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{{for|Pakistani | {{for|Pakistani politician|Mohammad Ibrahim Khan Jhagra}}{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}} | ||
{{short description| | {{short description|Pakistan-occupied Kashmiri politician}} | ||
{{Infobox president | {{Infobox president | ||
| name = Sardar Muhammad Ibrahim Khan | | name = Sardar Muhammad Ibrahim Khan | ||
| image = Sardar M. Ibrahim Khan.jpg | | image = Sardar M. Ibrahim Khan.jpg | ||
| caption = Sardar Muhammad Ibrahim Khan as the 32 years old, first President of | | caption = Sardar Muhammad Ibrahim Khan as the 32 years old, first President of Pakistan-occupied Kashmir in 1948 | ||
| imagesize = 200px | | imagesize = 200px | ||
| office = [[President of | | office = [[President of Pakistan-occupied Kashmir]] | ||
| term_start1 = 25 August 1996 | | term_start1 = 25 August 1996 | ||
| term_end1 = 25 August 2001 | | term_end1 = 25 August 2001 | ||
| Line 21: | Line 21: | ||
| term_start4 = 24 October 1947 | | term_start4 = 24 October 1947 | ||
| term_end4 = 12 May 1950 | | term_end4 = 12 May 1950 | ||
| predecessor4 = ''Office established'' | |||
| successor4 = Captain General Syed Ali Ahmed Shah | | successor4 = Captain General Syed Ali Ahmed Shah | ||
| party = [[All Jammu and Kashmir Muslim Conference|Muslim Conference]], [[Jammu Kashmir Peoples Party]] | | party = [[All Jammu and Kashmir Muslim Conference|Muslim Conference]], [[Jammu Kashmir Peoples Party]] | ||
| Line 34: | Line 35: | ||
* Sardar Farooq Ibrahim Khan (Son) | * Sardar Farooq Ibrahim Khan (Son) | ||
* Noreen Farooq Khan (Daughter-In-Law) (MNA) | * Noreen Farooq Khan (Daughter-In-Law) (MNA) | ||
* [[Masood Khan]] (President of [[ | * [[Masood Khan]] (President of [[Pakistan-occupied Kashmir]] - grand nephew) | ||
}} | }} | ||
}} | }} | ||
'''Sardar Muhammad Ibrahim Khan''' (22 April 1915 – 31 July 2003) was the key instigator of the [[1947 Poonch rebellion|1947 Poonch Rebellion]] and the establishment of [[ | '''Sardar Muhammad Ibrahim Khan''' (22 April 1915 – 31 July 2003) was the key instigator of the [[1947 Poonch rebellion|1947 Poonch Rebellion]] in the [[princely state]] of [[Jammu and Kashmir (princely state)|Jammu and Kashmir]] in [[British India]] and the later establishment of [[Pakistan-occupied Kashmir]] under Pakistani administrative control. He served as the first [[President of Pakistan-occupied Kashmir|President]] of Pakistan-occupied Kashmir. His dismissal in 1950 led to the [[1955 Poonch Uprising]] against Pakistan.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=Kashmir: The Unwritten History|last=Snedden|first=Christopher|publisher=Harper Collins Publishers|year=2013|isbn=978-9350298978|location=India}}</ref> He served as the president thrice afterwards, ending his last term in 2001. | ||
==Early life and education== | ==Early life and education== | ||
Sardar Muhammad Ibrahim Khan was born on 22 April 1915 in Kot Mattay Khan, a village in the [[Historical Poonch District|Poonch]] District of Kashmir to an elite [[Sudhan]] family | Sardar Muhammad Ibrahim Khan was born on 22 April 1915 in Kot Mattay Khan, a village in the [[Historical Poonch District|Poonch]] District of Kashmir to an elite [[Sudhan]] family.<ref>{{cite book|last=Schofield|first=Victoria|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iaT3AgAAQBAJ&pg=PT109&dq=sardar+ibahim+khan+suddhan|title=Kashmir in Conflict: India, Pakistan and the Unending War|publisher=I.B.Tauris|year=2003|isbn=9780857730787}}</ref> He received his primary education in his village. He attended college and received a Bachelors of Arts degree in 1937 at [[Islamia College (Lahore)]] and sought higher education abroad in 1938. He obtained his LLB degree from the [[University of London]] in 1941. Khan then obtained a law degree from [[Lincoln's Inn]], and later started practicing law at [[Srinagar]], Kashmir.<ref name=StoryOfPakistan>[https://storyofpakistan.com/sardar-muhammad-ibrahim-khan/ Sardar Muhammad Ibrahim Khan - profile on Story Of Pakistan website] Published 4 January 2008, Retrieved 26 January 2021</ref> | ||
== 1947 Poonch rebellion == | == 1947 Poonch rebellion == | ||
{{Further|1947 Poonch Rebellion}} | {{Further|1947 Poonch Rebellion}}Ibrahim Khan played a pivotal role in the instigation of the [[1947 Poonch rebellion]] and the [[First Kashmir War]]. In British India of 1946, he won the Jammu and Kashmir State Assembly election as a member of the [[All Jammu and Kashmir Muslim Conference|Muslim Conference]] party and became a member of the Praja Sabha under Maharajah Hari Singh, Jammu and Kashmir ruler. This ruler signed a 'stand-still agreement' with Pakistan as a result of the [[Indian Independence Act 1947]]. In 1947, Ibrahim Khan instigated and organised the [[1947 Poonch Rebellion|Poonch rebellion]], and with [[All-India Muslim League|Muslim League]], planned and helped in the invasion and liberation of [[Jammu and Kashmir (princely state)|Jammu and Kashmir]]. Muslim Kashmiri leaders saw it as a liberation of Muslim-majority Kashmir from the Hindu ruler.<ref name="sardars" /> | ||
On 19 July 1947, Khan held a general assembly meeting at his residence where a resolution was unanimously passed for the State of Kashmir to join Pakistan. The Maharaja, [[Hari Singh]], disapproved of his actions, and Khan left the state and went to [[Murree]], Pakistan. In Murree, he gathered ammunition from private individuals and organizations. With several fellow Kashmiris, he launched a ‘Jihad’ against the Maharaja. On 24 October 1947, he defeated the forces of the Maharaja in the [[1947 Poonch Rebellion|Poonch rebellion]] and founded the state of [[ | On 19 July 1947, Khan held a general assembly meeting at his residence where a resolution was unanimously passed for the State of Kashmir to join Pakistan. The Maharaja, [[Hari Singh]], disapproved of his actions, and Khan left the state and went to [[Murree]], Pakistan. In Murree, he gathered ammunition from private individuals and organizations. With several fellow Kashmiris, he launched a ‘Jihad’ against the Maharaja. On 24 October 1947, he defeated the forces of the Maharaja in the [[1947 Poonch Rebellion|Poonch rebellion]] and founded the state of [[Pakistan-occupied Kashmir]], which became a self-governing division of Pakistan.<ref name="sardars" /><ref name="StoryOfPakistan" /> | ||
After fighting the Indian Army for 15 months, the | After fighting the Indian Army for 15 months, the Pakistan-occupied Kashmir militia accepted a United Nations-mediated [[United Nations Commission for India and Pakistan|ceasefire]]. Khan and his army were able to capture substantial portions of the three western districts of Kashmir, which were renamed [[Pakistan-occupied Kashmir]] (Free Kashmir). | ||
Khan was appointed the first [[President (government title)|President]] of tiny [[ | Khan was appointed the first [[President (government title)|President]] of tiny [[Pakistan-occupied Kashmir]] in 1948 by Pakistan. He represented Kashmir in different capacities at the United Nations from 1948 to 1971.<ref name="sardars">[http://sardarsofkashmir.webs.com/ Profile of Muhammad Ibrahim Khan on sardarsofkashmir.webs.com website] Retrieved 25 January 2021</ref> | ||
Sardar Muhammad Ibrahim Khan also wrote a book named ''The Kashmir Saga'' on government and politics of | Sardar Muhammad Ibrahim Khan also wrote a book named ''The Kashmir Saga'' on government and politics of Pakistan-occupied Kashmir and included the history and philosophy of freedom struggle in the book.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books/about/The_Kashmir_Saga.html?id=Kzw-AAAAMAAJ The Kashmir Saga, a book by Muhammad Ibrahim Khan on Google Books website] Retrieved 28 January 2021</ref> | ||
== 1955 Poonch uprising == | == 1955 Poonch uprising == | ||
| Line 60: | Line 61: | ||
==Professional and political career== | ==Professional and political career== | ||
Under the Maharajah's rule in 1943, Khan was appointed as a public prosecutor in [[Mirpur, | Under the Maharajah's rule in 1943, Khan was appointed as a public prosecutor in [[Mirpur, Pakistan-occupied Kashmir|Mirpur]].<ref name="sardars"/> He later worked at the State Advocate General office of Jammu and Kashmir. Then he left the government job to participate in the [[Kashmir Freedom Movement]], and ran for and won the 1946 Jammu and Kashmir State Assembly elections. He went on to serve three more terms in office until August 2001, when he had to leave due to old age. He retired at the age of 86. He also established the organization called Azad Muslim Conference.<ref name=StoryOfPakistan/> | ||
==President of | ==President of Pakistan-occupied Kashmir== | ||
As the first self-proclaimed President of | As the first self-proclaimed President of Pakistan-occupied Kashmir, he was invited by the United Nations to brief the [[General assembly]] on the situation in Kashmir. Under the leadership of Khan, the annual session of the [[All Jammu and Kashmir Muslim Conference]] was held at [[Kotli]] in 1954, and a resolution was passed for the establishment of a proper Legislative Assembly in Pakistan-occupied Kashmir. While he and his lieutenants continued to push for a legislative assembly, it wouldn't be until the presidency of General [[Yahya Khan]] in 1969 that the Pakistan-occupied Kashmir Legislative Assembly would be formed. Khan was elected president of Pakistan-occupied Kashmir for the second time on 13 April 1957, and for the third time on 5 June 1975. Sardar Ibrahim was very close to [[Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto]] and had formed the Pakistan-occupied Kashmir chapter of the [[Pakistan Peoples Party]]. In 1977, General [[Zia ul-Haq]] dissolved Bhutto's government, and offered to allow Khan to continue as president as long as he stopped supporting Bhutto. Khan refused to betray Bhutto, resulting in his termination as president through a proclamation issued by [[General Zia Ul-Haq]], the Chairman of Pakistan-occupied Kashmir Council, on 30 October 1978. Khan, however, was elected again as the President of Pakistan-occupied Kashmir in August 1996. He remained in office until August 2001 and was the Pakistan-occupied Kashmir president four times in his lifetime.<ref name="Dawn"/><ref name="sardars"/><ref name=StoryOfPakistan/> | ||
==Death and legacy== | ==Death and legacy== | ||
| Line 69: | Line 70: | ||
Due to his services to Kashmir freedom struggle, he is known among the people of Kashmir as: | Due to his services to Kashmir freedom struggle, he is known among the people of Kashmir as: | ||
* '''Bani-e-Kashmir''' ("Founder of | * '''Bani-e-Kashmir''' ("Founder of Pakistan-occupied Kashmir")<ref name="sardars"/><ref name=Dawn2/> | ||
* '''Ghazi-e-Millat''' ("Hero of the Nation") <ref name=Dawn2>{{cite news|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1132413/foundation-stone-of-memorial-for-first-ajk-president-laid |title=Foundation stone of memorial for first AJK president laid|newspaper=Dawn (newspaper)|date= 17 September 2014|access-date=25 January 2021}}</ref><ref name="sardars"/><ref>{{cite news|url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/1823883/ajk-president-pays-tribute-sardar-ibrahim-khan |title=AJK president pays tribute to Sardar Ibrahim Khan|author=Mamir |newspaper=The Express Tribune (newspaper)|date=12 October 2018|access-date=26 January 2021}}</ref> | * '''Ghazi-e-Millat''' ("Hero of the Nation") <ref name=Dawn2>{{cite news|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1132413/foundation-stone-of-memorial-for-first-ajk-president-laid |title=Foundation stone of memorial for first AJK president laid|newspaper=Dawn (newspaper)|date= 17 September 2014|access-date=25 January 2021}}</ref><ref name="sardars"/><ref>{{cite news|url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/1823883/ajk-president-pays-tribute-sardar-ibrahim-khan |title=AJK president pays tribute to Sardar Ibrahim Khan|author=Mamir |newspaper=The Express Tribune (newspaper)|date=12 October 2018|access-date=26 January 2021}}</ref> | ||
| Line 75: | Line 76: | ||
{{s-off}} | {{s-off}} | ||
{{s-bef|before= Post Created}} | {{s-bef|before= Post Created}} | ||
{{s-ttl|title= President of [[ | {{s-ttl|title= President of [[Pakistan-occupied Kashmir]]|years= 1948–1950}} | ||
{{s-aft|after= Captain Syed Ali Ahmed Shah }} | {{s-aft|after= Captain Syed Ali Ahmed Shah }} | ||
| Line 95: | Line 96: | ||
==Further reading== | ==Further reading== | ||
* {{citation |first=Christopher |last=Snedden |author-link=Christopher Snedden |title=Kashmir: The Unwritten History |publisher=HarperCollins India |year=2013 |isbn=978-9350298985 |orig-year=first published as ''The Untold Story of the People of | * {{citation |first=Christopher |last=Snedden |author-link=Christopher Snedden |title=Kashmir: The Unwritten History |publisher=HarperCollins India |year=2013 |isbn=978-9350298985 |orig-year=first published as ''The Untold Story of the People of Pakistan-occupied Kashmir'', 2012 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0cPjAAAAQBAJ}} | ||
* {{citation |first=Victoria |last=Schoefield |author-link=Victoria Schofield |title=Kashmir in Conflict |publisher=I. B. Taurus & Co |location=London and New York |year=2003 |orig-year=First published in 2000 |isbn=1860648983 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/00book584554548 }} | * {{citation |first=Victoria |last=Schoefield |author-link=Victoria Schofield |title=Kashmir in Conflict |publisher=I. B. Taurus & Co |location=London and New York |year=2003 |orig-year=First published in 2000 |isbn=1860648983 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/00book584554548 }} | ||
{{Pakistan Movement}} | {{Pakistan Movement}} | ||
{{Presidents of | {{Presidents of Pakistan-occupied Kashmir}} | ||
{{Authority control}} | {{Authority control}} | ||
| Line 112: | Line 113: | ||
[[Category:Pakistan Movement activists from Kashmir]] | [[Category:Pakistan Movement activists from Kashmir]] | ||
[[Category:People from Poonch District, Pakistan]] | [[Category:People from Poonch District, Pakistan]] | ||
[[Category:Presidents of | [[Category:Presidents of Pakistan-occupied Kashmir]] | ||
[[Category:People of the Indo-Pakistani War of 1947]] | [[Category:People of the Indo-Pakistani War of 1947]] | ||
[[Category:Government Islamia College alumni]] | [[Category:Government Islamia College alumni]] | ||
Revision as of 05:49, 11 December 2022
Sardar Muhammad Ibrahim Khan (22 April 1915 – 31 July 2003) was the key instigator of the 1947 Poonch Rebellion in the princely state of Jammu and Kashmir in British India and the later establishment of Pakistan-occupied Kashmir under Pakistani administrative control. He served as the first President of Pakistan-occupied Kashmir. His dismissal in 1950 led to the 1955 Poonch Uprising against Pakistan.[1] He served as the president thrice afterwards, ending his last term in 2001.
Early life and education
Sardar Muhammad Ibrahim Khan was born on 22 April 1915 in Kot Mattay Khan, a village in the Poonch District of Kashmir to an elite Sudhan family.[2] He received his primary education in his village. He attended college and received a Bachelors of Arts degree in 1937 at Islamia College (Lahore) and sought higher education abroad in 1938. He obtained his LLB degree from the University of London in 1941. Khan then obtained a law degree from Lincoln's Inn, and later started practicing law at Srinagar, Kashmir.[3]
1947 Poonch rebellion
Ibrahim Khan played a pivotal role in the instigation of the 1947 Poonch rebellion and the First Kashmir War. In British India of 1946, he won the Jammu and Kashmir State Assembly election as a member of the Muslim Conference party and became a member of the Praja Sabha under Maharajah Hari Singh, Jammu and Kashmir ruler. This ruler signed a 'stand-still agreement' with Pakistan as a result of the Indian Independence Act 1947. In 1947, Ibrahim Khan instigated and organised the Poonch rebellion, and with Muslim League, planned and helped in the invasion and liberation of Jammu and Kashmir. Muslim Kashmiri leaders saw it as a liberation of Muslim-majority Kashmir from the Hindu ruler.[4]
On 19 July 1947, Khan held a general assembly meeting at his residence where a resolution was unanimously passed for the State of Kashmir to join Pakistan. The Maharaja, Hari Singh, disapproved of his actions, and Khan left the state and went to Murree, Pakistan. In Murree, he gathered ammunition from private individuals and organizations. With several fellow Kashmiris, he launched a ‘Jihad’ against the Maharaja. On 24 October 1947, he defeated the forces of the Maharaja in the Poonch rebellion and founded the state of Pakistan-occupied Kashmir, which became a self-governing division of Pakistan.[4][3]
After fighting the Indian Army for 15 months, the Pakistan-occupied Kashmir militia accepted a United Nations-mediated ceasefire. Khan and his army were able to capture substantial portions of the three western districts of Kashmir, which were renamed Pakistan-occupied Kashmir (Free Kashmir).
Khan was appointed the first President of tiny Pakistan-occupied Kashmir in 1948 by Pakistan. He represented Kashmir in different capacities at the United Nations from 1948 to 1971.[4]
Sardar Muhammad Ibrahim Khan also wrote a book named The Kashmir Saga on government and politics of Pakistan-occupied Kashmir and included the history and philosophy of freedom struggle in the book.[5]
1955 Poonch uprising
Khan's dismissal is widely regarded as the trigger to the 1955 uprising in Poonch Division.[6]
Professional and political career
Under the Maharajah's rule in 1943, Khan was appointed as a public prosecutor in Mirpur.[4] He later worked at the State Advocate General office of Jammu and Kashmir. Then he left the government job to participate in the Kashmir Freedom Movement, and ran for and won the 1946 Jammu and Kashmir State Assembly elections. He went on to serve three more terms in office until August 2001, when he had to leave due to old age. He retired at the age of 86. He also established the organization called Azad Muslim Conference.[3]
President of Pakistan-occupied Kashmir
As the first self-proclaimed President of Pakistan-occupied Kashmir, he was invited by the United Nations to brief the General assembly on the situation in Kashmir. Under the leadership of Khan, the annual session of the All Jammu and Kashmir Muslim Conference was held at Kotli in 1954, and a resolution was passed for the establishment of a proper Legislative Assembly in Pakistan-occupied Kashmir. While he and his lieutenants continued to push for a legislative assembly, it wouldn't be until the presidency of General Yahya Khan in 1969 that the Pakistan-occupied Kashmir Legislative Assembly would be formed. Khan was elected president of Pakistan-occupied Kashmir for the second time on 13 April 1957, and for the third time on 5 June 1975. Sardar Ibrahim was very close to Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto and had formed the Pakistan-occupied Kashmir chapter of the Pakistan Peoples Party. In 1977, General Zia ul-Haq dissolved Bhutto's government, and offered to allow Khan to continue as president as long as he stopped supporting Bhutto. Khan refused to betray Bhutto, resulting in his termination as president through a proclamation issued by General Zia Ul-Haq, the Chairman of Pakistan-occupied Kashmir Council, on 30 October 1978. Khan, however, was elected again as the President of Pakistan-occupied Kashmir in August 1996. He remained in office until August 2001 and was the Pakistan-occupied Kashmir president four times in his lifetime.[7][4][3]
Death and legacy
Sardar Muhammad Ibrahim Khan died at his Islamabad, Pakistan home on 31 July 2003 after a long illness at age 88.[7] President Pervez Musharraf and Prime Minister Zafarullah Khan Jamali paid tributes to him in their condolence messages.[7]
Due to his services to Kashmir freedom struggle, he is known among the people of Kashmir as:
- Bani-e-Kashmir ("Founder of Pakistan-occupied Kashmir")[4][8]
- Ghazi-e-Millat ("Hero of the Nation") [8][4][9]
| Political offices | ||
|---|---|---|
| Preceded by Post Created |
President of Pakistan-occupied Kashmir 1948–1950 |
Succeeded by Captain Syed Ali Ahmed Shah |
| Preceded by Dost Muhammad Khosa |
2nd term 1957–1959 |
Succeeded by Khurshid Hassan Khurshid |
| Preceded by Sardar Mohammad Abdul Qayyum Khan |
3rd term 1975–1978 |
Succeeded by Muhammad Hayat Khan |
| Preceded by Sardar Sikandar Hayat Khan |
4th term 1996–2001 |
Succeeded by Sardar Muhammad Anwar Khan |
References
- ↑ Snedden, Christopher (2013). Kashmir: The Unwritten History. India: Harper Collins Publishers. ISBN 978-9350298978.
- ↑ Schofield, Victoria (2003). Kashmir in Conflict: India, Pakistan and the Unending War. I.B.Tauris. ISBN 9780857730787.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 Sardar Muhammad Ibrahim Khan - profile on Story Of Pakistan website Published 4 January 2008, Retrieved 26 January 2021
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 Profile of Muhammad Ibrahim Khan on sardarsofkashmir.webs.com website Retrieved 25 January 2021
- ↑ The Kashmir Saga, a book by Muhammad Ibrahim Khan on Google Books website Retrieved 28 January 2021
- ↑ Snedden, Christopher. Kashmir - The Untold Story. HarperCollins India. pp. 120, 121, 122. ISBN 9789350298985.
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; no text was provided for refs namedDawn - ↑ 8.0 8.1 "Foundation stone of memorial for first AJK president laid". Dawn (newspaper). 17 September 2014. Retrieved 25 January 2021.
- ↑ Mamir (12 October 2018). "AJK president pays tribute to Sardar Ibrahim Khan". The Express Tribune (newspaper). Retrieved 26 January 2021.
Further reading
- Snedden, Christopher (2013) [first published as The Untold Story of the People of Pakistan-occupied Kashmir, 2012], Kashmir: The Unwritten History, HarperCollins India, ISBN 978-9350298985
- Schoefield, Victoria (2003) [First published in 2000], Kashmir in Conflict, London and New York: I. B. Taurus & Co, ISBN 1860648983
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