Mexico: Difference between revisions

United Mexican States
*Estados Unidos Mexicanos^[1]* (Spanish)
United Mexican States Estados Unidos Mexicanos (Spanish)
	Flag Seal of the Government of Mexico
	Anthem: "Himno Nacional Mexicano"; Mexican National Anthem
	National seal:; Seal of the United Mexican States
Capital and largest city	Mexico City; 19°26′N 99°08′W / 19.433°N 99.133°W
Official languages	None at federal level
National language	Spanish
Recognized; regional languages	68 indigenous languages
Ethnic groups	- Mestizo 60%; - Indigenous 28%; - White 9%; - African 1%; - Other 1%
Demonym	Mexican
Government	Federal presidential; constitutional republic
• President	Andrés Manuel López Obrador (MORENA)
• President of the Senate	Oscar Eduardo Ramírez Aguilar
• President of the Chamber of Deputies	Dule María Sauri Rianco
Legislature	Congress
• Upper house	Senate
• Lower house	Chamber of Deputies
Independence from Spain
• Declared	September 16, 1810
• Recognized	September 27, 1821
Area
• Total	1,972,550 km2 (761,610 sq mi) (14th)
• Water (%)	2.5
Population
• 2010 census	112,322,758 (11th)
• Density	57/km2 (147.6/sq mi) (142nd)
GDP (PPP)	2011 estimate
• Total	$1.629 trillion (11th)
• Per capita	$15,113 (58th)
GDP (nominal)	2011 estimate
• Total	$1.041 trillion (13th)
• Per capita	$9,489 (58th)
Gini (2008)	51.6; high inequality
HDI (2011)	0.770; high (57th)
Currency	Peso (MXN)
Time zone	UTC−8 to −6 (Official Mexican Timezones)
• Summer (DST)	UTC−7 to −5 (varies)
Calling code	+52
ISO 3166 code	MX
Internet TLD	.mx
	^ Spanish is de facto the official language in the Mexican federal government.;

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VisualWikitext

Revision as of 00:04, 7 September 2022

Mexico (Template:Lang-es; official name: United Mexican States Template:Lang-es, listen (help·info)^[11]) is a country in North America. Mexico is south of Texas, California and other American states. Guatemala and Belize are south of Mexico. Mexico is between the Pacific Ocean and the Gulf of Mexico.

People living in Mexico or who are from there are called Mexicans. Most Mexican people speak Spanish. There are also Mexicans who speak Native American languages, like Nahuatl, Mayan, and Zapotec. Most modern Mexicans are descended from Native Americans such as Aztecs and Mayans and mostly have native blood. They are Catholic. The capital of Mexico is Mexico City.

History

Before the Europeans came, many Native American cultures existed in Mexico. The earliest was the Olmec culture in the south. The Olmecs are famous for the large stone heads they made. On the Yucatán peninsula lived the Mayans. The Mayans lived in city states ruled by kings. The Mayans were most powerful between 200 and 900 A.D. Another powerful empire belonged to Teotihuacan. Teotihuacan was a very large city, one of the largest at that time. After Teotihuacan declined the Toltecs became powerful. Things made by the Toltecs have been found from the southern parts of the U.S. all the way to Costa Rica. A famous Toltec god is Quetzalcoatl. The Toltec culture declined too, and it was succeeded by the Aztecs. The Aztecs called their own empire Mexico. A famous Aztec king was Moctezuma II.

In 1519 the Spanish explorer Hernán Cortés came to Mexico. The Aztecs thought he was the returned Quetzalcoatl, so they did not want to fight against him. Cortes allied himself with the enemies of the Aztecs. In 1521 they conquered the Aztec capital Tenochtitlan. The Aztec Empire became part of Spain. It was called New Spain.

In 1810 the Mexican priest Miguel Hidalgo started the Mexican war of independence. In 1821 the Spanish finally retreated and Mexico became independent. The first leader of independent Mexico was Agustin de Iturbide. He set up the First Mexican Empire and became emperor. But the Mexicans were not happy with him, and in 1823 the country became a republic.

A man who was very important in Mexico in the early 19th century was Antonio López de Santa Anna. He was the president of Mexico 11 times. When he became a dictator, Texas declared independence (1836). The Battle of the Alamo was part of this Texas Revolution. Between 1846 and 1848 there was war between Mexico and the United States. In this war Mexico lost its large northern areas, which became the southwestern United States. After this war Santa Anna was sent away to Venezuela.

Between 1858 and 1861 there was war again, between liberals and conservatives. The liberal Benito Juárez won the war and became president afterwards. Juarez stayed president until France invaded Mexico and made Maximilian of Habsburg emperor of the Second Mexican Empire. But Maximilian was very unpopular. After more war he was executed in 1867, and Juarez became president again.

Conservatives thought Juarez had too much power. In 1876 they ousted him, and made Porfirio Díaz, a general who had won a battle against the French, president. Porfirio Díaz made the country wealthier, but the poor people became poorer. Franciso I. Madero started the Mexican Revolution in 1910.

The next 10 years the country was in chaos. There were many presidents who ruled for a short time and all kinds of people fought against each other. Famous people from this period are Emiliano Zapata, Pancho Villa and Francisco I. Madero. When Álvaro Obregón became president in 1920 the fighting calmed down.

In 1929 President Plutarco Elías Calles founded the National Mexican Party, PNM. The party was later renamed Institutional Revolutionary Party, PRI. The party would rule for a very long time. Most PRI presidents were not popular, it was said that they were only president to become richer themselves. An exception was president Lázaro Cárdenas. He was president between 1934 and 1940.

After several decades more and more people became unhappy with the PRI. In 1968 security forces shot at protesters, this caused several hundred deaths and became known as the Tlatelolco massacre. Another uprising was in 1994 when Zapatistas rebelled in the province Chiapas.

Mainly through ballot box fraud the PRI managed to stay into power until 2000, when Vicente Fox of the National Action Party, PAN, was elected president. In total the PRI had governed Mexico for 71 years.

Politics

Mexico is a constitutional federal democracy ruled by a president. The president is elected every 6 years. The current president is Andrés Manuel López Obrador. Parliament has a Senate and House of Deputies.

States

1. Aguascalientes
2. Baja California
3. Baja California Sur
4. Campeche
5. Chiapas
6. Chihuahua
7. Coahuila
8. Colima
9. Durango
10. Guanajuato
11. Guerrero

12. Hidalgo
13. Jalisco
14. Mexico
15. Michoacan
16. Morelos
17. Nayarit
18. Nuevo León
19. Oaxaca
20. Puebla
21. Querétaro
22. Quintana Roo

23. San Luis Potosí
24. Sinaloa
25. Sonora
26. Tabasco
27. Tamaulipas
28. Tlaxcala
29. Veracruz
30. Yucatán
31. Zacatecas
32. Mexico City

Geography

Mexico is in the southern part of North America. It is roughly shaped like a triangle. Mexico is more than 3000 km (1,850 miles) long from northwest to southeast. Mexico is between two large seas: the Pacific Ocean in the West and the Gulf of Mexico and the Caribbean Sea in the East. Mexico has two large peninsulas. Baja California in the northwest, and Yucatán in the southeast. In central and western Mexico are the Sierra Madre mountains. In the Sierra Madre is the Pico de Orizaba, the highest mountain of Mexico. In central Mexico there are also a few volcanoes like the Popocatépetl and the Iztaccíhuatl. The Pico de Orizaba is also a volcano. In the north of Mexico are deserts. In the south are tropical rainforests. Some rivers in Mexico are the Río Bravo (known in the US as the Rio Grande), the Río Balsas, the Río Pánuco, and the Río Yaqui.

Landscapes of Mexico

People

Mexico is the most populous Spanish-speaking country in the world. It is also the second most populous country in Latin America (after Brazil). 60% of Mexicans have Native American and European forefathers (mostly Native American); these are called mestizos. Almost 30% of Mexicans are pure Native American and 10% are European. Most Mexicans (90%) speak Spanish. 10% of the Mexicans speak a Native American language, like Nahuatl, the language of the Aztecs, Maya or Zapotec. Non-indigenous ethnic groups in Mexico speak another foreign language such as Arabic or Japanese. Most people in Mexico are Catholic (89%) Christians.^[12]

Related pages

References

↑ "Official Name of the Country". MX: Presidency of Mexico. 2005-03-31. Archived from the original on 2010-03-26. Retrieved 2010-05-30.
↑ ^2.0 ^2.1 ^2.2 Lizcano Fernández, Francisco (May–August 2005). "Composición Étnica de las Tres Áreas Culturales del Continente Americano al Comienzo del Siglo XXI" (PDF). Convergencia (in Spanish). 38. Mexico: Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Centro de Investigación en Ciencias Sociales y Humanidades: 185–232, table on p. 218. ISSN 1405-1435. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-02-24. Retrieved 2012-03-28.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link) CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
↑ "Síntesis de Resultados" (PDF). Comisión Nacional para el Desarrollo de los Pueblos Indígenas. 2006. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2010-12-22.
↑ "Afro-Mexicans Counted in the Mexican Census for the First Time in History". 12 February 2021. Archived from the original on 2021-03-03. Retrieved 2021-03-23.
↑ "Political Constitution of the United Mexican States Title 2 Article 40" (PDF). MX: SCJN. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2011-05-11. Retrieved 2010-08-14.
↑ "INEGI 2010 Census Statistics". inegi.org.mx. Archived from the original on 2011-01-08. Retrieved 2010-11-25.
↑ ^7.0 ^7.1 ^7.2 "World Economic Outlook Database, October 2010". International Monetary Fund. Archived from the original on 29 April 2011. Retrieved 5 March 2011.
↑ "IMF". Archived from the original on 2011-10-10. Retrieved 2012-03-28.
↑ "Gini Index". World Bank. Archived from the original on 2 January 2011. Retrieved 2 March 2011.
↑ "Human Development Report 2011 - Human development statistical annex" (PDF). HDRO (Human Development Report Office) United Nations Development Programme. pp. 127–130. Archived (PDF) from the original on 11 January 2012. Retrieved 2 November 2011.
↑ "About Mexico". Embajada de Mexico en Estados Unidos (Mexican Embassy in the United States). 2012-12-03. Archived from the original on 2013-12-02. Retrieved 2013-07-17.
↑ "Volumen y porcentaje de la población según profese alguna religión y tipo de religión, 1895 a 2010". Archived from the original on 2018-08-07. Retrieved 2019-06-30.

Template:Mexico

Template:Caricom

[presidencia.gob.mx-1] "Official Name of the Country". MX: Presidency of Mexico. 2005-03-31. Archived from the original on 2010-03-26. Retrieved 2010-05-30.

[Lizcano-2] 2.0 ^2.1 ^2.2 Lizcano Fernández, Francisco (May–August 2005). "Composición Étnica de las Tres Áreas Culturales del Continente Americano al Comienzo del Siglo XXI" (PDF). Convergencia (in Spanish). 38. Mexico: Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Centro de Investigación en Ciencias Sociales y Humanidades: 185–232, table on p. 218. ISSN 1405-1435. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-02-24. Retrieved 2012-03-28.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link) CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)

[CDI1-3] "Síntesis de Resultados" (PDF). Comisión Nacional para el Desarrollo de los Pueblos Indígenas. 2006. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2010-12-22.

[4] "Afro-Mexicans Counted in the Mexican Census for the First Time in History". 12 February 2021. Archived from the original on 2021-03-03. Retrieved 2021-03-23.

[5] "Political Constitution of the United Mexican States Title 2 Article 40" (PDF). MX: SCJN. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2011-05-11. Retrieved 2010-08-14.

[INEGI_2010_Census_Statistics-6] "INEGI 2010 Census Statistics". inegi.org.mx. Archived from the original on 2011-01-08. Retrieved 2010-11-25.

[imf-mx-7] 7.0 ^7.1 ^7.2 "World Economic Outlook Database, October 2010". International Monetary Fund. Archived from the original on 29 April 2011. Retrieved 5 March 2011.

[8] "IMF". Archived from the original on 2011-10-10. Retrieved 2012-03-28.

[wb-gini-9] "Gini Index". World Bank. Archived from the original on 2 January 2011. Retrieved 2 March 2011.

[UNDP-10] "Human Development Report 2011 - Human development statistical annex" (PDF). HDRO (Human Development Report Office) United Nations Development Programme. pp. 127–130. Archived (PDF) from the original on 11 January 2012. Retrieved 2 November 2011.

[11] "About Mexico". Embajada de Mexico en Estados Unidos (Mexican Embassy in the United States). 2012-12-03. Archived from the original on 2013-12-02. Retrieved 2013-07-17.

[12] "Volumen y porcentaje de la población según profese alguna religión y tipo de religión, 1895 a 2010". Archived from the original on 2018-08-07. Retrieved 2019-06-30.

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@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
-{{short description|Country in North America}}
+{{otheruses}}
-{{about|the federal republic in North America}}
+{{distinguish|Moxico, Angola}}
-{{Redirect|United Mexican States|the historical states|First Mexican Republic|and|Second Federal Republic of Mexico}}
-{{Use American English|date=August 2016}}
-{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2021}}
-{{Coord|23|N|102|W|display=title}}
 {{Infobox country
+| native_name = {{native name|es|Estados Unidos Mexicanos<ref name="presidencia.gob.mx">{{cite web | url = http://www.presidencia.gob.mx/index.php?DNA=91 | publisher = Presidency of Mexico | title = Official Name of the Country | location = MX | date = 2005-03-31 | accessdate = 2010-05-30 | archive-date = 2010-03-26 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100326223041/http://www.presidencia.gob.mx/index.php?DNA=91 | url-status = live }}</ref>}}
 | conventional_long_name = United Mexican States
-| common_name                   = Mexico
+| common_name = Mexico
-| native_name                   = {{lang|es|Estados Unidos Mexicanos}} ([[Mexican Spanish|Spanish]])
+| image_flag = Flag of Mexico.svg
-| image_flag                    = Flag of Mexico.svg
+| alt_flag =
-| image_flag2                   = <!--not officialMexican States Standard.svg//-->
+| image_coat = Coat of arms of Mexico.svg
-| image_coat                    = Coat of arms of Mexico.svg
+| alt_coat =
-| alt_coat                      =
+| symbol_type = Seal of the Government of Mexico
-| symbol_type                   = Coat of arms
+| national_motto =
-| national_anthem               = {{lang|es|[[Himno Nacional Mexicano]]}}<br/>{{small|("Mexican National Anthem")}}<div style="display:inline-block;margin-top:0.4em;">{{center|[[File:Himno Nacional Mexicano instrumental.ogg]]}}</div>
+| national_anthem = "[[Himno Nacional Mexicano]]"<br />Mexican National Anthem
-| national_motto                = <br>{{native phrase|es|[[List of national mottos#M|La Patria Es Primero]]}}<br/>{{small|("The Homeland is First")}}
+| royal_anthem =
-| other_symbol_type             =
+| motto =
-| other_symbol                  =
+| other_symbol_type = [[Seal (device)|National seal]]:
-| image_map                     = MEX orthographic.svg
+| other_symbol = [[Seal of the United Mexican States]] [[File:Seal of the Government of Mexico.svg|18px]]
-| map_width                     = 260px
+| image_map = MEX_orthographic.svg
-| capital                       = [[Mexico City]]
+| map_width = 220px
-| coordinates                   = {{Coord|19|26|N|99|08|W|type:city}}
+| alt_map =
-| largest_city                  = Mexico City
+| map_caption =
-| official_languages            = {{unbulleted list|None at [[federal government of Mexico|federal level]]{{ref label|iboxb|b|}}}}
+| image_map2 =
-| recognized_regional_languages = [[Mexican Spanish|Spanish]] and 68 [[Languages of Mexico|Amerindian languages]]{{ref label|iboxa|a}}
+| alt_map2 =
-| ethnic_groups                 = [[Indigenous peoples of Mexico|56 Amerindian]] and [[Ethnic groups in Mexico|diverse foreign ethnic groups]]
+| map_caption2 =
-| religion                     = {{unbulleted list |
+| capital = [[Mexico City]]
-| 88.9% [[Christianity]]
+|coordinates = {{Coord|19|26|N|99|08|W|type:city|display=inline,title}}
-|—77.7% [[Catholic Church in Mexico|Catholicism]]
+| largest_city = Mexico City
-|—11.2% Other [[Christians|Christian]]
+| official_languages = None at federal level{{ref label|Spanish ''de facto''|a}}
-| 10.6% [[Irreligion in Mexico|No religion]]
+| languages_type = [[National language]]
-| 0.2% [[Religion in Mexico|Others]]
+| languages = [[Spanish language|Spanish]]{{ref label|Spanish ''de facto''|a}}
-| 0.3% Unspecified
+| languages2_type        = {{nobold|Recognized}}<br />{{nobold|regional languages}}
-}}
+| languages2             = 68 indigenous languages
-| religion_year            = 2020
+| ethnic_groups = - Mestizo 60%<ref name="Lizcano" /><br /> - Indigenous 28%<ref name="Lizcano" /><br /> - White 9%<ref name=CDI1>{{cite web |url=http://www.cdi.gob.mx/cedulas/sintesis_resultados_2005.pdf |title=Síntesis de Resultados |publisher=Comisión Nacional para el Desarrollo de los Pueblos Indígenas |year=2006 |accessdate=2010-12-22 |archive-date=2016-03-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304192903/http://www.cdi.gob.mx/cedulas/sintesis_resultados_2005.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><br /> - African 1%<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://belatina.com/afro-mexicans-census-2020/ |title=Afro-Mexicans Counted in the Mexican Census for the First Time in History |date=12 February 2021 |access-date=2021-03-23 |archive-date=2021-03-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210303092032/https://belatina.com/afro-mexicans-census-2020/ |url-status=live }}</ref><br />- Other 1%<ref name="Lizcano">{{Cite journal |last=Lizcano Fernández |first=Francisco |year=2005 |date=May–August 2005 |title=Composición Étnica de las Tres Áreas Culturales del Continente Americano al Comienzo del Siglo XXI |journal=Convergencia |volume=38 |pages=185–232; table on p. 218 |publisher=[[Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México]], Centro de Investigación en Ciencias Sociales y Humanidades |location=Mexico |issn=1405-1435 |url=http://convergencia.uaemex.mx/rev38/38pdf/LIZCANO.pdf |language=Spanish |access-date=2012-03-28 |archive-date=2014-02-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140224061845/http://convergencia.uaemex.mx/rev38/38pdf/LIZCANO.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>
-| religion_ref = <ref name="2020 Census"/>
+| ethnic_groups_year =
-| languages_type                = [[National language]]
+| demonym = Mexican
-| languages                     = [[Mexican Spanish|Spanish]] (''de facto''){{ref label|iboxb|b}}
+| government_type = {{nowrap|[[Federalism|Federal]] [[Presidential system|presidential]]<br />  [[constitutional republic]]<ref>{{cite web | location = MX | url = http://www.scjn.gob.mx/SiteCollectionDocuments/PortalSCJN/RecJur/BibliotecaDigitalSCJN/PublicacionesSupremaCorte/Political_constitucion_of_the_united_Mexican_states_2008.pdf | title = Political Constitution of the United Mexican States Title 2 Article 40 | publisher = SCJN | accessdate = 2010-08-14 | archive-date = 2011-05-11 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110511194922/http://www.scjn.gob.mx/SiteCollectionDocuments/PortalSCJN/RecJur/BibliotecaDigitalSCJN/PublicacionesSupremaCorte/Political_constitucion_of_the_united_Mexican_states_2008.pdf | url-status = live }}</ref>}}
-| demonym                       = [[Mexicans|Mexican]]
+| leader_title1 = [[President of Mexico|President]]
-| government_type               = {{nowrap|[[Federalism|Federal]] [[Presidential system|presidential]]<br/>{{raise|0.13em|[[Republic|constitutional republic]]<ref>{{cite web |location=MX Q|url=http://www.scjn.gob.mx/SiteCollectionDocuments/PortalSCJN/RecJur/BibliotecaDigitalSCJN/PublicacionesSupremaCorte/Political_constitucion_of_the_united_Mexican_states_2008.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110511194922/http://www.scjn.gob.mx/SiteCollectionDocuments/PortalSCJN/RecJur/BibliotecaDigitalSCJN/PublicacionesSupremaCorte/Political_constitucion_of_the_united_Mexican_states_2008.pdf |archive-date=11 May 2011 |title=Political Constitution of the United Mexican States, title 2, article 40 |publisher=SCJN |access-date=14 August 2010}}</ref><!--end nowrap:-->}}<!--end raise:-->}}
+| leader_name1 = [[Andrés Manuel López Obrador]] ([[National Regeneration Movement|MORENA]])
-| leader_title1                 = [[President of Mexico|President]]
+| leader_title2 = [[Senate of the Republic (Mexico)|President of the Senate]]
-| leader_name1                  = [[Andrés Manuel López Obrador]]
+| leader_name2 = [[Oscar Eduardo Ramírez Aguilar]]
-| leader_title2                 = [[President of the Senate (Mexico)|President of the Senate]]
+| leader_title3 = [[Chamber of Deputies (Mexico)|President of the Chamber of Deputies]]
-| leader_name2                  = [[Oscar Eduardo Ramírez Aguilar]]
+| leader_name3 = [[Dule María Sauri Rianco]]
-| leader_title3                 = [[President of the Chamber of Deputies (Mexico)|President of the Chamber of Deputies]]
+| leader_title4 =
-| leader_name3                  = [[Dulce María Sauri Riancho]]
+| leader_name4 =
-| legislature                   = [[Congress of the Union|Congress]]
+| leader_title5 =
-| upper_house                   = [[Senate of the Republic (Mexico)|Senate]]
+| leader_name5 =
-| lower_house                   = [[Chamber of Deputies (Mexico)|Chamber of Deputies]]
+| leader_title6 =
-| sovereignty_type              = [[Mexican War of Independence|Independence]]
+| leader_name6 =
-| sovereignty_note              = from [[Spain]]
+| legislature = [[Congress of Mexico|Congress]]
-| established_event1            = [[Grito de Dolores|Declared]]
+| upper_house = [[Senate (Mexico)|Senate]]
-| established_date1             = 16 September 1810<ref name="Castro2000">{{cite book|author=Rafaela Castro|title=Chicano Folklore: A Guide to the Folktales, Traditions, Rituals and Religious Practices of Mexican Americans|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WdzY7YjhRroC&pg=PA83|year=2000|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-514639-4|page=83}}</ref>
+| lower_house = [[Chamber of Deputies (Mexico)|Chamber of Deputies]]
-| established_event2            = [[Declaration of Independence of the Mexican Empire|Consummated]]
+| sovereignty_type = [[Mexican War of Independence|Independence]]
-| established_date2             = 27 September 1821
+| sovereignty_note = from [[Spain]]
-| established_event3            = [[Spanish American wars of independence#New Spain and Central America|Recognized]]
+| established_event1 = Declared
-| established_date3             = 28 December 1836
+| established_date1 = September 16, 1810
-| established_event4            = [[1824 Constitution of Mexico|First constitution]]
+| established_event2 = Recognized
-| established_date4             = 4 October 1824
+| established_date2 = September 27, 1821
-| established_event5            = [[Federal Constitution of the United Mexican States of 1857|Second constitution]]
+| established_event3 =
-| established_date5             = 5 February 1857
+| established_date3 =
-| established_event6            = [[Constitution of Mexico|Current constitution]]
+| established_event4 =
-| established_date6             = 5 February 1917
+| established_date4 =
-| area                          =
+| established_event5 =
-| today                         =
+| established_date5 =
-| area_km2                      = 1,972,550
+| established_event9 =
-| area_footnote                 =
+| established_date9 =
-| area_rank                     = 13th
+| area_rank = 14th
-| area_sq_mi                    = 761,606
+| area =
-| percent_water = 1.58 (as of 2015)<ref>{{cite web|title=Surface water and surface water change|access-date=11 October 2020|publisher=Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) |url=https://stats.oecd.org/Index.aspx?DataSetCode=SURFACE_WATER#}}</ref>
+| area_km2 = 1,972,550
-| population_census           = 126,014,024<ref name="2020 Census">{{cite web |title=Censo Población y Vivienda 2020 |url=https://www.inegi.org.mx/programas/ccpv/2020/ |website=www.inegi.org.mx |publisher=INEGI |access-date=26 January 2021}}</ref>
+| area_sq_mi = 761,606
-| population_census_year      = 2020
+| area_footnote =
-| population_census_rank      = 10th
+| percent_water = 2.5
-| population_density_km2        = 61
+| area_dabodyalign =
-| population_density_sq_mi = 157
+| population_census = 112,322,758<ref name="INEGI 2010 Census Statistics">{{cite web |url=http://www.inegi.org.mx/inegi/contenidos/espanol/prensa/comunicados/rpcpyv10.asp |title=INEGI 2010 Census Statistics |publisher=inegi.org.mx |accessdate=2010-11-25 |archive-date=2011-01-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110108101543/http://www.inegi.org.mx/inegi/contenidos/espanol/prensa/comunicados/rpcpyv10.asp |url-status=live }}</ref>
-| population_density_rank       = 142nd
+| population_census_rank = 11th
-| GDP_PPP                       = {{increase}} {{nowrap|$2.715 trillion<ref name="imf-mx">{{cite web |url=https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2019/02/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=96&pr.y=12&sy=2017&ey=2024&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=273&s=NGDPD%2CPPPGDP%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPPC&grp=0&a= |title=Mexico |publisher=International Monetary Fund |access-date=19 October 2019}}</ref><!--end nowrap:-->}}
+| population_census_year = 2010
-| GDP_PPP_year                  = 2020
+| population_density_km2 = 57
-| GDP_PPP_rank                  = 11th
+| population_density_sq_mi = 142
-| GDP_PPP_per_capita            = {{increase}} $21,362<ref name="imf-mx"/>
+| population_density_rank = 142nd
-| GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank       = 64th
+| GDP_PPP = $1.629 trillion<ref name="imf-mx">{{cite web |url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2010/02/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=42&pr.y=9&sy=2009&ey=2011&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=273&s=NGDPD%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPGDP%2CPPPPC%2CGGXWDG_NGDP&grp=0&a= |title=World Economic Outlook Database, October 2010 |author= |publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]] |accessdate=5 March 2011 |archive-date=29 April 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110429202110/http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2010/02/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=42&pr.y=9&sy=2009&ey=2011&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=273&s=NGDPD%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPGDP%2CPPPPC%2CGGXWDG_NGDP&grp=0&a= |url-status=live }}</ref>
-| GDP_nominal                   = {{increase}} {{nowrap|$1.322 trillion<ref name="imf-mx"/>}}
+| GDP_PPP_rank = 11th
-| GDP_nominal_year              = 2020
+| GDP_PPP_year = 2011
-| GDP_nominal_rank              = 15th
+| GDP_PPP_per_capita = $15,113<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2011/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?sy=2011&ey=2016&ssd=1&sort=subject&ds=.&br=1&c=512%2C941%2C914%2C446%2C612%2C666%2C614%2C668%2C311%2C672%2C213%2C946%2C911%2C137%2C193%2C962%2C122%2C674%2C912%2C676%2C313%2C548%2C419%2C556%2C513%2C678%2C316%2C181%2C913%2C682%2C124%2C684%2C339%2C273%2C638%2C921%2C514%2C948%2C218%2C943%2C963%2C686%2C616%2C688%2C223%2C518%2C516%2C728%2C918%2C558%2C748%2C138%2C618%2C196%2C522%2C278%2C622%2C692%2C156%2C694%2C624%2C142%2C626%2C449%2C628%2C564%2C228%2C283%2C924%2C853%2C233%2C288%2C632%2C293%2C636%2C566%2C634%2C964%2C238%2C182%2C662%2C453%2C960%2C968%2C423%2C922%2C935%2C714%2C128%2C862%2C611%2C716%2C321%2C456%2C243%2C722%2C248%2C942%2C469%2C718%2C253%2C724%2C642%2C576%2C643%2C936%2C939%2C961%2C644%2C813%2C819%2C199%2C172%2C184%2C132%2C524%2C646%2C361%2C648%2C362%2C915%2C364%2C134%2C732%2C652%2C366%2C174%2C734%2C328%2C144%2C258%2C146%2C656%2C463%2C654%2C528%2C336%2C923%2C263%2C738%2C268%2C578%2C532%2C537%2C944%2C742%2C176%2C866%2C534%2C369%2C536%2C744%2C429%2C186%2C433%2C925%2C178%2C869%2C436%2C746%2C136%2C926%2C343%2C466%2C158%2C112%2C439%2C111%2C916%2C298%2C664%2C927%2C826%2C846%2C542%2C299%2C967%2C582%2C443%2C474%2C917%2C754%2C544%2C698&s=PPPPC&grp=0&a=&pr1.x=40&pr1.y=10 | title = IMF | access-date = 2012-03-28 | archive-date = 2011-10-10 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20111010155701/http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2011/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?sy=2011&ey=2016&ssd=1&sort=subject&ds=.&br=1&c=512%2C941%2C914%2C446%2C612%2C666%2C614%2C668%2C311%2C672%2C213%2C946%2C911%2C137%2C193%2C962%2C122%2C674%2C912%2C676%2C313%2C548%2C419%2C556%2C513%2C678%2C316%2C181%2C913%2C682%2C124%2C684%2C339%2C273%2C638%2C921%2C514%2C948%2C218%2C943%2C963%2C686%2C616%2C688%2C223%2C518%2C516%2C728%2C918%2C558%2C748%2C138%2C618%2C196%2C522%2C278%2C622%2C692%2C156%2C694%2C624%2C142%2C626%2C449%2C628%2C564%2C228%2C283%2C924%2C853%2C233%2C288%2C632%2C293%2C636%2C566%2C634%2C964%2C238%2C182%2C662%2C453%2C960%2C968%2C423%2C922%2C935%2C714%2C128%2C862%2C611%2C716%2C321%2C456%2C243%2C722%2C248%2C942%2C469%2C718%2C253%2C724%2C642%2C576%2C643%2C936%2C939%2C961%2C644%2C813%2C819%2C199%2C172%2C184%2C132%2C524%2C646%2C361%2C648%2C362%2C915%2C364%2C134%2C732%2C652%2C366%2C174%2C734%2C328%2C144%2C258%2C146%2C656%2C463%2C654%2C528%2C336%2C923%2C263%2C738%2C268%2C578%2C532%2C537%2C944%2C742%2C176%2C866%2C534%2C369%2C536%2C744%2C429%2C186%2C433%2C925%2C178%2C869%2C436%2C746%2C136%2C926%2C343%2C466%2C158%2C112%2C439%2C111%2C916%2C298%2C664%2C927%2C826%2C846%2C542%2C299%2C967%2C582%2C443%2C474%2C917%2C754%2C544%2C698&s=PPPPC&grp=0&a=&pr1.x=40&pr1.y=10 | url-status = live }}</ref>
-| GDP_nominal_per_capita        = {{increase}} $10,405<ref name="imf-mx"/>
+| GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 58th
-| GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank   = 64th
+| GDP_nominal = $1.041 trillion<ref name="imf-mx"/>
-| Gini                          = 41.8 <!--number only-->
+| GDP_nominal_rank = 13th
-| Gini_year                     = 2018
+| GDP_nominal_year = 2011
-| Gini_change                   = decrease <!--increase/decrease/steady-->
+| GDP_nominal_per_capita = $9,489<ref name="imf-mx"/>
-| Gini_ref                = <ref>{{cite encyclopedia|url=https://data.oecd.org/inequality/income-inequality.htm|title=Inequality - Income inequality - OECD Data|publisher=[[Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development|OECD]]|access-date=12 August 2021}}</ref>
+| GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 58th
-| Gini_rank                     =
+| Gini = 51.6
-| HDI                           = 0.779 <!--number only-->
+| Gini_rank =
-| HDI_year                      = 2019<!-- Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year-->
+| Gini_ref = <ref name = "wb-gini">{{cite web | url = http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI/ | title = Gini Index | author =  | publisher = World Bank | accessdate = 2 March 2011 | archive-date = 2 January 2011 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110102191548/http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI/ | url-status = live }}</ref>
-| HDI_change                    = increase <!--increase/decrease/steady-->
+| Gini_year = 2008
-| HDI_ref                       = <ref name="UNHDR">{{cite web|url=http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/hdr2020.pdf|title=Human Development Report 2020|language=en|publisher=[[United Nations Development Programme]]|date=15 December 2020|access-date=15 December 2020}}</ref>
+| HDI = 0.770
-| HDI_rank                      = 74th
+| HDI_change =
-| currency                      = [[Mexican peso]]
+| HDI_ref = <ref name="UNDP">{{cite web|url=http://hdr.undp.org/en/media/HDR_2011_EN_Tables.pdf|title=Human Development Report 2011 - Human development statistical annex|publisher=[[Human Development Report|HDRO (Human Development Report Office)]] [[United Nations Development Programme]]|pages=127–130|accessdate=2 November 2011|archive-date=11 January 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120111110322/http://hdr.undp.org/en/media/HDR_2011_EN_Tables.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>
-| currency_code                 = MXN
+| HDI_rank = 57th
-| time_zone                     = ''See'' [[Time in Mexico]]
+| HDI_year = 2011
-| utc_offset                    = −8 to −5
+| currency = [[Mexican peso|Peso]]
-| utc_offset_DST                = −7 to −5
+| currency_code = MXN
-| DST_note                      =
+| time_zone = [[Time in Mexico|Official Mexican Timezones]]
-| time_zone_DST                 = varies
+| utc_offset = −8 to −6
-| antipodes                     =
+| time_zone_DST = varies
-| date_format                   =
+| antipodes =
-| drives_on                     = right
+| date_format =
-| calling_code                  = [[Telephone numbers in Mexico|+52]]
+| DST_note =
-| cctld                         = [[.mx]]
+| utc_offset_DST = −7 to −5
-| footnote_a                    = {{note|iboxa}}Article 4.° of the [[General Law of Linguistic Rights of the Indigenous Peoples]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.inali.gob.mx/pdf/LGDLPI.pdf |title=General Law of Linguistic Rights of the Indigenous Peoples |author=INALI |date=13 March 2003 |access-date=7 November 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.inali.gob.mx/clin-inali/ |title=Catálogo de las lenguas indígenas nacionales: Variantes lingüísticas de México con sus autodenominaciones y referencias geoestadísticas |publisher=Inali.gob.mx |access-date=18 July 2014}}</ref>
+| drives_on = right
-| footnote_b                    = {{note|iboxb}}Spanish is ''[[de facto]]'' the official language in the Mexican federal government.
+| cctld = [[.mx]]
+| iso3166code =
+| calling_code = [[+52]]
+| image_map3 =
+| alt_map3 =
+|footnote_a = {{note|Spanish ''de facto''}} Spanish is ''[[de facto]]'' the official language in the Mexican federal government.
 }}
-'''Mexico''' ({{lang-es|México}} {{IPA-es|ˈmexiko||es-mx-México.ogg}}; [[Nahuan languages]]: {{lang|nah|Mēxihco}}), officially the '''United Mexican States''' ({{lang|es|Estados Unidos Mexicanos}}; EUM <!-- Note: The only official name found in documents is "Estados Unidos Mexicanos" NOT "Estados Unidos de México" (which is not formally recognized); they do not mean the same thing so please don't add it. --> {{IPA-es|esˈtaðos uˈniðoz mexiˈkanos||Es-mx-Estados Unidos Mexicanos.ogg}}), is a [[List of sovereign states|country]] in the southern portion of [[North America]]. It is [[borders of Mexico|bordered]] to the north by the [[United States]]; to the south and west by the [[Pacific Ocean]]; to the southeast by [[Guatemala]], [[Belize]], and the [[Caribbean Sea]]; and to the east by the [[Gulf of Mexico]].<ref>Merriam-Webster's Geographical Dictionary, 3rd ed., Springfield, Massachusetts, United States, Merriam-Webster; p. 733</ref> Mexico covers {{Convert|1972550|km2|sp=us}},<ref name="cia.gov">[https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/mexico/ Mexico]. ''[[The World Factbook]]''. [[Central Intelligence Agency]].</ref> making it the world's [[List of countries by area|13th-largest country]] by area; with approximately 126,014,024 inhabitants,<ref name="2020 Census" /> it is the [[List of countries by population|10th-most-populous]] country and has the [[hispanophone#Hispanosphere|most Spanish-speakers]]. Mexico is organized as a [[federation]] comprising 31 [[list of states of Mexico|states]] and [[Mexico City]],<ref>{{cite web|website=El Financiero|title=DF no es el estado 32, aclaran legisladores|url=https://www.elfinanciero.com.mx/nacional/df-no-es-el-estado-32-aclaran-legisladores|date=22 January 2016|first=Victor|last=Chavez|access-date=15 July 2019}}</ref> its [[capital city|capital]]  and [[List of cities in Mexico|largest metropolis]]. Other [[Metropolitan areas of Mexico|major urban areas]] include [[Guadalajara]], [[Monterrey]], [[Puebla City|Puebla]], [[Toluca]], [[Tijuana]], [[Ciudad Juárez]], and [[León, Guanajuato|León]].<ref>{{cite web|website=City Population|url=https://www.citypopulation.de/php/mexico-metro.php|title=MEXICO: Metropolitan Areas|access-date=13 July 2019}}</ref>
+'''Mexico''' ({{lang-es|México}}; official name: '''United Mexican States''' {{lang-es|Estados Unidos Mexicanos|links=no}}, {{Audio|Es-mx-Estados Unidos Mexicanos.ogg|listen}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://embamex.sre.gob.mx/eua/index.php/en/about-mexico |title=About Mexico |publisher=Embajada de Mexico en Estados Unidos (Mexican Embassy in the United States) |date=2012-12-03 |accessdate=2013-07-17 |archive-date=2013-12-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131202234006/http://embamex.sre.gob.mx/eua/index.php/en/about-mexico |url-status=live }}</ref>) is a [[country]] in [[North America]]. Mexico is south of [[Texas]], [[California]] and other [[America]]n states. [[Guatemala]] and [[Belize]] are south of Mexico. Mexico is between the [[Pacific Ocean]] and the [[Gulf of Mexico]].
-<!-- Brief history -->
-[[Pre-Columbian Mexico]] traces its origins to 8,000 BC and is identified as one of the six [[Cradle of civilization|cradles of civilization]];<ref>{{cite web|website=Mapscaping|title=MAPPED: THE 6 CRADLES OF CIVILIZATION|url=https://mapscaping.com/blogs/geo-candy/mapped-the-6-cradles-of-civilization|date=8 May 2018|access-date=13 July 2019}}</ref> it was home to many advanced [[Mesoamerica]]n civilizations, most notably the [[Maya civilization|Maya]] and the [[Aztec]]s. In 1521, the [[Spanish Empire]] [[Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire|conquered and colonized]] the region from its base in [[Mexico City]], establishing the colony of [[New Spain]]. The [[Catholic Church]] played an important role in spreading Christianity and the Spanish language, while also preserving some indigenous elements.<ref>Michael Arbagi, [https://www.jstor.org/stable/23100485 THE CATHOLIC CHURCH AND THE PRESERVATION OF MESOAMERICAN ARCHIVES: AN ASSESSMENT]. Vol. 33, No. 2 (2011), pp. 112–120, Midwest Archives Conference,</ref> Native populations were subjugated and heavily exploited to mine rich deposits of precious metals, which contributed to Spain's status as a major world power for the next three centuries,<ref>{{cite book |last1=Archer |first1=Christon I. |chapter=Military: Bourbon New Spain |pages=455–462 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MOI4CQAAQBAJ&pg=PA455 |editor1-last=Werner |editor1-first=Michael |title=Concise Encyclopedia of Mexico |date=2015 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-135-97370-4 }}</ref> and to a massive influx of wealth and a [[price revolution]] in Western Europe.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Fischer|first=David Hackett|url=https://archive.org/details/greatwavepricere00fisc|title=The Great Wave: Price Revolutions and the Rhythm of History|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=1996|isbn=978-0-19-505377-7}}</ref> Over time, a distinct [[Mexican culture|Mexican identity]] formed, based on a fusion of European and indigenous customs; this contributed to the successful [[Mexican War of Independence]] against Spain in 1821.<ref name="hist">{{cite web|website=The History Channel|title=History of Mexico|url=https://www.history.com/topics/mexico/history-of-mexico|date=9 November 2009|access-date=15 July 2019}}</ref>
-Mexico's early history as a [[nation state]] was marked by political and socioeconomic upheaval. The [[Texas Revolution]] and the [[Mexican–American War]] in the mid 19th century led to huge [[Territorial evolution of Mexico|territorial losses]] to the United States. Liberal [[La Reforma|reforms]] were enshrined in the [[Constitution of 1857]], which sought to integrate indigenous communities and curtail the power of the church and the military. This triggered an internal [[War of the Reform|war of Reform]] and [[French Intervention in Mexico|intervention by France]], in which conservatives installed [[Maximilian I of Mexico|Maximilian Habsburg]] as [[Emperor of Mexico|emperor]] against the Republican resistance led by [[Benito Juárez]]. The last decades of the 19th century were marked by the dictatorship of [[Porfirio Díaz]], who sought to modernize Mexico and restore order.<ref name="hist"/> The [[Porfiriato|''Porfiriato'' era]] ended in 1910 with the decade-long [[Mexican Revolution|Mexican civil war]], which killed approximately 10% of the population and after which the victorious [[Constitutionalist Army|Constitutionalist faction]] drafted a new [[Constitution of Mexico|1917 Constitution]], which remains in effect to this day. The revolutionary generals ruled as a succession of presidents until the assassination of [[Alvaro Obregón]] in 1928. This led to the formation of the [[Institutional Revolutionary Party]] the following year, which governed Mexico until [[2000 Mexican general election|2000]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-mexico-election-pri/chronology-checkered-history-of-the-pris-rule-in-mexico-idUSBRE85R12C20120628 |last1=Rama |first1=Anahi |last2=Stargardter |first2=Gabriel |title=Chronology: Checkered history of the PRI's rule in Mexico |date= 28 June 2012 |website= Reuters }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/mexicos-history-of-one-party-rule/2012/01/15/gIQA0NVf1P_graphic.html |title=Mexico's history of one-party rule |date= 5 January 2012 |website= The Washington Post}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Padgett |first1= L. Vincent |year=1957 |title=Mexico's One-Party System: A Re-Evaluation |jstor=1952448|journal=The American Political Science Review |volume=51 |issue=4 |pages=995–1008 |doi=10.2307/1952448 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Whitehead |first=Laurence |year=2007 |title=An elusive transition: The slow motion demise of authoritarian dominant party rule in Mexico  |journal=Democratization |volume=2 |issue=3 |pages=246–269 |doi=10.1080/13510349508403441}}</ref>
+People living in Mexico or who are from there are called Mexicans. Most Mexican people speak [[Spanish language|Spanish]]. There are also Mexicans who speak [[Native American]] languages, like [[Nahuatl]], [[Mayan languages|Mayan]], and [[Zapotec language|Zapotec]]. Most modern Mexicans are descended from [[Native American]]s such as [[Aztecs]] and [[Maya people|Mayans]] and mostly have native blood. They are [[Catholic Church|Catholic]]. The capital of Mexico is [[Mexico City]].
-<!-- Politics and economy and stats -->
-Mexico is a [[developing country]], ranking 74th on the [[Human Development Index]], but has the world's [[List of countries by GDP (nominal)|15th-largest economy by nominal GDP]] and the [[List of countries by GDP (PPP)|11th-largest by PPP]], with the United States being its largest economic partner.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/35749.htm|title=Mexico (05/09)|date=25 June 2012|publisher=US Department of State|access-date=17 July 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://fas.org/sgp/crs/row/RL34733.pdf|title=CRS Report for Congress|date=4 November 2008|publisher=Congressional Research Service|access-date=17 July 2013}}</ref> Its large economy and population, global cultural influence, and steady democratization make Mexico a [[regional power|regional]] and [[middle power]];<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.escholar.manchester.ac.uk/api/datastream?publicationPid=uk-ac-man-scw:105725&datastreamId=SUPPLEMENTARY-1.DOC&ei=fMKFT7SMKIye8gS71NHACA&usg=AFQjCNHKPFxJk5bu6Qs5R2SKSUs8IwidWw&sig2=_lt4YNVT-1ECYQBh61EWgA|title=Beyond the BICs: Strategies of influence|author1=James Scott|author2=Matthias vom Hau|publisher=The University of Manchester|access-date=11 April 2012|author3=David Hulme|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525012832/https://www.escholar.manchester.ac.uk/api/datastream?publicationPid=uk-ac-man-scw:105725&datastreamId=SUPPLEMENTARY-1.DOC&ei=fMKFT7SMKIye8gS71NHACA&usg=AFQjCNHKPFxJk5bu6Qs5R2SKSUs8IwidWw&sig2=_lt4YNVT-1ECYQBh61EWgA|archive-date=25 May 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Nolte |first1=Detlef |title=How to compare regional powers: analytical concepts and research topics |journal=Review of International Studies |date=October 2010 |volume=36 |issue=4 |pages=881–901 |doi=10.1017/S026021051000135X |id={{ProQuest|873500719}} |jstor=40961959 |s2cid=13809794 |url=http://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/handle/document/38289 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mofa.go.jp/policy/other/bluebook/2006/05.pdf|title=Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan|access-date=7 May 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.oxanstore.com/displayfree.php?NewsItemID=130098|title=Oxford Analytica|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070424211219/http://www.oxanstore.com/displayfree.php?NewsItemID=130098|archive-date=24 April 2007|access-date=17 July 2013}}</ref> it is often identified as an [[Emerging Powers|emerging power]] but is considered a [[Newly industrialized country|newly industrialized state]] by several analysts.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ipsnews.net/news.asp?idnews=38056|title=G8: Despite Differences, Mexico Comfortable as Emerging Power|date=5 June 2007|publisher=ipsnews.net|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080816044329/http://www.ipsnews.net/news.asp?idnews=38056|archive-date=16 August 2008|url-status=dead|access-date=30 May 2010}}</ref><ref name="Globalization2">{{Cite book|author=Paweł Bożyk|title=Globalization and the Transformation of Foreign Economic Policy|publisher=Ashgate Publishing|year=2006|isbn=978-0-7546-4638-9|page=164|chapter=Newly Industrialized Countries|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iuHsIuez5qoC}}</ref><ref name="Limits2">{{Cite book|author=Mauro F. Guillén|title=The Limits of Convergence|publisher=Princeton University Press|year=2003|isbn=978-0-691-11633-4|page=126 (table 5.1)|chapter=Multinationals, Ideology, and Organized Labor|author-link=Mauro F. Guillén|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CweHgfPIceYC}}</ref><ref name="AIA2">{{Cite book|author=David Waugh|title=Geography, An Integrated Approach|publisher=Nelson Thornes|year=2000|isbn=978-0-17-444706-1|edition=3rd|pages=563, 576–579, 633, and 640|chapter=Manufacturing industries (chapter 19), World development (chapter 22)|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7GH0KZZthGoC}}</ref><ref name="Principles2">{{Cite book|author=N. Gregory Mankiw|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3ojsWuqmorEC|title=Principles of Economics|publisher=Thomson/South-Western|year=2007|isbn=978-0-324-22472-6|edition=4th|location=Mason, Ohio}}</ref> However, the country continues to struggle with social inequality, poverty and extensive crime; it ranks poorly on the [[Global Peace Index]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Global Peace Index 2019: Measuring Peace in a Complex World |url=http://visionofhumanity.org/app/uploads/2019/06/GPI-2019-web003.pdf |website=Vision of Humanity |publisher=Institute for Economics & Peace |access-date=4 June 2020 |location=Sydney |date=June 2019 |archive-date=27 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190827155045/http://visionofhumanity.org/app/uploads/2019/06/GPI-2019-web003.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> due in large part to ongoing conflict between the government and [[drug trafficking]] syndicates that led to over 120,000 deaths since 2006.<ref name=cfrdeaths/>
-Mexico ranks [[List of World Heritage Sites in Mexico|first in the Americas and seventh in the world]] for the number of [[UNESCO]] [[World Heritage Site]]s.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list|title=UNESCO World Heritage Centre&nbsp;— World Heritage List|publisher=UNESCO|access-date=25 May 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/events/295|title=Mexico's World Heritage Sites Photographic Exhibition at UN Headquarters|publisher=whc.unesco.org|access-date=30 May 2010}}</ref><ref>[[Table of World Heritage Sites by country]]</ref> It is also one of the world's 17 [[megadiverse countries]], ranking fifth in natural [[biodiversity]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.biodiversidad.gob.mx/v_ingles/country/whatismegcountry.html|website=Mexican biodiversity|title=What is a mega-diverse country?|access-date=13 July 2019}}</ref> Mexico's rich cultural and biological heritage, as well as varied climate and geography, makes it a major tourist destination: as of 2018, it was the sixth most-visited country in the world, with 39 million international arrivals.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://expansion.mx/economia/2018/08/27/mexico-ocupa-el-sexto-lugar-en-turismo-a-nivel-mundial|title=México ocupa el sexto lugar en turismo a nivel mundial|website=www.expansion.mx|publisher=CNN Expansión|access-date=8 January 2019|date=28 August 2018}}</ref> Mexico is a member of [[United Nations]], the [[G20]], the [[Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development]] (OECD), the [[World Trade Organization]] (WTO), the [[Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation]] forum, the [[Organization of American States]],  [[Community of Latin American and Caribbean States]], and the [[Organization of Ibero-American States]].
-==Etymology==
-<!--linked-->
-{{Main|Name of Mexico}}
-[[File:CodexMendoza01.jpg|thumb|right|Depiction of the founding myth of [[Tenochtitlan|Mexico-Tenochtitlan]] from the [[Codex Mendoza]]]]
-{{lang|nah|[[Name of Mexico|Mēxihco]]}} is the [[Nahuatl]] term for the heartland of the [[Aztec Empire]], namely the [[Valley of Mexico]] and surrounding territories, with its people being known as the [[Mexica]].  The terms are plainly linked; it is generally believed that the [[toponym]] for the valley was the origin of the primary [[ethnonym]] for the [[Aztec Triple Alliance]], but it may have been the other way around.<ref name="Bright2004">{{cite book|author=William Bright|title=Native American Placenames of the United States|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5XfxzCm1qa4C&pg=PA281|year=2004|publisher=University of Oklahoma Press|isbn=978-0-8061-3598-4|page=281}}</ref> In the colonial era, when Mexico was called [[New Spain]], this central region became the [[New Spain|Intendency of Mexico]], during the eighteenth-century reorganization of the empire, the [[Bourbon Reforms]]. After the colony achieved independence from the [[Spanish Empire]] in 1821, said territory came to be known as the [[State of Mexico]], with the new country being named after its capital: [[Mexico City]], which itself was founded in 1524 on the site of the ancient Mexica capital of [[Mexico-Tenochtitlan]].
-The official name of the country has changed as the [[form of government]] has changed. The declaration of independence signed on 6 November 1813 by the deputies of the [[Congress of Anáhuac]] called the territory ''[[Solemn Act of the Declaration of Independence of Northern America|América Septentrional]]'' (Northern America); the 1821 [[Plan of Iguala]] also used América Septentrional. On two occasions (1821–1823 and 1863–1867), the country was known as {{lang|es|Imperio Mexicano}} ([[Mexican Empire (disambiguation)|Mexican Empire]]). All three federal constitutions (1824, 1857 and 1917, the current constitution) used the name {{lang|es|Estados Unidos Mexicanos}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ierd.prd.org.mx/coy128/hlb.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081101110558/http://ierd.prd.org.mx/coy128/hlb.htm|archive-date=1 November 2008 |title=El cambio de la denominación de "Estados Unidos Mexicanos" por la de "México" en la Constitución Federal |publisher=ierd.prd.org.mx |access-date=4 November 2009}}</ref>—or the variant {{lang|es|Estados-Unidos Mexicanos}},<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tlahui.com/politic/politi99/politi8/con1857.htm |title=Constitución Mexicana de 1857 |publisher=www.tlahui.com |access-date=30 May 2010}}</ref> all of which have been translated as "United Mexican States". The phrase {{lang|es|República Mexicana}}, "Mexican Republic", was used in the 1836 [[Siete Leyes|Constitutional Laws]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cervantesvirtual.com/servlet/SirveObras/01361697524573725088802/p0000001.htm |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120723211610/http://www.cervantesvirtual.com/servlet/SirveObras/01361697524573725088802/p0000001.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=23 July 2012 |title=Leyes Constitucionales de 1836 |publisher=Cervantesvirtual.com |date=29 November 2010 |access-date=17 July 2013 }}</ref>
 ==History==
-{{Main|History of Mexico}}
-{{See also|History of the Catholic Church in Mexico|Economic history of Mexico|History of democracy in Mexico|History of Mexico City|Military history of Mexico}}
-===Indigenous civilizations===
-{{main|Pre-Columbian Mexico|Mesoamerican chronology}}
-[[File:Teotihuacán-5954.JPG|thumb|[[Pyramid of the Sun]] of [[Teotihuacan]] with first human establishment in the area dating back to 600 BC]]
-The earliest [[human]] artifacts in Mexico are chips of [[stone tool]]s found near campfire remains in the Valley of Mexico and radiocarbon-dated to circa 10,000 years ago.{{sfn|Werner|2001|pp=386–}} Mexico is the site of the domestication of maize, tomato, and [[phaseolus|beans]], which produced an agricultural surplus. This enabled the transition from [[Paleo-Indians|paleo-Indian]] hunter-gatherers to sedentary agricultural villages beginning around 5000 BC.<ref name="EvansWebster2013">{{cite book|author1=Susan Toby Evans|author2=David L. Webster|title=Archaeology of Ancient Mexico and Central America: An Encyclopedia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6ba_AAAAQBAJ&pg=PT54|year=2013|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-136-80186-0|page=54}}</ref>
-In the subsequent formative eras, maize cultivation and cultural traits such as a mythological and religious complex, and a [[vigesimal]] (base 20) numeric system, were diffused from the Mexican cultures to the rest of the [[Mesoamerica]]n culture area.<ref name="MacLachlan">{{cite book|author=Colin M. MacLachlan|title=Imperialism and the Origins of Mexican Culture|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fqdKCAAAQBAJ&pg=PT39|publisher=Harvard University Press|isbn=978-0-674-28643-6|page=39|date=13 April 2015}}</ref> In this period, villages became more dense in terms of population, becoming socially stratified with an artisan class, and developing into [[chiefdom]]s. The most powerful rulers had religious and political power, organizing the construction of large ceremonial centers.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Carmack |first1=Robert M. |last2=Gasco |first2=Janine L. |last3=Gossen |first3=Gary H. |title=The Legacy of Mesoamerica: History and Culture of a Native American Civilization |date=2016 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-317-34678-4 }}{{page needed|date=December 2020}}</ref>
-[[File:The Florentine Codex- Agriculture.tiff|thumb|left|180px|Cultivation of maize, shown in the [[Florentine Codex]] (1576) drawn by an indigenous scribe, with text in Nahuatl on this folio]]
-The earliest complex civilization in Mexico was the [[Olmec]] culture, which flourished on the Gulf Coast from around 1500 BC. Olmec cultural traits diffused through Mexico into other formative-era cultures in Chiapas, Oaxaca and the Valley of Mexico. The formative period saw the spread of distinct religious and symbolic traditions, as well as artistic and architectural complexes.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Diehl |first1=Richard A. |title=The Olmecs: America's First Civilization |date=2004 |publisher=Thames & Hudson |isbn=978-0-500-02119-4 |pages=9–25 }}</ref> The formative-era of Mesoamerica is considered one of the six independent [[cradles of civilization]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://mapscaping.com/blogs/geo-candy/mapped-the-6-cradles-of-civilization|website=Mapscaping|access-date=14 July 2019|title=MAPPED: THE 6 CRADLES OF CIVILIZATION|date=30 May 2018}}</ref> In the subsequent [[Mesoamerican chronology|pre-classical period]], the [[Maya civilization|Maya]] and [[Zapotec civilization|Zapotec]] civilizations developed complex centers at [[Calakmul]] and [[Monte Albán]], respectively. During this period the first true [[Mesoamerican writing systems]] were developed in the [[Epi-Olmec culture|Epi-Olmec]] and the Zapotec cultures. The Mesoamerican writing tradition reached its height in the Classic [[Maya Script|Maya Hieroglyphic script]]. The earliest written histories date from this era.  The tradition of writing was important after the Spanish conquest in 1521.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Sampson |first1=Geoffrey |title=Writing Systems: A Linguistic Introduction |date=1985 |publisher=Stanford University Press |isbn=978-0-8047-1756-4 }}{{page needed|date=December 2020}}</ref>
-In Central Mexico, the height of the classic period saw the ascendancy of [[Teotihuacan|Teotihuacán]], which formed a military and commercial empire whose political influence stretched south into the Maya area as well as north. Teotihuacan, with a population of more than 150,000 people, had some of the largest [[Mesoamerican pyramid|pyramidal structures]] in the pre-Columbian Americas.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Cowgill |first1=George L. |title=State and Society at Teotihuacan, Mexico |journal=Annual Review of Anthropology |date=21 October 1997 |volume=26 |issue=1 |pages=129–161 |doi=10.1146/annurev.anthro.26.1.129 |oclc=202300854 |s2cid=53663189 |s2cid-access=free }}</ref> After the collapse of Teotihuacán around 600 AD, competition ensued between several important political centers in central Mexico such as [[Xochicalco]] and [[Cholula (Mesoamerican site)|Cholula]]. At this time, during the Epi-Classic, [[Nahua people]]s began moving south into Mesoamerica from the North, and became politically and culturally dominant in central Mexico, as they displaced speakers of [[Oto-Manguean languages]].
-[[File:Murales Rivera - Markt in Tlatelolco 3.jpg|thumb|1945 Mural by Diego Rivera depicting the view from the [[Tlatelolco (altepetl)|Tlatelolco]] markets into Mexico-Tenochtitlan, the largest city in the Americas at the time.]]
-During the early post-classic era (ca. 1000–1519 CE), Central Mexico was dominated by the [[Toltec]] culture, [[Oaxaca]] by the [[Mixtec civilization|Mixtec]], and the lowland Maya area had important centers at [[Chichén Itzá]] and [[Mayapán]].  Toward the end of the post-Classic period, the Mexica established dominance, establishing a political and economic empire based in the city of Tenochtitlan (modern Mexico City), extending from central Mexico to the border with Guatemala.<ref>{{cite web|website=Ancient Civilizations World|title=Ancient Civilizations of Mexico|url=https://ancientcivilizationsworld.com/mexico/|date=12 January 2017|access-date=14 July 2019}}</ref> [[Alexander von Humboldt]] popularized the modern usage of "[[Aztec]]" as a collective term applied to all the people linked by trade, custom, religion, and language to the [[Tenochtitlan|Mexica state]] and Ēxcān Tlahtōlōyān, the [[Aztec Empire|Triple Alliance]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://mexika.org/2014/05/31/the-word-azteca-was-not-created-by-von-humboldt/|website=Mexicka.org|title=The word "Azteca" was NOT created by Von Humboldt!|access-date=13 July 2019|date=31 May 2014}}</ref> In 1843, with the publication of the work of William H. Prescott, it was adopted by most of the world, including 19th-century Mexican scholars who considered it a way to distinguish present-day Mexicans from pre-conquest Mexicans. This usage has been the subject of debate since the late 20th century.<ref name="Port">{{cite journal |last1=León Portilla |first1=Miguel |title=Los aztecas, disquisiciones sobre un gentilico |journal=Estudios de Cultura Náhuatl |date=10 May 2009 |volume=31 |issue=31 |url=http://www.revistas.unam.mx/index.php/ecn/article/view/9231 }}</ref>
-The Aztec empire was an informal or hegemonic empire because it did not exert supreme authority over the conquered territories; it was satisfied with the payment of tributes from them. It was a discontinuous empire because not all dominated territories were connected; for example, the southern peripheral zones of [[Soconusco|Xoconochco]] were not in direct contact with the center. The hegemonic nature of the Aztec empire was demonstrated by their restoration of local rulers to their former position after their city-state was conquered. The Aztec did not interfere in local affairs, as long as the tributes were paid.<ref>Berdan, ''et al.'' (1996), ''Aztec Imperial Strategies.'' Dumbarton Oaks, Washington, DC{{page needed|date=February 2011}}</ref>
-The Aztec of Central Mexico built a tributary empire covering most of central Mexico.<ref>{{cite book |author=Coe, Michael D. |author-link=Michael D. Coe |author2=Rex Koontz |year=2002 |title=Mexico: from the Olmecs to the Aztecs |edition=5th edition, revised and enlarged |publisher=[[Thames & Hudson]] |location=London and New York |isbn=978-0-500-28346-2 |oclc=50131575 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/mexicofromolmecs0000coem }}</ref> [[Human sacrifice in Aztec culture|The Aztec were noted for practicing human sacrifice]] on a large scale. Along with this practice, they avoided killing enemies on the battlefield. Their warring casualty rate was far lower than that of their Spanish counterparts, whose principal objective was immediate slaughter during battle.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.latinamericanstudies.org/aztecs/sacrifice.htm|title=The Enigma of Aztec Sacrifice|access-date=16 December 2011 |publisher=[[Natural History (magazine)|Natural History]]}}</ref> This distinct Mesoamerican cultural tradition of human sacrifice ended with the gradually Spanish conquest in the 16th century. Over the next centuries many other Mexican indigenous cultures were conquered and gradually subjected to Spanish colonial rule.<ref>{{cite book |author=Weaver, Muriel Porter |year=1993 |title=The Aztecs, Maya, and Their Predecessors: Archaeology of Mesoamerica |edition=3rd |location=San Diego, CA |publisher=[[Academic Press]] |isbn=978-0-12-739065-9 |oclc=25832740|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=J2UkAQAAIAAJ }}</ref>
-===Conquest of the Aztec Empire (1519–1521)===
-{{Further|Spanish conquest of Mexico}}
-[[File:Cortez & La Malinche.jpg|thumb|left|Depict of [[Hernán Cortés]] and his bilingual cultural translator, [[La Malinche|Doña Marina]]  ("Malinche"), meeting [[Moctezuma II]] from the ''[[Lienzo de Tlaxcala]]''. This historical document was created c. 1550 by the Tlaxcalans to remind the Spanish of their loyalty and the importance of [[Tlaxcala (Nahua state)|Tlaxcala]] during the conquest of the Aztec Empire.]]
-Although the Spanish had established colonies in the Caribbean starting in 1493, it was not until the second decade of the sixteenth century that they began exploring the coast of Mexico. The Spanish first learned of Mexico during the [[Juan de Grijalva]] expedition of 1518. The natives kept "repeating: ''Colua, Colua'', and ''Mexico, Mexico'', but we [explorers] did not know what ''Colua'' or ''Mexico'' meant", until encountering Montezuma's governor at the mouth of the [[Boca del Río, Veracruz|Rio de las Banderas]].<ref name=Diaz>Diaz, B., 1963, ''The Conquest of New Spain,'' London: Penguin Books, {{ISBN|0140441239}}</ref>{{rp|33–36}}  The [[Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire]] began in February 1519 when [[Hernán Cortés]] landed on the Gulf Coast and founded the Spanish city of [[Veracruz, Veracruz|Veracruz]]. Around 500 [[conquistador]]es, along with horses, cannons, swords, and long guns gave the Spanish some technological advantages over indigenous warriors, but key to the Spanish victory was making strategic alliances with disgruntled indigenous city-states (''[[altepetl]]'') who supplied the Spaniards and fought with them against the Aztec Triple Alliance.  Also important to the Spanish victory was Cortés's cultural translator, Malinche, a Nahua woman enslaved in the Maya area whom the Spanish acquired as a gift.  She quickly learned Spanish and gave strategic advise about how to deal with both indigenous allies and indigenous foes.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Townsend |first1=Camilla |title=Malintzin's Choices: An Indian Woman in the Conquest of Mexico |date=2006 |publisher=UNM Press |isbn=978-0-8263-3406-0 }}{{page needed|date=December 2020}}</ref>  The unconquered city-state of Tlaxcala allied with the Spanish against their enemies, the Aztecs of Tenochtitlan. The Spanish gained other indigenous allies, who also joined in the war for their own reasons.
-We know so much about the conquest because it is among the best documented events in world history from multiple points of view. There are accounts by the Spanish leader Cortés<ref>Cortés, Hernán. ''Five Letterss to the Emperor''. Trans. J. Bayard Morris. New York: W.W. Norton 1969</ref> and multiple other Spanish participants, including [[Bernal Díaz del Castillo]].<ref>Díaz del Castillo, Bernal. ''True History of the Conquest of Mexico''. various editions. Abridge version translated by J.M. Cohen, ''The Conquest of New Spain''. London: Penguin Books 1963.</ref><ref>Fuentes, Patricia de. ''The Conquistadors: First-Person ccounts of the Conquest of Mexico''. Norman: Norman: University of Oklahoma Press 1993.</ref> There are indigenous accounts in Spanish, Nahuatl, and pictorial narratives by allies of the Spanish, most prominently the Tlaxcalans, as well as Texcocans<ref>Alva Ixtlilxochitl, Fernando de. ''Ally of Cortés: Account 13 of the Coming of the Spaniards and the Beginning of Evangelical Law''. Trans. Douglass K. Ballentine. El Paso: Texas Western Press 1969.</ref> and Huejotzincans, and the defeated Mexican themselves, recorded in the last volume of [[Bernardino de Sahagún]]'s [[Florentine Codex|General History of the Things of New Spain]].<ref>{{cite book |chapter=Narratives of the Conquest |pages=73–96 |last1=Altman |first1=Ida |last2=Cline |first2=S. L. |last3=Pescador |first3=Juan Javier |title=The Early History of Greater Mexico |date=2003 |publisher=Prentice Hall |isbn=978-0-13-091543-6 }}</ref><ref>León-Portilla, Miguel.  ''The Broken Spears: The Aztec Accounts of the Conquest of Mexico''. Boston: Beacon Press 1992.</ref><ref>Lockhart, James. ''We People Here: Nahuatl Accounts of the Conquest of Mexico''. Berkeley: University of California Press 1993.</ref>
-[[File:FlorentineCodex BK12 F54 smallpox.jpg|thumb|right|[[Smallpox]] depicted by an indigenous artist in the 1556 [[Florentine Codex]] in its account of the conquest of Mexico from the point of view of the defeated Mexica.]]
-When the Spaniards arrived, the ruler of the Aztec empire was [[Moctezuma II]], who after a delay allowed the Spanish to proceed inland to Tenochtitlan. The Spanish captured him, holding him hostage.  He died while in their custody and the Spanish retreated from Tenochtitlan in great disarray. His successor and brother [[Cuitláhuac]] took control of the Aztec empire, but was among the first to fall from the first [[smallpox]] [[epidemic]] in the area a short time later.<ref>{{cite book|last=True Peters|first=Stephanie|title=Smallpox in the New World|year=2004|publisher=Marshall Cavendish|isbn=978-0-7614-1637-1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=v0zEiM_hijsC&pg=PA18}}i</ref> Unintentionally introduced by Spanish conquerors, among whom [[smallpox]], measles, and other contagious diseases were endemic, epidemics of [[Old World]] infectious diseases ravaged Mesoamerica starting in the 1520s. The exact number of deaths is disputed, but unquestionably more than 3 million natives who had no [[Immunity (medical)|immunity]].<ref>{{cite news|last=Flight|first=Colette|title=Smallpox: Eradicating the Scourge|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/empire_seapower/smallpox_01.shtml|access-date=30 December 2011|newspaper=BBC News {{!}} History|date=17 February 2011}}</ref> Other sources, however, mentioned that the death toll of the Aztecs might have reached 15 million (out of a population of less than 30 million) although such a high number conflicts with the 350,000 Aztecs who ruled an empire of 5 million or 10 million.<ref>{{cite book|last=Koplow|first=David A.|title=Smallpox: The Fight to Eradicate a Global Scourge|year=2003|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-23732-2|page=[https://archive.org/details/smallpoxfighttoe00kopl/page/n283 270]|url=https://archive.org/details/smallpoxfighttoe00kopl|url-access=registration}}</ref> Severely weakened, the Aztec empire was easily defeated by Cortés and his forces on his second return with the help of state of [[Tlaxcala]] whose population estimate was 300,000.<ref>{{cite web|title=Smallpox: Conquered Killer|url=http://science.nationalgeographic.com/science/health-and-human-body/human-diseases/smallpox-article/|publisher=National Geographic|access-date=30 December 2011|date=2 December 2009}}</ref> The native population declined 80–90% by 1600 to 1–2.5 million. Any population estimate of pre-Columbian Mexico is bound to be a guess but 8–12 million is often suggested for the area encompassed by the modern nation.
-The territory became part of the [[Spanish Empire]] under the name of [[New Spain]] in 1535.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WzRzAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA324 |page=324 |title=Shaping the Developing World: The West, the South, and the Natural World |isbn=9781483311081 |last=Baker |first=Andy |year=2013}}</ref> [[Mexico City]] was systematically rebuilt by Cortés following the [[Fall of Tenochtitlan]] in 1521. Much of the identity, traditions and architecture of Mexico developed during the 300-year colonial period from 1521 to independence in 1821.<ref>{{cite book |author=Gibson, Charles   |author-link=Charles Gibson (historian) |year=1964 |title=The Aztecs Under Spanish Rule: A History of the Indians of the Valley of Mexico, 1519–1810 |edition=Reprinted 1976 |location=Stanford, CA |publisher=[[Stanford University Press]] |isbn=978-0-8047-0196-9 |oclc=190295|url=https://archive.org/details/aztecsunderspani00gibs |url-access=registration   }}</ref>
-===Viceroyalty of New Spain (1521–1821)===
-{{Main|New Spain}}
-{{See also|History of Mexico#Spanish Rule (1521-1821)|Economic history of Mexico#Economy of New Spain, 1521–1821|History of Mexico City#Colonial period, 1521-1821}}
-[[File:Bandera Mexicana - panoramio - cz354x (3).jpg|thumb|left|The [[National Palace (Mexico)|National Palace]] on the east side of [[Plaza de la Constitución]] or ''[[Zócalo]]'', the main square of Mexico City; it was the residence of [[List of viceroys of New Spain|viceroys]] and [[Presidents of Mexico]] and now the seat of the Mexican government.]]
-The 1521 capture Tenochtitlan and immediate founding of the Spanish capital [[Mexico City]] on its ruins was the beginning of a 300-year-long colonial era during which Mexico was known as ''Nueva España'' ([[New Spain]]). The [[Kingdom of New Spain]] was created from the remnants of the Aztec empire. The two pillars of Spanish rule were the State and the Roman Catholic Church, both under the authority of the Spanish crown. In 1493 the pope had granted [[Patronato real|sweeping powers]] to the Spanish crown, with the proviso that the crown spread Christianity in its new realms. In 1524, [[Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor|King Charles I]] created the [[Council of the Indies]] based in Spain to oversee State power its overseas territories; in New Spain the crown established a high court in Mexico City, the ''[[Real Audiencia]],'' and then in 1535 created the viceroyalty. The viceroy was highest official of the State. In the religious sphere, the diocese of Mexico was created in 1530 and elevated to the [[Archdiocese of Mexico]] in 1546, with the archbishop as the head of the ecclesiastical hierarchy, overseeing Roman Catholic clergy. Castilian Spanish was the language of rulers. The Catholic faith the only one permitted, with non-Catholics (Jews and Protestants) and Catholics (excluding Indians) holding unorthodox views being subject to the [[Mexican Inquisition]], established in 1571.<ref>Chuchiak, John F. IV, "Inquisition" in ''Encyclopedia of Mexico''. Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn 1997, pp. 704–708</ref>
-In the first half-century of Spanish rule, a network of Spanish cities was created, sometimes on pre-Columbian sites. The capital Mexico City was and remains the premier city. Cities and towns were hubs of civil officials, ecclesiastics, business, Spanish elites, and mixed-race and indigenous artisans and workers. When deposits of silver were discovered in sparsely populated northern Mexico, far from the dense populations of central Mexico, the Spanish secured the region against fiercely resistant indigenous [[Chichimeca War|Chichimecas]].  The Viceroyalty at its greatest extent included the territories of modern Mexico, [[Central America]] as far south as Costa Rica, and the western United States. The Viceregal capital Mexico City also administrated the [[Spanish West Indies]] (the [[Caribbean]]), the [[Spanish East Indies]] (that is, the [[Philippines]]), and [[Spanish Florida]]. In 1819, the Spain signed the [[Adams-Onís Treaty]] with the United States, setting New Spain's northern boundary.<ref>Salvucci, Linda. "Adams-Onís Treaty (1819)". ''Encyclopedia of Latin American History and Culture'', vol. 1, pp. 11–12. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons 1996.</ref>
-[[File:Viceroyalty of the New Spain 1819 (without Philippines).png|thumb|Viceroyalty of New Spain following the signing of the 1819 Adams-Onís Treaty]]
-The population of Mexico was overwhelmingly indigenous and rural during the entire colonial period and beyond, despite the massive decrease in their numbers due to epidemic diseases. Diseases such as smallpox, measles, and others were introduced by Europeans and African slaves, especially in the sixteenth century. The indigenous population stabilized around one to one and a half million individuals in the 17th century from the most commonly accepted five to thirty million [[Population history of indigenous peoples of the Americas|pre-contact population]].<ref name=McCaa>{{cite web|access-date=13 July 2019 |url=http://users.pop.umn.edu/~rmccaa/mxpoprev/cambridg3.htm|website=University of Minnesota.edu|title=The Peopling of Mexico from Origins to Revolution|last=McCaa|first=Robert|date=8 December 1997}}</ref> During the three hundred years of the colonial era, Mexico received between 400,000 and 500,000 Europeans,<ref>{{cite book|last1=Sluyter|first1=Andrew|title=Black Ranching Frontiers: African Cattle Herders of the Atlantic World, 1500–1900|date=2012|publisher=Yale University Press |isbn=9780300179927|page=240 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fjt50jcGNu4C&pg=PA240|access-date=8 October 2016}}</ref> between 200,000 and 250,000 African slaves.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Russell|first1=James W.|title=Class and Race Formation in North America|publisher=University of Toronto Press|isbn=9780802096784|page=26|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PZgR6ubuUXcC&pg=PA26|access-date=13 December 2016|language=en|year=2009}}</ref> and between 40,000 and 120,000 Asians.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Carrillo|first1=Rubén|title=Asia llega a América. Migración e influencia cultural asiática en Nueva España (1565–1815)|url=http://www.raco.cat/index.php/asiademica/article/download/286846/375066|website=www.raco.cat |publisher=Asiadémica|access-date=13 December 2016}}</ref><ref>The Penguin Atlas of World Population History, pp.&nbsp;291–92.</ref>
-The first census in Mexico (then known as [[Viceroyalty of New Spain|New Spain]]) that included an ethnic classification was the 1793 census. Also known as the Revillagigedo census. Most of its original datasets have reportedly been lost, thus most of what is known about it nowadays comes from essays and field investigations made by academics who had access to the census data and used it as reference for their works such as German scientist [[Alexander von Humboldt]]. Europeans ranged from 18% to 22% of New Spain's population, Mestizos from 21% to 25%, Indians from 51% to 61% and Africans were between 6,000 and 10,000. The total population ranged from 3,799,561 to 6,122,354. It is concluded that the population growth trends of whites and mestizos were even, while the percentage of the indigenous population decreased at a rate of 13%–17% per century, mostly due to the latter having higher mortality rates from living in remote locations and being in constant war with the colonists.<ref name=aleph>{{cite web |last1=Lerner |first1=Victoria |title=Consideraciones sobre la población de la Nueva España (1793–1810) |trans-title=Considerations on the population of New Spain (1793–1810) |url=http://aleph.org.mx/jspui/bitstream/56789/29809/1/17-067-1968-0327.pdf |publisher=El Colegia de México |location=Mexico City |language=es |access-date=4 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181113062234/http://aleph.org.mx/jspui/bitstream/56789/29809/1/17-067-1968-0327.pdf |archive-date=13 November 2018 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Independent-era Mexico eliminated the legal basis of the [[castas|Colonial caste system]] which led to exclusion of racial classification in the censuses to come.
-[[File:Casta_Painting_by_Luis_de_Mena.jpg|thumb|left|[[Luis de Mena]], [[Virgin of Guadalupe]] and [[casta]]s, showing race mixture and hierarchy as well as fruits of the realm,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Cline |first1=Sarah |title=Guadalupe and the Castas |journal=Mexican Studies/Estudios Mexicanos |date=1 August 2015 |volume=31 |issue=2 |pages=218–247 |doi=10.1525/mex.2015.31.2.218 |s2cid=7995543 |s2cid-access=free }}</ref> ca. 1750]]
-Colonial [[Law in Spain|law with Spanish roots]] was introduced and attached to native customs creating a hierarchy between local jurisdiction (the [[Cabildo (council)|Cabildos]]) and the Spanish Crown. Upper administrative offices were closed to native-born people, even those of pure Spanish blood ([[Criollo people|criollos]]). Administration was based on the [[racial separation]]. Society was organized in a racial hierarchy, with whites on top, mixed-race persons and blacks in the middle, and indigenous at the bottom. There were formal legal designations of racial categories. The Republic of Spaniards (''República de Españoles'') comprised European- and American-born Spaniards, mixed-race [[casta]]s, and black Africans. The Republic of Indians (''República de Indios'') comprised the indigenous populations, which the Spanish lumped under the term Indian (''indio''), a Spanish colonial social construct which indigenous groups and individuals rejected as a category. Spaniards were exempt from paying tribute, Spanish men had access to higher education, could hold civil and ecclesiastical offices, were subject to the [[Mexican Inquisition|Inquisition]], and liable for military service when the standing military was established in the late eighteenth century. Indigenous paid tribute, but were exempt from the Inquisition, indigenous men were excluded from the priesthood; and exempt from military service.
-Although the racial system appears fixed and rigid, there was some fluidity within it, and racial domination of whites was not complete.<ref name="Cope, R. Douglas 1994">Cope, R. Douglas. ''The Limits of Racial Domination: Plebeian Society in Colonial Mexico City, 1660–1720''. Madison, Wis.: U of Wisconsin, 1994.</ref> Since the indigenous population of New Spain was so large, there was less labor demand for expensive black slaves than other parts of Spanish America.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Vinson III |first1=Ben |title=Before Mestizaje: The Frontiers of Race and Caste in Colonial Mexico |date=2017 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-107-02643-8 |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/before-mestizaje/0715B9B73FD9C23DC0F301D73959870F }}{{page needed|date=December 2020}}</ref><ref>Sierra Silva, Pablo Miguel. ''Urban Slavery in Colonial Mexico: Puebla de los Angeles 1531-1706''. New York: Cambridge University Press 2018.</ref>  In the late eighteenth century the crown instituted [[Bourbon Reforms|reforms]] that privileged Iberian-born Spaniards (''peninsulares'') over American-born (''criollos''), limiting their access to offices. This discrimination between the two became a sparking point of discontent for white elites in the colony.<ref>Deans-Smith, Susan. "Bourbon Reforms" in ''Encyclopedia of Mexico''. Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn 1997, p. 156</ref>
-The [[Marian apparition]] of the [[Virgin of Guadalupe]] said to have appeared to the indigenous [[Juan Diego]] in 1531 gave impetus to the evangelization of central Mexico.<ref>{{citation|website=Catholic News Agency |url=https://www.catholicnewsagency.com/news/god_intervened_through_our_lady_of_guadalupe_to_evangelize_the_americas_explains_guadalupe_expert|title=God intervened through Our Lady of Guadalupe to evangelize the Americas, explains Guadalupe expert|date=11 August 2009|access-date=14 July 2019}}</ref><ref name="huff">{{citation|website=Huff Post Latino Voices|url=https://www.huffpost.com/entry/virgen-de-guadalupe_n_4434582|title=Everything You Need To Know About La Virgen De Guadalupe|date=12 December 2013|access-date=14 July 2019}}</ref> The Virgin of Guadalupe became a symbol for American-born Spaniards' (''criollos'') patriotism, seeking in her a Mexican source of pride, distinct from Spain.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Ortiz-Ramirez|first1=Eduardo A.|title=The Virgin of Guadalupe and Mexican Nationalism: Expressions of Criollo Patriotism in Colonial Images of the Virgin of Guadalupe |isbn=9780549596509|page=6|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NEvkyV2y2r0C&pg=PA6|access-date=9 February 2017|language=en}}</ref> The Virgin of Guadalupe was invoked by the insurgents for independence who followed Father [[Miguel Hidalgo]] during the War of Independence.<ref name="huff" />
-[[Image:16th century Portuguese Spanish trade routes.png|thumb|upright=1.3|New Spain was essential to the Spanish global trading system. White represents the route of the Spanish [[Manila Galleon]]s in the Pacific and the [[Spanish treasure fleet|Spanish convoys]] in the Atlantic. (Blue represents [[Portuguese India Armadas|Portuguese routes.)]]]]
-The rich deposits of silver, particularly in [[Zacatecas]] and [[Guanajuato]], resulted in silver extraction dominating the economy of New Spain. [[Royal fifth|Taxes on silver production]] became a major source of income for Spain. Other important industries were the [[haciendas]] and mercantile activities in the main cities and ports.<ref>{{citation|website=Global Security.org |url=https://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/mexico/history-3-5.htm|title=Economy of New Spain|
+Before the Europeans came, many Native American cultures existed in Mexico. The earliest was the [[Olmec]] culture in the south. The Olmecs are famous for the large stone heads they made. On the Yucatán [[peninsula]] lived the [[Mayans]]. The Mayans lived in [[city states]] ruled by kings. The Mayans were most powerful between [[200]] and [[900]] A.D. Another powerful empire belonged to [[Teotihuacan]]. Teotihuacan was a very large city, one of the largest at that time. After Teotihuacan declined the [[Toltecs]] became powerful. Things made by the Toltecs have been found from the southern parts of the U.S. all the way to [[Costa Rica]]. A famous Toltec god is [[Quetzalcoatl]]. The Toltec culture declined too, and it was succeeded by the [[Aztecs]]. The Aztecs called their own [[empire]] Mexico. A famous Aztec king was [[Moctezuma II]].
-date=9 July 2011|access-date=14 July 2019}}</ref> Wealth created during the colonial era spurred the development of [[New Spanish Baroque]].{{citation needed|date=July 2019}}
-As a result of its trade links with Asia, the rest of the Americas, Africa and Europe and the [[Global silver trade from the 16th to 18th centuries|profound effect of New World silver]], central Mexico was one of the first regions to be incorporated into a [[globalized]] economy. Being at the crossroads of trade, people and cultures, Mexico City has been called the "first [[world city]]".<ref>{{cite web|last1=Sempa|first1=Francis P.|title=China, Spanish America, and the 'Birth of Globalization'|url=https://thediplomat.com/2017/01/china-spanish-america-and-the-birth-of-globalization/|website=The Diplomat|access-date=7 February 2017|quote=Mexico City, the authors [Peter Gordon, Juan Jose Morales] note, was the 'first world city,' the precursor to London, New York, and Hong Kong, where 'Asia, Europe, and the Americas all met, and where people intermingled and exchanged everything from genes to textiles'.}}</ref> The ''[[Nao de China]]'' (Manila Galleons) operated for two and a half centuries and connected New Spain with Asia. Silver and the red dye [[cochineal]] were shipped from Veracruz to Atlantic ports in the Americas and Spain. Veracruz was also the main port of entry in mainland New Spain for European goods, immigrants from Spain, and African slaves. The ''[[Camino Real de Tierra Adentro]]'' connected Mexico City with the interior of New Spain. Mexican silver pesos became the first globally used currency.
+In [[1519]] the [[Spain|Spanish]] [[explorer]] [[Hernán Cortés]] came to Mexico. The Aztecs thought he was the returned Quetzalcoatl, so they did not want to fight against him. Cortes allied himself with the enemies of the Aztecs. In [[1521]] they conquered the Aztec capital [[Tenochtitlan]]. The Aztec Empire became part of Spain. It was called [[New Spain]].
-[[File:Carlos III Coin.jpg|thumb|260px|left|Silver [[peso]] mined and minted in colonial Mexico, which became a global currency.]]
+In [[1810]] the Mexican priest [[Miguel Hidalgo]] started the [[Mexican war of independence]]. In [[1821]] the Spanish finally retreated and Mexico became independent. The first leader of independent Mexico was [[Agustin de Iturbide]]. He set up the [[First Mexican Empire]] and became emperor. But the [[Mexican]]<nowiki/>s were not happy with him, and in [[1823]] the country became a [[republic]].
-Spanish forces, sometimes accompanied by native allies, led expeditions to conquer territory or quell rebellions through the colonial era. Notable Amerindian revolts in sporadically populated northern New Spain include the [[Chichimeca War]] (1576–1606),<ref>{{cite web |website=Latino LA: Comunidad|title=The Indigenous People of Zacatecas|url=http://latinola.com/story.php?story=1109|date=17 July 2003|access-date=14 July 2019|last=Schmal|first=John P.}}</ref> [[Tepehuán Revolt]] (1616–1620),<ref>{{cite journal|title=The Tepehuan Revolt of 1616: Militarism, Evangelism, and Colonialism in Seventeenth-Century Nueva Vizcaya|journal=The Americas|volume=58|issue=2|pages=302–303|author=Charlotte M. Gradie|location=Salt Lake City |publisher=University of Utah Press|year=2000|doi=10.1353/tam.2001.0109|s2cid=144896113}}</ref> and the [[Pueblo Revolt]] (1680), the [[Tzeltal Rebellion of 1712]] was a regional Maya revolt.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Wasserstrom | first1 = Robert | year = 1980 | title = Ethnic Violence and Indigenous Protest: The Tzeltal (Maya) Rebellion of 1712 | journal = Journal of Latin American Studies | volume = 12 | pages = 1–19 | doi = 10.1017/S0022216X00017533 }}</ref>  Most rebellions were small-scale and local, posing no major threat to the ruling elites.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Taylor |first1=William B. |title=Drinking, Homicide, and Rebellion in Colonial Mexican Villages |date=1 June 1979 |publisher=Stanford University Press |location=Stanford |isbn=978-0804711128 |edition=1st}}</ref>  To protect Mexico from the attacks of English, French, and Dutch [[pirates]] and protect the Crown's monopoly of revenue, only two ports were open to foreign trade—Veracruz on the Atlantic and Acapulco on the Pacific. Among the best-known pirate attacks are the 1663 [[Sack of Campeche (1663)|Sack of Campeche]]<ref>{{cite web|website=In Search of Lost Places|title=Campeche, Mexico – largest pirate attack in history, now UNESCO listed|date=31 January 2017|access-date=14 July 2019|last=White|first=Benjamin|url=http://insearchoflostplaces.com/2017/01/campeche-mexico/}}</ref> and 1683 [[Attack on Veracruz]].<ref>{{cite web|website=University of Rochester Newsletter|title=The mysterious aftermath of an infamous pirate raid |url=https://www.rochester.edu/newscenter/pablo-sierra-silva-mysterious-aftermath-infamous-pirate-raid-287352/|date=13 December 2017|access-date=14 July 2019|first=Sandra|last=Knispel}}</ref>  Of greater concern to the crown was of foreign invasion, especially after Britain seized in 1762 the Spanish ports of Havana, Cuba and Manila, the Philippines in the [[Seven Years' War]]. It created a standing military, increased coastal fortifications, and expanded the northern [[presidio]]s and [[Spanish missions in California|missions]] into [[Alta California]]. The volatility of the urban poor in Mexico City was evident in the 1692 riot in the Zócalo. The riot over the price of maize escalated to a full-scale attack on the seats of power, with the viceregal palace and the archbishop's residence attacked by the mob.<ref name="Cope, R. Douglas 1994"/>
+A man who was very important in Mexico in the early [[19th century]] was [[Antonio López de Santa Anna]]. He was the president of Mexico 11 times. When he became a [[dictator]], [[Texas]] declared independence (1836). The [[Battle of the Alamo]] was part of this [[Texas Revolution]]. Between 1846 and 1848 there was [[Mexican-American War|war between Mexico and the United States]]. In this war Mexico lost its large northern areas, which became the [[southwestern United States]]. After this war Santa Anna was [[exile|sent away]] to [[Venezuela]].
-Due to the importance of New Spain administrative base, Mexico was the location of the [[House of the First Print Shop in the Americas|first printing shop]] (1539),<ref>{{cite web|website=Latino Book Review|url=https://www.latinobookreview.com/first-printing-press-in-the-americas-was-established-in-mexico|title=First Printing Press in the Americas was Established in Mexico|access-date=14 July 2019|date=2019}}</ref> [[Royal and Pontifical University of Mexico|first university]] (1551),<ref>{{cite news|newspaper=Vallarta Daily News |url=https://www.vallartadaily.com/university-mexico-oldest-university-north-america/|title=UNIVERSITY OF MEXICO IS THE OLDEST UNIVERSITY IN NORTH AMERICA|access-date=14 July 2019|date=15 September 2014}}</ref> [[Alameda Central|first public park]] (1592),<ref>{{cite web |website=City Express blog|title=Mexico City's Alameda Central: the inspiration behind NYC's Central Park?|url=https://www.cityexpress.com/en/travel-blog/mexico-citys-alameda-central-the-inspiration-behind-nycs-central-park|access-date=14 July 2019 |date=15 September 2014}}</ref> and [[Biblioteca Palafoxiana|first public library]] (1640) in the Americas,<ref>{{cite web|website=Latino Book Review|url=https://www.latinobookreview.com/oldest-library-in-the-americas-is-in-mexico.html|title=Oldest Public Library in the Americas is in Mexico|access-date=14 July 2019|date=2019}}</ref> among other institutions. Important artists of the colonial period, include the writers [[Juan Ruiz de Alarcón]], [[Carlos de Sigüenza y Góngora]], and [[Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz]], painters [[Cristóbal de Villalpando]] and [[Miguel Cabrera (painter)|Miguel Cabrera]], and architect [[Manuel Tolsá]]. The [[Academy of San Carlos]] (1781) was the first major school and museum of art in the Americas.<ref>{{cite web|website=Mexico es Cultura|url=https://www.mexicoescultura.com/recinto/66495/en/academy-of-san-carlos.html|title=Academy of San Carlos
+Between [[1858]] and [[1861]] there was war again, between [[liberalism|liberals]] and [[conservatism|conservatives]]. The liberal [[Benito Juárez]] won the war and became president afterwards. Juarez stayed president until [[France]] invaded Mexico and made [[Maximilian of Habsburg]] emperor of the Second Mexican Empire. But Maximilian was very unpopular. After [[Cinco de Mayo|more war]] he was [[death penalty|executed]] in [[1867]], and Juarez became president again.
-|access-date=14 July 2019}}</ref>  German scientist [[Alexander von Humboldt]] spent a year in Mexico, finding the scientific community in the capital active and learned.  He met Mexican scientist [[Andrés Manuel del Río Fernández]], who discovered the element [[vanadium]] in 1801.<ref>{{cite web |website=Chemicool Periodic Table|url=https://www.chemicool.com/elements/vanadium.html|title=Vanadium Element Facts|date=18 October 2012|access-date=14 July 2019}}</ref>
-Many Mexican cultural features including [[tequila]],<ref>{{cite web|website=Liquor.com|title=EVERYTHING YOU NEED TO KNOW ABOUT THE HISTORY OF TEQUILA|url=https://www.liquor.com/articles/history-of-tequila/#gs.p5o3m9|first=Anna|last=Archibald|date=27 July 2015|access-date=14 July 2019}}</ref> first distilled in the 16th century, [[charreria]] (17th),<ref>{{cite web|website=Charro Azteca|title=A brief History of Charreria
-|first=Francisco|last=Galvez|date=27 June 2017|access-date=14 July 2019|url=https://charroazteca.com/brief-history-charreria/}}</ref> [[mariachi]] (18th) and [[Mexican cuisine]], a fusion [[Indigenous peoples of the Americas|of American]] and European ([[Spanish cuisine|particularly Spanish]]) cuisine, arose during the colonial era.
-===War of Independence (1810–1821)===
+Conservatives thought Juarez had too much power. In [[1876]] they ousted him, and made [[Porfirio Díaz]], a general who had won a battle against the French, president. Porfirio Díaz made the country wealthier, but the poor people became poorer. Franciso I. Madero started the [[Mexican Revolution]] in [[1910]].
-{{Main|Mexican War of Independence}}
-[[File:Miguel Hidalgo con estandarte.jpg|thumb|left|175px|Father [[Miguel Hidalgo]] with the banner of the Virgin of Guadalupe. [[Antonio Fabrés]], 1905]]
-On 16 September 1810, a "loyalist revolt" against the ruling [[Junta (governing body)|junta]] was declared by priest [[Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla]], in the small town of [[Dolores Hidalgo|Dolores]], Guanajuato.<ref>{{cite web|title=Miguel Hidalgo Biography|publisher=Catholic Encyclopedia|url=http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/16045a.htm|access-date=30 September 2007}}</ref> This event, known as the [[Cry of Dolores]] (Spanish: ''Grito de Dolores'') is commemorated each year, on 16 September, as Mexico's independence day.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |url=https://www.britannica.com/event/Grito-de-Dolores |title=Grito de Dolores |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopaedia Britannica]] |access-date=12 September 2018}}</ref> The first insurgent group was formed by Hidalgo, the Spanish [[viceregal]] army captain [[Ignacio Allende]], the [[militia]] captain [[Juan Aldama]] and ''La Corregidora'' (English: "The Magistrate") [[Josefa Ortiz de Domínguez]]. Hidalgo and some of his soldiers were captured and [[executed by firing squad]] in [[Chihuahua, Chihuahua|Chihuahua]], on 31 July 1811.<ref name="miranda">{{cite book|author=Angel Miranda Basurto|title=La Evolucíon de Mėxico|publisher=Editorial Porrúa|year=2002|location=Mexico City|edition=6th|isbn=970-07-3678-4|page=358|language=es|trans-title=The Evolution of Mexico}}</ref>{{rp|17–27}}
-Following Hidalgo's death, the leadership was assumed by [[Ignacio López Rayón]] and then by the priest [[José María Morelos]], who occupied key southern cities with the support of [[Mariano Matamoros]] and [[Nicolás Bravo]]. In one notable incident, Nicolas Bravo captured 200 royalist soldiers, whom Morelos ordered should be executed in revenge of the murder of Bravo's father. In an act of mercy, Bravo instead pardoned the prisoners, most of whom then joined the insurgent cause.<ref name="miranda"/>{{rp|40–41}} In 1813 the [[Congress of Chilpancingo]] was convened and, on 6 November, signed the "[[Solemn Act of the Declaration of Independence of Northern America]]".<ref name="miranda" />{{rp|35–37}} This Act also abolished slavery and the caste system. Being a Catholic priest himself, Morelos also called for Roman Catholicism to be the exclusive faith in Mexico.<ref name="miranda"/>{{rp|44–50}} Morelos was captured and executed on 22 December 1815.<ref name="miranda"/>{{rp|46}}
+The next 10 years the country was in chaos. There were many presidents who ruled for a short time and all kinds of people fought against each other. Famous people from this period are [[Emiliano Zapata]], [[Pancho Villa]] and [[Francisco I. Madero]]. When [[Álvaro Obregón]] became president in [[1920]] the fighting calmed down.
-[[File:Abrazo de Acatempan.JPG|thumb|Depiction of the ''Abrazo de Acatempan'' between [[Agustín de Iturbide]], left, and [[Vicente Guerrero]]]]
+In [[1929]] President [[Plutarco Elías Calles]] founded the National Mexican Party, PNM. The party was later renamed [[Institutional Revolutionary Party]], PRI. The party would rule for a very long time. Most PRI presidents were not popular, it was said that they were only president to become richer themselves. An exception was president [[Lázaro Cárdenas]]. He was president between [[1934]] and [[1940]].
-In subsequent years, the insurgency was near collapse, but in 1820 [[Viceroy]] [[Juan Ruiz de Apodaca]] sent an army under the [[Criollo people|criollo]] general [[Agustín de Iturbide]] against the troops of [[Vicente Guerrero]] who had among his trusted soldiers, [[Filipino Mexicans]] who were concentrated in [[Guerrero]], a state later named after Vicente Guerrero himself and where the Mexican flag was first sewn. Chief among the Filipino-Mexican soldiers was General [[Isidoro Montes de Oca]] who defeated Royalist armies 3 times his force's size.<ref>{{Cite journal|url=https://muse.jhu.edu/article/456194/pdf|title=Filipinos in Nueva España: Filipino-Mexican Relations, Mestizaje, and Identity in Colonial and Contemporary Mexico|year=2011|page=414|doi=10.1353/jaas.2011.0029|quote=According to Ricardo Pinzon, these two Filipino soldiers—Francisco Mongoy and Isidoro Montes de Oca—were so distinguished in battle that they are regarded as folk heroes in Mexico. General Vicente Guerrero later became the first president of Mexico of African descent. See Floro L. Mercene, “Central America: Filipinos in Mexican History,” (Ezilon Infobase, 28 January 2005)|last1=Guevarra|first1=Rudy P.|journal=Journal of Asian American Studies|volume=14|issue=3|s2cid=144426711}}</ref> Then, the Criollo Royalist, Agustin Iturbide, instead of attacking Vicente Guerrero, approached Guerrero to join forces as he was impressed with his tenacity despite fighting larger odds, and on 24 August 1821 representatives of the [[Spanish Crown]] and Iturbide signed the "[[Treaty of Córdoba]]" and the "[[Declaration of Independence of the Mexican Empire]]", which recognized the [[independence of Mexico]] under the terms of the "[[Plan of Iguala]]".<ref name="miranda"/>{{rp|53–80}} Similarly to José María Morelos' goals.{{Clarify|reason=This sentence appears to be an orphan of the previous—or the next—sentence, but which one?|date=May 2021}} A provision of the [[Plan of Iguala]] of [[Agustín de Iturbide]] bringing about Mexican independence in 1821, also included Catholic exclusivity in the religious sphere. The [[1824 Constitution of Mexico|Constitution of 1824]] declared that the official religion of the Republic would be Catholic.
-Mexico's short recovery after the War of Independence was soon cut short again by the civil wars, foreign invasion and occupation, and institutional instability of the mid-19th century, which lasted until the government of [[Porfirio Díaz]] reestablished conditions that paved the way for economic growth. The conflicts that arose from the mid-1850s had a profound effect because they were widespread and made themselves perceptible in the vast rural areas of the countries, involved clashes between castes, different ethnic groups, and haciendas, and entailed a deepening of the political and ideological divisions between republicans and monarchists.<ref>{{cite book|author=Baten, Jörg |title=A History of the Global Economy. From 1500 to the Present|date=2016|publisher=Cambridge University Press|page=133 |isbn=9781107507180 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xYEGswEACAAJ}}</ref>
+After several decades more and more people became unhappy with the PRI. In 1968 security forces shot at protesters, this caused several hundred deaths and became known as the [[Tlatelolco massacre]]. Another uprising was in [[1994]] when [[Zapatista Army of National Liberation|Zapatistas]] rebelled in the province [[Chiapas]].
-===First Empire and the Early Republic (1821–1855)===
+Mainly through ballot box [[fraud]] the PRI managed to stay into power until [[2000]], when [[Vicente Fox]] of the National Action Party, PAN, was elected president. In total the PRI had governed Mexico for 71 years.
-{{Main|First Mexican Empire|First Mexican Republic|Centralist Republic of Mexico}}
-[[File:Mexico's Territorial Evolution.png|thumb|The [[territorial evolution of Mexico]] after independence, noting the secession of [[Federal Republic of Central America|Central America]] (purple), [[Chiapas]] annexed from [[Captaincy General of Guatemala|Guatemala]] (blue), losses to the U.S. (red, white and orange) and the reannexation of the [[Republic of Yucatán]] (red)]]
-The first thirty-five years after Mexico's independence were marked by political instability and the changing form of the Mexican State, from a monarchy to a federated republic.  There were military coups d'état, foreign invasions, ideological conflict between Conservatives and Liberals, and [[Economic history of Mexico|economic stagnation]]. Catholicism remained the only permitted religious faith and the Catholic Church as an institution retained its [[fueros|special privileges]], prestige, and property, a bulwark of Conservatism. The army, another Conservative institution, also retained its privileges. Former Royal Army General Agustín de Iturbide, became regent, as newly independent Mexico sought a [[First Mexican Empire|constitutional monarch]] from Europe.  When no member of a European royal house desired the position, Iturbide himself was declared Emperor Agustín I. The young and weak United States was the first country to recognize Mexico's independence, sending an ambassador to the court of the emperor and sending a message to Europe via the [[Monroe Doctrine]] not to intervene in Mexico.  The emperor's rule was short (1822–23) and he was overthrown by army officers.<ref name="miranda"/>{{rp|87–88}}
+== Politics ==
-The successful rebels established the [[First Mexican Republic]]. In 1824, a [[Constitution of 1824|constitution of a federated republic]] was promulgated and former insurgent general [[Guadalupe Victoria]] became the first president of the newly born republic.<ref name="miranda"/>{{rp|94–95}} Central America, including Chiapas, left the union. In 1829, former insurgent general and fierce Liberal [[Vicente Guerrero]], a signatory of the [[Plan de Iguala]] that achieved independence, became president in a disputed election. During his short term in office, April to December 1829, he abolished slavery. As a visibly mixed-race man of modest origins, Guerrero was seen by white political elites as an interloper.<ref>Hale, Charles A. ''Mexican Liberalism in the Age of Mora''. New Haven: Yale University Press 1968. p. 224</ref> His Conservative vice president, former Royalist General [[Anastasio Bustamante]], led a coup against him and Guerrero was judicially murdered.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |url=http://www.britannica.com/blackhistory/article-24160 |title=Ways of ending slavery |encyclopedia= [[Encyclopædia Britannica]]}}</ref>  There was constant strife between Liberals, supporters of a [[federal republic|federal form of decentralized government]] and often called Federalists and their political rivals, the Conservatives, who proposed a [[Unitary state|hierarchical form of government]], were termed Centralists.<ref name="miranda"/>{{rp|101–115, 125–127}}
+Mexico is a [[constitution]]al [[Federal republic|federal]] [[democracy]] ruled by a president. The president is elected every 6 years. The current president is [[Andrés Manuel López Obrador]]. Parliament has a [[Senate]] and House of Deputies.
-[[File:Antonio López de Santa Anna, siglo XIX, óleo sobre tela.png|thumb|left|175px|General [[Antonio López de Santa Anna]]]]
-Mexico's ability to maintain its independence and establish a viable government was in question.  Spain attempted to [[Spanish attempts to reconquer Mexico|reconquer]] its former colony during the 1820s, but eventually recognized its independence.   France attempted to recoup losses it claimed for its citizens during Mexico's unrest and blockaded the Gulf Coast during the so-called [[Pastry War]] of 1838–39.<ref>Costeloe, Michael P. "Pastry War" in ''Encyclopedia of Latin American History and Culture'', vol. 4, p. 318. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons 1996.</ref> Santa Anna lost a leg in combat during this conflict, which he used for political purposes. Emerging as a national hero in defending Mexico was creole army general, [[Antonio López de Santa Anna]], who had participated in the overthrow of the emperor, fought the Spanish invasion, and came to dominate the politics for the next 25 years, until his own overthrow in 1855.
-Mexico also contended with indigenous groups which controlled territory that Mexico claimed in the north.  The [[Comanche Wars|Comanche]] controlled a [[Comanchería|huge territory]] in the sparsely populated region of central and northern Texas.<ref>Weber, David J., ''The Mexican Frontier, 1821–1846: The American Southwest under Mexico,'' University of New Mexico Press, 1982</ref> Wanting to stabilize and develop the frontier, the Mexican government encouraged Anglo-American immigration into present-day Texas. The region bordered the United States, and was territory controlled by [[Comanches]]. There were few settlers from central Mexico moving to this remote and hostile territory. Mexico by law was a Catholic country; the Anglo Americans were primarily Protestant English speakers from the southern United States. Some brought their black slaves, which after 1829 was contrary to Mexican law. Santa Anna sought to centralize government rule, suspending the constitution and promulgating the [[Siete Leyes|Seven Laws]], which place power in his hands. When he suspended the 1824 Constitution, civil war spread across the country. Three new governments declared independence: the [[Republic of Texas]], the [[Republic of the Rio Grande]] and the [[Republic of Yucatán]].<ref name="miranda"/>{{rp|129–137}}
+== States ==
+{| cellpadding=5
+|-
+|  style="text-align:center; background:white;"| [[File:States of Mexico.svg|center|350px|Map of México divided into states]]
+||
+<span style="line-height: 180%; font-size: 9pt;">
+. [[Aguascalientes]]<br />
+. [[Baja California (state)|Baja California]]<br />
+. [[Baja California Sur]]<br />
+. [[Campeche]]<br />
+. [[Chiapas]]<br />
+. [[Chihuahua (state)|Chihuahua]]<br />
+. [[Coahuila de Zaragoza|Coahuila]]<br />
+. [[Colima]]<br />
+. [[Durango]] <br />
+. [[Guanajuato]]<br />
+. [[Guerrero (state)|Guerrero]]
+</span>
+||
+<span style="line-height: 180%; font-size: 9pt;">
+. [[Hidalgo]]<br />
+. [[Jalisco]]<br />
+. [[Mexico (state)|Mexico]]<br />
+. [[Michoacan]]<br />
+. [[Morelos]]<br />
+. [[Nayarit]]<br />
+. [[Nuevo León]]<br />
+. [[Oaxaca]]<br />
+. [[Puebla (state)|Puebla]]<br />
+. [[Querétaro]]<br />
+. [[Quintana Roo]]<br />
+</span>
+||
+<span style="line-height: 190%; font-size: 9pt;">
+. [[San Luis Potosí]]<br />
+. [[Sinaloa]]<br />
+. [[Sonora]]<br />
+. [[Tabasco (state)|Tabasco]]<br />
+. [[Tamaulipas]]<br />
+. [[Tlaxcala]]<br />
+. [[Veracruz de Ignacio de la Llave|Veracruz]]<br />
+. [[Yucatán (state)|Yucatán]]<br />
+. [[Zacatecas]]<br />
+. Mexico City
+</span>
+|}
-The largest blow to Mexico was the U.S. invasion of Mexico in 1846 in the [[Mexican–American War]]. Mexico lost much of its sparsely populated northern territory, sealed in the 1848 [[Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo]].  Despite that disastrous loss, Conservative Santa Anna returned to the presidency yet again and then was ousted and exiled in the Liberal [[Revolution of Ayutla]].
+== Geography ==
+Mexico is in the southern part of [[North America]]. It is roughly shaped like a [[triangle]]. Mexico is more than 3000&nbsp;km (1,850 miles) long from northwest to southeast. Mexico is between two large seas: the [[Pacific Ocean]] in the West and the [[Gulf of Mexico]] and the [[Caribbean Sea]] in the East. Mexico has two large [[peninsula]]s. [[Baja California peninsula|Baja California]] in the northwest, and [[Yucatán (state)|Yucatán]] in the southeast. In central and western Mexico are the [[Sierra Madre]] mountains. In the Sierra Madre is the [[Pico de Orizaba]], the highest [[mountain]] of Mexico. In central Mexico there are also a few [[volcano]]es like the [[Popocatépetl]] and the [[Iztaccíhuatl]]. The Pico de Orizaba is also a volcano. In the north of Mexico are [[desert]]s. In the south are tropical [[rainforest]]s. Some rivers in Mexico are the [[Rio Grande|Río Bravo]] (known in the US as the Rio Grande), the [[Río Balsas]], the [[Río Pánuco]], and the [[Río Yaqui]].
-===Liberal Reform, Second Empire, and Restored Republic (1855–1876)===
+<gallery mode="packed-hover" caption="Landscapes of Mexico">
-{{Main|Second Mexican Republic|La Reforma|Second Mexican Empire}}
+File:20091211 - Puerto Penasco -63.jpg
-[[File:Edouard Manet 022.jpg|thumb|''[[The Execution of Emperor Maximilian]]'', 19 June 1867. Gen. [[Tomás Mejía]], left, Maximiian, center, Gen. [[Miguel Miramón]], right. Painting by [[Édouard Manet]] 1868.]]
+File:Cualloenelpicoenero2010.JPG
-The overthrow of Santa Anna and the establishment of a civilian government by Liberals allowed them to enact laws that they considered vital for Mexico's economic development. It was a prelude to more civil wars and yet another foreign invasion. The [[La Reforma|Liberal Reform]] attempted to modernize Mexico's economy and institutions along liberal principles. They promulgated a new [[constitution|Constitution of 1857]], separating Church and State, stripping the Conservative institutions of the Church and the military of their special privileges (''[[fueros]]''); mandating the sale of Church-owned property and sale of indigenous community lands, and secularizing education.<ref>Britton, John A. "Liberalism" in ''Encyclopedia of Mexico''. Fitzroy Dearborn 1997, 739</ref> Conservatives revolted, touching off [[War of the Reform|civil war]] between rival Liberal and Conservative governments (1858–61).
+File:Tulum-Seaside-2010.jpg
+File:Barranca del cobre 2.jpg
+File:Xel-ha-inlet.jpg
+File:Los maravillosos Prismas Basálticos..jpg
+</gallery>
-The Liberals defeated the Conservative army on the battlefield, but Conservatives sought another solution to gain power via foreign intervention by the French. Mexican conservatives asked Emperor [[Napoleon III]] to place a European monarch as head of state in Mexico. The French Army defeated the Mexican Army and placed Maximilian Hapsburg on the [[Second Mexican Empire|newly established throne]] of Mexico, supported by Mexican Conservatives and propped up by the French Army. The Liberal republic under [[Benito Juárez]] was basically a government in internal exile, but with the end of the Civil War in the U.S. in April 1865, that government began aiding the Mexican Republic. Two years later, the French Army withdrew its support, Maximilian remained in Mexico rather than return to Europe. Republican forces captured him and he was executed in Querétaro, along with two Conservative Mexican generals.  The "Restored Republic" saw the return of Juárez, who was "the personification of the embattled republic,"<ref>Hamnett, Brian. "Benito Juárez" in ''Encyclopedia of Mexico''. Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn 1997, pp. 719–20</ref> as president.
+== People ==
+{{See also|List of Mexicans|l1=List of famous Mexican people}}
-The Conservatives had been not only defeated militarily, but also discredited politically for their collaboration with the French invaders. Liberalism became synonymous with patriotism.<ref>Britton, "Liberalism" p. 740.</ref>  The Mexican Army that had its roots in the colonial royal army and then the army of the early republic was destroyed. New military leaders had emerged from the War of the Reform and the conflict with the French, most notably [[Porfirio Díaz]], a hero of the [[Battle of Puebla|Cinco de Mayo]], who now sought civilian power. Juárez won re-election in 1867, but was challenged by Díaz, who criticized him for running for re-election. Díaz then rebelled, crushed by Juárez.  Having won re-election, Juárez died in office of natural causes in July 1872, and Liberal [[Sebastián Lerdo de Tejada]] became president, declaring a "religion of state" for rule of law, peace, and order. When Lerdo ran for re-election, Díaz rebelled against the civilian president, issuing the [[Plan of Tuxtepec]]. Díaz had more support and waged guerrilla warfare against Lerdo.  On the verge of Díaz's victory on the battlefield, Lerdo fled from office, going into exile.<ref>Sullivan, Paul. "Sebastián Lerdo de Tejada" in ''Encyclopedia of Mexico''. Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn 1997, pp. 736–38</ref> Another army general assumed the presidency of Mexico.
+Mexico is the most populous [[Spanish language|Spanish-speaking]] country in the world. It is also the second most populous [[country]] in [[Latin America]] (after [[Brazil]]). 60% of Mexicans have Native American and European forefathers (mostly Native American); these are called [[mestizo]]s. Almost 30% of Mexicans are pure [[Native American]] and 10% are [[Europe]]an. Most Mexicans (90%) speak Spanish. 10% of the Mexicans speak a Native American language, like [[Nahuatl]], the language of the Aztecs, [[Maya languages|Maya]] or [[Zapotec language|Zapotec]]. Non-indigenous ethnic groups in Mexico speak another foreign language such as [[Arabic language|Arabic]] or [[Japanese language|Japanese]].  Most people in Mexico are [[Roman Catholic|Catholic]] (89%) [[Christians]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.inegi.org.mx/Sistemas/temasV2/contenido/sociedad/rel01.asp?s=est&c=22436|title=Volumen y porcentaje de la población según profese alguna religión y tipo de religión, 1895 a 2010|publisher=|access-date=2019-06-30|archive-date=2018-08-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180807220528/http://www.inegi.org.mx/Sistemas/temasV2/contenido/sociedad/rel01.asp?s=est&c=22436|url-status=live}}</ref>
-===Porfiriato (1876–1911)===
+==Related pages==
-{{Main|Porfirio Díaz|Porfiriato}}
+* [[North America]]
-[[File:'Raymond Special' on the Metlac Bridge. (29876050482).jpg|thumb|right|The Metlac rail bridge in 1897. There was large investment in rail transport during the Porfiriato]]
+* [[Mexican food]]
-[[File:Centenario3.jpg|thumb|Celebration of Mexico's first one hundred years of Independence in 1910. Several projects were undertaken for the celebrations, such as the [[Monumento a la Independencia]]]]
-After the turmoil in Mexico from 1810 to 1876, the 35-year rule of Liberal General [[Porfirio Díaz]] (r.1876–1911) allowed Mexico to rapidly modernize in a period characterized as one of "order and progress". The [[Porfiriato]] was characterized by economic stability and growth, significant foreign investment and influence, an expansion of the [[Rail transport in Mexico|railroad network]] and telecommunications, and investments in the arts and sciences.<ref>{{cite web|website=Inside Mexico.com|url=https://www.inside-mexico.com/el-porfiriato-en-mexico/|title=El Porfiriato en Mexico|date=2 February 2018|access-date=18 July 2019|author=Adela M. Olvera|language=es|trans-title=The Porfiriato in Mexico}}</ref> The period was also marked by economic inequality and political repression. Díaz knew the potential for army rebellions, and systematically downsized the expenditure for the force, rather expanding the [[rurales|rural police force]] under direct control of the president. Díaz did not provoke the Catholic Church, coming to a modus vivendi with it; but he did not remove the anticlerical articles from the 1857 Constitution. From the late nineteenth century, Protestants began to make inroads in Mexico.
+== References ==
-The government encouraged British and U.S. investment. Commercial agriculture developed in northern Mexico, with many investors from the U.S. acquiring vast ranching estates and expanding irrigated cultivation of crops. The Mexican government ordered a survey of land with the aim of selling it for development. In this period, many indigenous communities lost their lands and the men became [[landless]] wage earners on large landed enterprises (''[[hacienda]]s'').<ref>Hart, John Mason. ''Empire and Revolution: The Americans in Mexico since the Civil War''. Berkeley: University of California Press Du 2002</ref> British and U.S. investors developed extractive mining of copper, lead, and other minerals, as well as petroleum on the Gulf Coast. Changes in Mexican law allowed for private enterprises to own the subsoil rights of land, rather than continuing the colonial law that gave all subsoil rights to the State.  An industrial manufacturing sector also developed, particularly in textiles.  At the same time, new enterprises gave rise to an industrial work force, which began organizing to gain labor rights and protections.
-Díaz ruled with a group of advisors that became known as the ''[[científico]]s'' ("scientists").<ref>Buchenau, Jürgen. "Científicos". ''Encyclopedia of Mexico''. Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn 1997, pp. 260–265</ref> The most influential ''cientifco'' was Secretary of Finance [[José Yves Limantour]].<ref>Schmidt, Arthur, "José Ives Limantour" in ''Encyclopedia of Mexico'', pp. 746–49. Fitzroy and Dearborn 1997.</ref> The Porfirian regime was influenced by [[positivism]].<ref name="cientifico">{{cite web |title=cientifico |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/cientifico|website=Encyclopædia Britannica|access-date=7 February 2017|language=en}}</ref> They rejected theology and [[idealism]] in favor of scientific methods being applied towards national development. As an integral aspect of the liberal project was secular education. The Díaz government led a protracted [[Yaqui Wars|conflict against the Yaqui]] that culminated with the forced relocation of thousands of [[Yaqui]] to Yucatán and Oaxaca.
-Díaz's long success did not include planning for a political transition beyond his own presidency. He made no attempt, however, to establish a family dynasty, naming no relative as his successor. As the centennial of independence approached, Díaz gave an [[James Creelman|interview]] where he said he was not going to run in the 1910 elections, when he would be 80. Political opposition had been suppressed and there were few avenues for a new generation of leaders. But his announcement set off a frenzy of political activity, including the unlikely candidacy of the scion of a rich landowning family, [[Francisco I. Madero]]. Madero won a surprising amount of political support when Díaz changed his mind an ran in the election, jailing Madero. The September centennial celebration of independence was the last celebration of the Porfiriato. The Mexican Revolution starting in 1910 saw a decade of civil war, the "wind that swept Mexico."<ref>{{cite book |last1=Brenner |first1=Anita |title=The Wind that Swept Mexico: The History of the Mexican Revolution of 1910–1942 |date=1 January 1984 |publisher=University of Texas Press |isbn=978-0292790247 |edition=New}}</ref>
-===Mexican Revolution (1910–1920)===
-{{Further|Mexican Revolution}}
-[[File:Zapatistas and Nacional de Mexico, No. 739 (5655532688).jpg|thumb|Revolutionaries, 1911]]
-[[File:Madero en Cuernavaca.jpg|thumb|Candidate [[Francisco I. Madero]] with peasant leader [[Emiliano Zapata]] in [[Cuernavaca]] during the [[Mexican Revolution]]]]
-The [[Mexican Revolution]] was a decade-long transformational conflict in Mexico, with consequences to this day.<ref>Benjamin, Thomas.  ''La Revolución: Mexico's Great Revolution as Memory, Myth, and History''. Austin: University of Texas Press 2000</ref> It saw uprisings against President Díaz, his resignation, an interim presidency, and the democratic election of a rich landowner, [[Francisco I. Madero]] in 1911. In [[Ten Tragic Days|February 1913]], a military coup d'état overthrew Madero's government, with the support of the U.S., resulted in Madero's murder by agents of [[Federal Army]] General [[Victoriano Huerta]]. A coalition of anti-Huerta forces in the North, the [[Constitutionalist Army]] overseen by [[Venustiano Carranza]], and a peasant army in the South under [[Emiliano Zapata]], defeated the Federal Army. In 1914 that army was dissolved as an institution. Following the revolutionaries' victory against Huerta, revolutionary armies sought to broker a peaceful political solution, but the coalition splintered, plunging Mexico into civil war again. Constitutionalist general [[Pancho Villa]], commander of the Division of the North, broke with Carranza and allied with Zapata. Carranza's best general, [[Alvaro Obregón]], defeated Villa, his former comrade-in-arms in the [[battle of Celaya]] in 1915, and Villa's forces melted away. Carranza became the de facto head of Mexico, and the U.S. recognized his government. In 1916, the winners met at a constitutional convention to draft the [[Constitution of 1917]], which was ratified in February 1917. Said Constitution strengthened the anticlerical provisions that were carried over from the 1857 Constitution.<ref>Matute, Alvaro. "Mexican Revolution: May 1917 – December 1920" in ''Encyclopedia of Mexico''. Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn 1997, pp. 862–864.</ref> With amendments, it remains the governing document of Mexico. It is estimated that the war killed 900,000 of the 1910 population of 15 million.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.pbs.org/opb/historydetectives/investigations/505_mexicanrevolution.html |title=The Mexican Revolution |publisher=Public Broadcasting Service |date=20 November 1910 |access-date=17 July 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hist.umn.edu/~rmccaa/missmill/ |title=Missing millions: the human cost of the Mexican Revolution |author=Robert McCaa |publisher=University of Minnesota Population Center |access-date=17 July 2013}}</ref>
-The U.S. has had a history of inference and intervention in Mexico, most notably the Mexican-American War. During the Revolution, the [[William Howard Taft|Taft]] administration supported the Huerta coup against Madero, but when [[Woodrow Wilson]] was inaugurated as president in March 1913, it refused to recognize Huerta's regime and allowed arms sales to the Constitutionalists. Wilson ordered troops to [[United States occupation of Veracruz|occupy]] the strategic port of Veracruz in 1914, which was lifted.<ref>{{cite web|website=Library of Congress|title=The Mexican Revolution and the United States in the Collections of the Library of Congress, U.S. Involvement Before 1913 |url=http://www.loc.gov/exhibits/mexican-revolution-and-the-united-states/us-involvement-before-1913.html|access-date=18 July 2019}}</ref> After Pancho Villa was defeated by revolutionary forces in 1915, he led an incursion raid into [[Columbus, New Mexico]], prompting the U.S. to send [[Pancho Villa Expedition|10,000 troops]] led by General [[John J. Pershing]] in an unsuccessful attempt to capture Villa. Carranza pushed back against U.S. troops being in northern Mexico. The expeditionary forces withdrew as the U.S. entered World War I.<ref>{{cite web|website=U.S. Department of State archive|date=20 January 2009|access-date=18 July 2019|title=Punitive Expedition in Mexico, 1916–1917|url=https://2001-2009.state.gov/r/pa/ho/time/wwi/108653.htm}}</ref>  Germany attempted to get Mexico to side with it, sending a coded [[Zimmermann Telegram|telegram]] in 1917 to incite war between the U.S. and Mexico, with Mexico to regain the territory it lost in the Mexican-American War.<ref>{{cite web|website=The National WWI Museum and Memorial |url=https://www.theworldwar.org/explore/centennial-commemoration/us-enters-war/zimmermann-telegram|title=ZIMMERMANN TELEGRAM|access-date=18 July 2019|date=2 March 2017}}</ref> Mexico remained neutral in the conflict.
-Consolidating power, President Carranza had peasant-leader Emiliano Zapata assassinated in 1919.<ref name="miranda"/>{{rp|312}}  Carranza had gained support of the peasantry during the Revolution, but once in power he did little to distribute land, and, in fact, returned some confiscated land to their original owners. President Carranza's best general, Obregón, served briefly in Carranza's administration, but returned to his home state of Sonora to position himself to run in the 1920 presidential election. Carranza chose a political and revolutionary no-body to succeed him. Obregón and two other Sonoran revolutionary generals drew up the [[Plan of Agua Prieta]], overthrowing Carranza, who died fleeing Mexico City in 1920. General [[Adolfo de la Huerta]] became interim president, followed the election of General [[Álvaro Obregón]].
-===Political consolidation and one-party rule (1920–2000)===
-{{See|Institutional Revolutionary Party}}
-[[File:PRI logo (Mexico).svg|thumb|left|200px|Logo of the Institutional Revolutionary Party, which incorporates the colors of the Mexican flag]]
-The first quarter-century of the post-revolutionary period (1920–1946) was characterized by revolutionary generals serving as [[Presidents of Mexico]], including [[Álvaro Obregón]] (1920–24), [[Plutarco Elías Calles]] (1924–28), [[Lázaro Cárdenas]] (1934–40), and [[Manuel Avila Camacho]] (1940–46). Since 1946, no member of the military has been President of Mexico. The post-revolutionary project of the Mexican government sought to bring order to the country, end military intervention in politics, and create organizations of interest groups. Workers, peasants, urban office workers, and even the army for a short period were incorporated as sectors of the single party that dominated Mexican politics from its founding in 1929.
-Obregón instigated land reform and strengthened the power of organized labor. He gained recognition from the United States and took steps to [[American-Mexican Claims Commission|settle claims]] with companies and individuals that lost property during the Revolution. He imposed his fellow former Sonoran revolutionary general, Calles, as his successor, prompting an unsuccessful military revolt. As president, Calles provoked a [[Cristero War|major conflict]] with the [[Catholic Church in Mexico|Catholic Church]] and Catholic guerrilla armies when he strictly enforced anticlerical articles of the 1917 Constitution. The Church-State conflict was mediated and ended with the aid of the [[Dwight W. Morrow|U.S. Ambassador to Mexico]] and ended with an agreement between the parties in conflict, by means of which the respective fields of action were defined. Although the constitution prohibited reelection of the president, Obregón wished to run again and the constitution was amended to allow non-consecutive re-election.  Obregón won the 1928 elections, but was assassinated by a Catholic zealot, causing a political crisis of succession. Calles could not become president again, since he has just ended his term.  He sought to set up a structure to manage presidential succession, founding the party that was to dominate Mexico until the late twentieth century. Calles declared that the Revolution had moved from ''[[caudillo|caudillismo]]'' (rule by strongmen) to the ''era institucional'' (institutional era).<ref>{{cite web|website=Instituto Nacional de Estudios Historicos de las Revoluciones de Mexico |url=https://inehrm.gob.mx/es/inehrm/Articulo_85_aniversario_de_la_Fundacion_del_Partido_Nacional_Revolucionario_PNR|title=85º ANIVERSARIO DE LA FUNDACIÓN DEL PARTIDO NACIONAL REVOLUCIONARIO (PNR)|access-date=18 July 2019|language=es|trans-title=85th anniversary of the founding of the National Revolutionary Party (PRN)|author=Rafael Hernández Ángeles}}</ref>
-[[File:Logo Petróleos Mexicanos.svg|thumb|right|Pemex, the national oil company created in 1938 for reasons of economic nationalism; it continues to provide major revenues for the government]]
-Despite not holding the presidency, Calles remained the key political figure during the period known as the [[Maximato]] (1929–1934). The Maximato ended during the presidency of [[Lázaro Cárdenas]], who expelled Calles from the country and implemented many economic and social reforms. This included the [[Mexican oil expropriation]] in March 1938, which nationalized the [[United States|U.S.]] and [[United Kingdom|Anglo]]-[[Netherlands|Dutch]] oil company known as the [[Mexican Eagle Petroleum Company]]. This movement would result in the creation of the state-owned Mexican oil company [[Pemex]]. This sparked a diplomatic crisis with the countries whose citizens had lost businesses by Cárdenas's radical measure, but since then the company has played an important role in the economic development of Mexico. Cárdenas's successor, [[Manuel Avila Camacho|Manuel Ávila Camacho]] (1940–1946) was more moderate, and relations between the U.S. and Mexico vastly improved during [[World War II]], when Mexico was a significant ally, providing manpower and materiel to aid the war effort.
-From 1946 the election of [[Miguel Alemán Valdés|Miguel Alemán]], the first civilian president in the post-revolutionary period, Mexico embarked on an aggressive program of economic development, known as the [[Mexican miracle]], which was characterized by industrialization, urbanization, and the increase of inequality in Mexico between urban and rural areas.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Mexican Miracle: 1940–1968|work=World History from 1500|publisher=Emayzine|url=http://www.emayzine.com/lectures/mex9.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070403000322/http://www.emayzine.com/lectures/mex9.html|archive-date=3 April 2007|access-date=30 September 2007}}</ref>  With robust economic growth, Mexico sought to showcase it to the world by hosting the [[1968 Summer Olympics]]. The government poured huge resources into building new facilities. At the same time, there was political unrest by university students and others with those expenditures, while their own circumstances were difficult. Demonstrations in central Mexico City went on for weeks before the planned opening of the games, with the government of [[Gustavo Díaz Ordaz]] cracking down. The culmination was the [[Tlatelolco Massacre]],<ref name=MMex>{{Cite book|title=Massacre in Mexico|author=Elena Poniatowska|publisher=Viking, New York|year=1975|isbn=978-0-8262-0817-0|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CmnDdj7eP-wC|author-link=Elena Poniatowska}}</ref> which claimed the lives of around 300 protesters based on conservative estimates and perhaps as many as 800.<ref>{{cite news|last=Kennedy |first=Duncan |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/programmes/from_our_own_correspondent/7513651.stm |title=Mexico's long forgotten dirty war |work=BBC News |date=19 July 2008 |access-date=17 July 2013}}</ref>
-[[File:1968 Mexico emblem.svg|thumb|Logo for the 1968 Mexico Olympics]]
-[[File:Estudiantes sobre cammión quemado (A68).JPG|thumb|Students in a burned bus during the [[Tlatelolco massacre|protests of 1968]]]]
-Although the economy continued to flourish for some, [[distribution of wealth|social inequality]] remained a factor of discontent. PRI rule became increasingly authoritarian and at times oppressive in what is now referred to as the [[Mexican Dirty War]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Krauze |first=Enrique |title=Furthering Democracy in Mexico |date=January–February 2006 |publisher=Foreign Affairs |url=http://www.foreignaffairs.org/20060101faessay85106/enrique-krauze/furthering-democracy-in-mexico.html? |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060110074536/http://www.foreignaffairs.org/20060101faessay85106/enrique-krauze/furthering-democracy-in-mexico.html |archive-date=10 January 2006 |access-date=7 October 2007 }}</ref>
-[[Luis Echeverría]], Minister of the Interior under Díaz Ordaz, carrying out the repression during the Olympics, was elected president in 1970. His government had to contend with mistrust of Mexicans and increasing economic problems. He instituted some with electoral reforms.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Schedler|first=Andreas|title=Electoral Authoritarianism: The Dynamics of Unfree Competition|year=2006|publisher=L. Rienner Publishers|isbn=978-1-58826-440-4|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I-QPAQAAMAAJ}}</ref><ref name="Crandall">{{Cite book|last=Crandall|first=R.|author2=Paz and Roett|title=Mexico's Democracy at Work|chapter=Mexico's Domestic Economy: Policy Options and Choices|publisher=Lynne Reinner Publishers|year=2004|isbn=978-0-8018-5655-6|page=[https://archive.org/details/cosmicracebiling00vasc/page/160 160]|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I8jgyZQliQgC|url=https://archive.org/details/cosmicracebiling00vasc/page/160}}</ref> Echeverría chose [[José López Portillo]] as his successor in 1976. Economic problems worsened in his early term, then massive reserves of petroleum were located off Mexico's Gulf Coast. Pemex did not have the capacity to develop these reserves itself, and brought in foreign firms.  Oil prices had been high because of [[OPEC]]'s lock on oil production, and López Portilla borrowed money from foreign banks for current spending to fund social programs.  Those foreign banks were happy to lend to Mexico because the oil reserves were enormous and future revenues were collateral for loans denominated in U.S. dollars.  When the [[1980s oil glut|price of oil]] dropped, Mexico's economy collapsed in the [[Latin American debt crisis|1982 Crisis]]. Interest rates soared, the peso devalued, and unable to pay loans, the government defaulted on its [[debt]]. [[Miguel de la Madrid|President Miguel de la Madrid]] (1982–88) resorted to currency devaluations which in turn sparked inflation.
-In the 1980s the first cracks emerged in the PRI's complete political dominance. In [[Baja California]], the [[Ernesto Ruffo Appel|PAN candidate]] was elected as governor. When De la Madrid chose [[Carlos Salinas de Gortari]] as the candidate for the PRI, and therefore a foregone presidential victor, [[Cuauhtémoc Cárdenas]], son of former President [[Lázaro Cárdenas]], broke with the PRI and challenged Salinas in the 1988 elections. In 1988 there was massive [[electoral fraud]], with results showing that Salinas had won the election by the narrowest percentage ever. There were massive protests in Mexico City to the stolen election. Salinas took the oath of office on 1 December 1988.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.photius.com/countries/mexico/government/mexico_government_the_1988_elections.html|title="Mexico The 1988 Elections" (Sources: The Library of the Congress Country Studies, CIA World Factbook)|publisher=Photius Coutsoukis |access-date=30 May 2010}}</ref> In 1990 the PRI was famously described by [[Mario Vargas Llosa]] as the "perfect dictatorship", but by then there had been major challenges to the PRI's hegemony.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://theconversation.com/massacres-disappearances-and-1968-mexicans-remember-the-victims-of-a-perfect-dictatorship-104196 |last=Gomez Romero|first=Luis |title=Massacres, disappearances and 1968: Mexicans remember the victims of a 'perfect dictatorship'  |date= 5 October 2018 |website= The Conversation }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://elpais.com/diario/1990/09/01/cultura/652140001_850215.html |title=Vargas Llosa: "México es la dictadura perfecta" |date= 1 September 1990 |newspaper= El País |last1=País |first1=Ediciones El }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Reding |first=Andrew |year=1991 |title=Mexico: The Crumbling of the "Perfect Dictatorship" |jstor=40209208 |journal=World Policy Journal |volume=8 |issue=2 |pages=255–284}}</ref>
-[[File:Nafta.jpg|thumb|right|NAFTA signing ceremony, October 1992. From left to right: (standing) President [[Carlos Salinas de Gortari]] (Mexico), President [[George H. W. Bush]] (U.S.), and Prime Minister [[Brian Mulroney]] (Canada)]]
-Although Salinas won by fraud, he embarked on a program of [[neoliberalism|neoliberal]] reforms which fixed the exchange rate of the peso, controlled inflation, opened Mexico to foreign investment, and began talks with the U.S. and Canada to join their [[free-trade agreement]]. In order to do that, the Constitution of 1917 was amended in several important ways. Article 27, which allowed the government to expropriate natural resources and distribute land, was amended to end agrarian reform and to guarantee private owners' property rights.  The anti-clerical articles that muzzled religious institutions, especially the Catholic Church, were amended and Mexico reestablished of diplomatic relations with the [[Holy See]], to which the Mexican State did not recognize as a political entity. Signing on to the [[North American Free Trade Agreement]] (NAFTA) removed Mexico's autonomy over trade policy. The agreement came into effect on 1 January 1994; the same day, the [[Zapatista Army of National Liberation]] (EZLN) started a two-week-long armed rebellion against the federal government, and has continued as a non-violent opposition movement against [[neoliberalism]] and [[globalization]].
-In 1994, following the assassination of the PRI's presidential candidate [[Luis Donaldo Colosio]], Salinas was succeeded by substitute PRI candidate [[Ernesto Zedillo]]. Salinas left Zedillo's government to deal with the [[Mexican peso crisis]], requiring a $50 billion [[IMF]] bailout. Major macroeconomic reforms were started by President Zedillo, and the economy rapidly recovered and growth peaked at almost 7% by the end of 1999.<ref>{{cite web|last=Cruz Vasconcelos|first=Gerardo|title=Desempeño Histórico 1914–2004|url=http://www.imef.org.mx/NR/rdonlyres/F722BEDD-A8DE-49BA-AF4F-1A00889CE618/1192/CAPITULOI1.pdf|access-date=17 February 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060703181721/http://www.imef.org.mx/NR/rdonlyres/F722BEDD-A8DE-49BA-AF4F-1A00889CE618/1192/CAPITULOI1.pdf |archive-date=3 July 2006|language=es}}</ref>
-===Contemporary Mexico===
-[[File:Vicente Fox flag (cropped).jpg|thumb|left|180px|[[Vicente Fox]] and his opposition [[National Action Party (Mexico)|National Action Party]] won the [[2000 Mexican general election|2000 general election]], ending one-party rule.]]
-In 2000, after 71 years, the PRI lost a presidential election to [[Vicente Fox]] of the opposition [[National Action Party (Mexico)|National Action Party]] (PAN). In the 2006 presidential election, [[Felipe Calderón]] from the PAN was declared the winner, with a very narrow margin (0.58%) over leftist politician [[Andrés Manuel López Obrador]] then the candidate of the [[Party of the Democratic Revolution]] (PRD).<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Valles Ruiz |first1=Rosa María |title=Elecciones presidenciales 2006 en México. La perspectiva de la prensa escrita |trans-title=2006 presidential Elections in Mexico. The Perspective of the Press |language=es |journal=Revista mexicana de opinión pública |date=June 2016 |issue=20 |pages=31–51 |url=http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S2448-49112016000100031 }}</ref> López Obrador, however, [[Controversies of the 2006 Mexican general election|contested the election]] and pledged to create an "alternative government".<ref>{{cite journal|last=Reséndiz|first=Francisco|title=Rinde AMLO protesta como "presidente legítimo"|journal=El Universal|year=2006|url=http://www.eluniversal.com.mx/notas/389114.html|language=es}}</ref>
-After twelve years, in 2012, the PRI won the presidency again with the election of [[Enrique Peña Nieto]], the governor of the [[State of Mexico]] from 2005 to 2011. However, he won with a plurality of about 38%, and did not have a legislative majority.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/centralamericaandthecaribbean/mexico/9369278/Enrique-Pena-Nieto-wins-Mexican-presidential-election.html|title=Enrique Pena Nieto wins Mexican presidential election|date=2 July 2012|work=Telegraph.co.uk|access-date=25 August 2015}}</ref>
-[[File:Fuerza del Estado Michoacán.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Military forces during an anti-drug operation in [[Michoacán]]. Since 2006 Mexico has been at [[Mexican drug war|war]] against various drug cartels, costing the lives of tens of thousands of people.]]
-After founding the new political party [[National Regeneration Movement|MORENA]], Andrés Manuel López Obrador won the 2018 presidential election with over 50% of the vote. His political coalition, led by his left-wing party founded after the 2012 elections, includes parties and politicians from all over the political spectrum. The coalition also won a majority in both the upper and lower congress chambers. AMLO's (one of his many nicknames) success is attributed to the country's other strong political alternatives exhausting their chances as well as the politician adopting a moderate discourse with focus in conciliation.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/the_americas/lopez-obrador-a-leftist-wins-sweeping-mandate-in-mexican-presidential-election/2018/07/02/4c5e1de4-7be3-11e8-ac4e-421ef7165923_story.html|title=López Obrador, winner of Mexican election, given broad mandate|last=Sieff|first=Kevin|website=Washington Post}}</ref>
-Mexico has contended with [[Crime in Mexico|high crime rates]], official corruption, [[Mexican drug war|narcotrafficking]], and a stagnant economy. Many state-owned industrial enterprises were privatized starting in the 1990s, with [[neoliberal]] reforms, but Pemex, the state-owned petroleum company is only slowly being privatized, with exploration licenses being issued.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Sharma |first1=Gaurav |title=Mexico's Oil And Gas Industry Privatization Efforts Nearing Critical Phase |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/gauravsharma/2018/05/10/mexicos-oil-and-gas-industry-privatization-efforts-nearing-critical-phase/ |access-date=4 June 2020 |work=Forbes |date=10 May 2018}}</ref> In AMLO's push against government corruption, the ex-CEO of Pemex has been arrested.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Barrera Diaz |first1=Cyntia |last2=Villamil |first2=Justin |last3=Still |first3=Amy |title=Pemex Ex-CEO Arrest Puts AMLO in Delicate Situation |url=https://www.rigzone.com/news/wire/pemex_exceo_arrest_puts_amlo_in_delicate_situation-14-feb-2020-161099-article/ |access-date=4 June 2020 |work=Rigzone |agency=Bloomberg |date=14 February 2020}}</ref>
-Although there were fears of electoral fraud in Mexico's 2018 presidential [[2018 Mexican general election|elections]],<ref>{{cite news |title=Mexico's presidential front runner on high alert for election fraud ahead of Sunday's vote |url=https://www.scmp.com/news/world/americas/article/2153214/mexicos-presidential-front-runner-high-alert-election-fraud |access-date=4 June 2020 |work=South China Morning Post |agency=Associated Press |date=30 June 2018}}</ref> the results gave a mandate to AMLO.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://fas.org/sgp/crs/row/IF10867.pdf |title=Mexico's 2018 Elections: Results and Potential Implications |date=17 July 2018 |website=fas.org |access-date=2021-04-12}}</ref> On 1 December 2018, [[Andrés Manuel López Obrador]] was sworn in as the new President of Mexico. After winning a landslide victory in the July 2018 presidential elections, he became the first leftwing president for decades.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-46415993|title=Mexico's López Obrador sworn in as first leftist president in decades|work=BBC News|date=2 December 2018}}</ref>
-In April 2021, the U.S. [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]] warned travellers that there was a very high level of [[COVID-19 pandemic|COVID-19]] in Mexico.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/notices/covid-4/coronavirus-mexico|title=COVID-19 in Mexico - COVID-19 Very High - Level 4: COVID-19 Very High - Travel Health Notices &#124; Travelers' Health &#124; CDC|website=wwwnc.cdc.gov}}</ref>
-==Geography==
-{{Main|Geography of Mexico}}
-[[File:Mexico topo.jpg|thumb|upright=1.25|Topographic map of Mexico]]
-Mexico is located between latitudes [[14th parallel north|14°]] and [[33rd parallel north|33°N]], and longitudes [[86th meridian west|86°]] and [[119th meridian west|119°W]] in the southern portion of North America. Almost all of Mexico lies in the [[North American Plate]], with small parts of the [[Baja California peninsula]] on the [[Pacific Plate|Pacific]] and [[Cocos Plate]]s. [[Geophysics|Geophysically]], some geographers include the territory east of the [[Isthmus of Tehuantepec]] (around 12% of the total) within Central America.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.grec.cat/ |archive-url=http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20160515192216/http://www.grec.cat/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=15 May 2016 |title=Nord-Amèrica, in Gran Enciclopèdia Catalana |publisher=Grec.cat |access-date=17 July 2013 }}</ref> [[Geopolitics|Geopolitically]], however, Mexico is entirely considered part of North America, along with Canada and the United States.<ref>{{cite book |last=Parsons |first=Alan |author2=Jonathan Schaffer |title=Geopolitics of oil and natural gas |publisher=U.S. Department of State |series=Economic Perspectives |date=May 2004}}</ref>
-Mexico's total area is {{convert|1972550|km2|sqmi|0|abbr=on}}, making it the [[List of countries and outlying territories by total area|world's 13th largest country by total area]]. It has coastlines on the [[Pacific Ocean]] and [[Gulf of California]], as well as the [[Gulf of Mexico]] and [[Caribbean Sea]], the latter two forming part of the [[Atlantic Ocean]].<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MuN7xR6wR-4C&pg=PA405 |page=405 |last=Vargas |first=Jorge A. |title=Mexico and the Law of the Sea: Contributions and Compromises |year=2011 |isbn=9789004206205}}</ref> Within these seas are about {{convert|6000|km2|sqmi|0|abbr=on}} of islands (including the remote Pacific [[Guadalupe Island]] and the [[Revillagigedo Islands]]). From its farthest land points, Mexico is a little over {{convert|2000|mi|km|0|abbr=on}} in length.
-On its north, Mexico shares a {{convert|3141|km|mi|0|abbr=on}} [[Mexico–United States border|border with the United States]]. The meandering [[Río Bravo del Norte]] (known as the Rio Grande in the United States) defines the border from [[Ciudad Juárez]] east to the Gulf of Mexico. A series of natural and artificial markers delineate the United States-Mexican border west from Ciudad Juárez to the Pacific Ocean. On its south, Mexico shares an {{convert|871|km|mi|0|abbr=on}} border with [[Guatemala]] and a {{convert|251|km|mi|0|abbr=on}} border with [[Belize]].
-Mexico is crossed from north to south by two mountain ranges known as [[Sierra Madre Oriental]] and [[Sierra Madre Occidental]], which are the extension of the [[Rocky Mountains]] from northern North America. From east to west at the center, the country is crossed by the [[Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt]] also known as the Sierra Nevada. A fourth mountain range, the [[Sierra Madre del Sur]], runs from [[Michoacán]] to [[Oaxaca]].<ref name="nationsencyclopedia1">{{cite web|url=http://www.nationsencyclopedia.com/Americas/Mexico-TOPOGRAPHY.html |title=Mexico Topography |publisher=Nationsencyclopedia.com |date=16 October 2007 |access-date=30 May 2010}}</ref>
-As such, the majority of the Mexican central and northern territories are located at high altitudes, and the highest elevations are found at the Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt: [[Pico de Orizaba]] ({{convert|5700|m|ft|0|disp=or|abbr=on}}), [[Popocatépetl]] ({{convert|5462|m|ft|0|disp=or|abbr=on}}) and [[Iztaccihuatl]] ({{convert|5286|m|ft|0|disp=or|abbr=on}}) and the [[Nevado de Toluca]] ({{convert|4577|m|ft|0|disp=or|abbr=on}}). Three major urban agglomerations are located in the valleys between these four elevations: [[Toluca]], [[Greater Mexico City]] and [[Puebla, Puebla|Puebla]].<ref name="nationsencyclopedia1"/>
-An important geologic feature of the Yucatán peninsula is the [[Chicxulub crater]]. The scientific consensus is that the [[Chicxulub impactor]] was responsible for the [[Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event]].
-===Climate===
-{{unreferenced section|date=September 2020}}
-{{Main|Climate of Mexico}}
-[[File:Mexico Köppen.svg|thumb|upright=1.25|Mexico map of [[Köppen climate classification]]]]
-The [[Tropic of Cancer]] effectively divides the country into temperate and tropical zones. Land north of the Tropic of Cancer experiences cooler temperatures during the winter months. South of the Tropic of Cancer, temperatures are fairly constant year round and vary solely as a function of elevation. This gives Mexico one of the world's most diverse weather systems.
-Areas south of the Tropic of Cancer with elevations up to {{convert|1000|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} (the southern parts of both coastal plains as well as the [[Yucatán Peninsula]]), have a yearly median temperature between {{convert|24|to|28|C|F|1}}. Temperatures here remain high throughout the year, with only a {{convert|5|C-change|0}} difference between winter and summer median temperatures. Both Mexican coasts, except for the south coast of the Bay of Campeche and northern Baja, are also vulnerable to serious [[tropical cyclone|hurricanes]] during the summer and fall. Although low-lying areas north of the Tropic of Cancer are hot and humid during the summer, they generally have lower yearly temperature averages (from {{convert|20|to|24|C|F|1|disp=or}}) because of more moderate conditions during the winter.
-Many large cities in Mexico are located in the Valley of Mexico or in adjacent valleys with altitudes generally above {{convert|2000|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}. This gives them a year-round temperate climate with yearly temperature averages (from {{convert|16|to|18|C|F|1|disp=or}}) and cool nighttime temperatures throughout the year.
-Many parts of Mexico, particularly the north, have a dry climate with sporadic rainfall while parts of the tropical lowlands in the south average more than {{convert|2000|mm|in|1|abbr=on}} of annual precipitation. For example, many cities in the north like [[Monterrey]], [[Hermosillo]], and [[Mexicali]] experience temperatures of {{convert|40|C|F}} or more in summer. In the [[Sonoran Desert]] temperatures reach {{convert|50|C|F}} or more.
-===Biodiversity===
-[[File:Mexican wolf lounging.jpg|thumb|[[Mexican wolf]]]]
-[[File:Graywhale_MMC.jpg|thumb|220px|[[Gray whale]]]]
-Mexico ranks fourth<ref>{{cite web|title=Ocupa México cuarto lugar mundial de biodiversidad|url=http://eleconomista.com.mx/sociedad/2011/11/05/ocupa-mexico-cuarto-lugar-mundial-biodiversidad|website=El Economista|access-date=5 February 2017|language=es}}</ref> in the world in biodiversity and is one of the 17 [[megadiverse countries]]. With over 200,000 different species, Mexico is home of 10–12% of the world's biodiversity.<ref name="SEMARNAT">{{cite web|title=Biodiversidad de México |publisher=SEMARNAT |url=http://cruzadabosquesagua.semarnat.gob.mx/iii.html |access-date=7 October 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071007045210/http://cruzadabosquesagua.semarnat.gob.mx/iii.html |archive-date=7 October 2007}}</ref> Mexico ranks first in biodiversity in [[reptile]]s with 707 known species, second in mammals with 438 species, fourth in [[amphibian]]s with 290 species, and fourth in flora, with 26,000 different species.<ref>{{cite web|title=Biodiversidad en México|publisher=CONEVYT|url=http://oregon.conevyt.org.mx/actividades/diversidad/lectura_biodiversidad.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071007013648/http://oregon.conevyt.org.mx/actividades/diversidad/lectura_biodiversidad.htm|archive-date=7 October 2007|access-date=7 October 2007}}</ref> Mexico is also considered the second country in the world in [[ecosystem]]s and fourth in overall species.<ref name="SNIB"/> About 2,500 species are protected by Mexican legislations.<ref name="SNIB">{{cite web|title=Sistema Nacional sobre la Biodiversidad en México|publisher=CONABIO|url=http://www.conabio.gob.mx/institucion/snib/doctos/acerca.html|access-date=7 October 2007}}</ref>
-{{as of|2002|alt=In 2002}}, Mexico had the second fastest rate of deforestation in the world, second only to Brazil.<ref name="autogenerated2002">{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/1854188.stm |title=Mexico's 'devastating' forest loss |work=BBC News |date=4 March 2002 |access-date=8 August 2011}}</ref> It had a 2019 [[Forest Landscape Integrity Index]] mean score of 6.82/10, ranking it 63rd globally out of 172 countries.<ref name="FLII-Supplementary">{{cite journal |last1=Grantham |first1=H. S. |last2=Duncan |first2=A. |last3=Evans |first3=T. D. |last4=Jones |first4=K. R. |last5=Beyer |first5=H. L. |last6=Schuster |first6=R. |last7=Walston |first7=J. |last8=Ray |first8=J. C. |last9=Robinson |first9=J. G. |last10=Callow |first10=M. |last11=Clements |first11=T. |last12=Costa |first12=H. M. |last13=DeGemmis |first13=A. |last14=Elsen |first14=P. R. |last15=Ervin |first15=J. |last16=Franco |first16=P. |last17=Goldman |first17=E. |last18=Goetz |first18=S. |last19=Hansen |first19=A. |last20=Hofsvang |first20=E. |last21=Jantz |first21=P. |last22=Jupiter |first22=S. |last23=Kang |first23=A. |last24=Langhammer |first24=P. |last25=Laurance |first25=W. F. |last26=Lieberman |first26=S. |last27=Linkie |first27=M. |last28=Malhi |first28=Y. |last29=Maxwell |first29=S. |last30=Mendez |first30=M. |last31=Mittermeier |first31=R. |last32=Murray |first32=N. J. |last33=Possingham |first33=H. |last34=Radachowsky |first34=J. |last35=Saatchi |first35=S. |last36=Samper |first36=C. |last37=Silverman |first37=J. |last38=Shapiro |first38=A. |last39=Strassburg |first39=B. |last40=Stevens |first40=T. |last41=Stokes |first41=E. |last42=Taylor |first42=R. |last43=Tear |first43=T. |last44=Tizard |first44=R. |last45=Venter |first45=O. |last46=Visconti |first46=P. |last47=Wang |first47=S. |last48=Watson |first48=J. E. M. |title=Anthropogenic modification of forests means only 40% of remaining forests have high ecosystem integrity |journal=Nature Communications |date=8 December 2020 |volume=11 |issue=1 |page=5978 |doi=10.1038/s41467-020-19493-3 |pmid=33293507 |pmc=7723057 |bibcode=2020NatCo..11.5978G }}</ref> The government has taken another initiative in the late 1990s to broaden the people's knowledge, interest and use of the country's esteemed biodiversity, through the [[Comisión Nacional para el Conocimiento y Uso de la Biodiversidad]].
-In Mexico, {{convert|170000|km2|sqmi|0}} are considered "Protected Natural Areas". These include 34 biosphere reserves (unaltered ecosystems), 67 [[List of national parks of Mexico|national parks]], 4 natural monuments (protected in perpetuity for their aesthetic, scientific or historical value), 26 areas of protected flora and fauna, 4 areas for natural resource protection (conservation of soil, hydrological basins and forests) and 17 sanctuaries (zones rich in diverse species).<ref name="SEMARNAT"/>
-The discovery of the Americas brought to the rest of the world many widely used [[Agriculture|food crops]] and [[edible plants]]. Some of Mexico's native [[culinary art|culinary]] ingredients include: chocolate, [[avocado]], [[tomato]], maize, [[vanilla]], [[guava]], [[chayote]], [[Dysphania ambrosioides|epazote]], [[Sweet potato|camote]], [[jícama]], [[nopal]], [[zucchini]], [[Crataegus mexicana|tejocote]], [[Corn smut|huitlacoche]], [[sapote]], [[mamey sapote]], many varieties of [[bean]]s, and an even greater variety of [[chili pepper|chiles]], such as the [[habanero]] and the [[jalapeño]]. Most of these names come from indigenous languages like [[Nahuatl]].
-Because of its high biodiversity Mexico has also been a frequent site of [[bioprospecting]] by international research bodies.<ref>Hayden, Cori. 2003. ''When Nature Goes Public: The Making and Unmaking of Bioproscpecting in Mexico''. Princeton University Press.</ref> The first highly successful instance being the discovery in 1947 of the tuber "[[Mexican barbasco trade|Barbasco]]" (''[[Dioscorea composita]]'') which has a high content of [[diosgenin]], revolutionizing the production of [[synthetic hormones]] in the 1950s and 1960s and eventually leading to the invention of [[combined oral contraceptive pill]]s.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Laveaga |first1=Gabriela Soto |title=Jungle Laboratories: Mexican Peasants, National Projects, and the Making of the Pill |date=2009 |publisher=Duke University Press |isbn=978-0-8223-9196-8 }}{{page needed|date=December 2020}}</ref>
-==Government and politics==
-===Government===
-{{Main|Federal government of Mexico}}
-[[File:AMLO_in_white_house.jpg|left|200px|thumb|[[Andrés Manuel López Obrador]] [[President of Mexico]]]]
-[[File:NewSenateBldgMexicoCity.jpg|thumb|right|200px|New [[Senate]] building on [[Paseo de la Reforma]] and Insurgentes in Mexico City]]
-The United Mexican States are a federation whose government is [[Representative democracy|representative]], democratic and [[republicanism|republican]] based on a presidential system according to the 1917 Constitution. The constitution establishes three levels of government: the federal Union, the state governments and the municipal governments. According to the constitution, all constituent states of the federation must have a republican form of government composed of three branches: the executive, represented by a governor and an appointed cabinet, the legislative branch constituted by a [[List of Mexican state legislatures|unicameral congress]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.livingmexico.com/government.html|title=Living México – The most complete online guide for information on Mexico.|last=https://www.sipuebla.com|website=www.livingmexico.com|language=en|access-date=27 January 2019}}</ref>{{Original research inline|date=September 2017}} and the judiciary, which will include a state Supreme Court of Justice. They also have their own civil and judicial codes.
-The federal [[legislature]] is the [[Bicameralism|bicameral]] [[Congress of the Union]], composed of the [[Senate of the Republic (Mexico)|Senate of the Republic]] and the [[Chamber of Deputies (Mexico)|Chamber of Deputies]]. The Congress makes [[federal law]], declares war, imposes taxes, approves the national budget and international treaties, and ratifies diplomatic appointments.<ref name="congress">{{cite web|title=Articles 50 to 79|work=Political Constitution of the United Mexican States|publisher=Congress of the Union of the United Mexican States|url=http://constitucion.gob.mx/index.php?idseccion=12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061113175736/http://constitucion.gob.mx/index.php?idseccion=12|archive-date=13 November 2006|access-date=3 October 2007}}</ref>
-The federal Congress, as well as the state legislatures, are elected by a system of [[parallel voting]] that includes plurality and [[proportional representation]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Third Title, First Chapter, About Electoral systems |work=Código Federal de Instituciones y Procedimientos Electorales (Federal Code of Electoral Institutions and Procedures) |date=15 August 1990 |publisher=Congress of the Union of the United Mexican States |url=http://normateca.ife.org.mx/normanet/files_otros/COFIPE/cofipe.pdf |access-date=3 October 2007 |language=es |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071025020343/http://normateca.ife.org.mx/normanet/files_otros/COFIPE/cofipe.pdf |archive-date=25 October 2007}}</ref> The Chamber of Deputies has 500 deputies. Of these, 300 are elected by [[Plurality voting system|plurality vote]] in [[single-member district]]s (the [[Federal electoral districts of Mexico|federal electoral districts]]) and 200 are elected by proportional representation with [[closed list|closed party lists]]<ref name="COFIPE_congreso">{{cite web|title=Third Title, First Chapter, About Electoral systems, Article 11–1 |work=Código Federal de Instituciones y Procedimientos Electorales (Federal Code of Electoral Institutions and Procedures) |date=15 August 1990 |publisher=Congress of the Union of the United Mexican States |url=http://normateca.ife.org.mx/normanet/files_otros/COFIPE/cofipe.pdf |access-date=3 October 2007 |language=es |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071025020343/http://normateca.ife.org.mx/normanet/files_otros/COFIPE/cofipe.pdf |archive-date=25 October 2007}}</ref> for which the country is divided into five electoral constituencies.<ref>{{cite web|title=Fourth Title, Second Chapter, About coalitions, Article 59–1 |work=Código Federal de Instituciones y Procedimientos Electorales (Federal Code of Electoral Institutions and Procedures) |date=15 August 1990 |publisher=Congress of the Union of the United Mexican States |url=http://normateca.ife.org.mx/normanet/files_otros/COFIPE/cofipe.pdf |access-date=3 October 2007 |language=es |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071025020343/http://normateca.ife.org.mx/normanet/files_otros/COFIPE/cofipe.pdf |archive-date=25 October 2007}}</ref> The Senate is made up of 128 senators. Of these, 64 senators (two for each state and two for Mexico City) are elected by plurality vote in pairs; 32 senators are the first minority or first-runner up (one for each state and one for Mexico City), and 32 are elected by proportional representation from national closed party lists.<ref name="COFIPE_congreso"/>
-The [[Executive (government)|executive]] is the [[President of Mexico|President of the United Mexican States]], who is the [[head of state]] and [[head of government|government]], as well as the [[commander-in-chief]] of the Mexican military forces. The President also appoints the [[Mexican Executive Cabinet|Cabinet]] and other officers. The President is responsible for executing and enforcing the law, and has the power to [[veto]] bills.<ref>{{cite web|title=Articles 80 to 93|work=Political Constitution of the United Mexican States|publisher=Congress of the Union of the United Mexican States|url=http://constitucion.gob.mx/index.php?idseccion=12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061113175736/http://constitucion.gob.mx/index.php?idseccion=12|archive-date=13 November 2006|access-date=3 October 2007}}</ref>
-[[File:Suprema4.jpg|thumbnail|Site of the [[National Supreme Court of Justice|Supreme Court of Justice]]]]
-The highest organ of the [[Judiciary|judicial branch]] of government is the [[National Supreme Court of Justice|Supreme Court of Justice]], the national [[supreme court]], which has eleven judges appointed by the President and approved by the Senate. The Supreme Court of Justice interprets laws and judges cases of federal competency. Other institutions of the judiciary are the [[Federal Electoral Tribunal]], collegiate, unitary and district tribunals, and the Council of the Federal Judiciary.<ref>{{cite web|title=Articles 90 to 107|work=Political Constitution of the United Mexican States|publisher=Congress of the Union of the United Mexican States|url=http://constitucion.gob.mx/index.php?idseccion=12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061113175736/http://constitucion.gob.mx/index.php?idseccion=12|archive-date=13 November 2006|access-date=3 October 2007}}</ref>
-===Politics===
-{{Main|Politics of Mexico}}
-Three parties have historically been the dominant parties in Mexican politics: the [[Institutional Revolutionary Party]] (PRI), a [[catch-all party]]<ref>{{cite book |editor=Niko Vorobyov |title=Dopeworld: Adventures in Drug Lands |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lHUKBAAAQBAJ&q=taiwan+far-right+NP&pg=PA44 |quote= ... Mexico spent most of the twentieth century governed by the Institutional Revolutionary Party or PRI, a bigtent, catch-all alliance that included everyone ... |date=2019 |publisher=[[Hachette UK]]|isbn=9781317755098 }}</ref> and member of the [[Socialist International]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pri.org.mx/PriistasTrabajando/saladeprensa/comunicados/noticia.aspx?x=1485|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081217142341/http://www.pri.org.mx/PriistasTrabajando/saladeprensa/comunicados/noticia.aspx?x=1485|archive-date=17 December 2008 |title=Entrevista a la Lic. Beatriz Paredes Rangel, Presidenta dle Comité Ejecutivo Nacional del PRI |date=17 December 2008 |access-date=17 July 2013}}</ref> that was founded in 1929 to unite all the factions of the [[Mexican Revolution]] and held an almost hegemonic power in Mexican politics since then; the [[National Action Party (Mexico)|National Action Party]] (PAN), a conservative party founded in 1939 and belonging to the [[Christian Democrat Organization of America]];<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.odca.org.mx/miembros.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080714033103/http://www.odca.org.mx/miembros.html|archive-date=14 July 2008 |title=Miembros Titulares |publisher=ODCA |date=14 July 2008 |access-date=17 July 2013}}</ref> and the [[Party of the Democratic Revolution]] (PRD) a left-wing party,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.prd.org.mx/portal/documentos/estatuto_xi.pdf |title=Estatuto del Partido de la Revolución Democrática |access-date=17 July 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130116235928/http://www.prd.org.mx/portal/documentos/estatuto_xi.pdf |archive-date=16 January 2013}}</ref> founded in 1989 as the successor of the coalition of socialists and liberal parties. PRD emerged after what has now been proven was a stolen election in 1988,<ref>{{cite web|website=The Tech.com|url=http://tech.mit.edu/V124/N11/wn-mexico-11.11w.html |title=Former Mexican President Reveals '88 Presidential Election Was Rigged|author=Ginger Thompson|date=9 March 2004|access-date=19 July 2019}}</ref> and has won numerous state and local elections since then. PAN won its first governorship in 1989, and won the presidency in 2000 and 2006.<ref>{{cite web|website=Televisa.News |url=https://noticieros.televisa.com/mexico/historia-partido-accion-nacional/|title=Historia del Partido Acción Nacional|date=14 September 2014|access-date=19 July 2019}}</ref>
-A new political party, [[National Regeneration Movement]] (MORENA), a leftist-populist party, emerged after the 2012 election and dominated the [[2018 Mexican general election]].<ref>{{cite web|website=Dinero en Imagen|title=¿Qué es Morena, y cuándo se fundó |url=https://www.dineroenimagen.com/actualidad/que-es-morena-y-cuando-se-fundo/101166|date=5 July 2018|access-date=19 July 2019|language=es |trans-title=What is Morena, and when was it founded?}}</ref>
-Unlike many Latin American countries, the military in Mexico does not participate in politics and is under civilian control.<ref>Camp, ''Generals in the Palacio'' p.6</ref>
-===Foreign relations===
-{{Main|Foreign relations of Mexico}}
-[[File:Alfonso_Garcia_Robles_1981.jpg|right|thumb|[[Alfonso García Robles]] diplomat who received the [[Nobel Peace Prize]] in 1982.]]
-The foreign relations of Mexico are directed by the [[President of Mexico]]<ref name="CPEUM89"/> and managed through the [[Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Mexico)|Ministry of Foreign Affairs]].<ref name="SRE">{{cite web|author=Internal Rules of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs |title=Article 2, Section 1 |date=10 August 2001 |publisher=Ministry of Foreign Affairs |url=http://www.sre.gob.mx/acerca/marco_normativo/reglamento.htm |access-date=28 March 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080611012801/http://www.sre.gob.mx/acerca/marco_normativo/reglamento.htm |archive-date=11 June 2008|language=es}}</ref> The principles of the [[foreign policy]] are constitutionally recognized in the Article 89, Section 10, which include: respect for [[international law]] and [[Sovereign state|legal equality of states]], their [[sovereignty]] and [[independence]], trend to [[non-interventionism]] in the domestic affairs of other countries, [[Dispute resolution|peaceful resolution of conflicts]], and promotion of [[international security|collective security]] through active participation in [[international organizations]].<ref name="CPEUM89">{{cite web|author=Political Constitution of the United Mexican States |title=Article 89, Section 10 |date=5 February 1917 |publisher=Chamber of Deputies |url=http://www.cddhcu.gob.mx/LeyesBiblio/pdf/1.pdf |access-date=28 March 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070825041639/http://www.cddhcu.gob.mx/LeyesBiblio/pdf/1.pdf |archive-date=25 August 2007|language=es}}</ref> Since the 1930s, the [[Estrada Doctrine]] has served as a crucial complement to these principles.<ref name=estradadoctrine>{{cite web|last=Palacios Treviño |first=Jorge |title=La Doctrina Estrada y el Principio de la No-Intervención |url=http://www.diplomaticosescritores.org/obras/DOCTRINAESTRADA.pdf |access-date=4 April 2009 |language=es |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090206085102/http://diplomaticosescritores.org/obras/DOCTRINAESTRADA.pdf |archive-date=6 February 2009 }}</ref>
-Mexico is founding member of several international organizations, most notably the United Nations,<ref>{{cite web|author=UN |title=United Nations Member States |date=7 November 1945 |publisher=UN official website |url=https://www.un.org/members/list.shtml#m |access-date=6 April 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090417145758/http://www.un.org/members/list.shtml |archive-date=17 April 2009 }}</ref> the [[Organization of American States]],<ref name="Velázquez Flores 2007, p. 145">Velázquez Flores (2007), p. 145.</ref> the [[Organization of Ibero-American States]],<ref>{{cite web|author=Organization of Ibero-American States |title=Members |publisher=OEI official website |url=http://www.oei.es/acercaoei.htm |access-date=6 April 2009|language=es}}</ref> the [[OPANAL]]<ref>{{cite web|author=OPANAL |title=Members |publisher=OPANAL official website |url=http://www.opanal.org/opanal/about/about-i.htm |access-date=6 April 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090814205200/http://opanal.org/opanal/about/about-i.htm |archive-date=14 August 2009 }}</ref> and the [[Community of Latin American and Caribbean States|CELAC]].<ref>{{cite web|author=Ministry of Foreign Affairs |title=El Presidente Felipe Calderón Hinojosa en la Ceremonia de Entrega de la Secretaría Pro Témpore del Grupo de Río |date=7 March 2007 |publisher=Gobierno Federal |url=http://portal2.sre.gob.mx/gruporio/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=2&Itemid=2 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090823035712/http://portal2.sre.gob.mx/gruporio/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=2&Itemid=2 |archive-date=23 August 2009 |access-date=6 April 2009|language=es}}</ref> In 2008, Mexico contributed over 40 million [[American dollar|dollars]] to the United Nations regular budget.<ref name="unbudget">{{cite web|author=United Nations |title=Regular Budget Payments of Largest Payers |year=2008 |publisher=Global Policy |url=http://www.globalpolicy.org/finance/tables/reg-budget/large08.htm |access-date=4 April 2009}}</ref> In addition, it was the only Latin American member of the [[Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development]] since it joined in 1994 until [[Chile]] gained full membership in 2010.<ref>{{cite web|author=Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development |title=Members |date=18 May 1994 |publisher=OECD official website |url=http://www.oecd.org/document/58/0,3343,en_2649_201185_1889402_1_1_1_1,00.html |access-date=6 April 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Chile joins the OECD's Economic Club |date=12 January 2010 |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/business/2010/01/100112_chile_oecd_biz.shtml |access-date=23 April 2010}}</ref>
-Mexico is considered a [[regional power]]<ref name="regionalpower">{{cite web|title=Japan's Regional Diplomacy, Latin America and the Caribbean|publisher=Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan|url=http://www.mofa.go.jp/policy/other/bluebook/2006/05.pdf|access-date=4 April 2009}}</ref><ref name="regionalpower2">{{cite web|title=Latin America: Region is losing ground to competitors|publisher=Oxford Analytica|url=http://www.oxanstore.com/displayfree.php?NewsItemID=130098 |access-date=4 April 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071024190633/http://www.oxanstore.com/displayfree.php?NewsItemID=130098 |archive-date=24 October 2007}}</ref> hence its presence in major economic groups such as the [[G8+5]] and the [[G-20 major economies|G-20]]. In addition, since the 1990s Mexico has sought a [[Reform of the United Nations Security Council|reform of the United Nations Security Council and its working methods]]<ref name="Foreign Affairs 2005 p. 215">Ministry of Foreign Affairs (2005), p. 215.</ref> with the support of Canada, Italy, Pakistan and other nine countries, which form a group informally called the [[Coffee Club]].<ref name="coffeeclub">{{cite news |author=Maggie Farley |title=Mexico, Canada Introduce Third Plan to Expand Security Council |date=22 July 2005 |work=Los Angeles Times |url=https://articles.latimes.com/2005/jul/22/world/fg-unreform22 |access-date=4 April 2009}}</ref>
-After the [[Independence of Mexico|War of Independence]], the relations of Mexico were focused primarily on the United States, its northern neighbor, [[Economy of Mexico|largest trading partner]],<ref>{{cite web|title=Bilateral Trade |year=2006 |publisher=Embassy of the U.S. in Mexico |url=http://usembassy-mexico.gov/eng/eataglance_trade.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090827020501/http://usembassy-mexico.gov/eng/eataglance_trade.html |archive-date=27 August 2009 |access-date=28 March 2009}}</ref> and the most [[superpower|powerful actor in hemispheric and world affairs]].<ref>{{cite web |author=Kim Richard Nossal |title=Lonely Superpower or Unapologetic Hyperpower? Analyzing American Power in the Post-Cold War Era |date=29 June – 2 July 1999 |publisher=Queen's University |url=http://post.queensu.ca/~nossalk/papers/hyperpower.htm |access-date=28 March 2009 |archive-date=26 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190526100449/http://post.queensu.ca/~nossalk/papers/hyperpower.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> Mexico supported the [[Cuban Revolution|Cuban government]] since its establishment in the early 1960s,<ref name="keller">{{cite web|author=Renata Keller |title=Capitalizing on Castro: Mexico's Foreign Relations with Cuba, 1959–1969 |year=2009 |publisher=Latin American Network Information Center |url=http://lanic.utexas.edu/project/etext/llilas/ilassa/2009/keller.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110513114515/http://lanic.utexas.edu/project/etext/llilas/ilassa/2009/keller.pdf |archive-date=13 May 2011 |access-date=28 March 2009}}</ref> the [[Sandinista National Liberation Front|Sandinista revolution]] in Nicaragua during the late 1970s,<ref name="salaverry">{{cite web|author=Salaverry, Jorge |title=Evolution of Mexican Foreign Policy |date=11 March 1988 |publisher=The Heritage Foundation |url=http://www.heritage.org/research/latinamerica/bg638.cfm |access-date=28 March 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090313091909/http://www.heritage.org/Research/LatinAmerica/bg638.cfm |archive-date=13 March 2009}}</ref> and leftist revolutionary groups in [[El Salvador]] during the 1980s.<ref name="elsalvador">{{cite web |title=El Salvador in the 1980s |publisher=Historical Text Archive |url=http://historicaltextarchive.com/sections.php?op=viewarticle&artid=345 |access-date=28 March 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110501065903/http://historicaltextarchive.com/sections.php?op=viewarticle&artid=345 |archive-date=1 May 2011 |url-status=dead  }}</ref> [[Felipe Calderón]]'s administration (2006–2012) put a greater emphasis on relations with Latin America and the Caribbean.<ref name="Calderon FP">{{cite web|language=es |author=Dirección General de Coordinación Política |title=Se hará política exterior de Estado: Patricia Espinosa |date=2 December 2008 |publisher=Senate of the Republic |url=http://www.senado.gob.mx/gace.php?sesion=2008/12/04/1&documento=4 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110513104203/http://www.senado.gob.mx/gace.php?sesion=2008%2F12%2F04%2F1&documento=4 |url-status=dead |archive-date=13 May 2011 |access-date=29 March 2009}}</ref> [[Enrique Peña Nieto]] (2012–2018) emphasized economic issues and foreign investment, particularly the now-defunct [[Trans-Pacific Partnership]].<ref>{{cite web|website=Shaping the Pacific Alliance|title=Mexico's Foreign Policy during the Presidency of Enrique Peña Nieto|year=2018|access-date=19 July 2019|author=Ana Maria Palacio|url=http://pacificallianceblog.com/mexicos-foreign-policy-presidency-enrique-pena-nieto/}}</ref> [[Andrés Manuel López Obrador]] has taken a cautious approach, unwilling to challenge U.S. President [[Donald Trump]] on either trade or migration, while maintaining neutrality on [[Venezuelan protests (2014–present)|Venezuela]] and welcoming Chinese money.<ref>{{cite web|website=Global Americans|url=https://theglobalamericans.org/2019/02/amlos-cautious-foreign-policy/|title=AMLO's cautious foreign policy|author=Greg Weeks|date=15 February 2019|access-date=19 July 2019}}</ref>
-===Military===
-{{Main|Mexican Armed Forces}}
-{{See also|Military history of Mexico}}
-[[File:Marina-Panther-Unitasgold2009.jpg|thumb|upright|A [[Mexican Navy]] [[Eurocopter]]]]
-The Mexican military "provides a unique example of a military leadership's transforming itself into a civilian political elite, simultaneously transferring the basis of power from the army to a civilian state."<ref>Camp, Roderic Ai. ''Generals in the Palacio: The Military in Modern Mexico''. New York: Oxford University Press 1992, p.6</ref>  The transformation was brought about by revolutionary generals in the 1920s and 1930s, following the demise of the [[Federal Army]] following its complete defeat during the decade-long Mexican Revolution.<ref>Liewen, Edwin. ''Mexican Militarism''. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press 1968</ref>
-The Mexican Armed Forces have two branches: the [[Mexican Army]] (which includes the [[Mexican Air Force]]), and the [[Mexican Navy]]. The Mexican Armed Forces maintain significant infrastructure, including facilities for design, research, and testing of weapons, vehicles, aircraft, naval vessels, defense systems and electronics;<ref name="impreso.milenio.com"/><ref name="Mexican Naval missile">{{cite web|url=http://www.expreso.com.mx/PortalNovo/sitio/nota.php?cod_idioma=3&cod_conteudo=9320&cod=274&tipoINICIO=&codconteudoINICIO=9320 |title=Mexican Naval missile (in Spanish) |publisher=Expreso.com.mx |access-date=17 July 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130702201536/http://www.expreso.com.mx/PortalNovo/sitio/nota.php?cod_idioma=3&cod_conteudo=9320&cod=274&tipoINICIO=&codconteudoINICIO=9320 |archive-date=2 July 2013}}</ref> military industry manufacturing centers for building such systems, and advanced naval dockyards that build heavy military vessels and advanced missile technologies.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.semar.gob.mx/informes/nueva_realidad_2004/pag_20.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041111032722/http://www.semar.gob.mx/informes/nueva_realidad_2004/pag_20.htm|archive-date=11 November 2004 |title=Buque logístico multipropósito |language=es |date=11 November 2004 |access-date=17 July 2013}}</ref>
-In recent years, Mexico has improved its training techniques, military command and information structures and has taken steps to becoming more self-reliant in supplying its military by designing as well as manufacturing its own arms,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thegunzone.com/556dw-15.html |title=The 5.56 X 45 mm: 2006 |publisher=Thegunzone.com |access-date=8 August 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110807101157/http://www.thegunzone.com/556dw-15.html |archive-date=7 August 2011}}</ref> missiles,<ref name="Mexican Naval missile"/> aircraft,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www2.prnewswire.com/cgi-bin/stories.pl?ACCT=104&STORY=/www/story/09-07-2007/0004658596&E |title=Hydra Technologies Surprises UAV Industry with Mexican-Made System, Earns Coveted Award at AUVSI's Unmanned Systems North America 2007 Show in D.C |publisher=.prnewswire.com |access-date=30 May 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110403144418/http://www2.prnewswire.com/cgi-bin/stories.pl?ACCT=104 |archive-date=3 April 2011 }}</ref> vehicles, heavy weaponry, electronics,<ref name="impreso.milenio.com"/> defense systems,<ref name="impreso.milenio.com"/> armor, heavy military industrial equipment and heavy naval vessels.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.semar.gob.mx/boletin/2006/bol_225_06.htm |title=Mexican navy 2006 activities official report |publisher=Semar.gob.mx |access-date=30 May 2010}}</ref> Since the 1990s, when the military escalated its role in the [[Mexican Drug War|war on drugs]], increasing importance has been placed on acquiring airborne surveillance platforms, aircraft, [[helicopters]], digital war-fighting technologies,<ref name="impreso.milenio.com">{{cite web|author=Loke |url=http://impreso.milenio.com/node/8696274 |title=Capacitarán a militares en combates con rifles láser &#124; Ediciones Impresas Milenio |publisher=Impreso.milenio.com |access-date=30 May 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100514075604/http://impreso.milenio.com/node/8696274 |archive-date=14 May 2010}}</ref> urban warfare equipment and rapid troop transport.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.strategicstudiesinstitute.army.mil/pdffiles/pub638.pdf |title=Strategy on recent equipment purchases: The Mexican Armed Forces in Transition |access-date=17 July 2013}}</ref>
-Mexico has the capabilities to manufacture nuclear weapons, but abandoned this possibility with the [[Treaty of Tlatelolco]] in 1968 and pledged to only use its nuclear technology for peaceful purposes.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.opanal.org/opanal/Tlatelolco/Tlatelolco-i.htm |title=Text of the Treaty of Tlatelolco |publisher=Opanal.org |date=27 November 1963 |access-date=9 March 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110430200457/http://www.opanal.org/opanal/Tlatelolco/Tlatelolco-i.htm |archive-date=30 April 2011}}</ref> In 1970, Mexico's national institute for nuclear research successfully refined weapons grade uranium<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.inin.gob.mx/ |title=instituto nacional de investigaciones nucleares |publisher=Inin.gob.mx |access-date=9 March 2011}}</ref>{{Failed verification|date=March 2011}} which is used in the manufacture of nuclear weapons but in April 2010, Mexico agreed to turn over its weapons grade uranium to the United States.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.upi.com/Top_News/Special/2010/04/13/Mexico-to-slash-weapons-grade-uranium/UPI-91401271180679/ |title=Mexico to slash weapons-grade uranium |publisher=UPI.com |access-date=9 March 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/8618066.stm |work=BBC News |title=Russia and US sign plutonium pact |date=13 April 2010}}</ref> Mexico signed the UN treaty on the [[Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons|Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=XXVI-9&chapter=26&clang=_en |title=Chapter XXVI: Disarmament&nbsp;– No. 9 Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons |publisher=United Nations Treaty Collection |date=7 July 2017}}</ref>
-Historically, Mexico has remained neutral in international conflicts,<ref>{{cite web|language=es|author=Gustavo Iruegas |title=Adiós a la neutralidad |date=27 April 2007 |work=La Jornada |url=http://www.jornada.unam.mx/2007/04/27/index.php?section=opinion&article=023a2pol |access-date=4 April 2009}}</ref> [[Mexico in World War II|with the exception of World War II]]. However, in recent years some political parties have proposed an amendment of the [[Constitution of Mexico|Constitution]] to allow the Mexican Army, Air Force or Navy to collaborate with the United Nations in [[peacekeeping|peacekeeping missions]], or to provide military help to countries that officially ask for it.<ref name="neutral">{{cite web|author1=Ricardo Gómez  |author2=Andrea Merlos  |name-list-style=amp |title=Diputados, en Favor de Derogar Neutralidad en Guerras |date=20 April 2007 |publisher=El Universal |url=http://www.eluniversal.com.mx/nacion/150273.html |access-date=4 April 2009|language=es}}</ref>
-===Law enforcement===
-{{main|Law enforcement in Mexico}}
-[[File:FederalPoliceDF.jpg|upright|thumb|[[Federal Police (Mexico)|Federal Police]] headquarters in [[Mexico City]]]]
-Public security is enacted at the three levels of government, each of which has different prerogatives and responsibilities. Local and state police departments are primarily in charge of law enforcement, whereas the [[Mexican Federal Police]] are in charge of specialized duties. All levels report to the Secretaría de Seguridad Pública (Secretary of Public Security). The General Attorney's Office (Fiscalía General de la República, FGR) is a constitutional autonomous organism in charge of investigating and prosecuting crimes at the federal level, mainly those related to drug and arms trafficking,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://mexidata.info/id2684.html |title=An Inside Look at Mexican Guns and Arms Trafficking |access-date=9 May 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101125114503/http://mexidata.info/id2684.html |archive-date=25 November 2010 |url-status=dead}}</ref> espionage, and bank robberies.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.photius.com/countries/mexico/national_security/mexico_national_security_police_and_law_enfor~516.html |title=Mexico Police and Law Enforcement Organizations |publisher=Photius.com |date=1 January 1994 |access-date=17 July 2013}}</ref> The FGR operates the [[Federal Ministerial Police]] (Policia Federal Ministerial, PMF) an investigative and preventive agency.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pgr.gob.mx/Combate%20a%20la%20Delincuencia/Agencia%20Federal%20de%20Investigacion/Agencia%20Federal%20de%20Investigacion.asp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070501122159/http://www.pgr.gob.mx/Combate%20a%20la%20Delincuencia/Agencia%20Federal%20de%20Investigacion/Agencia%20Federal%20de%20Investigacion.asp|archive-date=1 May 2007 |title=Agencia Federal de Investigacion. Procuraduría General de la República |date=1 May 2007 |access-date=17 July 2013}}</ref>
-While the government generally respects the human rights of its citizens, serious abuses of power have been reported in security operations in the southern part of the country and in indigenous communities and poor urban neighborhoods.<ref name=brit-mex>{{cite web |url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/379167/Mexico |title=Mexico |publisher=Britannica Online Encyclopedia |access-date=6 March 2011}}</ref> The National Human Rights Commission has had little impact in reversing this trend, engaging mostly in documentation but failing to use its powers to issue public condemnations to the officials who ignore its recommendations.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.economist.com/world/la/displaystory.cfm?story_id=10696136 |title=Big, expensive and weirdly spineless |publisher=The Economist |date=14 February 2008 |access-date=17 July 2013}}</ref> By law, all defendants have the rights that assure them fair trials and humane treatment; however, the system is overburdened and overwhelmed with several problems.<ref name=brit-mex/>
-Despite the efforts of the authorities to fight crime and fraud, most Mexicans have low confidence in the police or the judicial system, and therefore, few crimes are actually reported by the citizens.<ref name=brit-mex/> The ''Global Integrity Index'' which measures the existence and effectiveness of national anti-corruption mechanisms rated Mexico 31st behind Kenya, Thailand, and Russia.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://report.globalintegrity.org/globalindex/results.cfm |title=Global Integrity Report |publisher=Report.globalintegrity.org |access-date=8 August 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111003124001/http://report.globalintegrity.org/globalindex/results.cfm |archive-date=3 October 2011}}</ref> In 2008, president Calderón proposed a major reform of the judicial system, which was approved by the Congress of the Union, which included oral trials, the presumption of innocence for defendants, the authority of local police to investigate crime—until then a prerogative of special police units—and several other changes intended to speed up trials.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/03/07/world/americas/07mexico.html?_r=1&oref=slogin |title=Mexico's Congress Passes Overhaul of Justice Laws |author=McKinley, JC Jr |work=The New York Times |date=7 March 2008 |access-date=17 July 2013}}</ref>
-===Crime===
-{{Main|Crime in Mexico|Mexican Drug War|Human trafficking in Mexico}}
-Drug cartels are a major concern in Mexico.<ref name=Cartel>{{cite web|url=http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2009/07/17/world/main5167018.shtml |title=Mexico Boosts Force in War with Drug Gang |publisher=Cbsnews.com |date=17 July 2009 |access-date=8 August 2011}}</ref> [[Mexican Drug War|Mexico's drug war]], ongoing since 2006, has left over 120,000 dead and perhaps another 37,000 missing.<ref name=cfrdeaths>{{cite news |url=https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/mexicos-drug-war|title=Mexico's Drug War|work=Council on Foreign Relations|date=24 January 2019 |access-date=19 July 2019|author1=Brianna Lee|author2=Danielle Renwick|author3=Rocio Cara Labrador}}</ref> The Mexican [[drug cartel]]s have as many as 100,000 members.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2009/mar/03/100000-foot-soldiers-in-cartels/ |title=100,000 foot soldiers in Mexican cartels |work=The Washington Times |date=3 March 2009 |access-date=7 May 2012}}</ref> Mexico's [[Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Geografía|National Geography and Statistics Institute]] estimated that in 2014, one-fifth of Mexicans were victims of some sort of crime.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Franco |first1=Yanira |title=Uno de cada cinco, víctima de algún delito: Inegi |trans-title=One in five, victim of a crime: Inegi |url=https://www.milenio.com/policia/uno-de-cada-cinco-victima-de-algun-delito-inegi |access-date=4 June 2020 |work=Milenio |date=1 October 2015 |location=Mexico City |language=es}}</ref> The U.S. [[Department of State]] warns its citizens to exercise increased caution when traveling in Mexico, issuing travel advisories on its website.<ref>{{cite web |title=Mexico Travel Advisory |url=https://travel.state.gov/content/travel/en/traveladvisories/traveladvisories/mexico-travel-advisory.html |website=Travel.State.Gov |publisher=U.S. Department of State — Bureau of Consular Affairs |access-date=4 June 2020 |date=17 December 2019}}</ref>
-[[File:Ayotz1napa ohs202.jpg|thumb|right|Demonstration on 26 September 2015, in the first anniversary of the [[2014 Iguala mass kidnapping|disappearance of the 43 students]] in the Mexican town of [[Iguala]]]]
-President [[Felipe Calderón]] (2006–12) made eradicating organized crime one of the top priorities of his administration by deploying military personnel to cities where drug cartels operate. This move was criticized by the opposition parties and the National Human Rights Commission for escalating the violence,<ref>{{citation|newspaper=La Jornada|location=Mexico City|date=5 February 2018|access-date=11 July 2019|title=Gobierno de Calderón mantiene récord en violaciones a derechos|language=es|trans-title=Government of Calderon has a record of violations of rights |url=https://www.jornada.com.mx/2018/02/05/politica/003n1pol#|last=Olivares Alonso|first=Emir}}</ref> but its effects have been positively evaluated by the US State Department's [[Bureau for International Narcotics and Law Enforcement Affairs]] as having obtained "unprecedented results" with "many important successes".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://2001-2009.state.gov/p/inl/rls/nrcrpt/2008/vol1/html/100777.htm|title=International Narcotics Control Strategy Report |publisher=Bureau of International Narcotics and Law Enforcement Affairs |year=2008 |access-date=17 July 2013}}</ref>
-Since President Felipe Calderón launched a crackdown against cartels in 2006, more than 28,000 alleged criminals have been successfully killed.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/country_profiles/1205074.stm |title=Mexico country profile |work=BBC News |date=29 November 2010 |access-date=9 March 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|agency=AP |url=http://www.foxnews.com/world/2010/12/16/killed-mexicos-drug-violence/ |title=More Than 30,000 Killed in Mexico's Drug Violence |publisher=Fox News |date=1 February 2010 |access-date=9 March 2011}}</ref> Of the total drug-related violence 4% are innocent people,<ref name="MSNBC">{{cite web |url=http://www.nbcnews.com/id/29413556 |title=Mexican president: We're not losing drug war |access-date=9 January 2011 |work=NBC News}}</ref> mostly by-passers and people trapped in between shootings; 90% accounts for criminals and 6% for military personnel and police officers.<ref name="MSNBC"/> In October 2007, President Calderón and US president [[George W. Bush]] announced the [[Mérida Initiative]], a plan of law enforcement cooperation between the two countries.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.el-universal.com.mx/notas/456623.html |title=Otorgará Iniciativa Mérida 500 mdd a México en primer año |author=Gómez, Natalia |publisher=El Universal |date=22 October 2007 |access-date=17 July 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071030115906/http://www.el-universal.com.mx/notas/456623.html |archive-date=30 October 2007 |url-status=dead  }}</ref>
-More than 100 journalists and [[List of journalists and media workers killed in Mexico|media workers have been killed or disappeared]] since 2000, and most of these crimes remained unsolved, improperly investigated, and with few perpetrators arrested and convicted.<ref>{{cite web|title=Freedom of Expression in Mexico|url=http://www.pen.org/campaign/freedom-expression-mexico|publisher=[[PEN American Center]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130723210845/http://www.pen.org/campaign/freedom-expression-mexico|url-status=dead|archive-date=23 July 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Alcázar|first1=Jesús|title=Más de 100 periodistas asesinados en México desde el año 2000|url=http://www.elmundo.es/internacional/2014/06/17/53a089ccca47415c528b45a4.html|agency=[[EFE]]|publisher=[[El Mundo (Spain)]]|date=17 July 2014|language=es}}</ref>
-The [[2014 Iguala mass kidnapping|mass kidnapping]] of the 43 students in [[Iguala]] on 26 September 2014 triggered nationwide protests against the government's weak response to the disappearances and widespread corruption that gives free rein to criminal organizations.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Tuckman |first1=Jo |title=Mexicans in biggest protest yet over missing students |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/nov/21/mexicans-protesting-about-missing-students-scuffle-with-police |access-date=4 June 2020 |work=The Guardian |date=21 November 2014 |location=Mexico City}}</ref>
-===Administrative divisions===
-{{Main|Administrative divisions of Mexico|States of Mexico|Municipalities of Mexico|List of Mexican state legislatures}}
-The United Mexican States are a federation of 31 free and sovereign states, which form a union that exercises a degree of jurisdiction over [[Mexico City]].<ref name="thought">{{cite web|publisher=Thought.Co.|title=Mexico's 31 States and One Federal District|url=https://www.thoughtco.com/states-of-mexico-1435213|author=Amanda Briney|date=8 October 2018|access-date=15 July 2019}}</ref>
-Each state has its own constitution, [[congress]], and a judiciary, and its citizens elect by [[direct vote|direct voting]] a [[List of Mexican state governors|governor]] for a six-year term, and representatives to their respective unicameral state congresses for three-year terms.<ref>{{cite web|title=Article 116|work=Political Constitution of the United Mexican States|publisher=Congress of the Union of the United Mexican States|url=http://constitucion.gob.mx/index.php?idseccion=12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061113175736/http://constitucion.gob.mx/index.php?idseccion=12|archive-date=13 November 2006 |access-date=7 October 2007}}</ref>
-Mexico City is a special political division that belongs to the federation as a whole and not to a particular state.<ref name="thought" /> Formerly known as the Federal District, its autonomy was previously limited relative to that of the states.<ref>{{cite web|title=Article 112|work=Political Constitution of the United Mexican States|publisher=Congress of the Union of the United Mexican States|url=http://constitucion.gob.mx/index.php?idseccion=12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061113175736/http://constitucion.gob.mx/index.php?idseccion=12|archive-date=13 November 2006 |access-date=7 October 2007}}</ref> It dropped this designation in 2016 and is in the process of achieving greater political autonomy by becoming a federal entity with [[Constitutional Assembly of Mexico City|its own constitution]] and congress.<ref>{{cite web |title=Federal District is now officially Mexico City: The change brings more autonomy for the country's capital |date=30 January 2016 |work=Mexico News Daily |url=http://mexiconewsdaily.com/news/federal-district-is-now-officially-mexico-city/ |access-date=5 January 2018}}</ref>
-The states are divided into [[Municipalities of Mexico|municipalities]], the smallest administrative political entity in the country, governed by a [[mayor|mayor or municipal president]] ({{lang|es|presidente municipal}}), elected by its residents by plurality.<ref>{{cite web|title=Article 115|work=Political Constitution of the United Mexican States|publisher=Congress of the Union of the United Mexican States|url=http://constitucion.gob.mx/index.php?idseccion=12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061113175736/http://constitucion.gob.mx/index.php?idseccion=12|archive-date=13 November 2006|access-date=7 October 2007}}</ref>
-{{Political Divisions of Mexico}}
-==Economy==
-{{Main|Economy of Mexico|}}
-{{See also|Economic history of Mexico}}
-[[File:Mexico Product Export Treemap.jpg|thumb|upright=1.3|A proportional representation of Mexico's exports. The country has the [[List of countries by economic complexity|most complex economy]] in Latin America.]]
-As of April 2018, Mexico has the [[List of countries by GDP (nominal)|15th largest]] nominal GDP (US$1.15 trillion)<ref name="invest">{{cite web |website=Investopedia.com |title=Top 20 Economies in the World|url=https://www.investopedia.com/insights/worlds-top-economies/|date=7 June 2019|access-date=15 July 2019|author=Caleb Silver}}</ref> and the [[List of countries by GDP (PPP)|11th largest]] by [[purchasing power parity]] (US$2.45 trillion). GDP annual average growth was 2.9% in 2016 and 2% in 2017.<ref name="invest" /> Agriculture has comprised 4% of the economy over the last two decades, while industry contributes 33% (mostly automotive, oil, and electronics) and services (notably financial services and tourism) contribute 63%.<ref name="invest"/> Mexico's GDP in PPP per capita was US$18,714.05. The World Bank reported in 2009 that the country's [[Gross National Income]] in market exchange rates was the second highest in Latin America, after [[Brazil]] at US$1,830.392&nbsp;billion,<ref name="GNI">{{cite web |url=http://siteresources.worldbank.org/DATASTATISTICS/Resources/GNI.pdf |title=Total GNI Atlas Method 2009, World Bank |access-date=27 December 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101105181216/http://siteresources.worldbank.org/DATASTATISTICS/Resources/GNI.pdf |archive-date=5 November 2010 |url-status=dead }}</ref> which led to the highest [[Gross National Income|income per capita]] in the region at $15,311.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/12/11/health/obesity-mexico-nafta.html |title=A Nasty, Nafta-Related Surprise: Mexico's Soaring Obesity |author=Andrew Jacobs |author2=Matt Richtel |work=The New York Times|access-date=12 December 2017|date=11 December 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171212130727/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/12/11/health/obesity-mexico-nafta.html|archive-date=12 December 2017}}</ref><ref name="GNIPC">{{cite web |url=http://siteresources.worldbank.org/DATASTATISTICS/Resources/GNIPC.pdf |title=GNI per capita 2009, Atlas method and PPP, World Bank |access-date=27 December 2010 }}</ref> Mexico is now firmly established as an upper middle-income country. After the slowdown of 2001 the country has recovered and has grown 4.2, 3.0 and 4.8 percent in 2004, 2005 and 2006,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.eclac.org/prensa/noticias/comunicados/0/27580/GDPchartforprelimoverview_ENG.pdf|title=Reporte ECLAC|access-date=16 February 2007|language=es|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070615205535/http://www.eclac.org/prensa/noticias/comunicados/0/27580/GDPchartforprelimoverview_ENG.pdf|archive-date=15 June 2007|url-status=dead}}</ref> even though it is considered to be well below Mexico's potential growth.<ref name="Hufbauer">{{Citation |last1=Hufbauer |first1=G.C. |last2=Schott |first2=J.J. |contribution=Chapter 1, Overview |contribution-url=http://www.iie.com/publications/chapters_preview/332/01iie3349.pdf |title=NAFTA Revisited: Achievements and Challenges |location=Washington, DC |publisher=Institute for International Economics |publication-date=October 2005 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/naftarevisitedac00hufb/page/1 1–78] |isbn=978-0-88132-334-4 |url=https://archive.org/details/naftarevisitedac00hufb/page/1 |date=1 January 2005 }}</ref> The [[International Monetary Fund]] predicts growth rates of 2.3% and 2.7% for 2018 and 2019, respectively.<ref name="invest"/> By 2050, Mexico could potentially become the world's fifth or seventh largest economy.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://thecatalist.org/2010/03/mexico-2050-the-world%C2%B4s-fifth-largest-economy/|title=Mexico 2050: The World's Fifth Largest Economy|date=17 March 2010 |access-date=12 July 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100819135700/http://thecatalist.org/2010/03/mexico-2050-the-world%C2%B4s-fifth-largest-economy |archive-date=19 August 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pwc.com/en_GX/gx/world-2050/assets/pwc-world-in-2050-report-january-2013.pdf|title=World in 2050 – The BRICs and beyond: prospects, challenges and opportunities|publisher=PwC Economics|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130222040853/http://www.pwc.com/en_GX/gx/world-2050/assets/pwc-world-in-2050-report-january-2013.pdf|archive-date=22 February 2013|url-status=dead|access-date=17 July 2013}}</ref>
-Although multiple international organizations coincide and classify Mexico as an upper middle income country, or a middle class country<ref>{{cite news|newspaper=The Mazatlan Post|date=11 April 2019 |access-date=15 July 2019|title=How much should you earn in Mexico to belong to the middle or upper class?|url=https://themazatlanpost.com/2019/04/11/how-much-should-you-earn-in-mexico-to-belong-to-the-middle-or-upper-class/}}</ref><ref name=BloombergEcon>{{cite news |last1=Smith |first1=Noah |title=Mexico Is Solidly Middle Class (No Matter What Trump Says) |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/opinion/articles/2019-08-26/mexico-s-economic-growth-lifts-it-into-middle-class-status |work=Bloomberg |date=26 August 2019 }}</ref>  Mexico's [[National Council for the Evaluation of Social Development Policy (CONEVAL)|National Council for the Evaluation of Social Development Policy]] (CONEVAL), which is the organization in charge to measure the country's poverty reports that a huge percentage of Mexico's population lives in poverty. According to said council, from 2006 to 2010 (year on which the CONEVAL published its first nationwide report of poverty) the portion of Mexicans who live in poverty rose from 18%–19%<ref>{{cite web |title=Human Development Report 2009 |url=http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/reports/269/hdr_2009_en_complete.pdf |website=United Nations Development Programme |publisher=United Nations |access-date=4 June 2020 |page=118}}</ref> to 46% (52 million people).<ref name="CONEVAL">{{cite web |url=http://web.coneval.gob.mx/Informes/Evaluaci%C3%B3n%202011/Informe%20de%20Evaluaci%C3%B3n%20de%20la%20Pol%C3%ADtica%20de%20Desarrollo%20Social%202011/Informe_de_evaluacion_de_politica_social_2011.pdf |title=CONEVAL Informe 2011 |access-date=31 March 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131021025820/http://web.coneval.gob.mx/Informes/Evaluaci%C3%B3n%202011/Informe%20de%20Evaluaci%C3%B3n%20de%20la%20Pol%C3%ADtica%20de%20Desarrollo%20Social%202011/Informe_de_evaluacion_de_politica_social_2011.pdf |archive-date=21 October 2013 }}</ref> However, rather than Mexico's economy crashing, international economists attribute the huge increase in the percentage of population living below the country's poverty line to the CONEVAL using new standards to define it, as now besides people who lives below the economic welfare line, people who lacks at least one "social need" such as complete education, access to healthcare, access to regular food, housing services and goods, social security etc. were considered to be living in poverty (several countries do collect information regarding the persistence of said vulnerabilities on their population, but Mexico is the only one that classifies people lacking one or more of those needs as living below its national poverty line). Said economists do point out that the percentage of people living in poverty according to Mexico's national poverty line is around 40 times higher than the one reported by the [[World Bank|World Bank's]] international poverty line (with said difference being the biggest in the world) and ponder if it would not be better for countries in the situation of Mexico to adopt internationalized standards to measure poverty so the numbers obtained could be used to make accurate international comparisons.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Gentilini |first1=Ugo |last2=Sumner |first2=Andy |title=Should poverty be defined by a single international poverty line, or country by country? (and what difference does it make?) |url=https://oxfamblogs.org/fp2p/should-poverty-be-defined-by-a-single-international-poverty-line-or-country-by-country-and-what-difference-does-it-make/ |website=From Poverty to Power |publisher=Oxfam |access-date=4 June 2020 |date=24 July 2012}}</ref> According to the [[Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development|OECD]]'s own poverty line (defined as the percentage of a country's population who earns 60%<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/magazine/8177864.stm |title=Just what is poor? |access-date=27 August 2019 |author=Michael Blastland |work=BBC News |date=31 July 2009}}  The  "economic distance" concept, and a level of income set at 60% of the median household income</ref> or less of the national median income) 20% of Mexico's population lives in a situation of poverty.<ref>{{cite web |title=Under Pressure: The Squeezed Middle Class |url=https://www.oecd.org/els/soc/OECD-middle-class-2019-main-findings.pdf |publisher=OECD Publishing |access-date=4 June 2020 |location=Paris |date=2019}}</ref>
-[[File:Torre Axtel y Bolsa de Valores.jpg|thumb|left|180px|[[Mexican Stock Exchange]] building]]
-Among the [[Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development|OECD]] countries, Mexico has the second-highest degree of economic disparity between the extremely poor and extremely rich, after Chile&nbsp;– although it has been falling over the last decade, being one of few countries in which this is the case.<ref>{{cite book |url=http://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/sites/soc_glance-2011-en/06/01/index.html?contentType=&itemId=/content/chapter/soc_glance-2011-16-en&containerItemId=/content/serial/19991290&accessItemIds=/content/book/soc_glance-2011-en&mimeType=text/html |title=Income inequality |work=Society at a Glance 2011: Social Indicators |publisher=OECD |isbn=9789264098527 |date=12 April 2011 |access-date=16 March 2013}}</ref> The bottom ten percent in the income hierarchy disposes of 1.36% of the country's resources, whereas the upper ten percent dispose of almost 36%. The OECD also notes that Mexico's budgeted expenses for poverty alleviation and social development is only about a third of the OECD average.<ref name="OECDREFORMA">{{cite web|url=http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/35/8/49363879.pdf |title=Perspectivas OCDE: México; Reformas para el Cambio |pages=35–36 |publisher=OECD |date=January 2012 |access-date=17 July 2013}}</ref> This is also reflected by the fact that infant mortality in Mexico is three times higher than the average among OECD nations whereas its literacy levels are in the median range of OECD nations. Nevertheless, according to [[Goldman Sachs]], by 2050 Mexico will have the 5th largest economy in the world.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.chicagobooth.edu/alumni/clubs/pakistan/docs/next11dream-march%20%2707-goldmansachs.pdf |title=Goldman Sachs Paper No.153 Relevant Emerging Markets |access-date=30 May 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100331050553/http://www.chicagobooth.edu/alumni/clubs/pakistan/docs/next11dream-march%20%2707-goldmansachs.pdf |archive-date=31 March 2010 }}</ref> According to a 2008 UN report the average income in a typical urbanized area of Mexico was $26,654, while the average income in rural areas just miles away was only $8,403.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Sobresale Nuevo León por su alto nivel de vida|journal=El Norte|year=2006|url=http://busquedas.gruporeforma.com/utilerias/imdservicios3w.dll?JPrintS&file=mty/norte01/00393/00393608.htm&palabra=|language=es}}</ref> Daily minimum wages are set annually being set at $102.68 [[Mexican peso]]s (US$5.40) in 2019.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com.mx/hoy-entra-en-vigor-el-aumento-en-el-salario-minimo/|title=Hoy entra en vigor el aumento en el salario mínimo|work=Forbes Mexico|date=1 January 2019 |access-date=19 July 2019|language=es|trans-title=The increase in the minimum wage starts today}}</ref> All of the indices of social development for the Mexican Indigenous population are considerably lower than the national average, which is motive of concern for the government.<ref name="inegi.org.mx"/>
-[[File:Monumento_a_la_Independencia,_Ciudad_de_M%C3%A9xico.jpg|thumb|right|250px|[[Angel of Independence]] on [[Paseo de la Reforma]], Mexico City]]
-The electronics industry of Mexico has grown enormously within the last decade. Mexico has the sixth largest electronics industry in the world after [[China]], United States, [[Japan]], [[South Korea]], and [[Taiwan]]. Mexico is the second-largest exporter of electronics to the United States where it exported $71.4 billion worth of electronics in 2011.<ref name="prnewswire.com">{{cite web |url=http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/mexican-consumer-electronics-industry-second-largest-supplier-of-electronics-to-the-us-market-131233479.html |title=Mexican Consumer Electronics Industry Second Largest Supplier of Electronics to the U.S – MEXICO CITY, Oct. 6, 2011/PRNewswire-USNewswire/ |publisher=Prnewswire.com |date=6 October 2011 |access-date=23 April 2014}}</ref> The Mexican electronics industry is dominated by the manufacture and OEM design of televisions, displays, computers, mobile phones, circuit boards, semiconductors, electronic appliances, communications equipment and LCD modules. The Mexican electronics industry grew 20% between 2010 and 2011, up from its constant growth rate of 17% between 2003 and 2009.<ref name="prnewswire.com"/> Currently electronics represent 30% of Mexico's exports.<ref name="prnewswire.com"/>
-Mexico produces the most automobiles of any North American nation.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.upi.com/Business_News/2008/12/11/Mexico_tops_US_Canadian_car_makers/UPI-17741229011704/ |title=Mexico tops U.S., Canadian car makers |publisher=Upi.com |date=11 December 2008 |access-date=30 May 2010}}</ref> The industry produces technologically complex components and engages in some research and development activities.<ref name="Gereffi">{{Cite book |last1=Gereffi |first1=G |last2=Martínez |first2=M |chapter=Mexico's Economic Transformation under NAFTA |editor-last=Crandall |editor-first=R |editor2-last=Paz |editor2-first=G |editor3-last=Roett |editor3-first=R |title=Mexico's Democracy at Work: Political and Economic Dynamics |publisher=Lynne Reiner Publishers |publication-date=30 September 2004 |isbn=978-1-58826-300-1 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KlPiswEACAAJ |year=2005 |url=https://archive.org/details/mexicosdemocracy0000unse }}</ref> The "Big Three" ([[General Motors]], [[Ford]] and [[Chrysler]]) have been operating in Mexico since the 1930s, while [[Volkswagen]] and [[Nissan]] built their plants in the 1960s.<ref name="Hufbauer Auto">{{Cite book |last1=Hufbauer |first1=G.C. |last2=Schott |first2=J.J . |contribution=Chapter 6, The Automotive Sector |contribution-url=http://www.iie.com/publications/chapters_preview/332/06iie3349.pdf |title=NAFTA Revisited: Achievements and Challenges |place=Washington, D.C. |publisher=Institute for International Economics |publication-date=October 2005 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/naftarevisitedac00hufb/page/1 1–78] |isbn=978-0-88132-334-4 |url=https://archive.org/details/naftarevisitedac00hufb/page/1 |date=1 January 2005 }}</ref> In [[Puebla, Puebla|Puebla]] alone, 70 industrial part-makers cluster around Volkswagen.<ref name="Gereffi"/> In the 2010s expansion of the sector was surging. In 2014 alone, more than $10 billion in investment was committed. In September 2016 Kia motors opened a $1 billion factory in [[Nuevo León]],<ref>{{cite news |last1=García |first1=Daniela |title=Inauguran Kia Motors en Pesquería |trans-title=Kia Motors launched in Pesquería |url=https://www.milenio.com/estados/inauguran-kia-motors-en-pesqueria |access-date=4 June 2020 |work=Milenio |date=7 September 2016 |location=Pesquería |language=es}}</ref> with Audi also opening an assembling plant in Puebla the same year.<ref>{{cite news |title=Audi inaugura planta automotriz en Puebla |trans-title=Audi opens automotive plant in Puebla |url=http://www.autoexplora.com/autoexplora-drive-style/noticias/nacionales/audi-inaugura-planta-automotriz-en-puebla/ |access-date=4 June 2020 |work=Autoexplora |date=30 September 2016 |language=es}}</ref> [[BMW]], [[Mercedes-Benz]] and [[Nissan]] currently have plants in construction.<ref name="KiaMexico">{{cite news|title=Automaker Kia plans $1 bn assembly plant in Mexico|url=http://www.mexiconews.net/index.php/sid/225153337|date=28 August 2014|access-date=28 August 2014|publisher=Mexico News.Net}}</ref>
-The domestic car industry is represented by [[DINA S.A.]], which has built buses and trucks since 1962,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dina.com.mx/history.html |title=History |author=DINA Camiones Company |access-date=15 April 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110513110559/http://www.dina.com.mx/history.html |archive-date=13 May 2011}}</ref> and the new [[Mastretta]] company that builds the high-performance [[Mastretta MXT]] sports car.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.autoblog.com/2008/07/25/london-2008-mastretta-mxt-will-be-mexicos-first-homegrown-car/|title=London 2008: Mastretta MXT will be Mexico's first homegrown car |author=Jeremy Korzeniewski |access-date=30 July 2008}}</ref> In 2006, trade with the United States and Canada accounted for almost 50% of Mexico's exports and 45% of its imports.<ref name="cia.gov"/> During the first three quarters of 2010, the United States had a $46.0 billion [[trade deficit]] with Mexico.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.koreauspartnership.org/pdf/Koreas%20Balance%20of%20Payments.pdf |title=Korea's Balance of Payments |access-date=9 March 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110501111207/http://www.koreauspartnership.org/pdf/Koreas%20Balance%20of%20Payments.pdf |archive-date=1 May 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref> In August 2010 Mexico surpassed France to become the 9th largest holder of US debt.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ustreas.gov/tic/mfh.txt |title=Major Foreign Holders Of Treasury Securities |publisher=U.S. Department of the Treasury |access-date=17 July 2013}}</ref> The commercial and financial dependence on the US is a cause for concern.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Thompson |first=Adam |title=Mexico, Economics: The US casts a long shadow |journal=Financial Times |date=20 June 2006 |url=http://www.ft.com/cms/s/f53c9268-005a-11db-8078-0000779e2340,dwp_uuid=bfb8911e-ff83-11da-93a0-0000779e2340.html |archive-url=https://archive.today/20121023061552/http://www.ft.com/cms/s/f53c9268-005a-11db-8078-0000779e2340,dwp_uuid=bfb8911e-ff83-11da-93a0-0000779e2340.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=23 October 2012}}</ref>
-The remittances from Mexican citizens working in the United States account for 0.2% of Mexico's GDP<ref>{{cite web |url=http://dallasfed.org/research/busfront/bus0401.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040625021724/http://dallasfed.org/research/busfront/bus0401.html|archive-date=25 June 2004 |title=Workers' Remittances to Mexico&nbsp;– Business Frontier, Issue 1, 2004&nbsp;– FRB Dallas |publisher=Dallasfed.org |date=10 July 2003 |access-date=30 May 2010}}</ref> which was equal to US$20 billion per year in 2004 and is the tenth largest source of foreign income after oil, industrial exports, manufactured goods, electronics, heavy industry, automobiles, construction, food, banking and financial services.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.stratfor.com/global_market_brief_mexico_sees_decline_remittances |title=Free Preview of Members-Only Content |publisher=Stratfor |date=30 August 2007 |access-date=30 May 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120307204352/http://www.stratfor.com/global_market_brief_mexico_sees_decline_remittances |archive-date=7 March 2012}}</ref> According to Mexico's central bank, remittances in 2008 amounted to $25bn.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/7855021.stm |title=Slowdown hits Mexico remittances |date=27 January 2009 |access-date=6 May 2009 |work=BBC News}}</ref>
-===Communications===
-{{Main|Telecommunications in Mexico}}
-[[File:Torre_de_teléfonos_de_Telmex.jpeg|thumb|right|250px|[[Telmex]] Tower, Mexico City.]]
-The telecommunications industry is mostly dominated by [[Telmex]] (''Teléfonos de México''), privatized in 1990. By 2006, Telmex had expanded its operations to Colombia, Peru, Chile, Argentina, Brazil, Uruguay, and the United States. Other players in the domestic industry are [[Axtel]], Maxcom, Alestra, Marcatel, AT&T Mexico.<ref name="budde">{{cite web|website=Budde.com|title=Mexico – Telecoms Infrastructure, Operators, Regulations – Statistics and Analyses|url=https://www.budde.com.au/Research/Mexico-Telecoms-Infrastructure-Operators-Regulations-Statistics-and-Analyses|year=2019|access-date=15 July 2019}}</ref> Because of Mexican [[orography]], providing a landline telephone service at remote mountainous areas is expensive, and the penetration of line-phones per capita is low compared to other Latin American countries, at 40 percent; however, 82% of Mexicans over the age of 14 own a mobile phone. Mobile telephony has the advantage of reaching all areas at a lower cost, and the total number of mobile lines is almost two times that of landlines, with an estimation of 63 million lines.<ref name=ciacom>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/mexico/ |title=Communications |publisher=CIA Factbook |access-date=17 July 2013}}</ref> The telecommunication industry is regulated by the government through [[Cofetel]] (''Comisión Federal de Telecomunicaciones'').
-The Mexican satellite system is domestic and operates 120 earth stations. There is also extensive microwave radio relay network and considerable use of fiber-optic and coaxial cable.<ref name=ciacom/> Mexican satellites are operated by ''Satélites Mexicanos'' ([[Satmex]]), a private company, leader in Latin America and servicing both North and South America.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.satmex.com.mx/english/?opcion=0|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090915211310/http://www.satmex.com.mx/english/?opcion=0|archive-date=15 September 2009 |title=Satmex. Linking the Americas |date=15 September 2009 |access-date=17 July 2013}}</ref> It offers broadcast, telephone and telecommunication services to 37 countries in the Americas, from Canada to [[Argentina]]. Through business partnerships Satmex provides high-speed connectivity to ISPs and Digital Broadcast Services.<ref>{{cite web|author=Source: Arianespace|url=http://www.spaceref.com/news/viewpr.html?pid=7420 |title=Mexican Operator Satmex Has Chosen Arianespace to Launch Its New Satmex 6 Satellite |publisher=Spaceref.com |date=14 February 2002 |access-date=8 August 2011}}</ref> Satmex maintains its own satellite fleet with most of the fleet being designed and built in Mexico.
-Major players in the broadcasting industry are [[Televisa]], the largest Mexican media company in the Spanish-speaking world,<ref name=autogenerated2>{{cite web|url=http://www.snellwilcox.com/news_events/press_releases/203|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071214054201/http://www.snellwilcox.com/news_events/press_releases/203|archive-date=14 December 2007 |title=Televisa Brings 2006 FIFA World Cup to Mexico in HD With Snell & Wilcox Kahuna SD/HD Production Switcher |publisher=Snellwilcox.com |access-date=30 May 2010}}</ref> [[TV Azteca]] and [[Imagen Televisión]].
-===Energy===
-{{See also|Electricity sector in Mexico}}
-[[File:Inauguración de Central Eólica Sureste I, Fase II.jpg|thumb|The Central Eólica Sureste I, Fase II in Oaxaca. The Isthmus of Tehuantepec is the region of Mexico with the highest capacity for wind energy. (see ''[[Tehuantepecer]]'', a strong wind that affects the region)]]
-Energy production in Mexico is managed by the state-owned companies [[Comisión Federal de Electricidad|Federal Commission of Electricity]] and [[Pemex]].
-Pemex, the public company in charge of exploration, extraction, transportation and marketing of crude oil and natural gas, as well as the refining and distribution of petroleum products and petrochemicals, is one of the largest companies in the world by revenue, making US$86 billion in sales a year.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.americaeconomia.com/PLT_WRITE-PAGE.asp?SessionId=&Language=0&Modality=0&DateView=&NamePage=SearchResultArti&Section=1&Content=28380&Style=15624|title=Top 500 Companies in Latin America |access-date=16 February 2007 |author=América Economia |format=Requires subscription}}{{dead link|date=July 2019|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref><ref name=fortune>{{cite news|url=https://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/global500/2010/snapshots/6385.html |title=Fortune Global 500 2010: 64. Pemex |work=Fortune |access-date=26 July 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ft.com/cms/s/2/5de6ef96-8b95-11db-a61f-0000779e2340.html|title=FT Non-Public 150&nbsp;– the full list|date=14 December 2006|access-date=26 July 2010}}</ref> Mexico is the sixth-largest oil producer in the world, with 3.7 million barrels per day.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/cabs/topworldtables1_2.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070216112638/http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/cabs/topworldtables1_2.html|archive-date=16 February 2007 |title=Top World Oil Net Exporters and Producers |access-date=16 February 2007 |author=Energy Information Administration}}</ref> In 1980 oil exports accounted for 61.6% of total exports; by 2000 it was only 7.3%.<ref name="Gereffi"/>
-The largest hydro plant in Mexico is the 2,400 MW [[Chicoasén Dam|Manuel Moreno Torres Dam]] in Chicoasén, [[Chiapas]], in the [[Grijalva River]]. This is the world's fourth most productive hydroelectric plant.<ref name="EIA">{{cite web|url=http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/cabs/Mexico/Background.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060309021853/http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/cabs/Mexico/Background.html|archive-date=9 March 2006 |title=EIA |publisher=Eia.doe.gov |access-date=30 October 2010}}</ref>
-Mexico is the country with the world's third largest solar potential.<ref name="S&G">Sener & GTZ 2006</ref> The country's gross solar potential is estimated at 5kWh/m2 daily, which corresponds to 50 times national electricity generation.<ref name="ER">{{cite web |url=http://cec.org/files/PDF/ECONOMY/Pres-Elvira-RenEnergyMeeting_es.pdf |archive-url=https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20081003033523/http://cec.org/files/PDF/ECONOMY/Pres-Elvira-RenEnergyMeeting_es.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=3 October 2008 |title=Perspectiva Del Mercado De La Energía Renovable En México |access-date=30 October 2010 }}</ref> Currently, there is over 1 million square meters of [[solar thermal]] panels<ref name="SENER 2009b">SENER 2009b</ref> installed in Mexico, while in 2005, there were 115,000 square meters of [[solar PV]] (photo-voltaic). It is expected that in 2012 there will be 1,8 million square meters of installed solar thermal panels.<ref name="SENER 2009b" />
-The project named [[SEGH-CFE 1]], located in Puerto Libertad, Sonora, Northwest of Mexico, will have capacity of 46.8 MW from an array of 187,200 solar panels when complete in 2013.<ref name="Sonora Energy Group Hermosillo">[[Sonora Energy Group Hermosillo]]</ref> All of the electricity will be sold directly to the CFE and absorbed into the utility's transmission system for distribution throughout their existing network. At an installed capacity of 46.8 MWp, when complete in 2013, the project will be the first utility scale project of its kind in Mexico and the largest solar project of any kind in Latin America.
-===Science and technology===
-{{Main|History of science and technology in Mexico}}
-[[File:Observatorio Astrofísico Guillermo Haro.jpg|thumb|right|200px|[[Guillermo Haro Observatory]] in [[Cananea]], [[Sonora]].]]
-The [[National Autonomous University of Mexico]] was officially established in 1910,<ref>{{cite book |first1=Don M. |last1=Coerver |first2=Suzanne B. |last2=Pasztor |first3=Robert |last3=Buffington |title=Mexico: An Encyclopedia of Contemporary Culture and History |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YSred4NyOKoC&pg=PA161 |year=2004 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-1-57607-132-8 |page=161 }}</ref> and the university became one of the most important institutes of higher learning in Mexico.<ref>Summerfield, Devine & Levi (1998), p. 285{{full citation needed|date=December 2020}}</ref> UNAM provides world class education in science, medicine, and engineering.<ref>Summerfield, Devine & Levi (1998), p. 286{{full citation needed|date=December 2020}}</ref> Many scientific institutes and new institutes of higher learning, such as [[National Polytechnic Institute]] (founded in 1936),<ref>Forest & Altbach (2006), p. 882{{full citation needed|date=December 2020}}</ref> were established during the first half of the 20th century. Most of the new research institutes were created within UNAM. Twelve institutes were integrated into UNAM from 1929 to 1973.<ref>Fortes & Lomnitz (1990), p. 18{{full citation needed|date=December 2020}}</ref> In 1959, the [[Mexican Academy of Sciences]] was created to coordinate scientific efforts between academics.
-In 1995, the Mexican chemist [[Mario J. Molina]] shared the [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry]] with [[Paul J. Crutzen]] and [[F. Sherwood Rowland]] for their work in atmospheric chemistry, particularly concerning the formation and decomposition of ozone.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1995/index.html |title=The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1995 |access-date=2 January 2009 |work=Nobelprize.org |publisher=[[Nobel Foundation]]}}</ref> Molina, an alumnus of UNAM, became the first Mexican citizen to win the Nobel Prize in science.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://web.mit.edu/newsoffice/1995/molina-1018.html |title=Molina wins Nobel Prize for ozone work |access-date=2 January 2009 |author=Thomson, Elizabeth A. |date=18 October 1995 |publisher=[[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]]}}</ref>
-In recent years, the largest scientific project being developed in Mexico was the construction of the [[Large Millimeter Telescope]] (Gran Telescopio Milimétrico, GMT), the world's largest and most sensitive single-aperture telescope in its frequency range.<ref>{{cite book |doi=10.1007/978-1-4020-6118-9_79 |chapter=Unravelling unidentified γ-ray sources with the large millimeter telescope |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_U9jCFy5hTUC&pg=PA527 |title=The Multi-Messenger Approach to High-Energy Gamma-Ray Sources |year=2007 |last1=Carramiñana |first1=Alberto |pages=527–530 |isbn=978-1-4020-6117-2 }}</ref> It was designed to observe regions of space obscured by stellar dust.
-===Tourism===
-{{Main|Tourism in Mexico}}
-[[File:Cancun aerial photo by safa.jpg|thumb|[[Cancun]] and the [[Riviera Maya]] is the most visited region in Latin America]]
-As of 2017, Mexico was the 6th most visited country in the world and had the 15th highest income from tourism in the world which is also the highest in Latin America.<ref name="WTO Tourism Highlights 2018 Edition">{{cite book |title=UNWTO Tourism Highlights |year=2017 |publisher=World Tourism Organization (UNWTO) |isbn=978-92-844-1902-9 |doi=10.18111/9789284419029 }}{{page needed|date=December 2020}}</ref> The vast majority of tourists come to Mexico from the United States and Canada followed by Europe and Asia. A smaller number also come from other Latin American countries.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sectur.gob.mx/wb/sectur/sect_Estadisticas_del_Sector|title=Turismo de internación 2001–2005, Visitantes internacionales hacia México |publisher=Secretaría de Turismo (SECTUR)|author=SECTUR|access-date=26 July 2008|year=2006|language=es |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080610233248/http://www.sectur.gob.mx/wb/sectur/sect_Estadisticas_del_Sector |archive-date=10 June 2008}} pp. 5</ref> In the 2017 [[Travel and Tourism Competitiveness Report]], Mexico was ranked 22nd in the world, which was 3rd in the Americas.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2017 |publisher=World Economic Forum |url=http://www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_TTCR_2017_web_0401.pdf |date=April 2017}}</ref>
-The coastlines of Mexico harbor many stretches of beaches that are frequented by sunbathers and other visitors. [[Constitution of Mexico#Article 27|According to national law]], the entirety of the coastlines are under federal ownership, that is, all beaches in the country are [[Public property|public]]. On the Yucatán peninsula, one of the most popular beach destinations is the resort town of [[Cancún]], especially among [[university]] [[student]]s during [[spring break]]. Just offshore is the beach island of [[Isla Mujeres]], and to the east is the [[Isla Holbox]]. To the south of Cancun is the coastal strip called [[Riviera Maya]] which includes the beach town of [[Playa del Carmen]] and the ecological parks of [[Xcaret]] and Xel-Há. A day trip to the south of Cancún is the historic port of [[Tulum]]. In addition to its beaches, the town of Tulum is notable for its cliff-side [[Maya civilization|Mayan]] ruins.
-On the [[Pacific]] coast is the notable tourist destination of [[Acapulco]]. Once the destination for the rich and famous, the beaches have become crowded and the shores are now home to many multi-story hotels and vendors. Acapulco is home to renowned cliff divers: trained divers who leap from the side of a vertical cliff into the surf below.
-At the southern tip of the [[Baja California peninsula]] is the resort town of [[Cabo San Lucas]], a town noted for its beaches and [[marlin]] [[fishing]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://icabo.com/what-to-do/cabo-fishing.aspx |title=Cabo Fishing Information – Sport Fishing in Los Cabos |publisher=icabo.com |access-date=23 April 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130502144017/http://icabo.com/what-to-do/cabo-fishing.aspx |archive-date=2 May 2013}}</ref> Further north along the [[Sea of Cortés]] is the [[Bahía Concepción, Baja California Sur|Bahía de La Concepción]], another beach town known for its sports fishing. Closer to the United States border is the weekend draw of [[San Felipe, Baja California]].
-===Transportation===
-{{Main|Transportation in Mexico}}
-[[File:Puente Baluarte, Mexico1.jpg|thumb|The [[Baluarte Bridge]] is the highest cable-stayed bridge in the world, the fifth-highest bridge overall and the highest bridge in the Americas.]]
-The roadway network in Mexico is extensive and all areas in the country are covered by it.<ref name=nations>{{cite encyclopedia|url=http://www.nationsencyclopedia.com/economies/Americas/Mexico-INFRASTRUCTURE-POWER-AND-COMMUNICATIONS.html|title=Mexico Infrastructure, power and Communications|encyclopedia=National Economies Encyclopedia|access-date=13 January 2007}}</ref> The roadway network in Mexico has an extent of {{convert|366,095|km|mi|abbr=on}},<ref name=sctroad>{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/mexico/|title=CIA World Factbook|publisher=CIA|access-date=20 December 2010}}</ref> of which {{convert|116,802|km|mi|abbr=on}} are paved.<ref name=sctroad-2>{{cite web|url=http://dgaf.sct.gob.mx/fileadmin/EST_BASICA/EST_BASICA_2005/EST2005_12INFRA.pdf |title=Infraestructura Carretera |work=dgaf.sct.gob.mx |publisher=Secretaría de Comunicaciones y Transportes |place=México |access-date=13 January 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070716114353/http://dgaf.sct.gob.mx/fileadmin/EST_BASICA/EST_BASICA_2005/EST2005_12INFRA.pdf |archive-date=16 July 2007}}</ref> Of these, {{convert|10,474|km|mi|abbr=on}} are multi-lane [[Controlled-access highway|expressways]]: {{convert|9,544|km|mi|abbr=on}} are four-lane highways and the rest have 6 or more lanes.<ref name=sctroad-2/>
-Starting in the late nineteenth century, Mexico was one of the first Latin American countries to promote railway development,<ref name=brit-mex/> and the network covers {{convert|30,952|km|mi|abbr=on}}.<ref name=encnations>{{cite web|url=http://www.nationsencyclopedia.com/economies/Americas/Mexico-INFRASTRUCTURE-POWER-AND-COMMUNICATIONS.html |title=Infrastructure, Power and Communications, Mexic |publisher=Encyclopedia of the Nations |access-date=17 July 2013}}</ref> The [[Secretariat of Communications and Transportation (Mexico)|Secretary of Communications and Transport]] of Mexico proposed a high-speed rail link that will transport its passengers from [[Mexico City]] to [[Guadalajara]], [[Jalisco]].<ref name="azcentral.com">{{cite web|url=https://www.azcentral.com/arizonarepublic/business/articles/0106mextrain06.html |title=Mexico reviving travel by train |publisher=Azcentral.com |date=6 January 2006 |access-date=30 October 2010}}{{Dead link|date=July 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://guadalajarareporter.com/news-mainmenu-82/regional-mainmenu-85/3249-bullet-train-to-mexico-city-looks-to-be-back-on-track-.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110430022112/http://guadalajarareporter.com/news-mainmenu-82/regional-mainmenu-85/3249-bullet-train-to-mexico-city-looks-to-be-back-on-track-.html|archive-date=30 April 2011 |title=Bullet Train To Mexico City Looks To Be Back On Track ? |work=Guadalajara Reporter |date=17 October 2003 |access-date=30 October 2010}}</ref> The train, which will travel at {{convert|300|km/h|abbr=off}},<ref name="systra.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.systra.com/Project-for-a-Mexico-City-Guadalajara-High-Speed-Line?lang=fr |title=Project for a Mexico City&nbsp;– Guadalajara High Speed Line. Rail transport engineering, public transport engineering |publisher=Systra |access-date=30 October 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110501154553/http://www.systra.com/Project-for-a-Mexico-City-Guadalajara-High-Speed-Line?lang=fr |archive-date=1 May 2011}}</ref> will allow passengers to travel from Mexico City to Guadalajara in just 2&nbsp;hours.<ref name="systra.com"/> The whole project was projected to cost 240&nbsp;billion [[MXN|pesos]], or about 25&nbsp;billion US$<ref name="azcentral.com"/> and is being paid for jointly by the Mexican government and the local private sector including the wealthiest man in the world, Mexico's billionaire business tycoon [[Carlos Slim]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.accessmylibrary.com/article-1G1-127506564/slim-invest-santa-cruz.html |work=The America's Intelligence Wire |title=Slim to invest in Santa Cruz |date=21 January 2005 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120118011900/http://www.accessmylibrary.com/article-1G1-127506564/slim-invest-santa-cruz.html |archive-date=18 January 2012}}</ref> The government of the state of [[Yucatán]] is also funding the construction of a high speed line connecting the cities of [[Cozumel]] to [[Mérida, Yucatán|Mérida]] and [[Chichen Itza]] and Cancún.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.articlealley.com/article_1717563_33.html |title=Mexico Real Estate In Yucatan to Benefit from New Bullet Train |publisher=Articlealley.com |date=25 August 2010 |access-date=30 October 2010}}</ref>
-Mexico has 233 airports with paved runways; of these, 35 carry 97% of the passenger traffic.<ref name=encnations/> The [[Mexico City International Airport]] remains the busiest in Latin America and the 36th busiest in the world<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aicm.com.mx/acercadelaicm/Estadisticas/index.php?Publicacion=169|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080531064833/http://www.aicm.com.mx/acercadelaicm/Estadisticas/index.php?Publicacion=169|archive-date=31 May 2008 |title=Acerca del AICM. Posicionamiento del Aeropuerto Internacional de la Ciudad de México (AICM) con los 50 aeropuertos más importantes del mundo |publisher=AICM |access-date=30 May 2010}}</ref> transporting 45 million passengers a year.<ref name="aicmstats">{{cite web|url=https://www.aicm.com.mx/acercadelaicm/archivos/files/Estadisticas/Estadisticas2017_En.pdf|title=Statistics Mexico City airport|publisher=Mexico City International Airport|access-date=12 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180114021902/https://www.aicm.com.mx/acercadelaicm/archivos/files/Estadisticas/Estadisticas2017_En.pdf|archive-date=14 January 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref>
-===Water supply and sanitation===
-{{Main|Water supply and sanitation in Mexico}}
-[[File:Presa_de_El_Cajón.jpg|thumb|200px|right|[[El Cajón Dam (Mexico)|El Cajon Dam]]]]
-Among the achievements is a significant increase in access to piped water supply in urban areas (96.4%) as well as in rural areas (69.4%) as of 2018.<ref>{{cite web |title=Diagnósticos del agua |url=https://www.aguas.org.mx/sitio/panorama-del-agua/diagnosticos-del-agua.html |website=Consejo Consultivo del Agua }}</ref> Other achievements include the existence of a functioning national system to finance water and sanitation infrastructure with a National Water Commission as its apex institution.
-The challenges include water scarcity in the northern and central parts of the country; inadequate water service quality (drinking water quality; 11% of Mexicans receiving water only intermittently as of 2014);<ref>{{cite news |last1=Valadez |first1=Blanca |title=Sin acceso a agua potable 22 millones de mexicanos |trans-title=Without access to drinking water 22 million Mexicans |url=https://www.milenio.com/estados/acceso-agua-potable-22-millones-mexicanos |access-date=4 June 2020 |work=Milenio |date=29 January 2014 |location=Mexico City |language=es}}</ref> poor technical and commercial efficiency of most utilities (with an average level of [[non-revenue water]] of 43.2% in 2010);<ref>{{cite news |title=En México se desperdicia el 43.2% de agua |trans-title=43.2% of water is wasted in Mexico |url=https://agua.org.mx/en-mexico-se-desperdicia-el-432-de-agua/ |access-date=4 June 2020 |work=Agua.org.mx |agency=El Informador |publisher=Fondo para la Comunicación y la Educación Ambiental |date=4 October 2010 |location=Mexico City |language=es}}</ref> increasing the national percentage of fully sanitized water which at 57%,<ref>{{cite news |title=En México, solo el 57% de las aguas residuales son tratadas correctamente |trans-title=In Mexico, only 57% of wastewater is treated correctly |language=es |url=https://www.iagua.es/noticias/unam/investigadores-unam-senalan-necesidad-tratar-aguas-residuales-mexico |work=iAgua |date=13 August 2018 }}</ref> is considered to not be enough, as the country's theoretically available percentage of water per capita is 60% lower than it was 60 years ago;<ref>{{cite news |last1=Enciso L. |first1=Angelica |title=Bajó 60% disponiblidad de agua per cápita en 60 años |trans-title=Per capita water availability dropped 60% in 60 years |language=es |url=https://www.jornada.com.mx/2019/10/03/sociedad/035n2soc |work=La Jornada |date=3 October 2019 }}</ref> and the improvement of adequate access in rural areas. In addition to on-going investments to expand access, the government has embarked on a large investment program to improve wastewater treatment.
-==Demographics==
-{{Main|Demographics of Mexico}}
-{{Historical populations
-|type =
-|percentages = pagr
-|footnote = Source: [[INEGI]]
-|1895 | 12700294
-|1900 | 13607272
-|1910 | 15160369
-|1921 | 14334780
-|1930 | 16552722
-|1940 | 19653552
-|1950 | 25791017
-|1960 | 34923129
-|1970 | 48225238
-|1980 | 66846833
-|1990 | 81249645
-|2000 | 97483412
-|2010 | 112336538
-|2020 | 126014024
-}}
-Throughout the 19th century, the population of Mexico had barely doubled. This trend continued during the first two decades of the 20th century, and even in the 1921 census there was a loss of about 1 million inhabitants. The phenomenon can be explained because during the decade from 1910 to 1921 the Mexican Revolution took place. The growth rate increased dramatically between the 1930s and the 1980s, when the country registered growth rates of over 3% (1950–1980). The Mexican population doubled in twenty years, and at that rate it was expected that by the year 2000 there would be 120 million Mexicans. Life expectancy went from 36 years (in 1895) to 72 years (in the year 2000). According to estimations made by Mexico's [[Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Geografía|National Geography and Statistics Institute]], as of 2017 Mexico has 123.5 million inhabitants<ref>{{cite news |title=México cuenta con 123.5 millones de habitantes |trans-title=Mexico has 123.5 million inhabitants |url=https://www.eleconomista.com.mx/politica/Mexico-cuenta-con-123.5-millones-de-habitantes-20170710-0116.html |access-date=4 June 2020 |work=El Economista |agency=Notimex |date=10 July 2017 |language=es}}</ref> making it the most populous Spanish-speaking country in the world.<ref name=Spanishhistory>{{cite web|title=Spanish Language History|publisher=Today Translations|url=http://www.todaytranslations.com/index.asp-Q-Page-E-Spanish-Language-History--13053095|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050417234656/http://www.todaytranslations.com/index.asp-Q-Page-E-Spanish-Language-History--13053095|archive-date=17 April 2005|access-date=1 October 2007}}</ref> Between 2005 and 2010, the Mexican population grew at an average of 1.70% per year, up from 1.16% per year between 2000 and 2005.
-Even though Mexico is a very ethnically diverse country, research about ethnicity has largely been a forgotten field, in consequence of the post-revolutionary efforts of Mexico's government to unify all non-indigenous Mexicans under a single ethnic identity (that of the "Mestizo"). As a result, since 1930 the only explicit ethnic classification that has been included in Mexican censuses has been that of "Indigenous peoples".<ref name="EL MESTIZAJE Y LAS CULTURAS REGIONALES">{{Cite web|url=http://www.nacionmulticultural.unam.mx/Portal/Izquierdo/BANCO/Mxmulticultural/Elmestizajeylasculturas-elmestizaje.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130823015618/http://www.nacionmulticultural.unam.mx/Portal/Izquierdo/BANCO/Mxmulticultural/Elmestizajeylasculturas-elmestizaje.html|url-status=dead|title=en el censo de 1930 el gobierno mexicano dejó de clasificar a la población del país en tres categorías raciales, blanco, mestizo e indígena, y adoptó una nueva clasificación étnica que distinguía a los hablantes de lenguas indígenas del resto de la población, es decir de los hablantes de español.|archive-date=23 August 2013}}</ref> Even then, across the years the government has used different criteria to count Indigenous peoples, with each of them returning considerably different numbers ranging from 6.1%<ref name="2020 Census"/> to 23% of the country's population. It is not until very recently that the Mexican government begun conducting surveys that considered other ethnic groups that live in the country such as Afro-Mexicans who amount to 2% of Mexico's population<ref name="2020 Census"/> or White Mexicans<ref name=ElUniversal>{{cite news |last1=Fuentes-Nieva |first1=Ricardo |title=Ser blanco |trans-title=Be white |language=es |url=https://www.eluniversal.com.mx/entrada-de-opinion/articulo/ricardo-fuentes-nieva/nacion/2017/07/6/ser-blanco |work=El Universal |date=6 July 2017 }}</ref><ref name=Forbes>{{cite news |last1=Solís |first1=Arturo |title=Comprobado con datos: en México te va mejor si eres blanco |trans-title=Proven with data: in Mexico you do better if you are white |language=es |url=https://www.forbes.com.mx/inegi-lo-confirma-en-mexico-te-va-mejor-si-eres-blanco/ |work=Forbes México |date=7 August 2018 }}</ref> which amount to 47% of Mexico's population (with the criteria being based on appearance rather than on self-declared of ancestry).<ref name="Marzo_DiaIntElimDiscRacial_INACCSS 2017"/><ref name="conapred.org.mx"/><ref name="DISC-RACIAL 2011"/><ref name=MMSI1>[http://www.inegi.org.mx/saladeprensa/boletines/2017/mmsi/mmsi2017_06.pdf "Resultados del Modulo de Movilidad Social Intergeneracional"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180709120023/http://www.inegi.org.mx/saladeprensa/boletines/2017/mmsi/mmsi2017_06.pdf |date=9 July 2018 }}, ''INEGI'', 16 June 2017, Retrieved on 30 April 2018.</ref><ref name=ENADIS2017/> Less numerous groups in Mexico such as Asians and Middle Easterners are also accounted for, with numbers of around 1% each.
-{{As of|2017}}, it is estimated that 1.2 million foreigners have settled in the country,<ref name="UN2017">{{cite web | title=Table 1: Total migrant stock at mid-year by origin and by major area, region, country or area of destination, 2017 | url=http://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/migration/data/estimates2/data/UN_MigrantStockByOriginAndDestination_2017.xlsx | publisher=United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division | access-date=9 September 2018}}</ref> up from nearly 1 million in 2010.<ref>{{cite web | title=Principales resultados de la Encuesta Intercensal 2015 Estados Unidos Mexicanos | url=http://www.inegi.org.mx/est/contenidos/proyectos/encuestas/hogares/especiales/ei2015/doc/eic2015_resultados.pdf | publisher=[[INEGI]] | access-date=9 September 2018 | page=1 | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151210212235/http://www.inegi.org.mx/est/contenidos/proyectos/encuestas/hogares/especiales/ei2015/doc/eic2015_resultados.pdf | archive-date=10 December 2015 | df=mdy}}</ref> The vast majority of migrants come from the United States (900,000), making Mexico the top destination for [[American immigration to Mexico|U.S. citizens abroad]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.overseasvotefoundation.org/files/counting%20american%20civilians%20abroad.pdf |title=These are our Numbers: Civilian Americans Overseas and Voter Turnout |last1=Smith |first1=Dr. Claire M. |date=August 2010 |work=OVF Research Newsletter |publisher=Overseas Vote Foundation |access-date=9 September 2018 |quote=Previous research indicates that the number of U.S. Americans living in Mexico is around 1 million, with 600,000 of those living in Mexico City. |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131024051944/https://www.overseasvotefoundation.org/files/counting%20american%20civilians%20abroad.pdf |archive-date=24 October 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The second largest group comes from neighboring [[Guatemala]] (54,500), followed by [[Spain]] (27,600).<ref name="UN2017"/> Other major sources of migration are fellow Latin American countries, which include [[Colombia]] (20,600), [[Argentina]] (19,200) and [[Cuba]] (18,100).<ref name="UN2017"/> Historically, the [[Lebanese Mexicans|Lebanese diaspora]] and the [[Mennonites in Mexico|German-born Mennonite migration]] have left a notorious impact in the country's culture, particularly in its cuisine and traditional music.<ref name="Garcia 2005">{{cite web |url=https://confines.mty.itesm.mx/articulos2/GarciaRE.pdf |title=Los árabes de México. Asimilación y herencia cultural |date=December 2005 |language=es |access-date=17 April 2010 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090327124211/https://confines.mty.itesm.mx/articulos2/GarciaRE.pdf |archive-date=27 March 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.fundacionunam.org.mx/arte-y-cultura/los-menonitas-en-mexico/ | title=Los Menonitas en México | publisher=Fundación UNAM | date=28 August 2013 | access-date=9 September 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180910094730/http://www.fundacionunam.org.mx/arte-y-cultura/los-menonitas-en-mexico/ | archive-date=10 September 2018 | url-status=dead }}</ref> At the turn of the 21st century, several trends have increased the number of foreigners residing in the country such as the [[2008–2014 Spanish financial crisis]],<ref>{{cite web | url=https://expansion.mx/mi-carrera/2013/04/23/espanoles-buscan-suerte-en-mexico | title=México atrae a españoles desempleados | publisher=CNN | date=24 April 2013 | access-date=9 September 2018}}</ref> increasing gang-related violence in the [[Northern Triangle of Central America]],<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.elsoldemexico.com.mx/mexico/crece-580-migracion-a-mexico-1534027.html | title=Crece 580% migración a México | publisher=El Sol de México | date=25 March 2018 | access-date=9 September 2018}}</ref> the [[Crisis in Venezuela|ongoing political and economic crisis in Venezuela]],<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.milenio.com/internacional/por-la-crisis-llegan-a-mexico-mas-venezolanos-expulsados | title=Por la crisis, llegan a México más venezolanos expulsados | publisher=Milenio | date=5 May 2017 | access-date=9 September 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.lapatilla.com/2018/07/19/migracion-venezolana-prueba-hospitalidad-de-america-latina/ | title=Una crisis migratoria en América del Sur: la salida de venezolanos pone a prueba la hospitalidad de países vecinos | publisher=La Patilla | date=19 July 2018 | access-date=9 September 2018}}</ref> and the [[Automotive industry in Mexico|automotive industry boom]] led by Japanese and South Korean investment.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.elsoldemexico.com.mx/republica/sociedad/japoneses-hacen-de-guanajuato-su-hogar-396083.html | title=Japoneses hacen de Guanajuato su hogar | publisher=El Sol de México | date=4 December 2017 | access-date=9 September 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://lasillarota.com/pesqueria-el-municipio-de-nl-inundado-de-coreanos/231414 | title=Pesquería, el municipio de NL 'inundado' de coreanos | publisher=El Sol de México | date=27 June 2018 | access-date=9 September 2018}}</ref>
-===Ethnicity and race===
-[[File:Casta painting all.jpg|thumb|upright=1.4|200px|{{lang|es|Las castas|italic=yes}}. Casta painting showing 16 racial groupings. Anonymous, 18th century, oil on canvas, 148×104 cm, {{lang|es|Museo Nacional del Virreinato|italic=no}}, {{lang|nah|[[Tepotzotlán]]|italic=no}}, Mexico.]]
-Regardless of ethnicity, the majority of Mexicans are united under the same national identity.<ref name="autogenerated115">Wimmer, Andreas, 2002. ''Nationalist Exclusion and Ethnic Conflict: Shadows of Modernity'', Cambridge University Press page 115</ref> This is the product of an ideology strongly promoted by Mexican academics such as [[Manuel Gamio]] and [[José Vasconcelos]] known as [[mestizaje]], whose goal was that of Mexico becoming a [[La Raza Cósmica|racially]] and [[Indigenismo|culturally]] homogeneous country.<ref name="Knight, Alan 1990. pp. 78">Knight, Alan. 1990. "Racism, Revolution and ''indigenismo'': Mexico 1910–1940". Chapter 4 in ''The Idea of Race in Latin America, 1870–1940''. Richard Graham (ed.) pp. 78–85</ref><ref name="autogenerated115"/><ref name="census">{{cite book |last1= Hall Steckel |first1=Richard |last2=R. Haines |first2=Michael |title=A population history of North America |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BPdgiysIVcgC&pg=PA621 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2000 |page=621 |isbn=978-0-521-49666-7}}</ref> The ideology's influence was reflected in Mexico's national censuses of 1921 and 1930: in the former, which was Mexico's first-ever national census (but second-ever if the census made in colonial times is taken into account)<ref name=aleph/> that considered race, approximately 60% of Mexico's population identified as Mestizos,<ref name="somosprimos.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.somosprimos.com/schmal/schmal.htm|title=John P. Schmal, SomosPrimos.com|publisher=somosprimos.com}}</ref> and in the latter, Mexico's government declared that all Mexicans were now Mestizos, for which racial classifications would be dropped in favor of language-based ones in future censuses.<ref name="EL MESTIZAJE Y LAS CULTURAS REGIONALES"/> During most of the 20th century these censuses' results were taken as fact, with extraofficial international publications often using them as a reference to estimate Mexico's racial composition,<ref name=Factbook>{{cite web|title=North America: Mexico|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/mexico/|work=The World Factbook|access-date=11 April 2014|author=Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)|location=Ethnic groups|quote=mestizo (Amerindian-Spanish) 60%, Amerindian or predominantly Amerindian 30%, white 9%, other 1%}}</ref><ref name=brit-mex/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/377246/mestizo |title=mestizo (people) |publisher=Britannica.com |access-date=30 October 2010}}</ref> but in recent time historians and academics have claimed that said results are not accurate, as on its efforts to homogenize Mexico the government inflated the Mestizo label's percentage by classifying a good number of people as such regardless of whether they were of actual mixed ancestry or not,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Pla Brugat |first1=Dolores |title=Más desindianización que mestizaje. Una relectura de los censos generales de población |journal=Dimensión Antropológica |date=2011 |volume=53 |issue=September–December |pages=69–91 |url=https://www.dimensionantropologica.inah.gob.mx/?p=7401 |access-date=4 June 2020 |trans-title=More deindianization than miscegenation. A rereading of the general population censuses |publisher=Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia |location=Mexico City |language=es}}</ref><ref name="Mexicosinmestizaje">[https://descargacultura.unam.mx/app1?sharedItem=6730790 "México sin mestizaje: una reinterpretación de nuestra historia"], ''UNAM'', 2016, Retrieved on 13 March 2019.</ref><ref name=redalyc>{{cite web|url=http://www.redalyc.org/pdf/105/10503808.pdf |title=Al respecto no debe olvidarse que en estos países buena parte de las personas consideradas biológicamente blancas son mestizas en el aspecto cultural, el que aquí nos interesa (p. 196) |publisher=Redalyc.org |date=16 March 2005 |access-date=27 June 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131022220348/http://www.redalyc.org/pdf/105/10503808.pdf |archive-date=22 October 2013 }}</ref><ref name="Bartolomé 1996:2">Bartolomé, Miguel Alberto. (1996) "Pluralismo cultural y redefinicion del estado en México". in Coloquio sobre derechos indígenas, Oaxaca, IOC.[http://courses.cit.cornell.edu/iard4010/documents/Pluralismo_cultural_y_redefinicion_del_estado_en_Mexico.pdf] p. 2</ref> pointing out that an alteration so drastic of population trends compared to earlier censuses such as New Spain's 1793 census (on which Europeans were estimated to be 18% to 22% of the population, Mestizos 21% to 25% and Indigenous peoples 51% to 61%)<ref name=aleph/> is not possible and that the frequency of marriages between people of different ancestries in colonial and early independent Mexico was low.<ref>{{cite magazine |last1=Anchondo |first1=Sandra |last2=de Haro |first2=Martha |title=El mestizaje es un mito, la identidad cultural sí importa |trans-title=Miscegenation is a myth, cultural identity does matter |url=http://istmo.mx/2016/07/04/el-mestizaje-es-un-mito-la-identidad-cultural-si-importa/ |magazine=ISTMO |publisher=IPADE Business School |access-date=4 June 2020 |archive-url=https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20171010154747/http://istmo.mx/2016/07/04/el-mestizaje-es-un-mito-la-identidad-cultural-si-importa/ |archive-date=10 October 2017 |language=es |date=4 July 2016 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="MexicoRacista1">{{cite book |first=Federico |last=Navarrete Linares |title=Mexico Racista|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FC_4CwAAQBAJ&pg=PT86|access-date=23 February 2018 |date=2016 |publisher=Penguin Random house Grupo Editorial Mexico|isbn=9786073143646|page=86}}</ref> it is also observed that when asked directly about their ethno-racial identification, many Mexicans nowadays do not identify as Mestizos,<ref>{{Cite journal |doi=10.1007/s12394-010-0074-7|title = "The Map of the Mexican's Genome": Overlapping national identity, and population genomics|journal = Identity in the Information Society|volume = 3|issue = 3|pages = 489–514|year = 2010|last1 = Schwartz-Marín|first1 = Ernesto|last2 = Silva-Zolezzi|first2 = Irma|hdl = 10871/33766|doi-access = free}}</ref> would not agree to be labeled as such,<ref name="Clute Journals">R. Martínez & C. De La Torre (2008): [https://www.clutejournals.com/index.php/JDM/article/download/4993/5084 "Racial Appearance And Income In Contemporary Mexico, pag 9 note 1"], ''Journal of Diversity Management'', 2008, Retrieved 01 April 2021.</ref> and that "static" ethnoracial labels such as "White" or "Indian" are far more prominent in contemporary Mexican society than the "Mestizo" one is, whose use is mostly limited to intellectual circles, result of the label's constantly-changing and subjective definition.<ref name=mestizajeenmexico>{{cite web |title=El mestizaje en Mexico |language=es |trans-title=The miscegenation in Mexico |first=Federico |last=Navarrete Linares |url=http://enp4.unam.mx/amc/libro_munioz_cota/libro/cap4/lec10_federiconavarreteelmestizaje.pdf |access-date=31 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170801102632/http://enp4.unam.mx/amc/libro_munioz_cota/libro/cap4/lec10_federiconavarreteelmestizaje.pdf |archive-date=1 August 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref>
-The total percentage of Mexico's [[Indigenous peoples of Mexico|indigenous peoples]] tends to vary depending on the criteria used by the government on its censuses: it is 6.1% if the ability to speak an indigenous language is used as the criteria to define a person as indigenous,<ref name="2020 Census"/><ref name="inegiindigenous">{{cite web|url=http://www.inegi.gob.mx/est/contenidos/espanol/rutinas/ept.asp?t=mlen01&c=3325 |title=Indicadores seleccionados sobre la población hablante de lengua indígena, 1950 a 2005 |publisher=Inegi.gob.mx |access-date=10 December 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120118010024/http://www.inegi.gob.mx/est/contenidos/espanol/rutinas/ept.asp?t=mlen01&c=3325 |archive-date=18 January 2012}}</ref> if racial self-identification is used it is 14.9%<ref name=CDI1>{{cite web|url=http://www.cdi.gob.mx/cedulas/sintesis_resultados_2005.pdf |title=Síntesis de Resultados |publisher=Comisión Nacional para el Desarrollo de los Pueblos Indígenas |year=2006 |access-date=22 December 2010}}</ref>{{efn|1=Defined as persons who live in a household where an indigenous language is spoken by one of the adult family members or people who self-identified as indigenous ("Criteria del hogar: De esta manera, se establece, que los hogares indígenas son aquellos en donde el jefe y/o el cónyuge y/o padre o madre del jefe y/o suegro o suegra del jefe hablan una lengua indígena y también aquellos que declararon pertenecer a un grupo indígena."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cdi.gob.mx/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=272&Itemid=58 |title=¿Qué es y cómo se determina un hogar indígena? |language=es |trans-title=What is and how an indigenous home is determined? |work=Preguntas frecuentes [Frequent questions] |date= 23 February 2009 |publisher=CDI. Comisión Nacional para el Desarrollo de los Pueblos Indígenas [CDI. National Commission for the Development of Indigenous Peoples) |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110501220757/http://www.cdi.gob.mx/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=272&Itemid=58 |archive-date=1 May 2011}}</ref>) AND persons who speak an indigenous language but who do not live in such a household ("Por lo antes mencionado, la Comisión Nacional Para el Desarrollo de los Pueblos Indígenas de México (CDI) considera población indígena (PI) a todas las personas que forman parte de un hogar indígena, donde el jefe(a) del hogar, su cónyuge y/o alguno de los ascendientes (madre o padre, madrastra o padrastro, abuelo(a), bisabuelo(a), tatarabuelo(a), suegro(a)) declaro ser hablante de lengua indígena. Además, también incluye a personas que declararon hablar alguna lengua indígena y que no forman parte de estos hogares."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cdi.gob.mx/index.php?option=com_content&view=category&id=38&Itemid=54 |title=Sistema de información e indicadores sobre la población indígena de México |language=es |trans-title=Information system and indicators on the indigenous population of Mexico |work=Indicadores y estadísticas [Indicators and statistics] |publisher=CDI. Comisión Nacional para el Desarrollo de los Pueblos Indígenas [CDI. National Commission for the Development of Indigenous Peoples |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110501220616/http://www.cdi.gob.mx/index.php?option=com_content&view=category&id=38&Itemid=54 |archive-date=1 May 2011}}</ref>)}} and if people who consider themselves part indigenous are also included it amounts to 23%.<ref name="beta.inegi.org.mx">[http://www.beta.inegi.org.mx/contenidos/proyectos/enchogares/especiales/intercensal/2015/doc/eic2015_resultados.pdf "Encuesta Intercensal 2015"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170422033628/http://www.beta.inegi.org.mx/contenidos/proyectos/enchogares/especiales/intercensal/2015/doc/eic2015_resultados.pdf |date=22 April 2017 }}, "[[INEGI]]", Mexico, December 2015. Retrieved on 28 April 2017.</ref> Nonetheless, all the censuses conclude that the majority of Mexico's indigenous population is concentrated in rural areas of the southern and south-eastern Mexican states.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cdi.gob.mx/index.php?id_seccion=91 |title=Indicadores socioeconómicos de los pueblos indígenas |language=es |trans-title=Socio-economic indicators of indigenous peoples |work=Información |publisher=Comisión Nacional para el Desarrollo de los Pueblos Indígenas |via=cdi.gob.mx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041115115005/http://www.cdi.gob.mx/index.php?id_seccion=91 |archive-date=15 November 2004}}</ref> with the highest percentages being found in Yucatán at 59% of the population, Oaxaca with 48%, Quintana Roo with 39%, Chiapas with 28% and Campeche with 27%.<ref name="inegi.org.mx">{{cite web |url=http://www.inegi.org.mx/prod_serv/contenidos/espanol/bvinegi/productos/censos/poblacion/poblacion_indigena/Pob_ind_Mex.pdf |title=La Población Indigena en México |publisher=Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Geografía (INEGI) |access-date=17 July 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131009152736/http://www.inegi.org.mx/prod_serv/contenidos/espanol/bvinegi/productos/censos/poblacion/poblacion_indigena/Pob_ind_Mex.pdf |archive-date=9 October 2013 }}</ref><ref name="CDI">{{cite book |last=Navarrete Linares |first=Federico |title=Los pueblos indígenas de México |language=es |trans-title=Indigenous peoples of Mexico |location=México |publisher=CDI |date=2008 |url=http://www.cdi.gob.mx/index2.php?option=com_docman&task=doc_view&gid=62&Itemid=24 |isbn=978-970-753-157-4 |via=cdi.gob.mx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111130051239/http://www.cdi.gob.mx/index2.php?option=com_docman&task=doc_view&gid=62&Itemid=24 |archive-date=30 November 2011}}</ref>
-Similarly to Mestizo and indigenous peoples, estimates of the percentage of [[Mexicans of European descent|European-descended Mexicans]] vary considerably depending on the criteria used: recent nationwide field surveys that account for different phenotypical traits (hair color, skin color etc.) report a percentage between 18%<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Villarreal |first1=Andrés |title=Stratification by Skin Color in Contemporary Mexico |journal=American Sociological Review |date=October 2010 |volume=75 |issue=5 |pages=652–678 |doi=10.1177/0003122410378232 |publisher=American Sociological Association |jstor=20799484|s2cid=145295212 }}</ref>-23%<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Ortiz-Hernández |first1=Luis |last2=Compeán-Dardón |first2=Sandra |last3=Verde-Flota |first3=Elizabeth |last4=Flores-Martínez |first4=Maricela Nanet |title=Racism and mental health among university students in Mexico City |journal=Salud Pública de México |date=April 2011 |volume=53 |issue=2 |pages=125–133 |doi=10.1590/s0036-36342011000200005 |pmid=21537803 |doi-access=free }}</ref> if the criteria is the presence of [[Blond|blond hair]], and of 47% if the criteria is skin color, with the later surveys having been conducted by Mexico's government itself.<ref name="Marzo_DiaIntElimDiscRacial_INACCSS 2017">[http://www.conapred.org.mx/documentos_cedoc/21_Marzo_DiaIntElimDiscRacial_INACCSS.pdf "21 de Marzo Día Internacional de la Eliminación de la Discriminación Racial" pag.7], ''CONAPRED'', Mexico, 21 March. Retrieved on 28 April 2017.</ref><ref name="conapred.org.mx">[http://www.conapred.org.mx/userfiles/files/Enadis-2010-RG-Accss-002.pdf "Encuesta Nacional Sobre Discriminación en Mexico"], "CONAPRED", Mexico DF, June 2011. Retrieved on 28 April 2017.</ref><ref name="DISC-RACIAL 2011">[http://www.conapred.org.mx/documentos_cedoc/Dossier%20DISC-RACIAL.pdf "DOCUMENTO INFORMATIVO SOBRE DISCRIMINACIÓN RACIAL EN MÉXICO"], ''CONAPRED'', Mexico, 21 March 2011, retrieved on 28 April 2017.</ref><ref name=ENADIS2017>[https://www.inegi.org.mx/contenidos/saladeprensa/boletines/2018/EstSociodemo/ENADIS2017_08.PDF "Encuesta Nacional sobre Discriminación 2017"], ''CNDH'', 6 August 2018, Retrieved on 9 August 2018.</ref><ref name=MMSI2>[http://bibliodigitalibd.senado.gob.mx/bitstream/handle/123456789/3525/JASC%2520IBD%2520MMSI%25202016%2520V1.0.pdf?sequence=6&isAllowed=y "Visión INEGI 2021 Dr. Julio Santaella Castell"], ''INEGI'', 3 July 2017, Retrieved on 30 April 2018.</ref> While during the colonial era, most of the European migration into Mexico was [[Spaniards in Mexico|Spanish]], in the 19th and 20th centuries a substantial number of non-Spanish Europeans immigrated to the country,<ref name="fnavarrete">{{cite web|url=http://www.nacionmulticultural.unam.mx/Portal/Izquierdo/BANCO/Mxmulticultural/Elmestizajeylasculturas-elmestizaje.html |title=El mestizaje y las culturas |first=Federico |last=Navarrete Linares |work=México Multicultural |publisher=[[UNAM]] |location=Mexico |language=es |trans-title=Mixed race and cultures |access-date=19 July 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130823015618/http://www.nacionmulticultural.unam.mx/Portal/Izquierdo/BANCO/Mxmulticultural/Elmestizajeylasculturas-elmestizaje.html |archive-date=23 August 2013 }}</ref> with Europeans often being the most numerous ethnic group in colonial Mexican cities.<ref name="EnsayospoblaciónMéxico">{{cite book|author1=Sherburne Friend Cook|author2=Woodrow Borah|title=Ensayos sobre historia de la población. México y el Caribe 2|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DSCVztyTANcC&pg=PA223|access-date=12 September 2017|date=1998|publisher=Siglo XXI|isbn=9789682301063|page=223}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=San Miguel |first1=G. |title=Ser mestizo en la nueva España a fines del siglo XVIII: Acatzingo, 1792 |trans-title=To be «mestizo» in New Spain at the end of the XVIII th century. Acatzingo, 1792 |language=es |journal=Cuadernos de la Facultad de Humanidades y Ciencias Sociales. Universidad Nacional de Jujuy |date=November 2000 |issue=13 |pages=325–342 |url=http://www.scielo.org.ar/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1668-81042000000100018 }}</ref> Nowadays Mexico's northern and western regions have the highest percentages of European populations, with the majority of the people not having native admixture or being of predominantly European ancestry.<ref name="UnitedStatesandMexico">{{cite book|author1=Howard F. Cline|title=THE UNITED STATES AND MEXICO|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XPl8c4XINgoC&q=northern+spanish|access-date=18 May 2017|date=1963|publisher=Harvard University Press|isbn=9780674497061|page=104}}</ref>
-[[File:Capilla de San Francisco Puebla.jpg|thumb|[[Puebla City|Puebla de Zaragoza]] is the most populated city of [[Puebla]]]]
-The Afro-Mexican population (2,576,213 individuals {{As of|2020|lc=y}})<ref name="2020 Census"/><ref name="Encuesta Intercensal">{{cite web|title=Presentación de la Encuesta Intercensal- Principales resultados|url=http://www.inegi.org.mx/est/contenidos/proyectos/encuestas/hogares/especiales/ei2015/doc/eic_2015_presentacion.pdf|publisher=INEGI|access-date=28 September 2016}}</ref> is an ethnic group made up of descendants of Colonial-era slaves and recent immigrants of sub-Saharan African descent. Mexico had an active slave trade during the colonial period, and some 200,000 Africans were taken there, primarily in the 17th century. The creation of a national Mexican identity, especially after the Mexican Revolution, emphasized Mexico's indigenous and European past; it passively eliminated the African ancestors and contributions. Most of the African-descended population was absorbed into the surrounding Mestizo (mixed European/indigenous) and indigenous populations through unions among the groups. Evidence of this long history of intermarriage with Mestizo and indigenous Mexicans is also expressed in the fact that in the 2015 inter-census, 64.9% (896,829) of Afro-Mexicans also identified as indigenous. It was also reported that 7.4% of Afro-Mexicans speak an indigenous language.<ref name="2020 Census"/><ref>{{cite web |title=Principales resultados—Encuesta Intercensal 2015 |trans-title=Main results — Intercensal Survey 2015 |url=http://www.inegi.org.mx/est/contenidos/proyectos/encuestas/hogares/especiales/ei2015/doc/eic_2015_presentacion.pdf |publisher=INEGI |access-date=4 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170313192927/http://www.inegi.org.mx/est/contenidos/proyectos/encuestas/hogares/especiales/ei2015/doc/eic_2015_presentacion.pdf |archive-date=13 March 2017 |language=es |date=2015 |url-status=dead}}</ref> The states with the highest self-report of Afro-Mexicans were Guerrero (8.6% of the population), Oaxaca (4.7%) and Baja California Sur (3.3%).<ref name="2020 Census"/><ref>{{cite web|title=Tabulados de la Encuesta Intercensal 2015|url=http://www3.inegi.org.mx/sistemas/tabuladosbasicos/LeerArchivo.aspx?ct=51553&c=33725&s=est&f=1|publisher=[[INEGI]]|access-date=24 December 2015}}</ref> Afro-Mexican culture is strongest in the communities of the [[Costa Chica of Oaxaca]] and [[Costa Chica of Guerrero]].
-During the early 20th century, a substantial number of [[Arab Mexicans|Arabs]] (mostly [[Arab Christians|Christians]])<ref>{{cite web|url=http://goliath.ecnext.com/coms2/gi_0199-536840/Marin-Guzman-Roberto-and-Zidane.html|title=Find Local Contractors – Home Remodeling Contractors on Ecnext|website=goliath.ecnext.com}}</ref> began arriving from the crumbling [[Ottoman Empire]]. The largest group were the Lebanese and an estimated 400,000 Mexicans have some [[Lebanese Mexicans|Lebanese ancestry]].<ref>{{Cite news|title=The biggest enchilada|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/comment/personal-view/3641163/The-biggest-enchilada.html|publisher=The Telegraph|access-date=28 February 2015|date=7 July 2007|last1=Langley|first1=William}}</ref> Smaller ethnic groups in Mexico include [[Asian Mexicans|South and East Asians]], present since the colonial era. During the colonial era Asians were termed ''Chino'' (regardless of ethnicity), and arrived as merchants, artisans and slaves.<ref name="Seijas">{{cite book|author= Tatiana Seijas|title= Asian Slaves in Colonial Mexico: From Chinos to Indian |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YCWjAwAAQBAJ&q=Asians+in+Mexico&pg=PA21 |date= 2014|publisher= Cambridge University Press|isbn=9781107063129 |page=21}}</ref> A study by Juan Esteban Rodríguez, a graduate student at the National Laboratory of Genomics for Biodiversity, indicated that up to one third of people sampled from [[Guerrero]] state had significantly more Asian ancestry than most Mexicans, primarily [[Filipino immigration to Mexico|Filipino]] or [[Native Indonesians|Indonesian]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sciencemag.org/news/2018/04/latin-america-s-lost-histories-revealed-modern-dna|title=Latin America's lost histories revealed in modern DNA|date=12 April 2018|website=Science &#124; AAAS}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.mb.com.ph/issues/2005/01/28/OPED2005012827368.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071015180841/http://www.mb.com.ph/issues/2005/01/28/OPED2005012827368.html|url-status=dead|title=Filipinos in Mexican History|archive-date=15 October 2007}}</ref> Modern Asian immigration began in the late 19th century, and at one point in the early 20th century the [[Chinese immigration to Mexico|Chinese]] were the second largest immigrant group.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Chao Romero|first1=Robert|title=The Chinese in Mexico, 1882–1940|chapter=1. Introduction |date=2011|publisher=University of Arizona Press|isbn=9780816508198|page=1|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=U3GQ7o3HV1cC&q=chinese+in+mexico+second+largest+immigrant+group&pg=PA1|access-date=1 October 2016|title-link=The Chinese in Mexico}}</ref>
-===Emigration===
-{{main|Emigration from Mexico}}{{See also|Immigration to Mexico}}
-In the early 1960s, around 600,000 Mexicans lived abroad, which increased sevenfold by the 1990s to 4.4 million.<ref name="Migration Yearbook">{{cite web | url=https://www.bbvaresearch.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/1809_AnuarioMigracionRemesas_2018.pdf | title=Yearbook of Migration and Remittances: Mexico 2018 | publisher=[[BBVA Bancomer|BBVA Research]] | date=2018 | access-date=9 September 2018}}</ref> At the turn of the 21st century, this figure more than doubled to 9.5 million.<ref name="Migration Yearbook"/> As of 2017, it is estimated that 12.9 million Mexicans live abroad, primarily in the United States, which concentrates nearly 98% of the expatriate population.<ref name="Migration Yearbook"/> The majority of Mexicans have settled in states such as [[California]], [[Texas]] and [[Illinois]], particularly around the metropolitan areas of [[Los Angeles metropolitan area|Los Angeles]], [[Chicago metropolitan area|Chicago]], [[Greater Houston|Houston]] and [[Dallas–Fort Worth metroplex|Dallas–Fort Worth]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.migrationpolicy.org/article/mexican-immigrants-united-states | title=Mexican Migrants in the United States | publisher=Migration Policy Institute | date=17 March 2016 | access-date=9 September 2018}}</ref> As a result of these major migration flows in recent decades, around 36 million U.S. residents, or 11.2% of the country's population, identified as being of full or partial Mexican ancestry.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=ACS_16_1YR_B03001&prodType=table | title=Hispanic or Latino Origin by Specific Origin | publisher=U.S. Census Bureau | date=2016 | access-date=9 September 2018 | archive-url=https://archive.today/20200214060959/https://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=ACS_16_1YR_B03001&prodType=table | archive-date=14 February 2020 | url-status=dead }}</ref> The remaining 2% of expatriates have settled in [[Canada]] (86,000), primarily in the provinces of [[Ontario]] and [[Quebec]],<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/nhs-enm/2011/dp-pd/dt-td/Ap-eng.cfm?LANG=E&APATH=5&DETAIL=0&DIM=0&FL=A&FREE=0&GC=01&GID=0&GK=1&GRP=0&PID=105411&PRID=0&PTYPE=105277&S=0&SHOWALL=0&SUB=0&Temporal=2013&THEME=95&VID=0&VNAMEE=&VNAMEF= | title=2011 National Household Survey | publisher=Statistics Canada | date=8 May 2013 | access-date=9 September 2018}}</ref> followed by [[Spain]] (49,000) and [[Germany]] (18,000), both European destinations represent almost two-thirds of the Mexican population living in the continent.<ref name="Migration Yearbook"/> As for Latin America, it is estimated that 69,000 Mexicans live in the region, [[Guatemala]] (18,000) being the top destination for expatriates, followed by [[Bolivia]] (10,000) and [[Panama]] (5,000).<ref name="Migration Yearbook"/>
-===Languages===
-{{Main|Languages of Mexico}}
-[[File:Paz0.jpg|thumb|right|200px|[[Octavio Paz]] was awarded the 1981 [[Miguel de Cervantes Prize]], the 1982 [[Neustadt International Prize for Literature]], and the 1990 [[Nobel Prize in Literature]].]]
-[[Spanish language|Spanish]] is the ''[[de facto]]'' national language spoken by the vast majority of the population, making Mexico the world's most populous [[Hispanophone]] country.<ref>{{Ethnologue18|spa|Spanish → Mexico}}</ref><ref name=Spanishhistory/> [[Mexican Spanish]] refers to the [[Variety (linguistics)|varieties]] of the language spoken in the country, which differ from one region to another in sound, structure, and vocabulary.{{sfn|Werner|2001|pp=443, 444, 445}} In general, Mexican Spanish does not make any phonetic [[Seseo|distinction among the letters ''s'' and ''z'']], as well as ''c'' when preceding the vowels ''e'' and ''i'', as opposed to [[Peninsular Spanish]]. The letters ''b'' and ''v'' have the same pronunciation as well.{{sfn|Werner|2001|pp=443, 444, 445}} Furthermore, the usage of ''[[voseo|vos]]'', the [[grammatical person|second person]] [[grammatical number|singular]] [[pronoun]], found in several Latin American varieties, is replaced by ''[[T–V distinction#Spanish|tú]]''; whereas ''[[vosotros]]'', the second person plural pronoun, fell out of use and was effectively replaced by ''ustedes''.{{sfn|Werner|2001|pp=443, 444, 445}} In written form, the [[Spanish Royal Academy]] serves as the primary guideline for spelling, except for words of Amerindian origin that retain their original phonology such as ''[[Northern mockingbird|cenzontle]]'' instead of ''sinzontle'' and [[Name of Mexico|''México'' not ''Méjico'']]. Words of foreign origin also maintain their original spelling such as whisky and film, as opposed to ''güisqui'' and ''filme'' as the Royal Academy suggests.{{sfn|Werner|2001|pp=443, 444, 445}} The letter ''x'' is distinctly used in Mexican Spanish, which may be pronounced as {{IPA|[ks]}} (as in ''oxígeno'' or ''taxi''), as {{IPA|[ʃ]}} particularly in Amerindian words (e.g. ''mixiote'', ''Xola'' and ''uxmal'') and as the [[voiceless velar fricative]] {{IPAblink|x}} (such as ''Texas'' and ''Oaxaca'').{{sfn|Werner|2001|pp=443, 444, 445}}
-The federal government officially recognizes [[Languages of Mexico#Indigenous languages|sixty-eight linguistic groups and 364 varieties of indigenous languages]].<ref>{{cite journal | author=INALI [Instituto Nacional de Lenguas Indígenas] | author-link=Instituto Nacional de Lenguas Indígenas | date=14 January 2008 | title=Catálogo de las lenguas indígenas nacionales: Variantes lingüísticas de México con sus autodenominaciones y referencias geoestadísticas | url=http://www.inali.gob.mx/pdf/CLIN_completo.pdf | format=PDF online facsimile | journal=[[Diario Oficial de la Federación]] | location=Mexico City | volume=652 | issue=9 | pages=22–78 (first section), 1–96 (second section), 1–112 (third section) | oclc=46461036 | language=es}}</ref> It is estimated that around 8.3 million citizens speak these languages,<ref name="Indigenous Languages">{{cite web | url=http://cuentame.inegi.org.mx/hipertexto/todas_lenguas.htm | title=Indigenous Languages in Mexico: Speakers Aged Three or Older | publisher=National Institute of Statistics and Geography | date=2015 | access-date=11 September 2018}}</ref> with [[Nahuatl]] being the most widely spoken by more than 1.7 million, followed by [[Yucatec Maya language|Yucatec Maya]] used daily by nearly 850,000 people, [[Tzeltal language|Tzeltal]] and [[Tzotzil language|Tzotzil]], two variants of the [[Mayan languages]], are spoken by around half a million people each, primarily in the southern state of [[Chiapas]].<ref name="Indigenous Languages"/> [[Mixtec languages|Mixtec]] and [[Zapotec languages|Zapotec]], both with estimated 500,000 native speakers each, are two other well-known language groups.<ref name="Indigenous Languages"/> Since its creation in March 2003, the [[Instituto Nacional de Lenguas Indígenas|National Indigenous Languages Institute]] has been in charge of promoting and protecting the use of the country's indigenous languages, through the [[Ley General de Derechos Lingüísticos de los Pueblos Indígenas|General Law of Indigenous Peoples' Linguistic Rights]], which recognizes them ''[[de jure]]'' as "national languages" with status equal to that of Spanish.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nacionmulticultural.unam.mx/Edespig/diagnostico_y_perspectivas/leyes_declaraciones/2%20LENGUA%20Y%20CULTURA/Ley%20general%20de%20derechos%20linguisticos.pdf |title=Ley General de Derechos Lingüísticos de los Pueblos Indígenas |access-date=3 August 2017 |date=2003 |language=es |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921054016/http://www.nacionmulticultural.unam.mx/Edespig/diagnostico_y_perspectivas/leyes_declaraciones/2%20LENGUA%20Y%20CULTURA/Ley%20general%20de%20derechos%20linguisticos.pdf |archive-date=21 September 2013}}</ref> Notwithstanding, in practice, indigenous peoples often face discrimination and are unable to have proper access to public services such as education and healthcare, as well as the justice system, as Spanish is the prominent language.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://site.inali.gob.mx/pdf/MODELO_DE_ACREDITACION_Y_CERTIFICACION_EN_MATERIA_DE_LENGUAS_INDIGENAS.pdf | title=Model of Accreditation and Certification of Indigenous Languages | publisher=National Indigenous Languages Institute | date=October 2012 | page=7 | language=es | access-date=11 September 2018}}</ref>
-Aside from indigenous languages, there are several minority languages spoken in Mexico due to international migration such as [[Low German]] by the 80,000-strong [[Mennonites in Mexico|Menonite population]], primarily settled in the northern states, fuelled by the tolerance of the federal government towards this community by allowing them to set their own educational system compatible with their customs and traditions.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hshs.mb.ca/mennonite_old_colony_vision.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070205052716/http://www.hshs.mb.ca/mennonite_old_colony_vision.pdf|archive-date=5 February 2007|title=The Mennonite Old Colony Vision: Under siege in Mexico and the Canadian Connection|access-date=11 September 2018}}</ref> The [[Chipilo Venetian dialect|Chipilo dialect]], a variance of the [[Venetian language]], is spoken in the town of [[Chipilo]], located in the central state of [[Puebla]], by around 2,500 people, mainly descendants of Venetians that migrated to the area in the late 19th century.<ref>{{e18|vec|Venetian (Mexico)}}</ref> Furthermore, [[English language|English]] is the most commonly taught [[foreign language]] in Mexico. It is estimated that nearly 24 million, or around a fifth of the population, study the language through public schools, private institutions or self-access channels.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://ei.britishcouncil.org/sites/default/files/latin-america-research/English%20in%20Mexico.pdf | title=English in Mexico: An examination of policy, perceptions and influencing factors | publisher=British Council | date=May 2015 | access-date=11 September 2018}}</ref> However, a high level of English proficiency is limited to only 5% of the population.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.elfinanciero.com.mx/economia/en-mexico-solo-de-la-poblacion-habla-ingles-imco.html | title=En México sólo 5% de la población habla inglés: IMCO | last=Becerril | first=Isabel | publisher=El Financiero | language=es | date=27 April 2015 | access-date=11 September 2018}}</ref> Moreover, [[French language|French]] is the second most widely taught foreign language, as every year between 200,000 and 250,000 Mexican students enroll in language courses.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.francophonie.org/IMG/pdf/2e.pdf | title=Une Langue Pour Apprendre | page=132 | publisher=Organisation internationale de la Francophonie | date=6 September 2010 | language=fr | access-date=11 September 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181113062358/https://www.francophonie.org/IMG/pdf/2e.pdf | archive-date=13 November 2018 | url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://mx.ambafrance.org/Cours-de-francais,6567 | title=Cours de français | publisher=Ambassade de France à Mexico | language=fr | date=19 March 2013 | access-date=11 September 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://loutardeliberee.com/mexique-lacteur-monte-francophonie-damerique/ | title=Le Mexique, l'acteur qui monte dans la francophonie d'Amérique | last=Simon-Clerc | first=Nathalie | publisher=L'Outarde Libérée | language=fr | date=2 November 2016 | access-date=11 September 2018}}</ref>
-===Urban areas===
-{{Main|Metropolitan areas of Mexico|List of cities in Mexico}}
-{{Largest cities of Mexico}}
-===Religion===
-{{See also|Religion in Mexico}}
-{{Bar box
-|title=[[Religion in Mexico]] (2020 census)<ref name="2020 Census"/><ref name=religion2020/>
-|titlebar=#ddd
-|float=right
-|bars=
-{{Bar percent|Roman Catholicism|gold|77.7}}
-{{Bar percent|Protestantism|skyblue|11.2}}
-{{Bar percent|Other religion|Pink|2.4}}
-{{Bar percent|[[Irreligion|No religion]]|black|8.1}}
-{{Bar percent|Unanswered|gray|.4}}
-}}
-The 2020 census by the [[Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Geografía]] (National Institute of Statistics and Geography) gave [[Roman Catholicism in Mexico|Roman Catholicism]] as the main religion, with 77.7% (97,864,218) of the population, while 11.2% (14,095,307) belong to Protestant/Evangelical Christian denominations—including Other [[Christians]] (6,778,435), [[Evangelicals]] (2,387,133), [[Pentecostals]] (1,179,415), [[Jehovah's Witnesses]] (1,530,909), [[Seventh-day Adventist Church|Seventh-day Adventists]] (791,109), and members of [[the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints]] (337,998)—; 8.1% (9,488,671) declared having [[Irreligion in Mexico|no religion]]; .4% (491,814) were unspecified.<ref name="2020 Census"/><ref name=religion2020>{{cite web|url=https://www.milenio.com/politica/comunidad/catolicismo-pierde-creyentes-censo-inegi-2021|first1=Graciela|last1=Olvera|first2=Armando|last2=Martínez|date=25 January 2021|language=es|title=Catolicismo y otras religiones pierden creyentes en México|work=Milenio|accessdate=25 March 2021}}</ref>
-[[File:Nueva Basílica de Nuestra Señora de Guadalupe (JC) 01.JPG|thumb|left|180px|[[Our Lady of Guadalupe]], [[patron saint]] of Mexico. This painting of her at the [[Basilica of Our Lady of Guadalupe|Basilica of Guadalupe]] is among her most notable depictions; scientists still debate if it should be dated 1531, the year of the first apparition,<ref>{{citation|url=https://www.michaeljournal.org/articles/roman-catholic-church/item/the-apparition-of-our-lady-of-guadalupe-in-1531|title=The Apparition of Our Lady of Guadalupe in 1531|date=1 October 2002|publisher=michaeljournal.org}}</ref> or the 1550s.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_6BaAAAAMAAJ|title=La búsqueda de Juan Diego|author= Manuel Olimón Nolasco|date=2002|publisher=Plaza & Janés|isbn=9789681105433}}</ref>]]
-The 97,864,218<ref name="2020 Census"/> Catholics of Mexico constitute in absolute terms the second largest Catholic community in the world, after [[Brazil]]'s.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.adherents.com/largecom/com_romcath.html |title=The Largest Catholic Communities |access-date=10 November 2007 |publisher=Adherents.com}}</ref> 47% percent of them attend church services weekly.<ref>{{cite web|title=Church attendance |work=Study of worldwide rates of religiosity |year=1997 |publisher=University of Michigan |url=http://www.ns.umich.edu/htdocs/releases/print.php?Releases/1997/Dec97/chr121097a |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060901122224/http://www.ns.umich.edu/htdocs/releases/print.php?Releases%2F1997%2FDec97%2Fchr121097a |archive-date=1 September 2006 |access-date=3 January 2007 |url-status=dead  }}</ref> The feast day of [[Our Lady of Guadalupe]], the patron saint of Mexico, is celebrated on 12 December and is regarded by many Mexicans as the most important religious holiday of their country.<ref>{{cite web|title=Our Lady of Guadalupe|url=http://www.catholic.org/saints/saint.php?saint_id=456|publisher=Catholic Online|access-date=24 October 2011}}</ref>
-The denominations [[Pentecostalism|Pentecostal]] also have an important presence, especially in the cities of the border and in the indigenous communities. As of 2010, Pentecostal churches together have more than 1.3 million adherents, which in net numbers place them as the second Christian creed in Mexico. The situation changes when the different Pentecostal denominations are considered as separate entities. The third-largest Christian group is the [[Jehovah's Witnesses]], which totals more than 1&nbsp;million adherents. In the same census [[The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints]], whose members are known as [[Mormons]], reported 314,932 members,<ref name="2010-census"/> though the church claimed in 2009 to have over one million registered members.<ref name="lds-Mexico">{{cite web|title=Mexico, Country profile|publisher=The Church of Jesus Christ of the Latter-Days Saints Newsroom|url=http://newsroom.lds.org/ldsnewsroom/eng/contact-us/mexico|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100825063153/http://newsroom.lds.org/ldsnewsroom/eng/contact-us/mexico|archive-date=25 August 2010|url-status=dead|access-date=4 March 2011}}</ref>  Other groups are growing, such as [[Iglesia apostólica de la Fe en Cristo Jesús]], [[Mennonites in Mexico|Mennonites]] and [[Seventh-day Adventist Church]] and [[La Luz del Mundo|Church of the La Luz del Mundo]], which has its center in "[[La Hermosa Provincia]]", a colony of [[Guadalajara]]. Migratory phenomena have led to the spread of different aspects of Christianity, including branches [[Protestantism|Protestants]], [[Eastern Catholic Churches]] and [[Eastern Orthodox Church]].<ref name="cristianismosorientales">[https://www.iis.unam.mx/blog/cristianismos-orientales-persecucion-muerte-migracion-y-cambio/ "Cristianismos orientales: persecución, muerte, migración y cambio – Resonancias – Instituto de Investigaciones Sociales"], "UNAM", Mexico DF, 29 November 2019. Retrieved on 28 November 2020.</ref> The presence of [[History of the Jews in Mexico|Jews in Mexico]] dates back to 1521, when Hernán Cortés conquered the Aztecs, accompanied by several [[Converso]]s.<ref>{{cite book|last=Primack|first=Karen|title=Jews in places you never thought of|year=1998|publisher=KTAV Publishing House, Inc.|page=305|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GhD0JZAOTHUC&q=jews+came+to+mexico+in+1521&pg=PA77|isbn=978-0-88125-608-6}}</ref>  According to the 2020 census, there are 58,876 Jews in Mexico.<ref name="2020 Census"/> [[Islam in Mexico]] (with 7,982 members) is practiced mostly by [[Arab Mexican]]s.<ref name="2020 Census"/> In the 2010 census 36,764 Mexicans reported belonging to a spiritualist religion,<ref name="2020 Census"/> a category which includes a tiny [[Buddhism in Mexico|Buddhist]] population.
-[[File:Capilla_del_Panteón_Francés_de_la_Piedad.JPG|thumb|right|225px|View of the Chapel of Mercy of the [[Panteón Francés]] (French Cemetery)]]
-According to [[Jacobo Grinberg]] (in texts edited by the [[National Autonomous University of Mexico]]), the survival of magic-religious rituals of the old [[indigenous peoples|indigenous]] groups is remarkable, not only in the current indigenous population but also in the [[mestizo]] and [[white people|white]] population that make up the Mexican rural and urban society. There is often a [[syncretism]] between [[shamanism]] and Catholic traditions. Another religion of popular syncretism in Mexico (especially in recent years) is the [[Santería]]. This is mainly due to the large number of Cubans who settled in the territory after the [[Cuban Revolution]] (mainly in states such as [[Veracruz]] and [[Yucatán]]). Even though Mexico was also a recipient of black slaves from [[Africa]] in the 16th century, the apogee of these cults is relatively new.<ref>{{Cite book| author = Jacobo Grinberg Zylberbaum | title = Los chamanes de México | date = 1989 | publisher = UNAM School of Psychology | location = Mexico City | isbn = 9686022015 | edition = University of Texas | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=1QVZAAAAMAAJ&q=chamanes+en+M%C3%A9xico}}</ref> In general, popular religiosity is viewed with bad eyes by institutionally structured religions. One of the most exemplary cases of popular religiosity is the cult of [[Santa Muerte|Holy Dead]] (Santa Muerte). The Catholic hierarchy insists on describing it as a satanic cult. However, most of the people who profess this cult declare themselves to be Catholic believers, and consider that there is no contradiction between the tributes they offer to the [[Christ Child]] and the adoration of God. Other examples are the representations of the [[Stations of the Cross|Passion of Christ]] and the celebration of [[Day of the Dead]], which take place within the framework of the Catholic Christian imaginary, but under a very particular reinterpretation of its protagonists.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Castells Ballarin |first1=Pilar |title=La Santa Muerte y la cultura de los derechos humanos |journal=LiminaR |date=June 2008 |volume=6 |issue=1 |pages=13–25 |doi=10.29043/liminar.v6i1.263 |doi-access=free }}</ref>
-In certain regions, the profession of a creed other than the Catholic is seen as a threat to community unity. It is argued that the Catholic religion is part of the ethnic identity, and that the Protestants are not willing to participate in the traditional customs and practices (the [[tequio]] or community work, participation in the festivities and similar issues). The refusal of the Protestants is because their religious beliefs do not allow them to participate in the cult of images. In extreme cases, tension between Catholics and Protestants has led to the expulsion or even murder of Protestants in several villages. The best known cases are those of [[San Juan Chamula]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jornada.unam.mx/2005/11/11/042n3est.php|title=En Chamula, cambiar religión se considera delito|date=16 June 2009|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090616041417/http://www.jornada.unam.mx/2005/11/11/042n3est.php|archive-date=16 June 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jornada.unam.mx/2000/06/03/pol4.html|title=pol4|website=www.jornada.unam.mx}}</ref> in Chiapas, and San Nicolás, in [[Ixmiquilpan]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jornada.unam.mx/2001/07/22/mas-hilo.html|title=mas-hilo|website=www.jornada.unam.mx}}</ref> [[Hidalgo (state)|Hidalgo]].
-A similar argument was presented by a committee of anthropologists to request the government of the Republic to expel the [[SIL International|Summer Linguistic Institute]] (SIL), in the year 1979, which was accused of promoting the division of indigenous peoples by translating the [[Bible]] into vernacular languages and evangelizing in a Protestant creed that threatened the integrity of popular cultures. The Mexican government paid attention to the call of the anthropologists and canceled the agreement that had held with the SIL.<ref name="WP">{{cite news |last1=Simons |first1=Marlise |title=Mexico to End Work of U.S. Translators With Indians |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/local/1979/09/29/mexico-to-end-work-of-us-translators-with-indians/918451eb-96c9-4b77-835b-8a3dfed38a1d/ |work=[[The Washington Post]] |date=29 September 1979 }}</ref>
-===Health===
-{{Main|Healthcare in Mexico}}
-[[File:Mexico df - Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI.JPG|thumb|250px|right|[[General Hospital of Mexico]] in Mexico City.]]
-Since the early 1990s, Mexico entered a transitional stage in the health of its population and some indicators such as mortality patterns are identical to those found in highly developed countries like Germany or Japan.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://countrystudies.us/mexico/63.htm |title=Mexico&nbsp;– Health Care and Social Security |publisher=Countrystudies.us |access-date=30 May 2010}}</ref> Mexico's medical infrastructure is highly rated for the most part and is usually excellent in major cities,<ref name="Health Care in Mexico">{{cite web|url=http://www.expatforum.com/articles/health/health-care-in-mexico.html |title=Health Care in Mexico |publisher=Expatforum.com |access-date=30 May 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://globerove.com/mexico/health-care-issues-mexico/695 |title=Health Care Issues Mexico |publisher=Kwintessential.co.uk |access-date=4 November 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130813094826/http://globerove.com/mexico/health-care-issues-mexico/695 |archive-date=13 August 2013 }}</ref> but rural communities still lack equipment for advanced medical procedures, forcing patients in those locations to travel to the closest urban areas to get specialized medical care.<ref name=brit-mex/> [[Social determinants of health in Mexico|Social determinants of health]] can be used to evaluate the state of health in Mexico.
-State-funded institutions such as [[Mexican Social Security Institute]] (IMSS) and the [[Institute for Social Security and Services for State Workers]] (ISSSTE) play a major role in health and social security. Private health services are also very important and account for 13% of all medical units in the country.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sinais.salud.gob.mx/medicinaprivada/index.html |title=Sistema Nacional de Información en Salud&nbsp;– Infraestructura |publisher=Sinais.salud.gob.mx |access-date=30 May 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100609031712/http://www.sinais.salud.gob.mx/medicinaprivada/index.html |archive-date=9 June 2010 }}</ref>
-Medical training is done mostly at public universities with much specializations done in vocational or internship settings. Some public universities in Mexico, such as the [[University of Guadalajara]], have signed agreements with the U.S. to receive and train American students in Medicine. Health care costs in private institutions and prescription drugs in Mexico are on average lower than that of its North American economic partners.<ref name="Health Care in Mexico"/>
-===Education===
-[[File:Biblioteca Central..jpg|thumb|[[Central Library (UNAM)|Central Library]] of the [[National Autonomous University of Mexico]]]]
-{{Main|Education in Mexico}}
-In 2004, the literacy rate was at 97%<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.inegi.gob.mx/est/contenidos/espanol/rutinas/ept.asp?t=medu15&s=est&c=3283 |title=INEGI literacy report −14, 2005 |publisher=Inegi.gob.mx |access-date=8 August 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722225624/http://www.inegi.gob.mx/est/contenidos/espanol/rutinas/ept.asp?t=medu15&s=est&c=3283 |archive-date=22 July 2011 }}</ref> for youth under the age of 14, and 91% for people over 15,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.inegi.gob.mx/est/contenidos/espanol/rutinas/ept.asp?t=medu16&s=est&c=3284 |title=INEGI literacy report 15+, 2005 |publisher=Inegi.gob.mx |access-date=8 August 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722225628/http://www.inegi.gob.mx/est/contenidos/espanol/rutinas/ept.asp?t=medu16&s=est&c=3284 |archive-date=22 July 2011 }}</ref> placing Mexico at 24th place in the world according to [[UNESCO]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Mexico: Youth Literacy Rate|publisher=Global Virtual University|url=http://globalis.gvu.unu.edu/indicator_detail.cfm?IndicatorID=41&Country=MX|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100719073513/http://globalis.gvu.unu.edu/indicator_detail.cfm?IndicatorID=41&Country=MX|archive-date=19 July 2010|access-date=2 October 2007}}</ref>
-Nowadays, Mexico's literacy rate is high, at 94.86% in 2018, up from 82.99% in 1980,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.macrotrends.net/countries/MEX/mexico/literacy-rate|title=Mexico Literacy Rate 1980-2021|website=www.macrotrends.net}}</ref> with the literacy rates of males and females being relatively equal.
-The [[National Autonomous University of Mexico]] ranks 103rd in the [[QS World University Rankings]], making it the best university in Mexico. After it comes the [[Monterrey Institute of Technology and Higher Education]] as the best private school in Mexico and 158th worldwide in 2019.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.telediario.mx/nacional/nombran-al-tec-de-monterrey-como-la-mejor-universidad-privada-de-mexico|title=Nombran al Tec de Monterrey como la mejor universidad privada de México|date=19 June 2019|website=Telediario CDMX|language=es|access-date=10 August 2019}}</ref> Private business schools also stand out in international rankings. [[IPADE]] and [[EGADE]], the business schools of [[Universidad Panamericana]] and of [[Monterrey Institute of Technology and Higher Education]] respectively, were ranked in the top 10 in a survey conducted by ''[[The Wall Street Journal]]'' among recruiters outside the United States.<ref>{{cite news|title=Recruiter's scoreboard Highlights|work=The Wall Street Journal/Harris Interactive survey of corporate recruiters on business schools|url=https://online.wsj.com/public/resources/documents/MB_06_Scoreboard.pdf|access-date=4 October 2007}}</ref>
-===Women===
-{{Main|Women in Mexico}}
-[[File:Olga Sánchez Cordero - rostro.jpg|thumb|170px|[[Olga Sánchez Cordero]], Minister of the Interior (''Gobernacion'') in President López Obrador's cabinet]]
-Until the twentieth century, Mexico was an overwhelmingly rural country, with rural women's status defined within the context of the family and local community.  With urbanization beginning in the sixteenth century, following the [[Spanish conquest of the Aztec empire]], cities have provided economic and social opportunities not possible within rural villages.  Beginning in the late nineteenth century, women including middle-class women began working outside the home in offices and factories, and the gained access to education.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Porter |first1=Susie S. |title=From Angel to Office Worker: Middle-Class Identity and Female Consciousness in Mexico, 1890–1950 |date=2018 |publisher=U of Nebraska Press |isbn=978-1-4962-0649-7 }}{{page needed|date=December 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Porter |first1=Susie S. |title=Working Women in Mexico City: Public Discourses and Material Conditions, 1879-1931 |date=2003 |publisher=University of Arizona Press |isbn=978-0-8165-2268-2 }}{{page needed|date=December 2020}}</ref> Women were granted [[Women's suffrage in Mexico|suffrage]] in 1953.<ref>Morton, Ward M. ''Woman Suffrage in Mexico''. Gainesville: University of Florida Press 1962</ref> In the 21st century, Mexican women are prominent in politics, academia, journalism, literature, and visual arts among other fields. In President [[Andrés Manuel López Obrador]]'s first cabinet following his 2018 election, he appointed women in equal numbers as men.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://lopezobrador.org.mx/2017/12/14/presenta-amlo-gabinete-para-presidencia-2018-2024/|title=Presenta AMLO Gabinete para Presidencia 2018–2024 #GabineteAMLO – AMLO|accessdate=3 March 2021}}</ref> However, a wave of feminism in 2020 has criticized the president for his tone-deaf response to murders of women in Mexico.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-women-antiviolence-mexico-idUSKBN20T2ZN|title='Despicable' – Women seethe over Mexican leader's wobbly response to violence|newspaper=Reuters|date=6 March 2020|via=www.reuters.com|last1=Solomon|first1=Daina Beth}}</ref>
-Mexico is among the countries that treat particular murders of women as [[femicide]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Why Latin America treats "femicides" differently from other murders |url=https://www.economist.com/the-americas/2020/03/05/why-latin-america-treats-femicides-differently-from-other-murders |access-date=4 June 2020 |work=The Economist |issue=5 May 2020 |date=5 May 2020 |location=Monterrey}}</ref> In 2014, Mexico had the 16th highest rate of homicides committed against women in the world.<ref name=femicide>{{cite web|title=Femicide and Impunity in Mexico: A context of structural and generalized violence|url=http://www2.ohchr.org/english/bodies/cedaw/docs/ngos/CDDandCMDPDH_forthesession_Mexico_CEDAW52.pdf|access-date=12 March 2014}}</ref> The remains of the victims were frequently mutilated.<ref name=hp_8Jan2015>{{cite news|title=Wave Of Femicide Surges Across Mexico, Killing 6 Women Per Day|url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2015/01/08/mexico-femicide_n_6437156.html|access-date=14 September 2015|publisher=Huffington Post|date=8 January 2015}}</ref> According to a 1997 study, domestic abuse in Mexican culture "is embedded in gender and marital relations fostered in Mexican women's dependence on their spouses for subsistence and for self-esteem, sustained by ideologies of romantic love, by family structure and residential arrangements".<ref>{{cite journal|last=Finkler|first=Kaja|title=Gender, domestic violence and sickness in Mexico.|journal=Social Science & Medicine|year=1997|volume=45|issue=8|pages=1147–1160|doi=10.1016/s0277-9536(97)00023-3|pmid=9381229}}</ref> The perpetrators are often the boyfriend, father-in-law, ex-husbands or husbands but only 1.6% of the murder cases led to an arrest and sentencing in 2015.<ref name=hp_8Jan2015/>  After a particularly well-publicized gruesome femicide followed by that of a kidnapped little girl, women began protesting more vociferously, falling on deaf ears, including those of President López Obrador. This is the first new and major movement with which his presidency has had to deal. On [[International Women's Day]] (8 March) in 2020, women staged a massive demonstration in Mexico City with some 80,000 participants.  On Monday, 9 March 2020, the second day of action was marked by the absence of women at work, in class, shopping and other public activities.  The "Day Without Women" (''Día Sin Nosotras'') was reported in the international press along with the previous day's demonstrations.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Villegas |first1=Paulina |title=In Mexico, Women Go on Strike Nationwide to Protest Violence |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/03/09/world/americas/mexico-women-strike-protest.html |access-date=4 June 2020 |work=The New York Times |date=9 March 2020 |location=Mexico City}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Doubek |first1=James |title=Mexican Women Stay Home To Protest Femicides In 'A Day Without Us' |url=https://www.npr.org/2020/03/09/813699719/mexican-women-stay-home-to-protest-femicides-in-a-day-without-us |access-date=4 June 2020 |work=NPR |date=9 March 2020}}</ref>
-==Culture==
-{{Main|Culture of Mexico}}
-[[File:Talaveraarmando.jpg|thumb|[[Talavera pottery]]]]
-Mexican culture reflects the complexity of the [[History of Mexico|country's history]] through the blending of indigenous cultures and the [[culture of Spain]], imparted during Spain's 300-year colonial rule of Mexico. Exogenous cultural elements have been incorporated into Mexican culture as time has passed.
-The Porfirian era (''el [[Porfirio Díaz|Porfiriato]]''), in the last quarter of the 19th century and the first decade of the 20th century, was marked by economic progress and peace. After four decades of civil unrest and war, Mexico saw the development of philosophy and the arts, promoted by President Díaz himself. Since that time, as accentuated during the [[Mexican Revolution]], cultural identity has had its foundation in the ''mestizaje'', of which the indigenous (i.e. Amerindian) element is the core. In light of the various ethnicities that formed the Mexican people, [[José Vasconcelos]] in ''La Raza Cósmica'' (The Cosmic Race) (1925) defined Mexico to be the melting pot of all races (thus extending the definition of the ''mestizo'') not only biologically but culturally as well.<ref name="vasconcelos160">{{Cite book|last=Vasconcelos|first=José|others=Didier T. Jaén (translator)|title=La Raza Cósmica (The Cosmic Race)|publisher=The Johns Hopkins University Press|year=1997|isbn=978-0-8018-5655-6|page=[https://archive.org/details/cosmicracebiling00vasc/page/160 160]|url=https://archive.org/details/cosmicracebiling00vasc/page/160|url-access=registration}}</ref> Other Mexican intellectuals grappled with the idea of ''Lo Mexicano'', which seeks "to discover the national ethos of Mexican culture."<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Phelan |first1=John Leddy |title=México y lo Mexicano |journal=Hispanic American Historical Review |date=1 August 1956 |volume=36 |issue=3 |pages=309–318 |doi=10.1215/00182168-36.3.309 |jstor=2509215 |doi-access=free }}</ref> [[Nobel laureate]] [[Octavio Paz]] explores the notion of a Mexican national character in  ''[[The Labyrinth of Solitude]]''.
-=== Painting ===
-{{Main|Mexican art}}
-[[File:Palacio_de_Bellas_Artes_de_Noche.jpg|thumb|250px|[[Palacio de Bellas Artes]] (Palace of Fine Arts)]]
-[[File:Murales Rivera - Ausbeutung durch die Spanier 1 perspective.jpg|thumb|[[Mexican Muralism]]. A cultural expression starting in the 1920s created by a group of Mexican painters after the [[Mexican Revolution]].]]
-[[Painting]] is one of the oldest arts in Mexico. Cave painting in Mexican territory is about 7500 years old and has been found in the caves of the [[Baja California Peninsula]]. Pre-Columbian Mexico is present in buildings and caves, in [[Aztec codices]], in [[ceramics]], in garments, etc. .; examples of this are the [[Maya civilization|Maya]] mural paintings of [[Bonampak]], or those of [[Teotihuacán]], those of [[Cacaxtla]] and those of [[Monte Albán]].
-Mural painting with religious themes had an important flowering during the 16th century; the same in religious constructions as in houses of lineage; such is the case of the convents of [[Acolman]], [[Actopan, Hidalgo|Actopan]], [[Huejotzingo]], [[Tecamachalco, Puebla|Tecamachalco]] and [[Zinacantepec]]. These were also manifested in illustrated manuscripts such as the 1576 [[Florentine codex]] overseen by Franciscan [[Bernardino de Sahagún]].  Most art in the colonial era was religious, but starting in the late seventeenth century and most prominently in the eighteenth century, secular portraits and [[casta|casta painting]] appeared. Important painters of the late colonial period were [[Juan Correa]], [[Cristóbal de Villalpando]] and [[Miguel Cabrera (painter)|Miguel Cabrera]].
-Nineteenth-century painting had a marked romantic influence; landscapes and portraits were the greatest expressions of this era. [[Hermenegildo Bustos]] is one of the most appreciated painters of the [[historiography]] of Mexican art. Other painters include [[:es:Santiago Rebull|Santiago Rebull]], [[Félix Parra]], [[Eugenio Landesio]], and his noted pupil, the landscape artist [[José María Velasco Gómez|José María Velasco]].<ref>Widdiefield, Stacie G.  ''The Embodiment of the National in Late Nineteenth-Century Mexican Painting''. Tucson: University of Arizona Press 1996</ref>
-[[Mexican art|Mexican painting]] of the 20th century has achieved world renown with figures such as [[David Alfaro Siqueiros]], [[José Clemente Orozco]], [[Joaquín Clausell]], [[Frida Kahlo]] and [[Diego Rivera]], a generation of idealists who marked the image of modern Mexico in the face of strong social and economic criticism. The Oaxacan School quickly gained fame and prestige, diffusion of ancestral and modern culture. Freedom of design is observed in relation to the color and texture of the canvases and murals as a period of transition between the 20th century and the 21st century. [[Federico Cantú Garza]], [[Juan O'Gorman]], and [[Rufino Tamayo]] are also important artists. Diego Rivera, the most well-known figure of [[Mexican muralism]], painted the [[Man at the Crossroads]] at the [[Rockefeller Center]] in New York City, a huge mural that was destroyed by the Rockefellers the next year because of the inclusion of a portrait of Russian communist leader [[Vladimir Lenin|Lenin]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Rockefeller Controversy|publisher=Diego Rivera Prints|url=http://www.diego-rivera.org/rockefellercontroversy.html|access-date=2 October 2007|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071011103154/http://www.diego-rivera.org/rockefellercontroversy.html|archive-date=11 October 2007}}</ref> Some of Rivera's murals are displayed at the Mexican [[National Palace (Mexico)|National Palace]] and the [[Palacio de Bellas Artes|Palace of Fine Arts]].
-Some of the most outstanding painters in the late 20th century and early 21st century: [[Francisco Toledo]] was a Mexican Zapotec painter, sculptor, and graphic artist. In a career that spanned seven decades, Toledo produced thousands of works of art and became widely regarded as one of Mexico's most important contemporary artists. [[Verónica Ruiz de Velasco]] is a [[neofigurative]] painter and muralist.  Both [[Verónica Ruiz de Velasco]] and [[Francisco Toledo]] were students of [[Rufino Tamayo]]. [[Gilberto Aceves Navarro]] is also considered an important contemporary artist.
-Throughout history several prominent painters of different nationalities have expressed in their works the face of Mexico. Among the most outstanding we can mention are [[Claudio Linati]], [[Daniel Thomas Egerton]], [[Carl Nebel]], [[Thomas Moran]], and [[Leonora Carrington]].
-=== Sculpture ===
-{{Main|Sculpture in Mexico}}
-[[File:El_apoteosis_de_Padre_de_la_Patria_DF_MEX.JPG|thumb|100px|View of the [[Apotheosis]] sculptural group at the [[Angel of Independence]]]]
-Sculpture was an integral part of pre-Columbian [[Mesoamerica]]n civilizations, ([[Maya civilization|Mayans]], [[Olmec]]s, [[Toltec]]s, [[Mixtec]]s, [[Aztec]]s), and others, usually religious in nature. From the Spanish conquest in 1521, civil and religious sculpture was created by indigenous artists, with guidance from Spaniards, so some pre-Columbian features are evident. Since the 17th century, white and [[mestizo]] sculptors have created works with a marked influence of European classicism. After independence in 1821, sculpture was influenced by Romanticism, which tended to break the strict norms and models of classicism, while it pursued ideas influenced by realism and nationalism. Religious sculpture was reduced to a sporadic imagery, while the secular sculpture continued in portraits and monumental art of a civic nature. Between 1820 and 1880 the predominant themes were, successively: religious images, biblical scenes, allegories to the symbols of the independence insurgency, scenes and personages of pre-Columbian history, and busts of the old aristocracy, of the nascent bourgeoisie and commanders of the pre-revolution. During the 20th century, some important exponents of Mexican sculpture are [[Juan Soriano (artist)|Juan Soriano]], [[José Luis Cuevas]], and [[Sebastián (sculptor)|Enrique Carbajal]] (also known as Sebastián).{{citation needed|date=November 2020}}
-=== Architecture ===
-{{Main|Architecture of Mexico}}
-[[Image:SSA41434.JPG|left|thumb|[[Teotihuacán]], [[State of Mexico]]]]
-The presence of the humans in the Mexican territory has left important archaeological findings of great importance for the explanation of the habitat of primitive man and contemporary man. The Mesoamerican civilizations managed to have great stylistic development and proportion on the human and urban scale, the form was evolving from simplicity to aesthetic complexity; in the north of the country the adobe and stone architecture is manifested, the multifamily housing as we can see in [[Casas Grandes]]; and the troglodyte dwelling in caves of the Sierra Madre Occidental.  Urbanism had a great development in pre-Columbian cultures, where we can see the magnitude of the cities of [[Teotihuacán]], [[Tula (Mesoamerican site)|Tollan-Xicocotitlan]] and [[Tenochtitlan|México-Tenochtitlan]], within the environmentalist urbanism highlight the Mayan cities to be incorporated into the monumentality of its buildings with the thickness of the jungle and complex networks of roads called ''sakbés''. [[Mesoamerican architecture]] is noted for its pyramids which are the largest such structures outside of Ancient Egypt.{{citation needed|date=December 2020}}
-[[Spanish Colonial architecture]] is marked by the contrast between the simple, solid construction demanded by the new environment and the Baroque ornamentation exported from Spain. Mexico, as the center of New Spain has some of the most renowned buildings built in this style.
-With the arrival of the Spaniards, architectural theories of the Greco-Roman order with Arab influences were introduced. Due to the process of [[Evangelization in New Spain|evangelization]], when the first monastic temples and monasteries were built, their own models were projected, such as the [[mendicant monasteries in Mexico|mendicant monasteries]], unique in their type in architecture. The interaction between Spaniards and natives gave rise to artistic styles such as the so-called ''[[tequitqui]]'' (from [[Nahuatl]]: worker). Years later the baroque and mannerism were imposed in large cathedrals and civil buildings, while rural areas are built [[hacienda]]s or stately farms with Mozarabic tendencies.{{citation needed|date=November 2020}}
-[[Image:Ext 06Museo Soumaya FREE Fernando Romero EnterprisE photo by Adam Wiseman.jpg|180px|thumb|right|[[Museo Soumaya]] in Mexico City building]]
-In the 19th century the neoclassical movement arose as a response to the objectives of the republican nation, one of its examples are the [[Hospicio Cabañas]] where the strict plastic of the classical orders are represented in their architectural elements, new religious buildings also arise, civilian and military that demonstrate the presence of neoclassicism. Romanticists from a past seen through archeology show images of medieval Europe, Islamic and pre-Columbian Mexico in the form of architectural elements in the construction of international exhibition pavilions looking for an identity typical of the national culture. The ''art nouveau'', and the ''art deco'' were styles introduced into the design of the [[Palacio de Bellas Artes]] to mark the identity of the Mexican nation with Greek-Roman and pre-Columbian symbols.{{citation needed|date=November 2020}}
-Modern architecture in Mexico has an important development in the plasticity of form and space, [[José Villagrán García]] develops a theory of form that sets the pattern of teaching in many schools of architecture in the country within functionalism. The emergence of the new [[Mexican architecture]] was born as a formal order of the policies of a nationalist state that sought modernity and the differentiation of other nations. The development of a Mexican modernist architecture was perhaps mostly fully manifested in the mid-1950s construction of the [[Ciudad Universitaria, Mexico City]], the main campus of the [[National Autonomous University of Mexico]]. Designed by the most prestigious architects of the era, including [[Mario Pani]], [[Eugenio Peschard]], and [[Enrique del Moral]], the buildings feature murals by artists [[Diego Rivera]], [[David Alfaro Siqueiros]], and [[José Chávez Morado]]. It has since been recognized as a [[UNESCO World Heritage Site]].<ref>{{cite web|author=UNESCO World Heritage Centre |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/news/364 |title=UNESCO |publisher=Whc.unesco.org |date=29 June 2007 |access-date=17 August 2013}}</ref>
-[[Juan O'Gorman]] was one of the first environmental architects in Mexico, developing the "organic" theory, trying to integrate the building with the landscape within the same approaches of [[Frank Lloyd Wright]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.arqhys.com/arquitectura-mexicana.html|title=Arquitectura mexicana|website=www.arqhys.com|access-date=15 January 2018|archive-date=15 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171015150356/http://www.arqhys.com/arquitectura-mexicana.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> In the search for a new architecture that does not resemble the styles of the past, it achieves a joint manifestation with the mural painting and the [[landscaping]].
-The Jalisco School was a proposal of those socio-political movements that the country demanded. [[Luis Barragán]] combined the shape of the space with forms of rural vernacular architecture of Mexico and Mediterranean countries (Spain-Morocco), integrating an impressive color that handles light and shade in different tones and opens a look at the international [[minimalism]]. He won the 1980 [[Pritzker Prize]], the highest award in architecture.<ref name=eighty>{{Cite web|url=http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2006/10/14/HOG51LMROS1.DTL|title=The Mexican garden revisited|access-date=June 26, 2009|date=October 14, 2006|first=Katherine|last=Endicott|work=San Francisco Chronicle|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110919002659/http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=%2Fc%2Fa%2F2006%2F10%2F14%2FHOG51LMROS1.DTL|archive-date=September 19, 2011}}</ref>
-Mexican architecture is a cultural phenomenon born of the ideology of nationalist governments of the 20th century, which was shaping the identity image by its colorful and variegated ornamental elements inherited from ancestral cultures, classical and monumental forms and, subsequently, the incorporation of modernism and cutting-edge international trends.{{citation needed|date=November 2020}}
-===Photography===
-{{See|Mexican art#Photography in Mexico}}
-[[File:David Alfaro Siqueiros (El Coronelazo).jpg|thumb|170px|[[David Alfaro Siqueiros]] by [[Héctor García Cobo]] at [[Palacio de Lecumberri|Lecumberri prison]], Mexico City, 1960.]]
-Mexico has been photographed since the nineteenth century, when the technology was first developed. During the Porfiriato, Díaz realized the importance of photography in shaping the understanding of his regime and its accomplishments.  The government hired [[Guillermo Kahlo]] (father of painter [[Frida Kahlo]]) to create photographic images of Mexico's new industrial structures as well as its pre-Columbian and colonial past.  Photographer [[Hugo Brehme]] specialized in images of "picturesque" Mexico, with images of Mexican places and often rural people.  During the Mexican Revolution, photographers chronicled the conflict, usually in the aftermath of a battle, since large and heavy equipment did not permit action shots. [[Agustín Casasola|Agustín Victor Casasola]] is the most famous of photographer of the revolutionary era, and he collected other photographers' images in the [[Casasola Archive]]; his vast collection was purchased by the Mexican government and is now part of the government photographic repository, the Fototeca.<ref>Casanova, Rosa and Adriana Konzevik. ''Mexico: A Photographic History: A Selective Catalogue of the Fototeca Nacional of the INAH''. Mexico City: INAH/RM 2007. {{ISBN|978-968-5208-75-8}}.{{page needed|date=December 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Mraz |first1=John |title=Looking for Mexico: Modern Visual Culture and National Identity |date=2009 |publisher=Duke University Press |isbn=978-0-8223-9220-0 }}{{page needed|date=December 2020}}</ref> After the revolution, Mexican photographers created photographs as art images.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Debroise |first1=Olivier |title=Mexican Suite: A History of Photography in Mexico |date=2001 |publisher=University of Texas Press |isbn=978-0-292-71611-7 }}{{page needed|date=December 2020}}</ref>  Among others, notable Mexican photographers include [[Manuel Álvarez Bravo]], [[Héctor García Cobo]], and [[Graciela Iturbide]].
-===Literature===
-{{Main|Mexican literature|Mesoamerican literature}}
-[[File:Sor Juana by Miguel Cabrera.png|thumb|left|170px|Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz, "The Tenth Muse." Posthmous portrait [[Miguel Cabrera (painter)|Juan Cabrera]]]]
-Mexican literature has its antecedents in the literature of the indigenous settlements of Mesoamerica. Poetry had a rich cultural tradition in pre-Columbian Mexico, being divided into two broad categories—secular and religious. Aztec poetry was sung, chanted, or spoken, often to the accompaniment of a drum or a harp. While Tenochtitlan was the political capital, [[Texcoco (altepetl)|Texcoco]] was the cultural center; the Texcocan language was considered the most melodious and refined. The best well-known pre-Columbian poet is [[Nezahualcoyotl (tlatoani)|Nezahualcoyotl]].<ref>{{cite web|website=Aztecs at Mexicolore|first=John|last=Curl|access-date=14 July 2019|date=20 August 2009 |title=Aztec Poetry (1): Introduction |url=https://www.mexicolore.co.uk/aztecs/home/aztec-poetry-1-intro}}</ref>
-Literature during the 16th century consisted largely of histories of Spanish conquests, and most of the writers at this time were from Spain. [[Bernal Díaz del Castillo|Bernal Díaz del Castillo's]] [[Historia verdadera de la conquista de la Nueva España|True History of the Conquest of Mexico]] is still widely read today. Spanish-born poet [[Bernardo de Balbuena]] extolled the virtues of Mexico in ''Grandeza mexicana'' (Mexican grandeur) (1604); [[:es:Francisco de Terrazas|Francisco de Terrazas]] was the first Mexican-born poet to attain renown.<ref name="Britannica">{{citation|encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Britannica|title=Latin American literature|last1=González Echevarría|first1=Roberto|first2=Ruth |last2=Hill|url=https://www.britannica.com/art/Latin-American-literature|access-date=14 July 2019}}</ref> [[Baroque literature]] flourished in the 17th century; the most notable writers of this period were [[Juan Ruiz de Alarcón]] and [[Juana Inés de la Cruz]]. Sor Juana was famous in her own time, called the "Ten Muse."<ref name="Britannica" /> The 18th and early 19th centuries gave us [[José Joaquín Fernández de Lizardi]], whose ''[[The Mangy Parrot]]'' ("El Periquillo Sarniento"), is said to be the first Latin American novel. Several [[Society of Jesus|Jesuit]] humanists wrote at this time, and they were among the first to call for independence from Spain.<ref name="Britannica"/>
-Other writers include [[Ignacio Manuel Altamirano]], [[Octavio Paz]] (Nobel Laureate), [[Carlos Fuentes]], [[Alfonso Reyes]], [[Renato Leduc]], [[Carlos Monsiváis]], [[Elena Poniatowska]], [[Mariano Azuela]] (''Los de abajo'') and [[Juan Rulfo]] (''Pedro Páramo''). [[Bruno Traven]] wrote''Canasta de cuentos mexicano'' (A basket of Mexican tales) and ''El tesoro de la Sierra Madre'' (Treasure of the Sierra Madre), [[Luis Spota]], [[Jaime Sabines]], [[Martín Luis Guzmán]], [[Nellie Campobello]], (''[[Cartucho]]''), and [[Valeria Luiselli]] (''Faces in the Crowd'') are also noteworthy.<ref>{{citation|website=Grammarly Blog|url=https://www.grammarly.com/blog/mexican-authors-who-changed-history/|date=16 September 2017 |access-date=11 July 2019|title=7 Notable Mexican Authors Who Changed History|first=Shundalyn|last=Allen}}</ref>
-===Cinema===
-{{Main|Cinema of Mexico}}
-[[File:Dolores del Río in The Fugitive (1947 film).jpg|thumb|right|upright|Actress [[Dolores del Río]], [[Hollywood]] star in the 1920s and 1930s and prominent figure of the [[Golden Age of Mexican cinema]] in the 1940s and 1950s]]
-[[Cinema of Mexico|Mexican films]] from the ''[[Golden Age of Mexican cinema|Golden Age]]'' in the 1940s and 1950s are the greatest examples of Latin American cinema, with a huge industry comparable to the Hollywood of those years. Mexican films were exported and exhibited in all of Latin America and Europe. ''[[María Candelaria]]'' (1943) by [[Emilio Fernández]], was one of the first films awarded a [[Palme d'Or]] at the [[Cannes Film Festival]] in 1946, the first time the event was held after World War II. The famous Spanish-born director [[Luis Buñuel]] realized in Mexico between 1947 and 1965 some of his masterpieces like ''[[Los Olvidados]]'' (1949) and ''[[Viridiana]]'' (1961). Famous actors and actresses from this period include [[María Félix]], [[Pedro Infante]], [[Dolores del Río]], [[Jorge Negrete]] and the comedian [[Cantinflas]].
-More recently, films such as ''[[Like Water for Chocolate (film)|Como agua para chocolate]]'' (1992), ''[[Sexo, pudor y lágrimas|Sex, Shame, and Tears]] (1999), ''[[Y tu mamá también]]'' (2001), and ''[[El crimen del Padre Amaro|The Crime of Father Amaro]]'' (2002) have been successful in creating universal stories about contemporary subjects, and were internationally recognized, as in the prestigious Cannes Film Festival. Mexican directors [[Alejandro González Iñárritu]] (''[[Amores perros]]'', ''[[Babel (film)|Babel]]'', ''[[Birdman (film)|Birdman]]'', ''[[The Revenant (2015 film)|The Revenant]]''), [[Alfonso Cuarón]] (''[[A Little Princess (1995 film)|A Little Princess]]'', ''[[Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban (film)|Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban]]'', ''[[Gravity (2013 film)|Gravity]]'', ''[[Roma (2018 film)|Roma]]''), [[Guillermo del Toro]] (''[[Hellboy (2004 film)|Hellboy]]'', ''[[Pan's Labyrinth]]'', ''[[Crimson Peak]]'', ''[[The Shape of Water]]''), screenwriter [[Guillermo Arriaga]] and photographer [[Emmanuel Lubezki]] are some of the most known present-day film makers. Numerous Mexican actors have achieved recognition as Hollywood stars.<ref>{{cite book |first1=Don M. |last1=Coerver |first2=Suzanne B. |last2=Pasztor |first3=Robert |last3=Buffington |title=Mexico: An Encyclopedia of Contemporary Culture and History |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YSred4NyOKoC&pg=PA90 |year=2004 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-1-57607-132-8 |page=90 }}</ref>
-===Media===
-{{Further|Mexican television|List of newspapers in Mexico}}
-There are three major television companies in Mexico that own the primary networks and broadcast covering all nation, [[Televisa]], [[TV Azteca]] and [[Imagen Television]]. Televisa is also the largest producer of Spanish-language content in the world and also the world's largest Spanish-language media network.<ref>{{cite web|title=Televisa Brings 2006 FIFA World Cup to Mexico in HD With Snell & Wilcox Kahuna SD/HD Production Switcher|work=Press release|date=27 June 2006 |publisher=[[Snell Limited|Snell & Wilcox]] |url=http://www.snellwilcox.com/news_events/press_releases/203 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060811082252/http://www.snellwilcox.com/news_events/press_releases/203 |archive-date=11 August 2006 |access-date=30 September 2007}}</ref> Media company [[Grupo Imagen]] is another national coverage television broadcaster in Mexico, that also owns the newspaper [[Excélsior]]. [[Grupo Multimedios]] is another media conglomerate with Spanish-language broadcasting in Mexico, Spain, and the United States. The ''[[telenovela]]s'' are very traditional in Mexico and are translated to many languages and seen all over the world with renowned names like [[Verónica Castro]], [[Victoria Ruffo]] and [[Lucero (entertainer)|Lucero]].
-===Mexican cuisine===
-{{Main|Mexican cuisine}}{{See also|Mexican wine}}
-[[File:Comida en la Feria del Mole 2014 12.JPG|thumb|''[[Mole sauce]]'', which has dozens of varieties across the Republic, is seen as a symbol of ''Mexicanidad''<ref name="Mole">{{cite web|title=El mole símbolo de la mexicanidad|url=http://www.cultura.gob.mx/turismocultural/cuadernos/pdf12/articulo4.pdf|publisher=CONACULTA|access-date=27 September 2016}}</ref> and is considered Mexico's national dish.<ref name="Mole"/>]]
-In 2005, Mexico presented the candidature of its gastronomy for [[World Heritage Site]] of UNESCO, being the first occasion in which a country had presented its gastronomic tradition for this purpose.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.cronica.com.mx/nota.php?id_nota=203109 | title =Presentan en París candidatura de gastronomía mexicana | date = 20 September 2005 | author = La Crónica de Hoy}}</ref> However, in a first instance the result was negative, because the committee did not place the proper emphasis on the importance of [[corn]] in Mexican cuisine.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.esmas.com/noticierostelevisa/mexico/492975.html | title = Cocina mexicana, fuera de la UNESCO | date = 25 November 2005 | author = esmas.com |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20121023074402/http://www.esmas.com/noticierostelevisa/mexico/492975.html | archive-date = 23 October 2012}}</ref> Finally, on 16 November 2010 Mexican gastronomy was recognized as [[Intangible cultural heritage]] by [[UNESCO]].<ref name = "GastronomiaPatrimonio">{{citation | title = Cocina, fiesta y cantos mexicanos reconocidos por UNESCO | url = http://www.eluniversal.com.mx/notas/723787.html | publisher = [[El Universal (Mexico City)]] (newspaper) | date = 16 November 2010}}</ref> In addition, [[Daniela Soto-Innes]] was named the best female chef in the world by ''The World's Best 50 Restaurants'' in April 2019.<ref>{{citation|website=NBC News|date=26 April 2019|access-date=12 July 2019|title=Latina chef Daniela Soto-Innes is youngest to be named 'World's Best Female Chef'|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/latino/latina-chef-daniela-soto-innes-youngest-be-named-world-s-n998946}}</ref>
-The origin of the current Mexican cuisine is established during the Spanish colonial era, a mixture of the foods of [[Spain]] with native indigenous ingredients.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://projects.ups.edu/jlago/spring2003/250a/jlkeller/ | title = History and influences of Mexican food. | author = University of Puget Sound | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20111208232651/http://projects.ups.edu/jlago/spring2003/250a/jlkeller/ | archive-date = 8 December 2011}}</ref> Of foods originated in Mexico is the [[corn]], the [[capsicum|pepper vegetables]] (together with Central and South America), [[calabaza]]s (together with the Americas), [[avocado]]s, [[sweet potato]] (together with Central and South America), the [[Turkey as food|turkey]] (together with the Americas) and other fruits and spices. Other Indigenous products are many [[beans]]. Similarly, some cooking techniques used today are inherited from pre-Columbian peoples, such as the [[nixtamalization]] of corn, the cooking of food in ovens at ground level, grinding in [[molcajete]] and [[metate]]. With the Spaniards came the pork, beef and chicken meats; [[Piper (plant)|peppercorn]], sugar, milk and all its derivatives, wheat and rice, citrus fruits and another constellation of ingredients that are part of the daily diet of Mexicans.
-From this meeting of millennia old two culinary traditions, were born [[pozole]], [[mole sauce]], [[barbacoa]] and [[tamale]] is in its current forms, the [[chocolate]], a large range of [[Mexican breads|bread]]s, [[taco]]s, and the broad repertoire of [[Mexican street food]]s. Beverages such as [[atole]], [[champurrado]], milk chocolate and [[aguas frescas]] were born; desserts such as [[acitrón]] and the full range of crystallized sweets, [[rompope]], [[cajeta]], [[jericaya]] and the wide repertoire of delights created in the convents of nuns in all parts of the country.
-===Music===
-{{Main|Music of Mexico}}
-[[File:Carlos Chavez.jpg|left|thumb|150px|alt=A black and white portrait of a middle aged man wearing a dark suit, glasses and looking down.|Portrait of [[Carlos Chávez]] by [[Carl van Vechten]] (1937)]]
-Mexico has a long tradition of classical music, as far back as the 16th century, when it was a Spanish colony. Music of [[New Spain]], especially that of [[Juan Gutiérrez de Padilla]] and [[Hernando Franco]], is increasingly recognized as a significant contribution to New World culture.{{fact|date=July 2021}}
-Although the traditions of European opera and especially [[Italian opera]] had initially dominated the Mexican music conservatories and strongly influenced native opera composers (in both style and subject matter), elements of Mexican nationalism had already appeared by the latter part of the 19th century with operas such as [[Aniceto Ortega del Villar]]'s 1871 ''[[Guatimotzin]]'', a romanticised account of the defense of Mexico by its last [[Aztec]] ruler, [[Cuauhtémoc]]. [[Ángela Peralta]] was an operatic soprano of international fame, known in Europe as "The Mexican [[Nightingale]]", who sang in the premieres of operas by [[Paniagua]], [[Morales]], and Ortega del Villar.{{fact|date=July 2021}}
-[[File:Natalia_Lafourcade_2014.jpg|thumb|right|200px|[[Natalia Lafourcade]] has the most Latin Grammys won by a Mexican female artist.{{fact|date=July 2021}}]]
-Mexican society enjoys a vast array of music genres, showing the diversity of Mexican culture. Traditional music includes [[mariachi]], [[banda music|banda]], [[Norteño (music)|norteño]], [[ranchera]] and [[corrido]]s; on an everyday basis most Mexicans listen to contemporary music such as [[Mexican pop music|pop]], [[Rock music in Mexico|rock]], etc. in both English and Spanish. Mexico has the largest media industry in Latin America, producing Mexican artists who are famous in Central and South America and parts of the United States and Europe, especially Spain. Elements from the [[Indigenous peoples of Mexico]] music have deeply influenced Mexico's music at large, distinguishing it from European and Asian traditions{{fact|date=July 2021}}.
-The [[Bolero]], [[Cha-cha-cha (dance)|Cha-cha-cha]] and [[Mambo (music)|Mambo]] invade the radio of the 40s and 50s mimicking the idiosyncrasy of the Mexican. Known as [[Agustín Lara]], the Mexican composer was and interpreter of songs and boleros, most popular songwriter of his era.{{fact|date=July 2021}}
-[[César Costa]] and [[Angélica María]] in the 1970s performed cover versions of songs and their own as most of the pop music produced in Mexico consisted on Spanish-language versions of English-language [[rock-and-roll]] hits.{{fact|date=July 2021}} [[Grupera]] music became definitely popular in the 1990s to collectively refer to what is now referred to as reginal Mexican music. More recent American creations [[Jazz]], [[techno]], and [[house music]] have cross over.{{fact|date=July 2021}}
-===Sports===
-{{Main|Sport in Mexico}}
-[[File:Estadio_Azteca1706p2.jpg|thumb|right|250px|[[Estadio Azteca]]]]
-[[File:Pelota mixteca de forro ball 1.jpg|thumb|150px|[[Mesoamerican ballgame]]]]
-Mexico's most popular sport is association football. It is commonly believed that football was introduced in Mexico by [[Cornish people|Cornish]] miners at the end of the 19th century. By 1902 a five-team league had emerged with a strong British influence.<ref>{{cite web|title= Introduction|publisher=Federacion Mexicana de Futbol|url=http://www.femexfut.org.mx/portalv2/%2814g40ea2rgh3vmihgs231hak%29/default.aspx?s=135|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080401234658/http://www.femexfut.org.mx/portalv2/%2814g40ea2rgh3vmihgs231hak%29/default.aspx?s=135|archive-date=1 April 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Mexico&nbsp;– List of Final Tables |publisher=Rec.Sports.Soccer Statistics Foundation |url=http://www.rsssf.com/tablesm/mexhist.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402011950/http://www.rsssf.com/tablesm/mexhist.html |archive-date=2 April 2015 }}</ref> Mexico's top clubs are [[Club América|América]] with 12 championships, [[Club Deportivo Guadalajara|Guadalajara]] with 11, and [[Deportivo Toluca F.C.|Toluca]] with 10.<ref>{{cite web|title= Mexico&nbsp;– List of Champions|publisher=Rec.Sports.Soccer Statistics Foundation|url=http://www.rsssf.com/tablesm/mexchamp.html}}</ref> [[Antonio Carbajal]] was the first player to appear in five World Cups,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/soccer/world/2002/world_cup/hof/carbajal/ |title=CNNSI.com – 2002 World Cup&nbsp;— World Cup Hall of Fame: Antonio Carbajal&nbsp;— Wednesday May 08, 2002 10:46 PM |publisher=Sportsillustrated.cnn.com |date=8 May 2002 |access-date=28 July 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110430031228/http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/soccer/world/2002/world_cup/hof/carbajal/ |archive-date=30 April 2011}}</ref> and [[Hugo Sánchez]] was named best [[CONCACAF]] player of the 20th century by IFFHS.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.terra.com/deportes/articulo/html/fox507174.htm |title=Hugo Sánchez donó trofeos pichichi y mejor jugador CONCACAF al Real Madrid |language=es |publisher=Terra.com |date=14 January 2008 |access-date=17 July 2013}}</ref> [[Rafael Márquez]] is the only Mexican to have won the [[UEFA Champions League|Champions League]].<ref name="sports" />
-The Mexican professional baseball league is named the [[Liga Mexicana de Beisbol]]. While usually not as strong as the United States, the Caribbean countries and Japan, [[Mexico national baseball team|Mexico]] has nonetheless achieved several international baseball titles.<ref>{{citation|website=Medio Tiempo|url=https://www.mediotiempo.com/beisbol/mexico-historia-exito-serie-mundial-ligas-menores|title=México, una historia de éxito en la Serie Mundial de Ligas Menores|language=es|trans-title=Mexico, a history of success in the Minor League World Series|date=25 August 2010|access-date=12 July 2019}}</ref><ref>{{citation|website=Medio Tiempo|url=https://www.mediotiempo.com/beisbol/mexico-es-campeon-en-el-mundial-sub-23-de-beisbol|title=México es Campeón en el Mundial Sub-23 de beisbol|language=es|trans-title=Mexico is the World Baseball Champion in the Under-23 bracket|date=29 October 2018|access-date=12 July 2019}}</ref> Mexican teams have won the [[Caribbean Series]] nine times. Mexico has had several players signed by Major League teams, the most famous of them being Dodgers pitcher [[Fernando Valenzuela]].<ref name="sports">{{citation|website=Marca Claro |url=https://www.marca.com/claro-mx/otros-deportes/2018/10/12/5bc012eb46163f49598b45b1.html|title=Los mejores deportistas mexicanos de la historia|date=12 October 2018|access-date=11 July 2019|language=es|trans-title=The best Mexican athletes in history}}</ref>
-Mexico City hosted the [[1968 Summer Olympics|XIX Olympic Games]] in 1968, making it the first Latin American city to do so.<ref>{{cite web|title=2016 Binational Olympics|date=December 2003|publisher=San Diego Metropolitan|url=http://www.sandiegometro.com/2003/dec/coverstory2.html|access-date=7 October 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930043448/http://www.sandiegometro.com/2003/dec/coverstory2.html |archive-date=30 September 2007}}</ref> The country has also hosted the [[FIFA World Cup]] twice, in [[1970 FIFA World Cup|1970]] and [[1986 FIFA World Cup|1986]].<ref>{{cite web|title=About CONCACAF|publisher=The Confederation of North, Central American and Caribbean Association Football (CONCACAF)|url=http://www.concacaf.com/about.asp|access-date=7 October 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071006070253/http://www.concacaf.com/about.asp |archive-date=6 October 2007}}</ref>
-In 2013, [[Mexico's basketball team]] won the [[2013 FIBA Americas Championship|Americas Basketball Championship]] and qualified for the [[2014 Basketball World Cup]] where it reached the playoffs. Because of these achievements the country earned the hosting rights for the [[2015 FIBA Americas Championship]].<ref>{{cite web |title=FIBA – Mexico to host 2015 FIBA Americas Championship|publisher=[[FIBA]] |url=http://www.fiba.com/news/FIBA-Mexico-to-host-2015-FIBA-Americas-Championship|access-date=12 October 2014}}</ref>
-[[Bullfighting]] (Spanish: corrida de toros) came to Mexico 500 years ago with the arrival of the Spanish. Despite efforts by animal rights activists to outlaw it, bullfighting remains a popular sport in the country, and almost all large cities have bullrings. [[Plaza México]] in Mexico City, which seats 45,000 people, is the largest bullring in the world.<ref>{{citation|website=Don Quijote|title=LOS TOROS EN MÉXICO|language=es|trans-title=Bullfighting in Mexico|access-date=11 July 2019|url=https://www.donquijote.org/es/cultura-mexicana/tradiciones/toros/}}</ref>
-Mexico is an international power in [[professional boxing]].<ref name="sports"/> Thirteen [[Mexico at the Olympics|Olympic boxing medals]] have been won by Mexico.<ref>{{citation|website=Caliente.mx|url=https://mexico.as.com/mexico/2016/08/16/album/1471303609_523251.html|title=Los medallistas que ha tenido el Box Olímpico mexicano|language=es|trans-title=The Mexican Olympic boxing medal winners|access-date=11 July 2019|date=15 August 2016}}</ref>
-Professional wrestling (or [[Lucha libre]] in Spanish) is a major crowd draw with national promotions such as [[Lucha Libre AAA World Wide|AAA]], [[Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre|CMLL]] and others.<ref name="sports"/>
-== See also ==
-*[[Index of Mexico-related articles]]
-*[[Outline of Mexico]]
-==Notes==
-{{notelist}}
-==References==
 {{reflist}}
-==Bibliography==
-{{Refbegin|30em}}
-* Camp, Roderic A. ''Politics in Mexico: Democratic Consolidation Or Decline?'' (Oxford University Press, 2014)
-* Davis, Diane. ''Urban Leviathan: Mexico City in the Twentieth Century'' (Temple University Press, 2010)
-*{{cite journal |last1=Domínguez |first1=Jorge I |year=2004 |title=The Scholarly Study of Mexican Politics |journal=Mexican Studies/Estudios Mexicanos |volume=20 |issue=2|pages=377–410|doi=10.1525/msem.2004.20.2.377 }}
-* Edmonds-Poli, Emily, and David Shirk. ''Contemporary Mexican Politics'' (Rowman and Littlefield 2009)
-* Kirkwood, Burton. ''The History of Mexico'' (Greenwood, 2000) [https://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=15456726 online edition]
-* {{cite book|first=Enrique|last=Krauze|author-link=Enrique Krauze|title=Mexico: Biography of Power: A history of Modern Mexico 1810–1996|publisher=Harper Perennial|location=New York|year=1998|isbn=978-0-06-092917-6|page=896|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZuuPAAZcKtYC}}
-* {{cite journal |last1=Kumar |first1=Satish |last2=Bellis |first2=Claire |last3=Zlojutro |first3=Mark |last4=Melton |first4=Phillip E |last5=Blangero |first5=John |last6=Curran |first6=Joanne E |title=Large scale mitochondrial sequencing in Mexican Americans suggests a reappraisal of Native American origins |journal=BMC Evolutionary Biology |date=2011 |volume=11 |issue=1 |pages=293 |doi=10.1186/1471-2148-11-293 |pmid=21978175 |pmc=3217880 }}
-* Levy, Santiago. ''Good intentions, bad outcomes: Social policy, informality, and economic growth in Mexico'' (Brookings Institution Press, 2010)
-* {{cite book|editor1-first=Michael C.|editor1-last=Meyer|editor2-first=William H.|editor2-last=Beezley|title=The Oxford History of Mexico|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2000|isbn=978-0-19-511228-3|page=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780195112283/page/n149 736]|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780195112283|url-access=registration}}
-* Meyer, Michael C., William L. Sherman, and Susan M. Deeds. ''The Course of Mexican History'' (7th ed.) (Oxford University Press, 2002) [https://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=113260662 online edition]
-* {{Cite book|last=Russell|first=Philip|title=The history of Mexico: from pre-conquest to present|url=http://www.routledge.com/books/details/9780415872379/|access-date=9 July 2010|year=2010|publisher=[[Routledge]]|isbn=978-0-415-87237-9}}
-* Tannenbaum, Frank. ''Mexico: The Struggle for Peace and Bread'' (2013)
-* Werner, Michael S. ed. ''Encyclopedia of Mexico: History, Society & Culture'' (2 vol 1997) 1440pp [https://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=98882479 online edition]
-* {{cite book|last=Werner |first=Michael S. |title=Concise Encyclopedia of Mexico |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Qxp-GWiDPioC&pg=PA386 |date=January 2001 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-1-57958-337-8}}
-{{Refend}}
-==External links==
-{{Sister project links|voy=Mexico}}
-'''Government'''
-* {{Official website|https://www.gob.mx/|name=The Government of Mexico}}
-* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120604062931/http://www.visitmexico.com/en-i0/ Mexico Tourism Official Website |VisitMexico]
-'''General information'''
+{{Mexico}}
-* [https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/mexico/ Mexico]. ''[[The World Factbook]]''. [[Central Intelligence Agency]].
+{{North America}}
-* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080607085229/http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/for/mexico.htm Mexico] from UCB Libraries GovPubs
+{{Caricom}}
-* {{Curlie|Regional/North_America/Mexico}}
-* [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/country_profiles/1205074.stm Mexico] from the [[BBC News]]
-* [http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/379167/Mexico Mexico] at ''[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]''
-* {{Wikiatlas|Mexico}}
-* {{osmrelation-inline|114686}}
-* [http://www.ifs.du.edu/ifs/frm_CountryProfile.aspx?Country=MX Key Development Forecasts for Mexico] from [[International Futures]]
-{{Mexico topics}}
-{{World Heritage Sites in Mexico}}
-{{Countries of North America}}
 {{Authority control}}
-{{portal bar|Mexico}}
+[[Category:Mexico| ]]
+[[Category:Spanish-speaking countries]]
-[[Category:Mexico| ]]<!--please leave the empty space as standard-->
+[[Category:1821 establishments in North America]]
-[[Category:Countries in North America]]
-[[Category:Federal constitutional republics]]
-[[Category:Former Spanish colonies]]
-[[Category:E7 nations]]
-[[Category:G15 nations]]
-[[Category:G20 nations]]
-[[Category:Member states of the United Nations]]
-[[Category:Newly industrializing countries]]
-[[Category:Spanish-speaking countries and territories]]
-[[Category:States and territories established in 1810]]
-[[Category:1810 establishments in Mexico]]

United Mexican States Estados Unidos Mexicanos^[1] (Spanish)
Flag Seal of the Government of Mexico
Anthem: "Himno Nacional Mexicano" Mexican National Anthem
National seal: Seal of the United Mexican States

Capital and largest city	Mexico City 19°26′N 99°08′W / 19.433°N 99.133°W / 19.433; -99.133
Official languages	None at federal level^[a]
National language	Spanish^[a]
Recognized regional languages	68 indigenous languages
Ethnic groups	- Mestizo 60%^[2] - Indigenous 28%^[2] - White 9%^[3] - African 1%^[4] - Other 1%^[2]
Demonym	Mexican
Government	Federal presidential constitutional republic^[5]

• President	Andrés Manuel López Obrador (MORENA)
• President of the Senate	Oscar Eduardo Ramírez Aguilar
• President of the Chamber of Deputies	Dule María Sauri Rianco

Legislature	Congress
• Upper house	Senate
• Lower house	Chamber of Deputies
Independence from Spain

• Declared	September 16, 1810
• Recognized	September 27, 1821

Area
• Total	1,972,550 km² (761,610 sq mi) (14th)
• Water (%)	2.5
Population
• 2010 census	112,322,758^[6] (11th)
• Density	57/km² (147.6/sq mi) (142nd)
GDP (PPP)	2011 estimate
• Total	$1.629 trillion^[7] (11th)
• Per capita	$15,113^[8] (58th)
GDP (nominal)	2011 estimate
• Total	$1.041 trillion^[7] (13th)
• Per capita	$9,489^[7] (58th)
Gini (2008)	51.6^[9] high inequality
HDI (2011)	0.770^[10] high (57th)
Currency	Peso (MXN)
Time zone	UTC−8 to −6 (Official Mexican Timezones)
• Summer (DST)	UTC−7 to −5 (varies)
Calling code	+52
ISO 3166 code	MX
Internet TLD	.mx
^ Spanish is de facto the official language in the Mexican federal government.