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| | #REDIRECT [[Trigarta kingdom]] |
| {{use Indian English|date=February 2016}}
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| '''Trigarta''' kingdom was an ancient kingdom in northern [[India]]n region of the [[Indian subcontinent]] with its capital at [[Prasthala]] (modern [[Jalandhar]]), [[Multan]] and [[Kangra, Himachal Pradesh|Kangra]].<ref name="Saklani1998">{{citation|last=Saklani|first=Dinesh Prasad|title=Ancient Communities of the Himalaya|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tK5y4iPArKQC&pg=PA45|year=1998|publisher=Indus Publishing|isbn=978-81-7387-090-3|pages=45–}}</ref>
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| Trigarta was founded and ruled by the [[Katoch]] Dynasty. | |
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| == Mention in Mahabharata ==
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| Trigarta was a kingdom mentioned in the epic [[Mahabharata]]. Mahabharata mentions two different Trigarta kingdoms, one in the west close to the [[Sivi Kingdom]] and the other north to the [[Kuru Kingdom]]. Modern [[Kangra district|Kangra]] is one of the ancient town in North Trigarta, extending westward to the Punjab area. [[Multan]] was the capital of Trigarta with its original name that is Mulasthan. The territory of Trigarta Kingdom is around the three rivers of Satluj, Beas, and Ravi. These Trigarta kings were allies of [[Duryodhana]] and enemies of [[Pandava]]s and Viratas. Their capital was named [[Prasthala]]. They attacked the [[Virata Kingdom]] aided by the Kurus to steal cattle from there. The Pandavas living there in anonymity helped the Viratas to resist the combined forces of Trigartas and Kurus. Trigarta kings fought the [[Kurukshetra War]] and were killed by [[Arjuna]], after a ruthless and bloody conflict. Arjuna also annihilated an [[Akshouhini]] (a large military unit) of Trigarta warriors called the ''Samsaptakas''. These warriors had vowed to either die or kill Arjuna as part of a larger plan by [[Duryodhana]] to capture [[Yudhishthira]] alive.<ref>{{cite book | last = Narayan| first = R. K.| year = 2000 | title = The Mahabharata: A Shortened Modern Prose Version of the Indian Epic | publisher = University Of Chicago Press | pages = 151–166}}</ref>
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| == History ==
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| === First Written Reference ===
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| Historically, Trigarta first finds mention in the works of Panini from the 5th century B.C. who calls the inhabitants of Trigarta as "Ayudhjeevi Sangha" or a martial republic.
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| === Mention in Mahabharata of Trigarta and Susarma ===
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| Trigarta next finds mention in the Mahabharata's Sabha Parv,<ref>{{cite book|last1=Gadkari|first1=Jayant|title=Society and Religion: From Rugveda to Puranas|date=1 October 1996|publisher=Popular Prakashan|isbn=9788171547432|page=65|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Zst_7qaatp8C&pg=PA65|access-date=10 January 2017}}</ref> where it is included along with a number of other states of the time. According to the historical consensus, the Mahabharata was first penned down around the 4th century B.C. and continued to be written until the 4th century A.D. having existed in oral form prior to this.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Hopkins|first1=Edward Washburn|title=Epic Mythology|date=1 June 1968|publisher=Biblo & Tannen Publishers|isbn=9780819602282|page=1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-H0eiuvcG5IC&pg=PA1|access-date=10 January 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Hiltebeitel|first1=Alf|title=Rethinking the Mahabharata: A Reader's Guide to the Education of the Dharma King|date=30 October 2001|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=9780226340531|page=15|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jch6VZHb07QC&pg=PA15}}</ref> The founder of Trigarta is mentioned as Susarma/Susharman in the Mahabharata.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Saklani|first1=Dinesh Prasad|title=Ancient Communities of the Himalaya|publisher=Indus Publishing|isbn=9788173870903|page=45|edition=1998|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tK5y4iPArKQC&pg=PA45|access-date=10 January 2017}}</ref> He was credited with building the Nagarkot/Kangra fort.
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| === Kangra being called Susarmapura and Kalindarine ===
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| Kangra was called Susarmapura by a variety of Sanskrit, Buddhist, Jain, and later Islamic scholars. In fact, the first mention of 'Nagarkot' comes from Islamic scholars documenting the region since they mainly referred to the fort. Prior to that, it was mainly documented as Susarmapur.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Kapoor|first1=Subodh|title=Encyclopaedia of Ancient Indian Geography, Volume 2|publisher=Genesis Publishing Pvt Ltd|isbn=9788177552997|page=633|edition=2002|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8897ridkczoC&pg=PA633}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Deambi|first1=Bhushan Kumar Kaul|title=Corpus of Śāradā Inscriptions of Kashmir: With Special Reference to Origin and Development of Śāradā Script|publisher=Agam Kala Prakashan|edition=1982|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=e-wvAAAAIAAJ|access-date=10 January 2017}}</ref>
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| After that, they are mentioned in the works of the Greek geographer Ptolemy who calls [[Kangra-Lambagraon|Kangra]] as Kalindarine.
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| === Alexander and Porus of Trigarta ===
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| As mentioned by the Greeks, the ruler of Trigarta at the time of invasion by Alexander were The Khatriaioi (Khatris). This is also verified from the fact that Alexander had altars created near modern-day Indaura which lies in Kangra. Direct lineage can be traced to current day communities who served in the indian army, subsequently retiring and settling in Vasant Kunj.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Samad|first1=Rafi U|title=The Greeks in ancient Pakistan|publisher=Indus Publications|isbn=9789695290019|page=104|edition=2002|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QAxuAAAAMAAJ|access-date=10 January 2017}}</ref>
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| === Samudragupta's invasion ===
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| Along with the Greeks, the following were mentioned as vratya kshatriyas or mlechhas: Dravida, Abhira, Sabara, Kirata, Malava, Sibi, ''Trigarta'', and Yaudheya. Historians provide multiple historical mentions during the period between when Panini(5th Century B.C.) penned the existence of Trigarta and the 5th Century A.D. when Samudragupta invaded Trigarta and various other kingdoms.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Thapar|first1=Romila|title=The Image of the Barbarian in Early India|publisher=Cambridge University Press|page=420|edition=1971|jstor=178208}}</ref>
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| === Hiuen Tsang visits Jallandhar ===
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| After Samudragupta, the next mention of Trigarta is from Hieun Tsang who mentions Jallandhar being ruled by Udito. Hiuen Tsang visited Jalandhara in 635 A.D. and gave details that it was a country 1000 li (about 267 km) in breadth from north to south.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Jeratha|first1=Aśoka|title=Forts and Palaces of the Western Himalaya|publisher=Indus Publishing|isbn=9788173871047|page=21|edition=2000|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=l2oZiyOqReoC&pg=PA21|access-date=10 January 2017}}</ref>
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| === The Chamba Inscription and Invasion by Ghazni ===
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| Then, in the 8th century A.D, the Trigarta rulers acknowledged supremacy of the Karkota rulers of Kashmir. This is also mentioned in the Rajtarangini. From the 9th century to the 11th century, there are various mentions, one of the important ones being the 10th century Chamba inscription which mentions the Trigarta raja being subdued by Sahilavarman and then becoming an ally. It was also during this time that Ghazni entered the Kangra fort (1009 A.D.) while the Kangra forces were away on war. The ruler of the time was Jagdish Chandra. From that point on, save one or two rulers, all rulers of the Katoch dynasty vanshavali can be traced down to the last king.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Deambi|first1=BK Kaul|title=History and Culture of Ancient Gandhara and Western Himalayas|publisher=Ariana Publishing House|isbn=9788185347066|page=47|edition=1985|url=https://www.scribd.com/document/221978244/History-and-Culture-of-Ancient-Gandhara-and-Western-Himalayas-B-K-Kaul-Deambi|access-date=10 January 2017}}</ref>
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| === Shifting of Capital from Jalandhar to Kangra ===
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| The Trigarta capital was moved from Jalandhara to Nagarkot(Kangra) in 1070 A.D. as mentioned due to constant contact in Jalandhar with various ambitious invading forces who usually were en route to middle India.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Singh|first1=Mian Goverdhan|title=Wooden Temples of Himachal Pradesh|publisher=Indus Publishing|isbn=9788173870941|page=34|edition=1999|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QgZFhkVINvkC&pg=PA34}}</ref>
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| === Ferishta's writings ===
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| Ferishta mentioned another account of the 1st century A.D. when the king of Kanauj, Raja Ram Deo, went on conquest and overran the hills. He spared Kumaon raja after getting his daughter in marriage, then he spared Nagarkot raja after the ruler offered his daughter in marriage.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Charak|first1=Sukh Dev Singh|title=Indian Conquest of the Himalayan Territories|year=1978|publisher=Ajaya Prakashan|page=[https://archive.org/details/dli.bengal.10689.12482/page/n23 19]|edition=1978|url=https://archive.org/details/dli.bengal.10689.12482}}</ref>
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| === Antiquity of Katoch Rulers and Nagarkot ===
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| '''Nagarkot''' (Kangra fort) was the citadel of [[Katoch]] lords who ruled Trigarta for thousands of years, right from Mahabharata period till pre-independent era and in modern days Trigarta Rulers have their five divisions [[Katoch]] clan, [[Guleria]] clan, [[Jaswal]] clan [[Sibaia]] clan and [[Dadwal]] clan. .<ref>{{cite book|last1=Jeratha|first1=Aśoka|title=Forts and Palaces of the Western Himalaya|publisher=Indus Publishing|isbn=9788173871047|page=5|edition=2000|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=l2oZiyOqReoC&pg=PA5}}</ref>
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| == Katoch dynasty ==
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| The [[Katoch]] dynasty is an offshoot of Trigratraje Dynasty. It is claimed to have ruled this area and the above story from the Mahabharata is recorded in their history. Maharaja [[Susharma]] Chand had fought against Arjuna. His son built the [[Kangra Fort]]. [[Katoch]] Dynasty, in '''[[Kali Yuga]]''', has also its famous sub clans as [[Jaswal]] Dynasty, Guleria Dynasty, Sibaia Dynasty, Chib Dynasty and Dadwal Dynasty.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Charak|first1=Sukh Dev Singh|title=History and culture of Himalayan states Himachal Pradesh Volume I|publisher=Light & Life Publishers|page=17|edition=1978|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3btDw4S2FmYC|access-date=10 January 2017}}</ref>
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| == See also ==
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| * [[Kingdoms of Ancient India]]
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| * [[Kangra-Lambagraon]]
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| ==References==
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| {{reflist}}
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| ==Sources==
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| *[[Mahabharata]] of [[Krishna Dwaipayana Vyasa]], translated to English by Kisari Mohan Ganguli
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| ==External links==
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| {{Tribes and kingdoms of the Mahabharata}}
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| [[Category:Kingdoms in the Mahabharata]]
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| [[Category:Kangra, Himachal Pradesh]]
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