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== References ==


==Economy==
==Economy==

Revision as of 13:53, 27 November 2021

For other places with the same name, see Salem (disambiguation).
Salem
Metropolis
Clockwise from top left: Mookaneri Lake, Modern Theatres, Trumpet Exchange Flyover, Salem Collectorate and Salem Steel Plant
Clockwise from top left: Mookaneri Lake, Modern Theatres, Trumpet Exchange Flyover, Salem Collectorate and Salem Steel Plant
Nickname(s): 
Steel City[1]
Mango City
Salem is located in Tamil Nadu
Salem
Salem
Coordinates: 11°39′N 78°10′E / 11.65°N 78.16°E / 11.65; 78.16Coordinates: 11°39′N 78°10′E / 11.65°N 78.16°E / 11.65; 78.16
CountryIndia
StateTamil Nadu
DistrictSalem district
Government
 • TypeMayor–Council
 • BodySalem City Municipal Corporation
 • Mayorvacant
Area
 • Metropolis124 km2 (48 sq mi)
 • Rank5
Elevation
289 m (948 ft)
Population
 (2011)[2]
 • Metropolis917,613
 • Rank45th
 • Metro
[3]
1,032,336
 • Metro rank
51st
Demonym(s)Salemians, Salethar
Languages
 • OfficialTamil
 • SpokenTamil
Time zoneUTC+5:30 (IST)
PIN
636xxx
Telephone code+91-427
Vehicle registrationTN-27, TN-30, TN-54, TN-90
Websitewww.salemcorporation.gov.in

Salem (About this soundpronunciation (help·info)) (Tamil: சேலம்) is a major city in Salem district, located on the banks of Thirumanimutharu river in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu. It is located about 140 kilometres (87 mi) northwest of Tiruchirappalli, 170 kilometres (106 mi) northeast of Coimbatore, 206 kilometres (128 mi) southeast of Bangalore and about 340 kilometres (210 mi) southwest of the state capital, Chennai. Salem is the fifth largest urban agglomeration in the state by population next to Chennai, Coimbatore, Madurai and Trichy and the fifth largest city in Tamil Nadu by area covering 124 km2 (48 sq mi).[5]

The city has been a part of Chola Dynasty. A lot of religious places are located with in the city. A mosque in the city is believed to be built by Tipu Sultan the ruler of Mysore Kingdom in the present day of Karnataka. The town and the surrounding hilly regions were part of the Chola dynasty and was part of the trade route with the Roman empire.[6] It was later governed by Poligars, who built temples and forts in and around the city.[7] It was part of the Vijayanagara empire before being captured by Hyder Ali during the early 18th century, after the Mysore-Madurai war. It was ceded to the British in 1768 and the area became part of the struggle between Kongu Nadu led by Dheeran Chinnamalai and the British.[8] Salem became part of Salem district since independence in 1947. Salem district was the first district to be formed in India on 4 April 1792 that spread over 7,530 sq km comprising the present-day Namakkal, Dharmapuri, Krishnagiri. Alexander Reed was the collector of the Salem district from 1792 to 1799.[9]

History

Main article: History of Salem, Tamil Nadu

Early period

During the 3rd century BCE, there was period of Bogar – a notable Tamil Siddhar and at that time Jainism and Buddhism arrived. Around the beginning of the common era, the existence of a culturally and economically advanced society in Salem two thousand years ago is evident from the discovery of silver coins of the Roman Emperor Tiberices Claudices Nero (37–68 CE) in Koneripatti of Salem in 1987. Later Pandya dynasty started ruling the region around Salem. Later Pallava dynasty rises in Salem. After that Mahendra Varma Pallava came to Salem and Saivite principles rise. After Mahednra Varma Pallava, Narasimha Varma Pallava came. Soon Pandya dynasty came to Salem. The Hoysala rule established in Salem and parts of few Salem remained under Pandya dynasty.

Geography and climate

Main article: Geography of Salem

Salem is located at 11°40′N 78°08′E / 11.67°N 78.14°E / 11.67; 78.14,[10] at an average elevation of 278 m (912 ft.). The city is surrounded by hills: Nagaramalai on the north, Jarugumalai on the south, Kanjamalai on the west, Godumalai on the east and the Shevaroy Hills on the northeast. Kariyaperumal Hill is in southwestern Salem.[11] The Thirumanimutharu River flows through the city, dividing it in two.[12] The fort area is the oldest part of Salem.[13]

Salem lies in the foothills of Shevaroy hills which houses the famous hill Station 'Yercaud'.

Salem has a tropical savanna climate (Köppen climate classification Aw). January and February are generally pleasant; the hot summer begins in March, with the year's highest temperatures during April. Pre-monsoon thunderstorms occur during April and May. The Southwest monsoon season lasts from June to September. The northeast monsoon occurs from October to December.[14][15]

Climate data for Salem, Tamil Nadu (1981–2010, extremes 1901–2012)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 37.2
(99.0) 		39.4
(102.9) 		41.7
(107.1) 		42.8
(109.0) 		42.8
(109.0) 		42.8
(109.0) 		40.6
(105.1) 		39.9
(103.8) 		38.9
(102.0) 		37.9
(100.2) 		35.6
(96.1) 		35.6
(96.1) 		42.8
(109.0)
Average high °C (°F) 32.1
(89.8) 		34.7
(94.5) 		37.0
(98.6) 		37.8
(100.0) 		37.2
(99.0) 		35.0
(95.0) 		34.0
(93.2) 		33.4
(92.1) 		33.2
(91.8) 		32.1
(89.8) 		31.0
(87.8) 		30.7
(87.3) 		34.0
(93.2)
Average low °C (°F) 19.2
(66.6) 		20.4
(68.7) 		22.5
(72.5) 		25.0
(77.0) 		25.0
(77.0) 		24.1
(75.4) 		23.4
(74.1) 		23.0
(73.4) 		22.8
(73.0) 		22.4
(72.3) 		21.1
(70.0) 		19.6
(67.3) 		22.4
(72.3)
Record low °C (°F) 12.8
(55.0) 		11.1
(52.0) 		14.4
(57.9) 		16.5
(61.7) 		18.3
(64.9) 		19.3
(66.7) 		18.9
(66.0) 		18.1
(64.6) 		18.5
(65.3) 		15.5
(59.9) 		12.8
(55.0) 		12.8
(55.0) 		11.1
(52.0)
Average rainfall mm (inches) 4.4
(0.17) 		3.4
(0.13) 		17.3
(0.68) 		55.5
(2.19) 		109.7
(4.32) 		72.4
(2.85) 		108.0
(4.25) 		140.6
(5.54) 		176.5
(6.95) 		185.5
(7.30) 		110.2
(4.34) 		35.0
(1.38) 		1,018.5
(40.10)
Average rainy days 0.3 0.3 0.8 3.2 6.3 4.8 6.3 8.1 8.6 9.9 6.4 2.6 57.6
Average relative humidity (%) (at 17:30 IST) 45 36 33 40 49 55 57 58 61 69 66 56 52
Source: India Meteorological Department[16][17]

References

Economy

Main article: Economy of Salem, Tamil Nadu
Salem Steel Plant entrance
File:SEZ Salem.jpg
Salem IT Special Economic Zone (SEZ)

Salem is a major textile centre in Tamil Nadu, with more than 125 spinning mills, weaving units and garment units. Until the 1960s, it had fewer spinning mills. Private handloom weaving began to increase in the region after the 1960s and during the 1980s, the textile industry expanded with major spinning mills and dyeing units established supporting the industry.[18]

The area also houses a number of sago factories for the production starch. In Salem district, 34,000 hectares (130 sq mi) of land are devoted to cassava and 650 industrial units are engaged in tapioca processing. In 1981, the Salem Starch and Sago Manufacturers Service Industrial Co-operative Society (SAGOSERVE) was established to promote the sago industry and nearly 80 percent of the national demand for sago and starch is met by SAGOSERVE.[19] In and around Salem cassava yields are 25–30 tons per hectare, one of the highest in the world; the national average is 19 tons per hectare, and the world average is 10 tons.[20]

The Salem Steel Plant, a unit of the Steel Authority of India, produces cold-rolled stainless steel and a hot-rolled stainless-carbon steel alloy. The plant is being expanded and modernized, with plans for steel-melting and continuous-casting facilities.[21] The Southern Iron and Steel Company (part of JSW Steel) have their first integrated steel plant in Salem for the production of TMT corrosion-resistant bars and alloy steels.[22][23] The Salem region is rich in mineral ores, with some of the largest magnesite and bauxite deposits in India. Public and private magnesite factories include Burn Standard and Company, Dalmia Magnesites and Tata Refractories.[24]

Salem Mango[25] belt contributes the economy in large scale by exporting mangoes to foreign countries and supplying mangoes all over India. The Leigh Bazaar is the region's largest market for agricultural products. The Tamil Nadu government and the Electronics Corporation of Tamil Nadu are planning a 160-acre (65 ha) IT park in the city.[26][27] The Steel Authority of India is planning a 250-acre (100 ha) steel special economic zone in its Salem plant,[28] and an electrical and electronics industrial estate is in the Suramangalam area of the city.[29]

Salem is also famous for its silver jewelry. Shevapet, Sivathapuram and Panangadu are the areas where the Silver Products are made in cottage industries. Salem produces World Class Artistic Silver Anklets, Toe Rings, Neck Chains, Pendents and Silverware. Salem has the presence of Multi-National Corporations, including Capgemini, First American (India) Financial Corporation (FAI), Whirlpool Warehouse, Vee Technologies, and SourceHOV LLC. The Tamil Nadu government is trying to get Hindustan Aeronautics Limited onboard to set up a manufacturing unit at Salem as the state has been chosen for establishing the Center's ambitious defense corridor project with Salem being one of the nodes.[30]

Administration and politics

Municipal corporation officials
Mayor [31]
Commissioner ChristuRaj[32]
Deputy Mayor vacant[33]
Member of Legislative Assembly
Salem North Rajendiran[34]
Salem West Arul Ramadoss[35]
Salem South Balasubramanian[36]
Member of Parliament
Salem Thiru S.R.Parthiban[37]

Salem is the headquarters of Salem district. The town was constituted as a municipality in 1867, and was upgraded to a special-grade municipality in 1979 and to a municipal corporation on 1 April 1994. The Salem municipal corporation has 72 wards,[38] each with an elected councillor.[39] The functions of the municipal corporation are divided into six departments: general administration and personnel, engineering, revenue, public health, city planning and information technology (IT). All six departments are governed by a municipal commissioner.[40] Legislative power is vested in the 60-member council,[41] headed by an elected chairperson and assisted by a deputy chairperson.[42]

Law and order is maintained by the Salem city subdivision of the Tamil Nadu Police, headed by a Deputy superintendent. Special units include prohibition enforcement, district crime, social justice and human rights, district crime records and a district-level special branch headed by a superintendent of police.[43]

Salem is a part of the Salem North, Salem West and Salem South assembly constituencies delineated in 2008.[44] The city elects the three members to the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly once every five years.[45] Present MLAs are R. Mohan Raj (Salem North) from Desiya Murpokku Dravidar Kazhagam, M. K. Selvaraju (Salem West) and G. Venkatachalam (Salem South) from All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam.[34][35][36]

Until 2008, the city was part of the Salem I and Salem II assembly constituencies. Since 1977, the ADMK party won the Salem I assembly seat five times (1977, 1980, 1984, 2001 and 2006); Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam won twice (1989 and 1996), and the Indian National Congress (INC) won in 1991.[46] Since 1977, the ADMK won the Salem II assembly seat three times (1980, 1984 and 1991) and the DMK also won three times (1989, 1996 and 2006); the Janata Party (JP) won in 1977 and Pattali Makkal Katchi (PMK) won in 2001.[47]

The city is part of the Salem Lok Sabha constituency consisting of six assembly constituencies: Omalur, Salem North, Salem South, Salem West, Veerapandi and Edappadi.[48] Since 1952, the Salem parliament seat was held by the Indian National Congress eight times (1952, 1957, 1962, 1984, 1989, 1991 and 2004), by the ADMK four times (1977, 1991, 2009 and 2014), by DMK three times (1967, 1971 and 1980), and once each by an independent (1998) and the Tamil Maanila Congress (1996).[49][50][51][52][53][54][55][56][57][58][59][60][61] The current Member of Parliament from the constituency is S. R. Parthiban from the DMK.[37]

  1. ↑ "My Salem - My Pride". Government of India. 30 October 2015. Archived from the original on 1 February 2018. Retrieved 1 February 2018.
  2. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named 2011census
  3. ↑ "Primary Census Abstract - Urban Agglomeration" (XLS). Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India. Archived from the original on 15 March 2016. Retrieved 13 October 2015.
  4. ↑ "About Salem". salem.nic.in. Retrieved 1 October 2020.
  5. ↑ "About Corporation". salemcorporation.gov.in. Archived from the original on 18 July 2015. Retrieved 27 June 2015.
  6. ↑ "Far East Kingdoms of South Asia: Cheras". The History Files. Archived from the original on 17 February 2017. Retrieved 25 February 2017.
  7. ↑ E. H. Warmington (2014). The Commerce between the Roman Empire and India. Cambridge University Press. p. 144. ISBN 978-1107-432-14-7.
  8. ↑ Asha Sridhar (30 January 2015). "Winding the clock back, anti-colonial wise". The Hindu. Retrieved 25 February 2017.
  9. ↑ S.P.Saravanan, Saravanan (10 April 2016). "Salem's history on a map". The Hindu. Salem: The Hindu. Archived from the original on 9 September 2017. Retrieved 28 July 2021.
  10. ↑ "Falling Rain Genomic s, Inc – Salem". Fallingrain.com. Archived from the original on 13 October 2012. Retrieved 10 April 2012.
  11. ↑ Syed Muthahar Saqaf (18 January 2015). "People throng tourist spots on 'Kaanum Pongal'". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 5 February 2018. Retrieved 5 February 2018.
  12. ↑ SS.P. Saravanan (26 October 2015). "River Thirumanimuthar cries for attention". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 5 February 2018. Retrieved 5 February 2018.
  13. ↑ "ABOUT SALEM CITY". sonatech.in. Archived from the original on 24 April 2015. Retrieved 5 February 2018.
  14. ↑ "DISTRICT GROUNDWATER BROCHURE SALEM DISTRICT, TAMIL NADU" (PDF). Central Ground Water Board. Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 April 2018. Retrieved 5 February 2018.
  15. ↑ "Ground Water Augmentation Of Kannankuruchi Lake, Salem, TamilNadu Using GIS" (PDF). International Journal of Emerging Trends & Technology in Computer Science (IJETTCS). Archived (PDF) from the original on 5 February 2018. Retrieved 5 February 2018.
  16. ↑ "Station: Salem Climatological Table 1981–2010" (PDF). Climatological Normals 1981–2010. India Meteorological Department. January 2015. pp. 679–680. Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 February 2020. Retrieved 29 March 2020.
  17. ↑ "Extremes of Temperature & Rainfall for Indian Stations (Up to 2012)" (PDF). India Meteorological Department. December 2016. p. M203. Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 February 2020. Retrieved 29 March 2020.
  18. ↑ "Salem IIHT". The Hindu. 18 December 2010. Archived from the original on 4 January 2014. Retrieved 4 January 2014.
  19. ↑ "Sagoserve". indcom. Archived from the original on 1 July 2017. Retrieved 10 May 2016.
  20. ↑ "Sagoserve profile". Sagoserve. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 10 May 2016.
  21. ↑ "Salem Steel". SAIL. Archived from the original on 2 September 2013. Retrieved 10 May 2016.
  22. ↑ "JSW Companies:Salem Works". JSW. Archived from the original on 12 April 2013. Retrieved 10 May 2016.
  23. ↑ "JSW Steels Ltd :TIDCO". TIDCO. Archived from the original on 16 May 2016. Retrieved 10 May 2016.
  24. ↑ "Magnesite". Dept.Geology and mining, TN. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 10 May 2016.
  25. ↑ "Salem Mango | Buy Organic fresh Salem Mangoes online direct from farms". Salem Mango. Archived from the original on 22 December 2018. Retrieved 22 December 2018.
  26. ↑ "Tamilnadu Elcot Website". Elcot. Archived from the original on 18 September 2008. Retrieved 26 September 2008.
  27. ↑ "Site for IT Park ideally situated". The Hindu. Chennai, India. Archived from the original on 30 September 2007. Retrieved 9 January 2006.
  28. ↑ "Site for IT Park ideally situated". processingregister.com. Archived from the original on 2 February 2009. Retrieved 26 September 2008.
  29. ↑ "Electrical and electronics industries". Government of Tamil Nadu. Archived from the original on 21 April 2009. Retrieved 10 May 2016.
  30. ↑ Hindustan Aeronautics Limited, Salem (17 March 2019). "Tamil Nadu Pursuing HAL To Set Up Manufacturing Unit At Salem". NDTV. Retrieved 6 July 2020.
  31. ↑ "Chairman of municipal corporation". Salem municipal corporation. 2011. Archived from the original on 16 January 2013. Retrieved 29 December 2012.
  32. ↑ "Commissioner of municipal corporation". Salem municipal corporation. 2011. Archived from the original on 16 January 2013. Retrieved 29 December 2012.
  33. ↑ "Vice chairman of municipal corporation". Salem municipal corporation. 2011. Archived from the original on 16 January 2013. Retrieved 29 December 2012.
  34. ↑ 34.0 34.1 "MLA of Salem (North)". Government of Tamil Nadu. 2011. Archived from the original on 28 January 2013. Retrieved 29 December 2012.
  35. ↑ 35.0 35.1 "MLA of Salem (West)". Government of Tamil Nadu. 2011. Archived from the original on 28 January 2013. Retrieved 29 December 2012.
  36. ↑ 36.0 36.1 "MLA of Salem (East)". Government of Tamil Nadu. 2011. Archived from the original on 28 January 2013. Retrieved 29 December 2012.
  37. ↑ 37.0 37.1 "Members of Lok Sabha from Tamil Nadu". Government of Tamil Nadu. 2014. Archived from the original on 27 May 2014. Retrieved 26 May 2014.
  38. ↑ "Salem Corporation to increase number of wards". The Hindu. 1 June 2016. Retrieved 5 February 2018.
  39. ↑ "About the municipal corporation". Salem municipal corporation. 2011. Archived from the original on 25 May 2013. Retrieved 29 December 2012.
  40. ↑ "Commissioner of Municipal Administration". Commissionerate of Municipal Administration. 2006. Archived from the original on 6 November 2012. Retrieved 29 December 2012.
  41. ↑ "Councillors of municipal corporation". Salem municipal corporation. 2011. Archived from the original on 16 January 2013. Retrieved 29 December 2012.
  42. ↑ "Economic and political weekly, Volume 30". Sameeksha Trust. 1995: 2396. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  43. ↑ "Salem Police". Tamil Nadu Police. 2011. Archived from the original on 11 October 2011. Retrieved 29 December 2012.
  44. ↑ "New Constituencies, Post-Delimitation 2008" (PDF). Chief Electoral Officer, Tamil Nadu. Archived from the original (PDF) on 15 May 2012. Retrieved 29 December 2012.
  45. ↑ "List of Assembly Constituencies". Tamil Nadu. Tamil Nadu state government. 2010. Archived from the original on 14 June 2012. Retrieved 28 December 2012.
  46. ↑ "Partywise Comparison Since 1977". Election Commission of India. 2011. Archived from the original on 12 May 2014. Retrieved 29 December 2012.
  47. ↑ "Partywise Comparison Since 1977". Election Commission of India. 2011. Archived from the original on 12 May 2014. Retrieved 29 December 2012.
  48. ↑ "List of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies" (PDF). Election Commission of India. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 May 2006. Retrieved 9 October 2008.
  49. ↑ "Key highlights of the general elections 1957 to the Second Lok Sabha" (PDF). Election Commission of India. p. 17. Archived (PDF) from the original on 10 October 2010. Retrieved 29 December 2012.
  50. ↑ "Key highlights of the general elections 1962 to the Third Lok Sabha" (PDF). Election Commission of India. p. 49. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2010. Retrieved 29 December 2012.
  51. ↑ "Key highlights of the general elections 1967 to the Fourth Lok Sabha" (PDF). Election Commission of India. p. 67. Archived (PDF) from the original on 11 October 2010. Retrieved 29 December 2012.
  52. ↑ "Key highlights of the general elections 1971 to the Fifth Lok Sabha" (PDF). Election Commission of India. p. 71. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2010. Retrieved 29 December 2012.
  53. ↑ "Key highlights of the general elections 1977 to the Sixth Lok Sabha" (PDF). Election Commission of India. p. 80. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2010. Retrieved 29 December 2012.
  54. ↑ "Key highlights of the general elections 1980 to the Seventh Lok Sabha" (PDF). Election Commission of India. p. 79. Archived (PDF) from the original on 18 July 2014. Retrieved 29 December 2012.
  55. ↑ "Key highlights of the general elections 1984 to the Eighth Lok Sabha" (PDF). Election Commission of India. p. 73. Archived (PDF) from the original on 10 October 2010. Retrieved 29 December 2012.
  56. ↑ "Key highlights of the general elections 1989 to the Ninth Lok Sabha" (PDF). Election Commission of India. p. 81. Archived (PDF) from the original on 11 October 2010. Retrieved 29 December 2012.
  57. ↑ "Key highlights of the general elections 1991 to the Tenth Lok Sabha" (PDF). Election Commission of India. p. 51. Archived (PDF) from the original on 11 October 2010. Retrieved 29 December 2012.
  58. ↑ "Key highlights of the general elections 1996 to the Eleventh Lok Sabha" (PDF). Election Commission of India. p. 86. Archived (PDF) from the original on 18 July 2014. Retrieved 29 December 2012.
  59. ↑ "Key highlights of the general elections 1998 to the Twelfth Lok Sabha" (PDF). Election Commission of India. p. 85. Archived (PDF) from the original on 11 October 2010. Retrieved 29 December 2012.
  60. ↑ "Key highlights of the general elections 1999 to the Thirteenth Lok Sabha" (PDF). Election Commission of India. p. 85. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2010. Retrieved 29 December 2012.
  61. ↑ "Key highlights of the general elections 2004 to the Fourteenth Lok Sabha" (PDF). Election Commission of India. p. 94. Archived (PDF) from the original on 10 October 2010. Retrieved 29 December 2012.
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