-bulletin/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200724123849/http://clerk.house.gov/member_info/electionInfo/1956election.pdf |archive-date=July 24, 2020}}</ref><ref name="article"/> He became the first and only [[Sikhs|Sikh]] elected to the [[United States Congress]] as well as the first [[Indian Americans|Indian]] and [[Asian Americans|Asian American]] elected to Congress.<ref name="life"/><ref>{{Cite news |title=Dalip Singh Saund Collection |work=[[South Asian American Digital Archive]] |url=https://www.saada.org/collection/dalip-singh-saund-collection |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200904000217/https://www.saada.org/collection/dalip-singh-saund-collection |archive-date=September 4, 2020 |via=[[Newspapers.com]]}}</ref>
 
Saund defeated John Babbage, a former member of the [[California State Legislature]], in the [[1958 United States House of Representatives elections|1958 election]] and Charles H. Jameson in the [[1960 United States House of Representatives elections|1960 election]].{{sfn|Moore|Preimesberger|Tarr|2001|pp=1117}}{{sfn|Moore|Preimesberger|Tarr|2001|pp=1122}}<ref name="article"/> He won renomination against Rya E. Hiller during the [[1962 United States House of Representatives elections|1962 election]], despite being hospitalized for a stroke he had on May 1, but was defeated by Republican nominee [[Patrick M. Martin]] after being hospitalized at the [[Walter Reed National Military Medical Center|National Naval Medical Center]] for the entire campaign.<ref>{{Cite news |date=June 6, 1962 |title=Rep. Saund Wins Renomination |page=5 |work=[[Press-Telegram]] |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/114602226/press-telegram/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221214114358/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/114602226/press-telegram/ |archive-date=December 14, 2022 |via=[[Newspapers.com]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=August 10, 1962 |title=Secrecy Hides Saund Illness |page=6 |work=[[Napa Valley Register]] |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/114602235/the-napa-valley-register/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221214114551/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/114602235/the-napa-valley-register/ |archive-date=December 14, 2022 |via=[[Newspapers.com]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=November 7, 1962 |title=Ailing Saund Loses Race |page=2 |work=[[Daily Times-Advocate]] |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/114602477/times-advocate/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221214120122/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/114602477/times-advocate/ |archive-date=December 14, 2022 |via=[[Newspapers.com]]}}</ref>{{sfn|Moore|Preimesberger|Tarr|2001|pp=1127}}
 
====Tenure====
Following his election to the United States House of Representatives, Saund stated that he wanted a seat on the House Interior Committee to make sure that his district received a fair share of the Colorado River's water.<ref>{{Cite news |date=December 19, 1956 |title=Saund Seeks Appointment To House Interior Committee |page=1 |work=The Desert Sun |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/58607187/the-desert-sun/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200905153854/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/58607187/the-desert-sun/ |archive-date=September 5, 2020 |via=[[Newspapers.com]]}}</ref> In 1957, he was appointed to serve on a sub-committee in the [[United States House Committee on Foreign Affairs]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=May 3, 1957 |title=Congressman Born in India to Visit There |page=7 |work=[[Los Angeles Times]] |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/58694903/the-los-angeles-times/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200905154605/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/58694903/the-los-angeles-times/ |archive-date=September 5, 2020 |via=[[Newspapers.com]]}}</ref>
 
Saund stated during the 1956 election that he would travel to Asia if elected.{{sfn|Saund|1960}} He conducted a tour of multiple eastern Asian countries which included visits to [[Japan]], [[Taiwan]], [[British Hong Kong]], the [[History of the Philippines (1946–1965)|Philippines]], [[South Vietnam]], [[Indonesia]], [[Thailand]], [[Post-independence Burma, 1948–1962|Burma]], [[India]], and [[Pakistan]] in 1957. He also visited [[Israel]], where he met with Prime Minister [[David Ben-Gurion]], on his way returning to the United States.<ref>{{Cite news |date=October 24, 1957 |title=Representative Will Tour Asia |page=12 |work=Appeal-Democrat |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/58695607/appeal-democrat/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200905160339/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/58695607/appeal-democrat/ |archive-date=September 5, 2020 |via=[[Newspapers.com]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=December 27, 1957 |title=Saund Visits Israel Chief |page=5 |work=Independent |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/58695563/independent/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200905160510/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/58695563/independent/ |archive-date=September 5, 2020 |via=[[Newspapers.com]]}}</ref> In Indonesia he met with President [[Sukarno]] and in India he met with Prime Minister [[Jawaharlal Nehru]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=November 14, 1957 |title=Saund In Indonesia |page=2 |work=Daily Independent Journal |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/58696109/daily-independent-journal/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200905160910/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/58696109/daily-independent-journal/ |archive-date=September 5, 2020 |via=[[Newspapers.com]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=November 26, 1957 |title=Saund, Family Arrive In India For 3 Week Visit |page=29 |work=[[The Sacramento Bee]] |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/58696114/the-sacramento-bee/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200905161042/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/58696114/the-sacramento-bee/ |archive-date=September 5, 2020 |via=[[Newspapers.com]]}}</ref> Singh voted in favor of both the [[Civil Rights Act of 1957]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.govtrack.us/congress/votes/85-1957/h42|title=HR 6127. CIVIL RIGHTS ACT OF 1957.}}</ref> and the [[Civil Rights Act of 1960]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.govtrack.us/congress/votes/86-1960/h106|title=HR 8601. CIVIL RIGHTS ACT OF 1960. APPROVAL BY THE HOUSE OF THE SENATE'S AMENDMENTS.}}</ref>
 
==Death==
Saund was moved to be hospitalized at [[UCLA Medical Center]] in January 1963 following the earlier stroke he had suffered in May 1962 while flying to Washington, D.C.<ref>{{Cite news |date=January 13, 1963 |title=Saund Moved to UCLA |page=6 |work=[[The San Bernardino Sun]] |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/114602690/the-san-bernardino-county-sun/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221214121617/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/114602690/the-san-bernardino-county-sun/ |archive-date=December 14, 2022 |via=[[Newspapers.com]]}}</ref> He died on April 22, 1973, following a second stroke in [[Hollywood, Los Angeles|Hollywood]], California.<ref>{{Cite news |date=April 24, 1973 |title=Ex-lawmaker dies |page=9 |work=[[Star Tribune|The Minneapolis Star]] |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/57972308/the-minneapolis-star/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200824203319/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/57972308/the-minneapolis-star/ |archive-date=August 24, 2020 |via=[[Newspapers.com]]}}</ref> Twenty-four members of the United States House of Representatives paid tribute to Saund on the House [[Floor (legislative)|floor]] and a memorial service was held.<ref>{{Cite news |date=May 19, 1973 |title=Veysey Issues Saund Tribute |page=5 |work=[[The Desert Sun]] |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/57972734/the-desert-sun/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200824203907/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/57972734/the-desert-sun/ |archive-date=August 24, 2020 |via=[[Newspapers.com]]}}</ref>
 
==Political positions==
In 1957, Saund criticized the United States for its policy of "buying kings and protecting oil" in the Middle East while ignoring the people. He stated that the British had done a similar policy in India and were "tossed out of India". He stated that the same thing would happen to the United States if it continued the policy.<ref>{{Cite news |date=October 23, 1957 |title=US Congressman Warns Of Stakes In Red Cold War |page=11 |work=Appeal-Democrat |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/58695129/appeal-democrat/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200905155138/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/58695129/appeal-democrat/ |archive-date=September 5, 2020 |via=[[Newspapers.com]]}}</ref> He praised President [[Dwight D. Eisenhower]] for his stand against the United Kingdom, France, and Israel during the [[Suez Crisis]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=December 2, 1957 |title=Saund Lauds Eisenhower on Suez Stand |page=87 |work=[[Los Angeles Times]] |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/58696359/the-los-angeles-times/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200905161346/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/58696359/the-los-angeles-times/ |archive-date=September 5, 2020 |via=[[Newspapers.com]]}}</ref> He criticized the [[United States Department of State]] for giving a more elaborate welcome to Queen [[Elizabeth II]] than any Asian leader.<ref>{{Cite news |date=October 29, 1957 |title=Greater U.S. Courtesy To Asians Urged |page=2 |work=Daily Independent Journal |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/58695114/daily-independent-journal/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200905155343/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/58695114/daily-independent-journal/ |archive-date=September 5, 2020 |via=[[Newspapers.com]]}}</ref> He defended the United States during the [[Little Rock Crisis]] while on tour in Japan stating that in "thirty-five out of the forty-eight states of the Union there was no discrimination against Negroes in schools or public places".{{sfn|Saund|1960}}
 
==Electoral history==
{{Election box begin|title = 1956 United States House of Representatives California's 29th congressional district election{{sfn|Moore|Preimesberger|Tarr|2001|pp=1112}}}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party      = Democratic Party (United States)
|candidate  = Dalip Singh Saund
|votes      = 54,989
|percentage = 51.55%
|change    =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party      = Republican Party (United States)
|candidate  = [[Jacqueline Cochran]]
|votes      = 51,690
|percentage = 48.45%
|change    =
}}
{{Election box total|
|votes      = 106,679
|percentage = 100.00%
|change    =
}}
{{Election box end}}
 
{{Election box begin|title = 1958 United States House of Representatives California's 29th congressional district election{{sfn|Moore|Preimesberger|Tarr|2001|pp=1117}}}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party      = Democratic Party (United States)
|candidate  = Dalip Singh Saund (incumbent)
|votes      = 64,518
|percentage = 62.39%
|change    = +10.84%
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party      = Republican Party (United States)
|candidate  = John Babbage
|votes      = 38,899
|percentage = 37.61%
|change    = -10.84%
}}
{{Election box total|
|votes      = 103,417
|percentage = 100.00%
|change    =
}}
{{Election box end}}
 
{{Election box begin|title = 1960 United States House of Representatives California's 29th congressional district election{{sfn|Moore|Preimesberger|Tarr|2001|pp=1122}}}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party      = Democratic Party (United States)
|candidate  = Dalip Singh Saund (incumbent)
|votes      = 76,139
|percentage = 57.05%
|change    = -5.34%
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party      = Republican Party (United States)
|candidate  = Charles H. Jameson
|votes      = 57,319
|percentage = 42.95%
|change    = +5.34%
}}
{{Election box total|
|votes      = 133,458
|percentage = 100.00%
|change    =
}}
{{Election box end}}
 
{{Election box begin|title = 1962 United States House of Representatives California's 38th congressional district election{{sfn|Moore|Preimesberger|Tarr|2001|pp=1127}}}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party      = Republican Party (United States)
|candidate  = [[Patrick M. Martin]]
|votes      = 68,583
|percentage = 55.94%
|change    = +12.99%
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party      = Democratic Party (United States)
|candidate  = Dalip Singh Saund (incumbent)
|votes      = 54,022
|percentage = 44.06%
|change    = -12.99%
}}
{{Election box total|
|votes      = 122,605
|percentage = 100.00%
|change    =  
}}
{{Election box end}}


==See also==
==See also==
*[[List of Asian Pacific Americans in the United States Congress]]
*[[List of Asian Americans and Pacific Islands Americans in the United States Congress]]
*[[List of Asian American jurists]]
*[[List of Asian American jurists]]


== References and notes ==
==References==
{{reflist}}
{{reflist}}
{{CongBio|S000075}}
 
* [https://www.pbs.org/rootsinthesand/dalip.pdf "Triumph and Tragedy of Dalip Saund" by Tom Patterson, ''California Historian'', June 1992 (PDF)]
==Works cited==
* [https://www.pbs.org/rootsinthesand/i_dalip2.html PBS special "Roots in the Sand"]
* {{cite book|editor-last1=Moore |editor-first1=John |editor-last2=Preimesberger |editor-first2=Jon |editor-last3=Tarr |editor-first3=David |title=Congressional Quarterly's Guide to U.S. Elections |publisher=[[Congressional Quarterly]] |year=2001 |isbn=1568026021 |url=https://archive.org/details/congressionalqua0002unse |url-access=registration}}
* {{cite book|last=Pradhan |first=Sachin |title=India in the United States: Contributions of Indian & Indians in the United States of America |publisher=SP Press International |date=1996 |url=https://archive.org/details/indiainunitedsta0000prad |isbn=0961712910}}
* {{cite book|last=Saund |first=Dalip |title=Congressman From India |publisher=[[E. P. Dutton]] |date=1960}}


==External links==
==External links==
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{{Portal bar|United States|Politics|Biography|Punjab}}
{{Portal bar|United States|Politics|Biography|Punjab}}
{{United States representatives from California 11-30}}
{{Authority control}}
{{Authority control}}


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[[Category:1899 births]]
[[Category:1899 births]]
[[Category:1973 deaths]]
[[Category:1973 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century American politicians]]
[[Category:American politicians of Indian descent]]
[[Category:American people of Punjabi descent]]
[[Category:American Sikhs]]
[[Category:American Sikhs]]
[[Category:Burials at Forest Lawn Memorial Park (Glendale)]]
[[Category:Burials at Forest Lawn Memorial Park (Glendale)]]
[[Category:Democratic Party members of the United States House of Representatives]]
[[Category:California politicians of Indian descent]]
[[Category:California politicians of Indian descent]]
[[Category:California Democrats]]
[[Category:Indian-American history]]
[[Category:Indian-American history]]
[[Category:Indian emigrants to the United States]]
[[Category:Members of the United States Congress of Indian descent]]
[[Category:Members of the United States Congress of Indian descent]]
[[Category:Members of the United States House of Representatives from California]]
[[Category:Democratic Party United States representatives from California]]
[[Category:Asian-American members of the United States House of Representatives]]
[[Category:United States representatives of Asian descent]]
[[Category:Naturalized citizens of the United States]]
[[Category:Naturalized citizens of the United States]]
[[Category:People from Imperial County, California]]
[[Category:People from Imperial County, California]]
[[Category:Punjabi people]]
[[Category:University of California, Berkeley alumni]]
[[Category:University of California, Berkeley alumni]]
[[Category:University of the Punjab alumni]]
[[Category:University of the Punjab alumni]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian mathematicians]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian mathematicians]]
[[Category:American justices of the peace]]
[[Category:American justices of the peace]]
[[Category:Democratic Party members of the United States House of Representatives from California]]
[[Category:Ramgarhia people]]
[[Category:Ramgarhia people]]
[[Category:20th-century American judges]]
[[Category:20th-century United States representatives]]
[[Category:American people of Punjabi descent]]
[[Category:Punjabi Sikhs]]
[[Category:Emigrants from British India to the United States]]

Latest revision as of 04:23, 19 March 2026


Dalip Singh Saund
ਦਲੀਪ ਸਿੰਘ ਸੌਂਧ
Official portrait, c. 1961
Member of the U.S. House of Representatives
from California's 29th district
In office
January 3, 1957 – January 3, 1963
Preceded byJohn J. Phillips
Succeeded byPatrick M. Martin (redistricting)
Personal details
Born(1899-09-20)September 20, 1899
Chhajulwadi, Amritsar district, Punjab Province, British India (present-day Punjab, India)
DiedApril 22, 1973(1973-04-22) (aged 73)
Los Angeles, California, U.S.
CitizenshipBritish India (1899–1947)
India (1947–1949)
United States (1949–1973)
Political partyDemocratic
Spouse(s)Marian Kosa
RelativesDaleep Singh (Great-grandnephew)
EducationUniversity of the Punjab (BS)
University of California, Berkeley (MA, PhD)

Dalip Singh Saund (Script error: The function "langx" does not exist.; September 20, 1899 – April 22, 1973) was an Indian-born American farmer, lobbyist, judicial officer, academic, and Democratic Party politician who served in the United States House of Representatives from 1957 to 1963. He was the first Sikh, Punjabi American, Indian American, and first Asian American elected to the United States Congress. As a resident of Westmoreland, California, Saund represented California's 29th congressional district, which at the time consisted of Imperial and Riverside counties.

Born in Chhajulwadi, Punjab Province, British India, Saund studied at Prince of Wales College and University of the Punjab, where he was active in the Indian independence movement. In 1920, he immigrated to the United States to continue his studies at the University of California, Berkeley, where he earned a Master of Arts and Ph.D. After marrying and settling in California's Imperial Valley as a farmer, he continued his activism for Indian independence and established the Indian Association of America, lobbying for the eligibility of Indians for naturalization, which was permitted under the Luce–Celler Act of 1946. He became a naturalized citizen of the United States in 1949.

As a long-time supporter of President Franklin D. Roosevelt, Saund became active in local Democratic Party politics, winning a local election for a justice of the peace in 1952. Despite the area's strong Republican tendency at the time, Saund was elected to an open seat in the U.S. House of Representatives in 1956. As a member of the House Committee on Foreign Affairs, he was a critic of United States foreign policy in the Middle East and conducted a tour of Asia where he met with David Ben-Gurion, Sukarno, and Jawaharlal Nehru. He won election to three terms before he was hospitalized for a debilitating stroke in 1962 and defeated by Republican Patrick M. Martin. He died after a second stroke in 1973.

Early life[edit | edit source]

Family portrait photograph of the Saund family in 1957

Dalip Singh Saund was born in Chhajulwadi, Punjab Province, British India, on September 20, 1899, to Punjabi Sikh parents Natha Singh and Jeoni Kaur. His father died when he was ten years old. He attended Prince of Wales College.[1][2] Saund supported the Indian independence movement while studying at the University of the Punjab. In 1919, he graduated with a Bachelor of Science in mathematics from the University of Punjab.[3][4]

In 1920, Saund immigrated to the United States using money from his brother to study food preservation at the University of California, Berkeley and arrived on September 27.[3][4][5] He did not return to India until 1957.[6] He graduated with a Master of Arts in 1922, and Ph.D. in 1924. He married Marian Z. Kosa, with whom he had three children, on July 21, 1928.[4][5]

Saund became a farmer in the Imperial Valley in 1925. His book My Mother India, a response to Katherine Mayo's Mother India, was published by Stockton, California's Sikh temple in 1930. He organized the Indian Association of America and served as its first president in 1942. He and the organization lobbied for legislation to allow Indians to be eligible for naturalization. The Luce–Celler Act was passed in 1946, and Saund gained American citizenship on December 16, 1949.[7][8][4]

Career[edit | edit source]

Early politics[edit | edit source]

Saund supported Franklin D. Roosevelt during the 1932 presidential election. He worked for Glen Killingsworth, the Justice of the Peace of Westmoreland in Imperial County. Saund was elected to the Imperial County Democratic Central Committee without opposition in 1950, with the aid of Killingsworth, who died shortly afterwards. He was later elected as head of the committee in 1954.[4][9] He served as a delegate to the 1952, 1956, and 1960 Democratic National Conventions.[10]

Saund ran for Justice of the Peace in the 1950 election, but was not allowed to take the position as he had not been a U.S. citizen for long enough.[11] In 1951, Saund attempted to be appointed by the Imperial County Board of Supervisors, but they selected Frank Lyall instead. Saund defeated Lyall in the 1952 election to become Justice of the Peace of Westmoreland.[3][12][2] He claimed to be the only native Indian holding office in the United States at the time.[13]

United States House of Representatives[edit | edit source]

Elections[edit | edit source]

Portrait of Saund during his tenure in the United States House of Representatives

During the 1956 election, Saund ran to replace John R. Phillips, who was retiring, as the United States representative from California's 29th congressional district.[14] On April 16, a legal challenge was filed against Saund claiming that he had not been a U.S. citizen long enough to run in the election, but the challenge was dismissed by the 4th District California Court of Appeal.[15][16] He won the Democratic nomination and later defeated Republican nominee Jacqueline Cochran in the general election despite Dwight D. Eisenhower winning the area in the presidential election.[17][18][2] He became the first and only Sikh elected to the United States Congress as well as the first Indian and Asian American elected to Congress.[3][19]

Saund defeated John Babbage, a former member of the California State Legislature, in the 1958 election and Charles H. Jameson in the 1960 election.[20][21][2] He won renomination against Rya E. Hiller during the 1962 election, despite being hospitalized for a stroke he had on May 1, but was defeated by Republican nominee Patrick M. Martin after being hospitalized at the National Naval Medical Center for the entire campaign.[22][23][24][25]

Tenure[edit | edit source]

Following his election to the United States House of Representatives, Saund stated that he wanted a seat on the House Interior Committee to make sure that his district received a fair share of the Colorado River's water.[26] In 1957, he was appointed to serve on a sub-committee in the United States House Committee on Foreign Affairs.[27]

Saund stated during the 1956 election that he would travel to Asia if elected.[9] He conducted a tour of multiple eastern Asian countries which included visits to Japan, Taiwan, British Hong Kong, the Philippines, South Vietnam, Indonesia, Thailand, Burma, India, and Pakistan in 1957. He also visited Israel, where he met with Prime Minister David Ben-Gurion, on his way returning to the United States.[28][29] In Indonesia he met with President Sukarno and in India he met with Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru.[30][31] Singh voted in favor of both the Civil Rights Act of 1957[32] and the Civil Rights Act of 1960.[33]

Death[edit | edit source]

Saund was moved to be hospitalized at UCLA Medical Center in January 1963 following the earlier stroke he had suffered in May 1962 while flying to Washington, D.C.[34] He died on April 22, 1973, following a second stroke in Hollywood, California.[35] Twenty-four members of the United States House of Representatives paid tribute to Saund on the House floor and a memorial service was held.[36]

Political positions[edit | edit source]

In 1957, Saund criticized the United States for its policy of "buying kings and protecting oil" in the Middle East while ignoring the people. He stated that the British had done a similar policy in India and were "tossed out of India". He stated that the same thing would happen to the United States if it continued the policy.[37] He praised President Dwight D. Eisenhower for his stand against the United Kingdom, France, and Israel during the Suez Crisis.[38] He criticized the United States Department of State for giving a more elaborate welcome to Queen Elizabeth II than any Asian leader.[39] He defended the United States during the Little Rock Crisis while on tour in Japan stating that in "thirty-five out of the forty-eight states of the Union there was no discrimination against Negroes in schools or public places".[9]

Electoral history[edit | edit source]

Template:Election box total
1956 United States House of Representatives California's 29th congressional district election[40]
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Democratic Dalip Singh Saund 54,989 51.55%
Republican Jacqueline Cochran 51,690 48.45%
Template:Election box total
1958 United States House of Representatives California's 29th congressional district election[20]
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Democratic Dalip Singh Saund (incumbent) 64,518 62.39% +10.84%
Republican John Babbage 38,899 37.61% −10.84%
Template:Election box total
1960 United States House of Representatives California's 29th congressional district election[21]
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Democratic Dalip Singh Saund (incumbent) 76,139 57.05% −5.34%
Republican Charles H. Jameson 57,319 42.95% +5.34%
Template:Election box total
1962 United States House of Representatives California's 38th congressional district election[25]
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Republican Patrick M. Martin 68,583 55.94% +12.99%
Democratic Dalip Singh Saund (incumbent) 54,022 44.06% −12.99%

See also[edit | edit source]

References[edit | edit source]

  1. ↑ Pradhan 1996, pp. 240.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 Mackaye, Milton (August 2, 1958). "U.S. Congressman from Asia". The Saturday Evening Post.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 "Breaking Barriers: Congressman Dalip Singh Saund". Pew Research Center. December 19, 2008.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: deprecated archival service (link)
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 "SAUND, Dalip Singh (Judge)". United States House of Representatives.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: deprecated archival service (link)
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Pradhan 1996, pp. 241.
  6. ↑ "Congressman Finds Indians Like U.S." The Olympian. January 3, 1958. p. 3. Archived from the original on December 11, 2022 – via Newspapers.com.
  7. ↑ Pradhan 1996, pp. 241-242.
  8. ↑ "Dalip Saund, 73; Former Congressman". Los Angeles Times. April 24, 1973. p. 46 – via Newspapers.com.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: deprecated archival service (link)
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 Saund 1960.
  10. ↑ "SAUND, Dalip Singh (Judge) (1899-1973)". United States House of Representatives.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: deprecated archival service (link)
  11. ↑ "Dalip Singh Saund - First Asian in Congress". Clevland.com. May 11, 2012.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: deprecated archival service (link)
  12. ↑ "Justice Race Decided". Los Angeles Times. November 22, 1952. p. 7 – via Newspapers.com.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: deprecated archival service (link)
  13. ↑ "India-Born Man In Congress Bid". Des Moines Tribune. November 22, 1952. p. 26 – via Newspapers.com.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: deprecated archival service (link)
  14. ↑ "Area Voters Face Loss of Judgeship". The Pomona Progress Bulletin. January 20, 1956. p. 7 – via Newspapers.com.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: deprecated archival service (link)
  15. ↑ "Judge's Status As Citizen Challenged". Oakland Tribune. April 17, 1956. p. 9 – via Newspapers.com.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: deprecated archival service (link)
  16. ↑ "Challenge of Judge Saund's Candidacy Taken to High Court". The San Bernardino Sun. April 21, 1956. p. 25 – via Newspapers.com.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: deprecated archival service (link)
  17. ↑ "1956 Democratic primary". The Pomona Progress Bulletin. June 6, 1956. p. 1 – via Newspapers.com.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: deprecated archival service (link)
  18. ↑ "1956 election results". United States House of Representatives. September 15, 1958. p. 5. Archived (PDF) from the original on July 24, 2020.
  19. ↑ "Dalip Singh Saund Collection". South Asian American Digital Archive – via Newspapers.com.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: deprecated archival service (link)
  20. ↑ 20.0 20.1 Moore, Preimesberger & Tarr 2001, pp. 1117.
  21. ↑ 21.0 21.1 Moore, Preimesberger & Tarr 2001, pp. 1122.
  22. ↑ "Rep. Saund Wins Renomination". Press-Telegram. June 6, 1962. p. 5. Archived from the original on December 14, 2022 – via Newspapers.com.
  23. ↑ "Secrecy Hides Saund Illness". Napa Valley Register. August 10, 1962. p. 6. Archived from the original on December 14, 2022 – via Newspapers.com.
  24. ↑ "Ailing Saund Loses Race". Daily Times-Advocate. November 7, 1962. p. 2. Archived from the original on December 14, 2022 – via Newspapers.com.
  25. ↑ 25.0 25.1 Moore, Preimesberger & Tarr 2001, pp. 1127.
  26. ↑ "Saund Seeks Appointment To House Interior Committee". The Desert Sun. December 19, 1956. p. 1 – via Newspapers.com.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: deprecated archival service (link)
  27. ↑ "Congressman Born in India to Visit There". Los Angeles Times. May 3, 1957. p. 7 – via Newspapers.com.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: deprecated archival service (link)
  28. ↑ "Representative Will Tour Asia". Appeal-Democrat. October 24, 1957. p. 12 – via Newspapers.com.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: deprecated archival service (link)
  29. ↑ "Saund Visits Israel Chief". Independent. December 27, 1957. p. 5 – via Newspapers.com.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: deprecated archival service (link)
  30. ↑ "Saund In Indonesia". Daily Independent Journal. November 14, 1957. p. 2 – via Newspapers.com.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: deprecated archival service (link)
  31. ↑ "Saund, Family Arrive In India For 3 Week Visit". The Sacramento Bee. November 26, 1957. p. 29 – via Newspapers.com.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: deprecated archival service (link)
  32. ↑ "HR 6127. CIVIL RIGHTS ACT OF 1957".
  33. ↑ "HR 8601. CIVIL RIGHTS ACT OF 1960. APPROVAL BY THE HOUSE OF THE SENATE'S AMENDMENTS".
  34. ↑ "Saund Moved to UCLA". The San Bernardino Sun. January 13, 1963. p. 6. Archived from the original on December 14, 2022 – via Newspapers.com.
  35. ↑ "Ex-lawmaker dies". The Minneapolis Star. April 24, 1973. p. 9 – via Newspapers.com.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: deprecated archival service (link)
  36. ↑ "Veysey Issues Saund Tribute". The Desert Sun. May 19, 1973. p. 5 – via Newspapers.com.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: deprecated archival service (link)
  37. ↑ "US Congressman Warns Of Stakes In Red Cold War". Appeal-Democrat. October 23, 1957. p. 11 – via Newspapers.com.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: deprecated archival service (link)
  38. ↑ "Saund Lauds Eisenhower on Suez Stand". Los Angeles Times. December 2, 1957. p. 87 – via Newspapers.com.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: deprecated archival service (link)
  39. ↑ "Greater U.S. Courtesy To Asians Urged". Daily Independent Journal. October 29, 1957. p. 2 – via Newspapers.com.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: deprecated archival service (link)
  40. ↑ Moore, Preimesberger & Tarr 2001, pp. 1112.

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