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{{Infobox ancient site|name=Manda| | {{Short description|Village near Jammu in India}} | ||
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}} | |||
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}} | |||
{{Infobox ancient site | |||
| name = Manda | |||
| alternate_name = | |||
| image = | |||
| alt = | |||
| caption = | |||
| map_type = India Jammu and Kashmir#India | |||
| map_alt = India | |||
| map_caption = Location in Jammu and Kashmir, India | |||
| map_size = 270 | |||
| relief = | |||
| coordinates = {{coord|32|56|00|N|74|48|00|E|display=inline,title}} | |||
| location = Manda, [[Jammu district|Jammu]], [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|J&K]], [[India]] | |||
| region = India | |||
| type = Settlement | |||
| part_of = [[Indus Valley Civilisation]], [[Mauryan Empire]] and [[Kushan Empire]] | |||
| length = | |||
| width = | |||
| area = | |||
| height = | |||
| builder = | |||
| material = | |||
| built = 400BC <ref name="Kumar 2012">{{Cite web |title=Akhnoor and Indus Valley Civilization|url=http://www.dailyexcelsior.com/akhnoor-and-indus-valley-civilization/ |last=Kumar |first=Sudershan |year=2012|publisher=Daily Excelsior |language=English}}</ref><ref name="Kushana"/> | |||
| abandoned = 300A.D <ref name="Kushana">{{Cite book |url=http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/26499/11/11_chapter%204.pdf |title=KUSHANA SETTLEMENTS AND THEIR MATERIAL CULTURE |page=162}}</ref> | |||
| epochs = 2350-1750 BC (''Indus Valley Civilisation'') | |||
(Mauryan Empire)<ref name="Kushana"/> | (Mauryan Empire)<ref name="Kushana"/> | ||
78-200 C.E (''Kushan Empire'')<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H1c1UIEVH9gC&pg=PA212 |title=Encyclopedia of Ancient Asian Civilizations |last=Higham |first=Charles |date=2014-05-14 |publisher=Infobase Publishing |isbn=9781438109961 |pages=212 |language=en | 78-200 C.E (''Kushan Empire'')<ref name="Higham 212">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H1c1UIEVH9gC&pg=PA212 |title=Encyclopedia of Ancient Asian Civilizations |last=Higham |first=Charles |date=2014-05-14 |publisher=Infobase Publishing |isbn=9781438109961 |pages=212 |language=en}}</ref> | ||
| cultures = | |||
| dependency_of = | |||
| occupants = | |||
| event = | |||
| excavations = 1976-77 | |||
| archaeologists = [[J. P. Joshi]] | |||
| condition = Abandoned | |||
| ownership = | |||
| management = | |||
| public_access = | |||
| website = <!-- {{URL|example.com}} --> | |||
| notes = | |||
}} | |||
'''Manda''' is a village and an archaeological site in the [[Jammu district]] of the [[Union territory|Union Territory]] of [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]], India. It was excavated by [[Archaeological Survey of India]] during 1976-77 by [[J. P. Joshi]]. The site contains ruins of an ancient [[Indus Valley Civilisation]].<ref name="archaeology">Indian Archaeology 1976-77, A Review. Archeologival Survey of India, New Delhi.1980. Page 19-21. [http://asi.nic.in/nmma_reviews/Indian%20Archaeology%201976-77%20A%20Review.pdf ASI] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120508073039/http://asi.nic.in/nmma_reviews/Indian%20Archaeology%201976-77%20A%20Review.pdf |date=8 May 20 | |||
12 }}</ref> | |||
== | ==Excavation== | ||
Manda | Excavation at Manda revealed a 9.20 m deposit with threefold sequence with two sub periods in Period I. Period II has early historical pottery of types comparable with those of same period from Northern part of India and period III is represented by Kushan antiquities and house walls with 3 m wide street.<ref name=archaeology1>{{Cite web |url=http://asi.nic.in/asi_exca_imp_jammukashmir.asp |title=Archaeological Survey of India |access-date=22 June 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402160644/http://asi.nic.in/asi_exca_imp_jammukashmir.asp |archive-date=2 April 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref> After the Kushan period, the site seems to have been deserted.<ref name=archaeology/> | ||
Manda is | ==Historical significance== | ||
Manda is situated on the right bank of Chenab River in the foothills of Pir Panjal range, 28 km northwest of Jammu, and was considered the northernmost limit of the [[Harappan civilisation]].<ref name="archaeology1"/> It is considered the northmost site (excluding [[Shortugai]]) of [[Indus Valley Civilisation]].<ref name="Kumar 2012">{{Cite web |title=Akhnoor and Indus Valley Civilization|url=http://www.dailyexcelsior.com/akhnoor-and-indus-valley-civilization/ |last=Kumar |first=Sudershan |year=2012|publisher=Daily Excelsior |language=English}}</ref><ref name="Higham 212">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H1c1UIEVH9gC&pg=PA212 |title=Encyclopedia of Ancient Asian Civilizations |last=Higham |first=Charles |date=2014-05-14 |publisher=Infobase Publishing |isbn=9781438109961 |pages=212 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.sindhulogy.org/cdn/articles/harappan-civilization-current-perspective-and-its-contribution-vasant-shinde/ |title=Harappan Civilization: Current Perspective and its Contribution – By Dr. Vasant Shinde |last=Shinde |first=Vasant |date=Feb 1, 2016 |at=Origin and Extent}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |title=The Concept, Provenance and Chronology of Painted Grey Ware |last=Roy |first=T.N |year=1984 |volume=34 |pages=127–137 |language=English|publisher=Istituto Italiano per l'Africa e l'Oriente (IsIAO)}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/259513969|author=Pokharia, Anil K, Jeewan Singh Kharakwal, Alka Srivastava|title=Archaeobotanical evidence of millets in the Indian subcontinent with some observations on their role in the Indus civilization|publisher=Journal of Archaeological Science 42 (2014)|pages=442–455}}</ref> | |||
It is considered a site established to procure wood from Himalayan Sub hills and send it downriver to other towns of the Indus Valley Civilisation.<ref>McIntosh, Jane.(2008) The Ancient Indus Valley, New Perspectives. ABC-CLIO.Page 209,412</ref> | |||
==Artefacts== | |||
Pre Harappan Red ware (15%-25%) Harappan Red ware, including jars, dishes, dishes-on-stand, beakers, goblets etc. and copper double spiral headed spin (having west Asian affinity), tangled bone arrow-heads, terracotta bangles, cakes, chert blade etc.<ref name=archaeology/> | |||
Significant finds include potsherds bearing incised Harappan Script and one unfinished seal.<ref name="archaeology" /> | |||
== | ==Further scope== | ||
Due to the restricted nature of the dig undertaken, no specific structures could be exposed, except a collapsed rubble wall-like structure.<ref name=archaeology/> | |||
* [[ | ==See also== | ||
* [[Indus Valley Civilization]] | |||
* [[List of Indus Valley Civilization sites]] | * [[List of Indus Valley Civilization sites]] | ||
* [[ | * [[Sutkagan Dor]] | ||
* [[Alamgirpur]] | * [[Alamgirpur]] | ||
* [[Daimabad]] | |||
== References == | ==References== | ||
{{ | {{reflist|2}} | ||
== External links == | ==External links== | ||
Map of Indus Valley Civilisation sites [https://books.google.com/books?id=1AJO2A-CbccC&q=Manda] | |||
[[Category:Archaeological sites]] | {{Jammu district}} | ||
[[Category: | |||
[[Category: | [[Category:Archaeological sites in Jammu and Kashmir]] | ||
[[Category:Archaeological sites in India]] | |||
[[Category:Indus Valley Civilisation sites]] | |||
[[Category:Villages in Jammu district]] | |||
Latest revision as of 18:26, 31 December 2025
  Location in Jammu and Kashmir, India  Manda, Jammu (India) | |
| Location | Manda, Jammu, J&K, India |
|---|---|
| Region | India |
| Coordinates | 32°56′00″N 74°48′00″E / 32.93333°N 74.80000°E |
| Type | Settlement |
| Part of | Indus Valley Civilisation, Mauryan Empire and Kushan Empire |
| History | |
| Founded | 400BC [1][2] |
| Abandoned | 300A.D [2] |
| Periods | 2350-1750 BC (Indus Valley Civilisation)
(Mauryan Empire)[2] 78-200 C.E (Kushan Empire)[3] |
| Site notes | |
| Excavation dates | 1976-77 |
| Archaeologists | J. P. Joshi |
| Condition | Abandoned |
Manda is a village and an archaeological site in the Jammu district of the Union Territory of Jammu and Kashmir, India. It was excavated by Archaeological Survey of India during 1976-77 by J. P. Joshi. The site contains ruins of an ancient Indus Valley Civilisation.[4]
Excavation[edit | edit source]
Excavation at Manda revealed a 9.20 m deposit with threefold sequence with two sub periods in Period I. Period II has early historical pottery of types comparable with those of same period from Northern part of India and period III is represented by Kushan antiquities and house walls with 3 m wide street.[5] After the Kushan period, the site seems to have been deserted.[4]
Historical significance[edit | edit source]
Manda is situated on the right bank of Chenab River in the foothills of Pir Panjal range, 28 km northwest of Jammu, and was considered the northernmost limit of the Harappan civilisation.[5] It is considered the northmost site (excluding Shortugai) of Indus Valley Civilisation.[1][3][6][7][8]
It is considered a site established to procure wood from Himalayan Sub hills and send it downriver to other towns of the Indus Valley Civilisation.[9]
Artefacts[edit | edit source]
Pre Harappan Red ware (15%-25%) Harappan Red ware, including jars, dishes, dishes-on-stand, beakers, goblets etc. and copper double spiral headed spin (having west Asian affinity), tangled bone arrow-heads, terracotta bangles, cakes, chert blade etc.[4]
Significant finds include potsherds bearing incised Harappan Script and one unfinished seal.[4]
Further scope[edit | edit source]
Due to the restricted nature of the dig undertaken, no specific structures could be exposed, except a collapsed rubble wall-like structure.[4]
See also[edit | edit source]
References[edit | edit source]
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Kumar, Sudershan (2012). "Akhnoor and Indus Valley Civilization". Daily Excelsior.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 KUSHANA SETTLEMENTS AND THEIR MATERIAL CULTURE (PDF). p. 162.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 Higham, Charles (14 May 2014). Encyclopedia of Ancient Asian Civilizations. Infobase Publishing. p. 212. ISBN 9781438109961.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 Indian Archaeology 1976-77, A Review. Archeologival Survey of India, New Delhi.1980. Page 19-21. ASI Archived 2012-05-08 at the Wayback Machine
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 "Archaeological Survey of India". Archived from the original on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 22 June 2012.
- ↑ Shinde, Vasant (1 February 2016). "Harappan Civilization: Current Perspective and its Contribution – By Dr. Vasant Shinde". Origin and Extent.
- ↑ Roy, T.N (1984). The Concept, Provenance and Chronology of Painted Grey Ware. Vol. 34. Istituto Italiano per l'Africa e l'Oriente (IsIAO). pp. 127–137.
- ↑ Pokharia, Anil K, Jeewan Singh Kharakwal, Alka Srivastava. Archaeobotanical evidence of millets in the Indian subcontinent with some observations on their role in the Indus civilization. Journal of Archaeological Science 42 (2014). pp. 442–455.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ↑ McIntosh, Jane.(2008) The Ancient Indus Valley, New Perspectives. ABC-CLIO.Page 209,412
External links[edit | edit source]
Map of Indus Valley Civilisation sites [1]