Abdul Rahim Khan-i-Khanan: Difference between revisions

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{{Short description|Mughal court poet (1556–1627)}}
'''{{EngvarB|date=August 2014}}
'''{{EngvarB|date=August 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2014}}
{{Infobox person
{{Infobox person
| name =Abdul Rahim
| name               = Abdul Rahim
| image =Young Abdul Rahim Khan-I-Khana being received by Akbar, Akbarnama.jpg
| image             = Abd al-Rahim, Khan Khanan (cropped).jpg
| caption = Young Rahim being received by Akbar
| caption           = Portrait of Abdul Rahim Khan-i Khanan by Hashim, circa 1627
| title = ''Khan-i-Khanan''
| title             = ''Khan-i-Khanan''
| spouse =Mah Banu Begum
| spouse             = Mah Banu Begum
| children =[[Jana Begum]], two sons
| children           = {{Ubl|[[Jana Begum]]  
| father =[[Bairam Khan]]
|Shahnawaz Khan
| mother =Daughter of [[Jamal Khan]]
|Darab Khan}}
| birth_date ={{birth date|1556|12|17|df=y}}
| father             = [[Bairam Khan]]
| birth_place =[[Delhi]], [[Mughal empire]]
| mother             = Daughter of Jamal Khan
| death_date = {{death date and age|1627|10|1|1556|12|17|df=y}}
| birth_name        =
| death_place=[[Agra]], [[Mughal Empire]]
| birth_date         = {{birth date|1556|12|17|df=y}}
| resting place=Tomb of Abdul Rahim Khan-i-Khanan, [[Delhi]]
| birth_place       = [[Delhi]], [[Mughal empire]]
| full name=
| death_date         = {{death date and age|1627|10|1|1556|12|17|df=y}}
| death_place       = [[Agra]], [[Mughal Empire]]
| resting place     = Tomb of Abdul Rahim Khan-i-Khanan, [[Delhi]]
}}
}}


[[Khanzada]] [[Mirza]] [[Khan (title)|Khan]] '''Abdul Rahim''' (17 December 1556 – 1 October 1627), popularly known as simply '''Rahim''' and titled '''''Khan-i-Khanan''''', was a poet who lived in India during the rule of [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] emperor [[Akbar]], who was his mentor, also. He was one of the nine important ministers ([[dewan]]) in his court, also known as the [[Navaratnas]]. Rahim is known for his Hindi dohe (couplets)<ref>{{cite book|title=Dictionary of Indian Literature, One, Beginnings 1850|date=1999|publisher=Orient Longman Ltd; 1 edition|isbn=978-8125014539|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YCJrUfVtZxoC&pg=PA308}}</ref> and his books on [[astrology]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://oldpoetry.com/oauthor/show/Abdur_Rahim_Khankhana |title=Abdur Rahim KhanKhana at Old poetry |publisher=Oldpoetry.com |access-date=30 September 2010}}</ref> The village of [[Khan Khana]], which is named after him, is located in the [[Nawanshahr district]] of the state of [[Punjab, India]].
[[Khanzada]] [[Mirza]] [[Khan (title)|Khan]] '''Abdul Rahim''' (17 December 1556 – 1 October 1627), popularly known as simply '''Rahim''' and titled '''''Khan-i-Khanan''''', was a poet who lived in India during the rule of [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] emperor [[Akbar]], who was his mentor. He was one of the nine important ministers ([[dewan]]) in his court, known as the [[Navaratnas]]. Rahim was known for his Hindi dohe (couplets)<ref>{{cite book|title=Dictionary of Indian Literature, One, Beginnings 1850|date=1999|publisher=Orient Longman Ltd; 1 edition|isbn=978-8125014539|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YCJrUfVtZxoC&pg=PA308}}</ref> and his books on [[astrology]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://oldpoetry.com/oauthor/show/Abdur_Rahim_Khankhana |title=Abdur Rahim KhanKhana at Old poetry |publisher=Oldpoetry.com |access-date=30 September 2010}}</ref>  


==Biography==
==Biography==
[[File:Bairam Khan's widow and child are escorted to Ahmedabad, Akbarnama.jpg|right|thumb|[[Bairam Khan]]'s widow and child (Rahim) being escorted to [[Ahmedabad]], in 1561, after his assassination, ''[[Akbarnama]]'']]
[[File:Bairam Khan's widow and child are escorted to Ahmedabad, Akbarnama.jpg|right|thumb|[[Bairam Khan]]'s widow and child (Rahim) being escorted to [[Ahmedabad]], in 1561, after his assassination, ''[[Akbarnama]]'']]
Abdul Rahim was born in [[Delhi]],<ref name=ain>[http://persian.packhum.org/persian/main?url=pf%3Ffile%3D00702051%26ct%3D235 29. Kha´n Kha´na´n Mi´rza´ 'Abdurrahi´m, son of Bairám Khán – Biography] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120215021650/http://persian.packhum.org/persian/main?url=pf%3Ffile=00702051&ct=235 |date=15 February 2012 }} [[Ain-i-Akbari]] of Abul Fazl, Vol I, English Translation. 1873.</ref> the son of [[Bairam Khan]], [[Akbar]]'s trusted guardian and mentor, who was of [[Turkic peoples|Turkic]] ancestry. When [[Humayun]] returned to India from his exile, he asked his nobles to forge matrimonial alliances with various [[zamindar]]s and feudal lords across the nation. Humayun married the elder daughter of Khanzada Jamal Khan of [[Mewat]] (present [[Nuh district]] of [[Haryana]]) and he asked Bairam Khan to marry the younger daughter.
Abdul Rahim was born in [[Delhi]],<ref name=ain>[http://persian.packhum.org/persian/main?url=pf%3Ffile%3D00702051%26ct%3D235 29. Kha´n Kha´na´n Mi´rza´ 'Abdurrahi´m, son of Bairám Khán – Biography] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120215021650/http://persian.packhum.org/persian/main?url=pf%3Ffile=00702051&ct=235 |date=15 February 2012 }} [[Ain-i-Akbari]] of Abul Fazl, Vol I, English Translation. 1873.</ref> the son of [[Bairam Khan]], Akbar's trusted guardian and mentor, who was of [[Turkic peoples|Turkic]] ancestry. When [[Humayun]] returned to India from his exile, he asked his nobles to forge matrimonial alliances with various [[zamindar]]s and feudal lords across the nation. Humayun married the elder daughter of Khanzada Jamal Khan of [[Mewat]] (present [[Nuh district]] of [[Haryana]]) and he asked Bairam Khan to marry the younger daughter.


''Gazetteer of Ulwur ([[Alwar]])'' states:
The ''Gazetteer of Ulwur ([[Alwar]])'' states:


:After Babur's death his successor, [[Humayun]], in 1513 was supplanted as ruler by the [[Pashtun people|Pathan]] [[Sher Shah Suri]], who, in 1545, was followed by [[Islam Shah]]. During the reign of the latter, a battle was fought and lost by the emperor's troops at [[Firozpur Jhirka]], in Mewat.  However, Islam Shah did not lose his hold on power. Adil Shah, the third of the Pathan interlopers, who succeeded Islam Shah in 1552, had to contend for the empire with Humayun.<ref name="archive1">{{cite web|url=https://archive.org/stream/gazetteerofulwur00powliala#page/n5/mode/2up |title=Gazetteer of Ulwur |access-date=30 September 2010}}</ref>
:After Babur's death his successor, [[Humayun]], in 1513 was supplanted as ruler by the [[Pashtun people|Pathan]] [[Sher Shah Suri]], who, in 1545, was followed by [[Islam Shah]]. During the reign of the latter, a battle was fought and lost by the emperor's troops at [[Firozpur Jhirka]], in Mewat.  However, Islam Shah did not lose his hold on power. Adil Shah, the third of the Pathan interlopers, who succeeded Islam Shah in 1552, had to contend for the empire with Humayun.<ref name="archive1">{{cite web|url=https://archive.org/stream/gazetteerofulwur00powliala#page/n5/mode/2up |title=Gazetteer of Ulwur |access-date=30 September 2010}}</ref>
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:In these struggles for the restoration of Babur's dynasty Khanzadas apparently do not figure at all. Humayun seems to have conciliated them by marrying the elder daughter of Khanzada Jamal Khan, nephew of Babur's opponent, Khanzada [[Hasan Khan Mewati]], and by requiring his minister, Bairam Khan, to marry the younger daughter of the same Mewati.<ref name="archive1"/>
:In these struggles for the restoration of Babur's dynasty Khanzadas apparently do not figure at all. Humayun seems to have conciliated them by marrying the elder daughter of Khanzada Jamal Khan, nephew of Babur's opponent, Khanzada [[Hasan Khan Mewati]], and by requiring his minister, Bairam Khan, to marry the younger daughter of the same Mewati.<ref name="archive1"/>


Khanzadahs,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://archive.org/stream/panjabcastes00ibbe#page/181/mode/1up/search/khanzada |title=Panjab castes |access-date=30 September 2010}}</ref> the royal family of Muslim Jadon (also spelt as [[Jadaun]]) [[Rajput]]s, converted to Islam after Islamic conquest of northern India.<ref>"Shaikh Muhammad Makhdum, Arzang-i Tijarah (Urdu) ( Agra: Agra Akhbar 1290H)"</ref> Khanzadah, the Persian form of the Indic word 'Rajput'. Khanzadas were believed to have converted from a branch of Hindu Rajputs. They were the Mewatti Chiefs of the Persian historians, who were the representatives of the ancient Lords of [[Mewat State]].<ref name=gazetteerofulwur>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/stream/gazetteerofulwur00powliala|title=Gazetteer of Ulwur|author=Major P.W. Powlett|year=1878}}</ref>
Khanzadahs,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://archive.org/stream/panjabcastes00ibbe#page/181/mode/1up/search/khanzada |title=Panjab castes |access-date=30 September 2010}}</ref> the royal family of Muslim Jadon (also spelt as [[Jadaun]]) [[Rajput]]s, converted to Islam after Islamic conquest of northern India.<ref>"Shaikh Muhammad Makhdum, Arzang-i Tijarah (Urdu) ( Agra: Agra Akhbar 1290H)"</ref> Khanzadah, the Persian form of the Indic word 'Rajput'. Khanzadas were believed to have converted from a branch of Hindu Rajputs. They were the Mewatti chiefs of the Persian historians, who were the representatives of the ancient lords of [[Mewat State]].<ref name=gazetteerofulwur>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/stream/gazetteerofulwur00powliala|title=Gazetteer of Ulwur|author=Major P.W. Powlett|year=1878}}</ref>


{{quote|Khanzadah, or "the son of a Khan" is precisely the Musalman equivalent to the Hindu Rajput or "son of a Raja " ...|From ''[[Punjab, India|Punjab]] Castes'' by Denzil Ibbetson<ref>{{cite web|url=https://archive.org/stream/panjabcastes00ibbe#page/181 |title=Panjab castes |access-date=30 September 2010}}</ref>}}
{{blockquote|Khanzadah, or "the son of a Khan" is precisely the Musalman equivalent to the Hindu Rajput or "son of a Raja " ...|From ''[[Punjab, India|Punjab]] Castes'' by Denzil Ibbetson<ref>{{cite web|url=https://archive.org/stream/panjabcastes00ibbe#page/181 |title=Panjab castes |access-date=30 September 2010}}</ref>}}


After Bairam Khan was murdered in [[Patan, Gujarat]], his first wife and young Rahim were brought safely from Delhi to Ahmedabad and presented at the royal court of [[Akbar]], who gave him the title of 'Mirza Khan', and subsequently married him to Mah Banu(MoonLady)sister of Mirza Aziz Kokah, son of [[Ataga Khan]], a noted Mughal noble.<ref name=ain/>
After Bairam Khan was murdered in [[Patan, Gujarat]], his first wife and young Rahim were brought safely from Delhi to Ahmedabad and presented at the royal court of Akbar, who gave him the title of 'Mirza Khan', and subsequently married him to Mah Banu (Moon Lady) sister of Mirza Aziz Kokah, son of [[Ataga Khan]], a noted Mughal noble.<ref name=ain/>


Later, Bairam Khan's second wife, [[Salima Sultan Begum]] (Rahim's stepmother) married her cousin, [[Akbar]], which made Abdul Rahim Khan-e-Khan also his stepson, and later he became one of his nine prominent ministers, the [[Navaratnas]], or nine gems.
Later, Bairam Khan's second wife, [[Salima Sultan Begum]] (Rahim's stepmother) married her cousin, Akbar, which made Abdul Rahim Khan-i-Khan also his stepson, and later he became one of his nine prominent ministers, the [[Navaratnas]], or nine gems. Aside from being a poet Rahim Khan was also a general and was sent to deal with the rebellions in Gujarat and later served as the overall commander in the campaigns in Maharashtra.
Aside from being a poet he was also a general and was sent to deal with the Rajput forces of [[Maharana Pratap]] after the latter had managed to restore the territories lost in Haldighati. He was defeated by the Pratap's son, the future Rana Amar Singh in a quick battle after which he retired from military life and dedicated his life to cultural development.  


He received the position and title of a ''Khan-i-Khanan'' (Generalissimus, Persian خان خانان, DMG khān-i khānān, meaning "Khan of Khans").
He received the position and title of ''Khan-i-Khanan'' (Generalissimus, Persian خان خانان, DMG khān-i khānān, meaning "Khan of Khans").
   
   
Abdul Rahim was known for his strange manner of giving alms to the poor. He never looked at the person he was giving alms to, keeping his gaze downwards in all humility. When [[Tulsidas]] heard about Rahim's behaviour when giving alms, he promptly wrote a couplet and sent it to Rahim:-
Abdul Rahim was known for his strange manner when giving alms to the poor. He never looked at the person he was giving alms to, keeping his gaze downwards in all humility. When [[Tulsidas]] heard about Rahim's behaviour when giving alms, he promptly wrote a couplet and sent it to Rahim:-


''"ऐसी देनी देंन ज्यूँ, कित सीखे हो सैन'' <br>
''"ऐसी देनी देंन ज्यूँ, कित सीखे हो सैन'' <br>
Line 48: Line 50:
"Why give alms like this? Where did you learn that? Your hands are as high as your eyes are low"
"Why give alms like this? Where did you learn that? Your hands are as high as your eyes are low"


Realizing that [[Tulsidas]] was well aware of the reasons behind his actions, and was merely giving him an opportunity to say a few lines in reply, he wrote to [[Tulsidas]] saying:-
Realising that Tulsidas was well aware of the reasons behind his actions, and was merely giving him an opportunity to say a few lines in reply, he wrote to Tulsidas saying:-


''"देनहार कोई और है, भेजत जो दिन रैन'' <br>
''"देनहार कोई और है, भेजत जो दिन रैन'' <br>
Line 55: Line 57:
"The Giver is someone else, giving day and night. But the world gives me the credit, so I lower my eyes."
"The Giver is someone else, giving day and night. But the world gives me the credit, so I lower my eyes."


His two sons were killed by [[Akbar]]'s son [[Jehangir]] because they were not in favour of [[Jehangir]]'s accession to the throne at [[Akbar]]'s death.
He was considered a [[Persophile]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Culture and Circulation: Literature in Motion in Early Modern India|date=2014|publisher=BRILL|isbn=9789004264489|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8pMXAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA13|language=en|page=13}}</ref>
 
He is considered a [[Persophile]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Culture and Circulation: Literature in Motion in Early Modern India|date=2014|publisher=BRILL|isbn=9789004264489|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8pMXAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA13|language=en|page=13}}</ref>


==Major works==
==Major works==
Apart from writing various ''[[doha (poetry)|dohas]]'', Rahim translated [[Babur|Babar]]'s memoirs, ''[[Baburnama]]'' from [[Chagatai language]] to [[Persian language]], which was completed in 998 (1589–90) AD. He had an excellent command over the [[Sanskrit]] language.<ref>{{cite web
Apart from writing various ''[[doha (poetry)|dohas]]'', Rahim translated [[Babur|Babar]]'s memoirs, ''[[Baburnama]]'', from the [[Chagatai language]] to the [[Persian language]], which was completed in 1589–90 AD. He had an excellent command over the [[Sanskrit]] language.<ref>{{cite web
  |url        = http://www.poemhunter.com/abdur-rahim-khankhana/biography/poet-33381/
  |url        = http://www.poemhunter.com/abdur-rahim-khankhana/biography/poet-33381/
  |title      = Biography of Abdur Rahim Khankhana
  |title      = Biography of Abdur Rahim Khankhana
Line 70: Line 70:
}}</ref>
}}</ref>


In Sanskrit, he wrote two books on astrology, [[Khetakautukam]] ([[Devanagari]]: खेटकौतुकम्) and [[Dwatrimshadyogavali]] (Devanagari: द्वात्रिंशद्योगावली).
In Sanskrit, he wrote two books on astrology, Khetakautukam ([[Devanagari]]: खेटकौतुकम्) and Dwatrimshadyogavali (Devanagari: द्वात्रिंशद्योगावली).


== Tomb ==
== Tomb ==
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His tomb is situated in [[Nizamuddin East]] on the [[Mathura, Uttar Pradesh|Mathura]] road, near [[Humayun's Tomb]], in New Delhi. It was built by him for his wife in 1598, and his body was placed in it in 1627.<ref name=ind>[http://www.indianexpress.com/news/Abdur-Rahim-khan-i-khana-s-tomb-Walking-history-in-Delhi/393903/ Abdur Rahim khan-i-khana’s tomb] ''[[Indian Express]]'', 4 December 2008.</ref> In 1753–54, marble and sandstone from this tomb was used in the construction of [[Safdarjung's Tomb]], also in New Delhi.<ref name=ind/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiaprofile.com/monuments-temples/tomb-delhi.htm |title=Safdarjang's Tomb |publisher=Indiaprofile.com |access-date=30 September 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.indiaandindians.com/important_places_in_delhi.php |title=Important places in Delhi |publisher=Indiaandindians.com |access-date=30 September 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101008080618/http://indiaandindians.com/important_places_in_delhi.php |archive-date=8 October 2010 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>[http://maps.google.co.in/?ll=28.588111,77.24792&spn=0.002628,0.003449&t=h&z=18 Google map location]</ref>
His tomb is situated in [[Nizamuddin East]] on the [[Mathura, Uttar Pradesh|Mathura]] road, near [[Humayun's Tomb]], in New Delhi. It was built by him for his wife in 1598, and his body was placed in it in 1627.<ref name=ind>[http://www.indianexpress.com/news/Abdur-Rahim-khan-i-khana-s-tomb-Walking-history-in-Delhi/393903/ Abdur Rahim khan-i-khana’s tomb] ''[[Indian Express]]'', 4 December 2008.</ref> In 1753–54, marble and sandstone from this tomb was used in the construction of [[Safdarjung's Tomb]], also in New Delhi.<ref name=ind/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiaprofile.com/monuments-temples/tomb-delhi.htm |title=Safdarjang's Tomb |publisher=Indiaprofile.com |access-date=30 September 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.indiaandindians.com/important_places_in_delhi.php |title=Important places in Delhi |publisher=Indiaandindians.com |access-date=30 September 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101008080618/http://indiaandindians.com/important_places_in_delhi.php |archive-date=8 October 2010 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>[http://maps.google.co.in/?ll=28.588111,77.24792&spn=0.002628,0.003449&t=h&z=18 Google map location]</ref>


In 2014, InterGlobe Foundation and the [[Aga Khan Trust for Culture]] (AKTC) announced a project to conserve and restore Abdul Rahim Khan-i-Khanan's tomb. Popularly known as Rahim and immortalised through his dohas or couplets, Rahim was among the most important ministers in Akbar's court. He was one of the Navratnas and continued to serve Salim after his accession to the throne as Emperor Jahangir. Along with taking up restoration work at the monument, AKTC also commissioned a book on Rahim titled ''Abdur Rahim Khan-i-Khanan: Kavya, Saundrya & Sarthakta (Vani Prakashan).''<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/art-and-culture/a-saint-and-a-soldier-6253153/|title=A new book explores the literary works of Abdur Rahim Khan-e-Khanan|date=2020-02-06|website=The Indian Express|language=en-US|access-date=2020-02-07}}</ref> It has been edited by Harish Trivedi, with a foreword by poet-lyricist [[Gulzar]] and Urdu scholar [[Gopi Chand Narang|Gopichand Narang]], it has essays by academics such as [[Ramchandra Shukla]], [[Namvar Singh]], Uday Shankar Dubey, Sadanand Sahi, Deepa Gupta and Pratap Kumar Mishra, among others.<ref name=":0" />
In 2014, the InterGlobe Foundation and the [[Aga Khan Trust for Culture]] (AKTC) announced a project to conserve and restore Abdul Rahim Khan-i-Khanan's tomb. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2020-02-06 |title=A new book explores the literary works of Abdur Rahim Khan-e-Khanan |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/art-and-culture/a-saint-and-a-soldier-6253153/ |access-date=2020-02-07 |website=The Indian Express |language=en-US}}</ref>


The tomb sits prominently along the Mathura Road, formerly the Mughal Grand Trunk Road, and lies close to the Dargah of Nizamuddin Auliya and Humayun's Tomb. In 2020, after six years of restoration work by the [[Aga Khan Trust for Culture]], Rahim Khan’s tomb was opened to the public.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-12-22|title=Six-year Project: Behind Rahim's tomb restoration — 1,75,000 man-days and 3,000 craftsmen|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/delhi/six-year-project-behind-rahims-tomb-restoration-175000-hours-and-3000-craftsmen-7114373/|access-date=2020-12-30|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref> Perhaps it was the largest conservation project ever undertaken for any monument of national importance in India. For its architecture and purpose, it has often been compared with Taj Mahal.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-12-22|title=Six-year Project: Behind Rahim's tomb restoration — 1,75,000 man-days and 3,000 craftsmen|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/delhi/six-year-project-behind-rahims-tomb-restoration-175000-hours-and-3000-craftsmen-7114373/|access-date=2020-12-25|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref>
The tomb sits prominently along the Mathura Road, formerly the Mughal Grand Trunk Road, and lies close to the Dargah of Nizamuddin Auliya and Humayun's Tomb. In 2020, after six years of restoration work by the [[Aga Khan Trust for Culture]], Rahim Khan's tomb was opened to the public.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-12-22|title=Six-year Project: Behind Rahim's tomb restoration — 1,75,000 man-days and 3,000 craftsmen|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/delhi/six-year-project-behind-rahims-tomb-restoration-175000-hours-and-3000-craftsmen-7114373/|access-date=2020-12-30|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref> Perhaps it was the largest conservation project ever undertaken for any monument of national importance in India. For its architecture and purpose, it has often been compared with Taj Mahal.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-12-22|title=Six-year Project: Behind Rahim's tomb restoration — 1,75,000 man-days and 3,000 craftsmen|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/delhi/six-year-project-behind-rahims-tomb-restoration-175000-hours-and-3000-craftsmen-7114373/|access-date=2020-12-25|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref>
 
== Book about Abdul Rahim's life ==
Along with taking up restoration work of Rahim's tomb, the AKTC also commissioned a book on Rahim titled ''Abdur Rahim Khan-i-Khanan: Kavya, Saundrya & Sarthakta (Vani Prakashan).''<ref name=":0" /> It has been edited by Harish Trivedi, with a foreword by poet-lyricist [[Gulzar]] and Urdu scholar [[Gopi Chand Narang|Gopichand Narang]]. It has essays by academics such as [[Ramchandra Shukla]], [[Namvar Singh]], Uday Shankar Dubey, Sadanand Sahi, Deepa Gupta and Pratap Kumar Mishra.


==References==
==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Reflist}}
==Further reading==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120215021650/http://persian.packhum.org/persian/main?url=pf%3Ffile=00702051&ct=235 29. Kha´n Kha´na´n Mi´rza´ 'Abdurrahi´m, son of Bairám Khán – Biography] [[Ain-i-Akbari]] of Abul Fazl, Vol I, English Translation. 1873.


==External links==
==External links==
{{commons category|Rahim's Tomb}}
{{commons category|Abdul Rahim Khan-i-Khanan}}
*''[http://www.wdl.org/en/item/11305/ Memoirs of Babur]''
*''[http://www.wdl.org/en/item/11305/ Memoirs of Babur]''
*{{worldcat id|lccn-n82-39967}}
*{{worldcat id|lccn-n82-39967}}
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{{Authority control}}
{{Authority control}}


{{DEFAULTSORT:Khan-i-Khanan, Abdul Rahim}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Abdul Rahim Khan-i-Khanan}}
[[Category:Mughal nobility]]
[[Category:Mughal nobility]]
[[Category:Persian poets]]
[[Category:Persian-language poets]]
[[Category:16th-century Indian poets]]
[[Category:16th-century Indian poets]]
[[Category:Hindi-language poets]]
[[Category:Hindi-language poets]]

Latest revision as of 00:38, 22 June 2022


Abdul Rahim
Portrait of Abdul Rahim Khan-i Khanan by Hashim, circa 1627
Born(1556-12-17)17 December 1556
Delhi, Mughal empire
Died1 October 1627(1627-10-01) (aged 70)
Agra, Mughal Empire
Resting placeTomb of Abdul Rahim Khan-i-Khanan, Delhi
TitleKhan-i-Khanan
Spouse(s)Mah Banu Begum
Children
Parents

Khanzada Mirza Khan Abdul Rahim (17 December 1556 – 1 October 1627), popularly known as simply Rahim and titled Khan-i-Khanan, was a poet who lived in India during the rule of Mughal emperor Akbar, who was his mentor. He was one of the nine important ministers (dewan) in his court, known as the Navaratnas. Rahim was known for his Hindi dohe (couplets)[1] and his books on astrology.[2]

Biography[edit | edit source]

Bairam Khan's widow and child (Rahim) being escorted to Ahmedabad, in 1561, after his assassination, Akbarnama

Abdul Rahim was born in Delhi,[3] the son of Bairam Khan, Akbar's trusted guardian and mentor, who was of Turkic ancestry. When Humayun returned to India from his exile, he asked his nobles to forge matrimonial alliances with various zamindars and feudal lords across the nation. Humayun married the elder daughter of Khanzada Jamal Khan of Mewat (present Nuh district of Haryana) and he asked Bairam Khan to marry the younger daughter.

The Gazetteer of Ulwur (Alwar) states:

After Babur's death his successor, Humayun, in 1513 was supplanted as ruler by the Pathan Sher Shah Suri, who, in 1545, was followed by Islam Shah. During the reign of the latter, a battle was fought and lost by the emperor's troops at Firozpur Jhirka, in Mewat. However, Islam Shah did not lose his hold on power. Adil Shah, the third of the Pathan interlopers, who succeeded Islam Shah in 1552, had to contend for the empire with Humayun.[4]
In these struggles for the restoration of Babur's dynasty Khanzadas apparently do not figure at all. Humayun seems to have conciliated them by marrying the elder daughter of Khanzada Jamal Khan, nephew of Babur's opponent, Khanzada Hasan Khan Mewati, and by requiring his minister, Bairam Khan, to marry the younger daughter of the same Mewati.[4]

Khanzadahs,[5] the royal family of Muslim Jadon (also spelt as Jadaun) Rajputs, converted to Islam after Islamic conquest of northern India.[6] Khanzadah, the Persian form of the Indic word 'Rajput'. Khanzadas were believed to have converted from a branch of Hindu Rajputs. They were the Mewatti chiefs of the Persian historians, who were the representatives of the ancient lords of Mewat State.[7]

Khanzadah, or "the son of a Khan" is precisely the Musalman equivalent to the Hindu Rajput or "son of a Raja " ...

— From Punjab Castes by Denzil Ibbetson[8]

After Bairam Khan was murdered in Patan, Gujarat, his first wife and young Rahim were brought safely from Delhi to Ahmedabad and presented at the royal court of Akbar, who gave him the title of 'Mirza Khan', and subsequently married him to Mah Banu (Moon Lady) sister of Mirza Aziz Kokah, son of Ataga Khan, a noted Mughal noble.[3]

Later, Bairam Khan's second wife, Salima Sultan Begum (Rahim's stepmother) married her cousin, Akbar, which made Abdul Rahim Khan-i-Khan also his stepson, and later he became one of his nine prominent ministers, the Navaratnas, or nine gems. Aside from being a poet Rahim Khan was also a general and was sent to deal with the rebellions in Gujarat and later served as the overall commander in the campaigns in Maharashtra.

He received the position and title of Khan-i-Khanan (Generalissimus, Persian خان خانان, DMG khān-i khānān, meaning "Khan of Khans").

Abdul Rahim was known for his strange manner when giving alms to the poor. He never looked at the person he was giving alms to, keeping his gaze downwards in all humility. When Tulsidas heard about Rahim's behaviour when giving alms, he promptly wrote a couplet and sent it to Rahim:-

"ऐसी देनी देंन ज्यूँ, कित सीखे हो सैन
ज्यों ज्यों कर ऊंच्यो करो, त्यों त्यों निचे नैन"

"Why give alms like this? Where did you learn that? Your hands are as high as your eyes are low"

Realising that Tulsidas was well aware of the reasons behind his actions, and was merely giving him an opportunity to say a few lines in reply, he wrote to Tulsidas saying:-

"देनहार कोई और है, भेजत जो दिन रैन
लोग भरम हम पर करे, तासो निचे नैन"

"The Giver is someone else, giving day and night. But the world gives me the credit, so I lower my eyes."

He was considered a Persophile.[9]

Major works[edit | edit source]

Apart from writing various dohas, Rahim translated Babar's memoirs, Baburnama, from the Chagatai language to the Persian language, which was completed in 1589–90 AD. He had an excellent command over the Sanskrit language.[10]

In Sanskrit, he wrote two books on astrology, Khetakautukam (Devanagari: खेटकौतुकम्) and Dwatrimshadyogavali (Devanagari: द्वात्रिंशद्योगावली).

Tomb[edit | edit source]

The tomb of Rahim in Nizamuddin East, Delhi, India

His tomb is situated in Nizamuddin East on the Mathura road, near Humayun's Tomb, in New Delhi. It was built by him for his wife in 1598, and his body was placed in it in 1627.[11] In 1753–54, marble and sandstone from this tomb was used in the construction of Safdarjung's Tomb, also in New Delhi.[11][12][13][14]

In 2014, the InterGlobe Foundation and the Aga Khan Trust for Culture (AKTC) announced a project to conserve and restore Abdul Rahim Khan-i-Khanan's tomb. [15]

The tomb sits prominently along the Mathura Road, formerly the Mughal Grand Trunk Road, and lies close to the Dargah of Nizamuddin Auliya and Humayun's Tomb. In 2020, after six years of restoration work by the Aga Khan Trust for Culture, Rahim Khan's tomb was opened to the public.[16] Perhaps it was the largest conservation project ever undertaken for any monument of national importance in India. For its architecture and purpose, it has often been compared with Taj Mahal.[17]

Book about Abdul Rahim's life[edit | edit source]

Along with taking up restoration work of Rahim's tomb, the AKTC also commissioned a book on Rahim titled Abdur Rahim Khan-i-Khanan: Kavya, Saundrya & Sarthakta (Vani Prakashan).[15] It has been edited by Harish Trivedi, with a foreword by poet-lyricist Gulzar and Urdu scholar Gopichand Narang. It has essays by academics such as Ramchandra Shukla, Namvar Singh, Uday Shankar Dubey, Sadanand Sahi, Deepa Gupta and Pratap Kumar Mishra.

References[edit | edit source]

  1. ↑ Dictionary of Indian Literature, One, Beginnings 1850. Orient Longman Ltd; 1 edition. 1999. ISBN 978-8125014539.
  2. ↑ "Abdur Rahim KhanKhana at Old poetry". Oldpoetry.com. Retrieved 30 September 2010.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 29. Kha´n Kha´na´n Mi´rza´ 'Abdurrahi´m, son of Bairám Khán – Biography Archived 15 February 2012 at the Wayback Machine Ain-i-Akbari of Abul Fazl, Vol I, English Translation. 1873.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 "Gazetteer of Ulwur". Retrieved 30 September 2010.
  5. ↑ "Panjab castes". Retrieved 30 September 2010.
  6. ↑ "Shaikh Muhammad Makhdum, Arzang-i Tijarah (Urdu) ( Agra: Agra Akhbar 1290H)"
  7. ↑ Major P.W. Powlett (1878). Gazetteer of Ulwur.
  8. ↑ "Panjab castes". Retrieved 30 September 2010.
  9. ↑ Culture and Circulation: Literature in Motion in Early Modern India. BRILL. 2014. p. 13. ISBN 9789004264489.
  10. ↑ "Biography of Abdur Rahim Khankhana". Archived from the original on 17 January 2006. Retrieved 28 October 2006.
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 Abdur Rahim khan-i-khana’s tomb Indian Express, 4 December 2008.
  12. ↑ "Safdarjang's Tomb". Indiaprofile.com. Retrieved 30 September 2010.
  13. ↑ "Important places in Delhi". Indiaandindians.com. Archived from the original on 8 October 2010. Retrieved 30 September 2010.
  14. ↑ Google map location
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 "A new book explores the literary works of Abdur Rahim Khan-e-Khanan". The Indian Express. 6 February 2020. Retrieved 7 February 2020.
  16. ↑ "Six-year Project: Behind Rahim's tomb restoration — 1,75,000 man-days and 3,000 craftsmen". The Indian Express. 22 December 2020. Retrieved 30 December 2020.
  17. ↑ "Six-year Project: Behind Rahim's tomb restoration — 1,75,000 man-days and 3,000 craftsmen". The Indian Express. 22 December 2020. Retrieved 25 December 2020.

External links[edit | edit source]

Retrieved from "https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Abdul_Rahim_Khan-i-Khanan&oldid=314555"
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