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| {{Short description|Post-production process used in filmmaking and video production}}
| | #REDIRECT [[Dubbing]] |
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| [[File:Cabin dubbing.jpg|thumb|Dubbing studio]]
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| '''Dubbing''', '''mixing''' or '''re-recording''', is a [[post-production]] process used in [[filmmaking]] and [[video production]] in which additional or supplementary recordings are lip-synced and "mixed" with original production sound to create the finished soundtrack.
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| The process usually takes place on a dub stage. After sound editors edit and prepare all the necessary tracks – dialogue, automated dialogue replacement (ADR), effects, [[Foley (filmmaking)|Foley]], music – the dubbing mixers proceed to balance all of the elements and record the finished soundtrack. Dubbing is sometimes confused with ADR,{{explain|then why does ADR redirect here? Something is incorrect|date=June 2019}} also known as "additional dialogue replacement",{{clarify|is is this, or automated dialogue replacement, as stated earlier? Which one is correct? The names imply these processes are not synonymous|date=June 2019}}<ref name="plexoft.com">{{cite web |url=http://www.plexoft.com/SBF/A03.html#AccidDR |title=SBF Glossary: AD to adzy |access-date=9 July 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fia-actors.com/uploads/Equity%20PACTCinema2003.pdf |title=p. 48 |access-date=19 June 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.aes.org/par/a/#ADPCM |title=Pro Audio Reference A |access-date=17 December 2017 }}</ref> "automated dialogue recording" and "looping",<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.routledge.com/cw/butler-9780415883283/s1/glossary/ |title=Glossary - Television |access-date=9 July 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=What is ADR?|url=http://www.filmmaking.net/faq/answers/faq154.asp?catid=10 |publisher=filmmaking.net |access-date=27 December 2013 |first=Benjamin |last=Craig |date=21 February 2005}}</ref> in which the original actors re-record and synchronize audio segments.
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| Outside the film industry, the term "dubbing" commonly refers to the replacement of the actor's voices with those of different performers speaking another language, which is called "revoicing" in the film industry.<ref name="plexoft.com"/>{{explain|then why does ADR redirect here? Something is incorrect|date=June 2019}} The term "dubbing" is only used when talking about replacing a previous voice, usually in another language. When a voice is created from scratch for animations, the term "original voice" is always used because, in some cases, this media is partially finished before the voice is implemented. The voice work would still be part of the creation process, thus being considered the official voice.
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| ==Origins==
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| Films, [[video]]s, and sometimes [[video game]]s are often dubbed into the local [[language]] of a foreign market. In foreign distribution, dubbing is common in theatrically released films, [[television films]], [[television series]], [[cartoon]]s, and [[anime]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Vivarelli|first=Nick|date=August 2007|title=H'W'D OVERSEAS: DUB & DUBBER|journal=Variety|volume=407|via=ProQuest}}</ref>
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| In many countries dubbing was adopted, at least in part, for political reasons. In authoritarian states such as [[Fascist Italy (1922–1943)|Fascist Italy]] and [[Francoist Spain]], dubbing could be used to enforce particular ideological agendas, excising negative references to the nation and its leaders and promoting standardised national languages at the expense of local dialects and minority languages. In [[Allied-occupied Germany|post-Nazi Germany]], dubbing was used to downplay events in the country's recent past, as in the case of the dub of [[Alfred Hitchcock]]'s ''[[Notorious (1946 film)|Notorious]]'', where the Nazi organisation upon which the film's plot centres was changed to a drug smuggling enterprise.<ref name=salon>{{cite web |url=https://www.salon.com/2021/07/25/the-political-history-of-dubbing-in-films_partner/ |title=The political history of dubbing in films |last=Pollard |first=Damien |date=25 July 2021 |website=[[salon.com]] |access-date=4 August 2021}}</ref> First post-[[WWII]] movie dub was Konstantin Zaslonov (1949) dubbed from Russian to the [[Czech language]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Retro (tv show) - Dubbing in Czechoslovakia|url=https://www.ceskatelevize.cz/porady/10176269182-retro/211411000360008/|access-date=25 October 2020}}</ref> In [[Western Europe]] after [[World War II]], dubbing was attractive to many film producers as it helped to enable [[Co-production (media)|co-production]] between companies in different countries, in turn allowing them to pool resources and benefit from [[Film finance#Public sources|financial support]] from multiple governments. Use of dubbing meant that multi-national casts could be assembled and were able to use their preferred language for their performances, with appropriate post-production dubs being carried out before distributing versions of the film in the appropriate language for each territory.<ref name=salon />
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| ==Methods==
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| <!-- EDITOR NOTE: The article "Automated dialogue replacement" redirects to this subhead. If the subhead is changed, fix the redirect, too. -->
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| {{Anchor|adr}} | |
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| ===ADR/post-sync===
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| '''Automated dialogue replacement''' ('''ADR''') is the process of re-recording dialogue by the original actor (or a replacement actor) after the filming process to improve audio quality or make changes to the originally scripted dialog. In the early days of [[talkies]], a loop of film would be cut and spliced together for each of the scenes that needed to be rerecorded, then one-by-one the loops would be loaded onto a projector. For each scene the loop would be played over and over while the voice actor performed the lines trying to synchronize them to the filmed performance. This was known as "looping" or a "looping session". Loading and reloading the film loops while the talent and recording crew stood by was a tedious process. Later, video tape and then [[Nonlinear video|digital technology]] replaced the film loops and the process became known as automated dialogue replacement (ADR).<ref>{{cite web |title=ADR: Hollywood Dialogue Recording Secrets |url=http://magazine.creativecow.net/article/adr-hollywood-dialogue-recording-secrets|work=Creative COW Magazine|publisher=Creative COW|access-date=30 July 2012|author=Cowdog|year=2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=The Dark Knight Without Heath Ledger: How will Warner Bros. sell a summer blockbuster marked by tragedy?|url=http://www.slate.com/articles/arts/hollywoodland/2008/01/the_dark_knight_without_heath_ledger.html |work=Slate |publisher=The Slate Group, LLC |access-date=30 July 2012 |first=Kim |last=Masters |date=31 January 2008}}</ref>
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| In conventional film production, a [[production sound mixer]] records dialogue during filming. During post-production, a supervising [[Sound editor (filmmaking)|sound editor]], or ADR supervisor, reviews all of the dialogue in the film and decides which lines must be re-recorded. ADR is recorded during an ADR session, which takes place in a specialized [[Recording studio|sound studio]]. Multiple takes are recorded and the most suitable take becomes the final version, or portions of multiple takes may be edited together.<ref>{{cite web |title=ADR |publisher=FilmSound.org |url=http://filmsound.org/terminology/adr.htm |access-date=6 November 2016}}</ref> The ADR process does not always take place in a post-production studio. The process may be recorded on location, with mobile equipment. ADR can also be recorded without showing the actor the image they must match, but by having them listen to the performance, since some actors{{who|date=June 2019}} believe that watching themselves act can degrade subsequent performances. The director may be present during ADR, or alternatively, he or she may leave it up to a trusted sound editor, an ADR specialist, and the performers.
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| {{As of|2020|post=,}} the automated process includes sophisticated techniques including automatically displaying lines on-screen for the talent, automated cues, shifting the audio track for accurate synchronization, and time-fitting algorithms for stretching or compressing portions of a spoken line. There is even software that can sort out spoken words from ambient sounds in the original filmed soundtrack and detect the peaks of the dialog and automatically time-fit the new dubbed performance to the original to create perfect synchronization.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Erfanian |first1=Shamil |title=ADR. What is ADR? Automated Dialogue Replacement |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=f2HKN1N2SZQ |website=YouTube}}</ref>
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| Sometimes, an actor other than the original actor is used during ADR. One famous example is the ''[[Star Wars]]'' character [[Darth Vader]], portrayed by [[David Prowse]]; in post-production, [[James Earl Jones]] dubbed the voice of Vader.<ref>{{cite news |last=Canby |first=Vincent |title=Film: Lucas Returns with 'The Jedi' |date=25 May 1983 |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/movie/review?res=9c00e3d71e38f936a15756c0a965948260 |access-date=6 November 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160331032958/https://www.nytimes.com/movie/review?res=9c00e3d71e38f936a15756c0a965948260 |archive-date=31 March 2016}}</ref>
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| In [[India]], the process is simply known as "dubbing", while in the [[United Kingdom|UK]], it is also called "post-synchronization" or "post-sync". The insertion of [[voice acting|voice actor]] performances for [[animation]], such as [[computer generated imagery]] or [[animated cartoon]]s, is often referred to as ADR although it generally does not replace existing dialogue.
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| The ADR process may be used to:
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| :*remove extraneous sounds such as production equipment noise, traffic, wind, or other undesirable sounds from the environment
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| :*change the original lines recorded on set to clarify context
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| :*improve [[diction]] or modify an [[Accent (sociolinguistics)|accent]]
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| :*improve [[comic timing|comedic timing]] or dramatic timing
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| :*correct technical issues with [[synchronization]]
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| :*use a studio-quality singing performance or provide a voice-double for actors who are poor vocalists
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| :*add or remove content for legal purposes (such as removing an unauthorized trademarked name)
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| :*add or remove a product placement
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| :*correct a misspoken line not caught during filming.
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| :*replace "foul language" for TV broadcasts of a movie or other program
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| Other examples include:
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| *[[Jean Hagen]] provided [[Debbie Reynolds]]' voice in two scenes of ''[[Singin' in the Rain]]'' (1952). Ironically, the film's story has Reynolds' character, Kathy Seldon, dubbing the voice for ''Hagen's'' character, Lina Lamont, due to Lina's grating voice and strong New York accent. Hagen used her own normal melodious voice to portray Kathy dubbing for Lina. The film, which takes place in Hollywood as talking pictures are taking over from silent films, also portrays another character, Cosmo Brown, played by [[Donald O'Connor]], as inventing the idea of using one actor to provide the voice for another.
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| *[[Marni Nixon]] provided the singing voice for the character [[Eliza Doolittle]], otherwise played by [[Audrey Hepburn]], in the 1964 musical film ''[[My Fair Lady (film)|My Fair Lady]]''. Nixon was also the singing voices for [[Deborah Kerr]] in ''[[The King and I (1956 film)|The King and I]]'' and [[Natalie Wood]] in ''[[West Side Story (1961 film)|West Side Story]]'', among many others.
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| *[[Ray Park]], who acted as [[Darth Maul]] from ''[[Star Wars: Episode I – The Phantom Menace]]'' had his voice dubbed over by [[Peter Serafinowicz]]
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| *Frenchmen [[Philippe Noiret]] and [[Jacques Perrin]], who were dubbed into Italian for ''[[Cinema Paradiso]]''
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| *Austrian bodybuilder [[Arnold Schwarzenegger]], dubbed for ''[[Hercules in New York]]''
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| *Argentine boxer [[Carlos Monzón]], dubbed by a professional actor for the lead in the drama ''[[La Mary]]''
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| *[[Gert Fröbe]], who played [[Auric Goldfinger]] in the James Bond film [[Goldfinger (film)|Goldfinger]], dubbed by [[Michael Collins (English actor)|Michael Collins]]
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| *[[Andie MacDowell]]'s Jane, in ''[[Greystoke: The Legend of Tarzan, Lord of the Apes]]'', who was dubbed by [[Glenn Close]]
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| *[[Tom Hardy]], who portrayed [[Bane (comics)|Bane]] in ''[[The Dark Knight Rises]]'', re-dubbed half of his own lines for ease of viewer comprehension
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| *[[Harvey Keitel]] was dubbed by [[Roy Dotrice]] in post production for ''[[Saturn 3]]''
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| *[[Dave Coulier]] dubbed replacement of swear words for [[Richard Pryor]] in multiple TV versions of his movies
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| *[[Doug Jones (actor)|Doug Jones]] was dubbed by [[Laurence Fishburne]] in post production for ''[[Fantastic Four: Rise of the Silver Surfer]]''
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| ===Rythmo band===
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| An alternative method to dubbing, called "rythmo band" (or "[[Lip sync|lip-sync]] band"), has historically been used in [[Canada]] and [[France]].{{citation needed|date=June 2019}} It provides a more precise guide{{explain|how is it more precise? What's the difference?|date=June 2019}} for the actors, [[Film director|directors]], and technicians, and can be used to complement the traditional ADR method. The "band" is actually a clear 35 mm [[film leader]] on which the dialogue is hand-written in [[India ink]], together with numerous additional indications for the actor—including laughs, cries, length of syllables, mouth sounds, breaths, and mouth openings and closings. The rythmo band is projected in the studio and scrolls in perfect synchronization with the picture.{{citation needed|date=August 2013}}
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| Studio time is used more efficiently, since with the aid of scrolling text, picture, and audio cues, actors can read more lines per hour than with ADR alone (only picture and audio). With ADR, actors can average 10–12 lines per hour, while rythmo band can facilitate the reading of 35-50 lines per hour.<ref>{{cite web |title=U of U Sound Final |url=http://quizlet.com/8640541/u-of-u-sound-final-flash-cards/ |work=Quizlet |publisher=Quizlet LLC |access-date=30 July 2012 |author=Quizlet |year=2012}}</ref>
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| However, the preparation of a rythmo band is a time-consuming process involving a series of specialists organized in a production line. This has prevented the technique from being more widely adopted, but software emulations of rythmo band technology overcome the disadvantages of the traditional rythmo band process and significantly reduce the time needed to prepare a dubbing session.{{citation needed|date=August 2013}}
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| ===Translation process===
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| For dubs into a language other than the original language, the dubbing process includes the following tasks:
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| # Translation
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| # Dialog writing:
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| ## Take segmentation
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| ## Insertion of dubbing symbols
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| ## Dialogue writing and the emulation of natural discourse
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| ## Lip-sync
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| Sometimes the translator performs all five tasks. In other cases, the translator just submits a rough translation and a dialogue writer does the rest. However, the language expertise of translator and dialog writing is different. For translators, they must be good at the original language. And for the dialog writing, they must be good at the target language to be able to localize well.
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| ====Dialog writing====
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| The dialogue writer's role is to make the translation sound natural in the target language, and to make the translation sound like a credible dialogue instead of merely a translated text.<ref>Chaume, F. (2013). Research paths in audiovisual translation: The case of dubbing. In The Routledge handbook of translation studies (pp.
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| 306-320). Routledge.</ref>
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| Another task of dialogue writers is to check whether a translation matches an on-screen character's mouth movements or not, by reading aloud simultaneously with the character. The dialogue writer often stays in the recording setting with the actors or the voice talents, to ensure that the dialogue is being spoken in the way that it was written to be, and to avoid any ambiguity in the way the dialogue is to be read (focusing on emphasis, intonation, pronunciation, articulation, pronouncing foreign words correctly, etc.). The overall goal is to make sure the script creates the illusion of authenticity of the spoken language. A successful localization product is one that feels like the original character is speaking the target language. Therefore, in the localization process, the position of the dialogue writing or song writing is extremely important.
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| ==<span id="Practice of dubbing foreign films throughout the world"></span> Global use==
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| {{unreferenced section|date=January 2011}}
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| ===Localization===
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| [[Language localization|Localization]] is the practice of adapting a [[film]] or [[television series]] from one region of the world for another. In contrast to pure translation, localization encompasses adapting the content to suit the target audience. For example, culture-specific references may be replaced and footage may be removed or added.<ref>{{cite web |title=Localisation in the Film and TV Industries |url=https://www.translatemedia.com/translation-blog/localisation-in-the-film-and-tv-industries/ |publisher=TranslateMedia |access-date=12 January 2021 |date=11 August 2015}}</ref>
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| Dub localization is a contentious issue in [[cinephilia]] amongst aficionados of foreign [[filmmaking]] and [[television program]]s, particularly [[anime]] fans. While some localization is virtually inevitable in translation, the controversy surrounding how much localization is "too much" is often discussed in such communities, especially when the final dub product is significantly different from the original. Some fans frown on any extensive localization, while others expect it, and to varying degrees, appreciate it.
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| The new voice track is usually spoken by a [[voice actor]]. In many countries, actors who regularly perform this duty remain little-known, with the exception of particular circles (such as anime [[fandom]]) or when their voices have become synonymous with roles or actors whose voices they usually dub. In the United States, many of these voice artists may employ pseudonyms or go uncredited due to [[Screen Actors Guild]] regulations or the desire to dissociate themselves from the role.{{citation needed|date=June 2019}}
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| ===Europe===
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| [[File:Dubbing films in Europe.png|thumb|300px|{{legend|#0000FF|Dubbing only for children, otherwise solely subtitles.}}
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| {{legend|#FF0000|General dubbing: Countries using a full-cast dubbing.}}
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| {{legend|#fffba4|Voice-over: Countries using a couple or just one voice actor, whereas the original soundtrack persists. Movies and TV shows intended for children are generally dubbed, with a full-cast dubbing as well.}}
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| {{legend|#FF9900|Mixed areas: Countries using occasionally a full-cast dubbing, otherwise subtitles or voice-over.}}
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| {{legend|#5DADEC|Belgium: The Dutch speaking region occasionally produces their own dialect dubs for children's films, but also uses dubs from the Netherlands sometimes for those films, otherwise solely subtitles. The French speaking region uses exclusively a full-cast dub.}}
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| {{legend|#7F3E98|Slovakia and Belarus: Countries with a separate official language that occasionally produce their own dubs, but generally use dubs from other countries, since their languages share a high degree of [[mutual intelligibility]].}}]]
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| ====Kids/family films and programming====
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| In [[North-West Europe]] (the [[United Kingdom|UK]], [[Republic of Ireland]], the [[Baltic states]]), [[Poland]], normally [[Balkans|Balkan countries]], generally only movies and TV shows intended for children are dubbed, while TV shows and movies for older audiences are subtitled (although animated productions have a tradition of being dubbed). For movies in cinemas with clear target audiences (both below and above 10–11 years of age), both a dubbed and a subtitled version are usually available.
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| =====Albania=====
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| The first movie dubbed in [[Albanian language|Albanian]] was ''[[The Great Warrior Skanderbeg]]'' in 1954 and since then, there have been thousands of popular titles dubbed in Albanian by different dubbing studios. All animated movies and children's programs are dubbed into Albanian (though typically, songs are left in English or the original language of the program with Albanian subtitles). Many live-action movies are dubbed as well. TV series nevertheless are usually not dubbed, they are subtitled except for a few [[Mexico|Mexican]], [[Brazil]]ian and [[Turkey|Turkish]] soap operas, like: ''[[Por ti (telenovela)|Por Ti]]'', ''[[Celebridade]]'', ''[[A Casa das Sete Mulheres]]'', ''[[Paramparça (TV series)|Paramparça]]'', etc. As for documentaries, Albania usually uses voice-over.
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| =====Belgium=====
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| In the Dutch-speaking part of Belgium ([[Flanders]]), movies and TV series are shown in their original language with [[Subtitle (captioning)|subtitles]], with the exception of most movies made for a young audience. In the latter case, sometimes separate versions are recorded in the [[Netherlands]] and in [[Flanders]] (for instance, several. These dubbed versions only differ from each other in their use of different voice actors and different pronunciation, while the text is almost the same.
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| In the French-speaking part of Belgium ([[Wallonia]]), the range of French-dubbed versions is approximately as wide as the [[German language|German]] range, where nearly all movies and TV series are dubbed.
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| =====Bosnia and Herzegovina=====
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| [[Bosnia and Herzegovina]] usually uses [[Serbian language|Serbian]] and [[Croatian language|Croatian]] dubs, but they have dubbed some cartoons in [[Bosnian language|Bosnian]] by themselves, for example ''[[My Little Pony: Friendship Is Magic]]''. Children's programs (both animated and live-action) are airing dubbed (in Serbian, Croatian or Bosnian), while every other program is subtitled (in Bosnian).
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| =====Croatia=====
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| In [[Croatia]], foreign films and TV series are always subtitled, while most children's programs and animated movies are dubbed into [[Croatian language|Croatian]]. The practice of dubbing began in the 1980s in some animated shows and continued in 90's, 00's and forward in other shows and films, the latter ones being released in home media. Recently, more efforts have been made to introduce dubbing, but public reception has been poor in some exceptions. Regardless of language, Croatian audiences prefer subtitling to dubbing, however it is still popular in animated films. Some previously popular shows (such as ''[[Sailor Moon]]'') lost their appeal completely after the practice of dubbing began, and the dubbing was eventually removed from the programs, even though most animated shows shown on television and some on home media have been well received by people watching dubbed versions of them. This situation is similar with theater movies, with only those intended for children being dubbed. Also, there has been an effort to impose dubbing by [[Nova TV (Croatia)|Nova TV]], with ''[[La Fea Más Bella]]'' translated as ''Ružna ljepotica'' (literally, "The Ugly Beauty"), a Mexican telenovela, but it failed. Some of [[Croatian language|Croatian]] dubbing is also broadcast in [[Bosnia and Herzegovina]].
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| =====Estonia=====
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| In [[Estonia]] in cinemas, only children's animated films are dubbed and live-action films are shown in the original English and Russian languages with subtitles at cinemas. Subtitles are usually presented in both Estonian and [[Russian language]]s. Cartoons and animated series voiced by dubbing or [[Voice-over|voiceover]] and live-action films and television series only with Estonian subtitles also but with English and Russian dub languages. Animated films are commonly shown in both the originals and Russian languages and dubbed into Estonian (or Russian in many cinemas). Most Estonian-language television channels use subtitles English and Russian audio for foreign-language films and TV channels. However, Russian language channels tend to use dubbing more often, especially for Russian channels broadcast from [[Russia]] (as opposed to Russian channels broadcast from Estonia).
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| =====Greece=====
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| In [[Greece]], most cartoon films have dubs. Usually when a movie has a Greek dub the dub is shown in cinemas but subtitled versions are shown as well. Foreign TV shows for adults are shown in their original versions with subtitles, most cartoons, for example, ''[[The Flintstones]]'' and ''[[The Jetsons]]'' were always dubbed, while ''[[Family Guy]]'' and ''[[American Dad!]]'' are always subtitled and contain the original English dialogue, since they are mostly for adults rather than children, (even though the movie ''[[Space Jam]]'' was subtitled , also some Japanese anime series are dubbed in Greek (such as Pokémon, Dragon Ball, [[Digimon Adventure|Digimon]], [[Mermaid Melody Pichi Pichi Pitch|Pichi Pichi Pitch]], Sailor Moon, [[Candy Candy]] etc.) The only television programs dubbed in Greek includes [[Mexico|Mexican]] TV series (like ''[[Rubí (2004 telenovela)|Rubí]]'' and ''[[La usurpadora (1998 TV series)|La usurpadora]]''). However, when [[Skai TV]] was re-launched in April 2006, the network opted for dubbing almost all foreign shows in Greek, unlike other Greek channels which had always broadcast most of the programs in their original language with subtitles.
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| =====Ireland=====
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| Ireland usually receives the same film versions as the UK. However some films have been dubbed into [[Irish language|Irish]] by [[TG4]].
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| Children's cartoons on TV are also occasionally dubbed into Irish.
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| =====Netherlands=====
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| In the [[Netherlands]], for the most part, Dutch versions are only made for children's and family films. Animated movies are shown in theaters with Dutch subtitles or dubbing, but usually those cinemas with more screening rooms also provide the original subtitled version
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| =====North Macedonia=====
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| [[North Macedonia]] dubbed many cartoons in [[Macedonian language|Macedonian]], but they also air some [[Serbian language|Serbian]] dubs. Children's programs are airing dubbed (in Macedonian or Serbian), while every other program is subtitled (in Macedonian). They use [[Serbian language|Serbian]] dubs for [[Disney]] movies, because there are no [[Macedonian language|Macedonian]] [[Disney]] dubs.
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| =====Poland=====
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| {{essay|section|date=October 2016}}
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| {{unreferenced section|date=October 2016}}
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| In [[Poland]], cinema releases for general audiences are almost exclusively subtitled, with the exception of children's movies, and television screenings of movies, as well as made-for-TV shows. These are usually shown with voice-over, where a voice talent reads a translation over the original soundtrack. This method, called "juxtareading," is similar to the so-called [[Gavrilov translation]] in Russia, with one difference—all dialogues are voiced by one off-screen reader ({{lang-pl|lektor}}), preferably with a deep and neutral voice which does not interfere with the pitch of voice of the original speakers in the background. To some extent, it resembles live translation. Certain highly qualified voice talents are traditionally assigned to particular kinds of production, such as action or drama. Standard dubbing is not widely popular with most audiences, with the exception of cartoons and children's shows, which are dubbed also for TV releases.
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| It is claimed that, until around 1951, there were no revoiced foreign movies available in Poland. Instead, they were exclusively subtitled in Polish.<ref name="auto1">{{cite book|title=Das kulturelle Leben der Deutschen in Niederschlesien unter polnischer Verwaltung. 1947-1958|first=Bernhard|last=Grund|publisher=Bundesministerium für gesamtdeutsche Fragen|place=Bonn und Berlin|date=1967|series=Bonner Berichte aus Mittel- und Ostdeutschland|page=119}}</ref>
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| Poland's dubbing traditions began between the two world wars. In 1931, among the first movies dubbed into Polish were ''[[Dangerous Curves (1929 film)|Dangerous Curves]]'' (1929), ''[[The Dance of Life]]'' (1929), ''[[Paramount on Parade]]'' (1930), and ''[[Darling of the Gods]]'' (1930). In 1949, the first dubbing studio opened in [[Łódź]]. The first film dubbed that year was ''Russkiy Vopros'' (filmed 1948).
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| Polish dubbing in the first post-war years suffered from poor synchronization. Polish dialogues were not always audible and the cinema equipment of that time often made films sound less clear than they were. In the 1950s, Polish publicists discussed the quality of Polish versions of foreign movies.
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| The number of dubbed movies and the quality improved. Polish dubbing had a golden age between the 1960s and the 1980s. Approximately a third of foreign movies screened in cinemas were dubbed. The "Polish dubbing school" was known for its high quality. In that time, Poland had some of the best dubbing in the world. The person who initiated high-quality dubbing versions was director Zofia Dybowska-Aleksandrowicz. In that time, dubbing in Poland was very popular. Polish television dubbed popular films and TV series such as ''[[Rich Man, Poor Man (miniseries)|Rich Man, Poor Man]]''; ''[[Fawlty Towers]]'', ''[[Forsyte Saga]]'', ''[[Elizabeth R]]'', ''[[I, Claudius]]'', ''[[I'll Take Manhattan (miniseries)|I'll Take Manhattan]]'', and ''[[Peter the Great (TV series)|Peter the Great]]''.
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| In the 1980s, due to budget cuts, state-run TV saved on tapes by voicing films over live during transmission.
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| Overall, during 1948–1998, almost 1,000 films were dubbed in Polish. In the 1990s, dubbing films and TV series continued, although often also for one emission only.
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| In 1995, [[Canal+]] was launched in Poland. In its first years, it dubbed 30% of its schedule dubbing popular films and TV series, one of the best-known and popular dubbings was that of ''[[Friends (TV series)|Friends]]'', but this proved unsuccessful.<ref name="WSJ-Patrick">{{cite news |last1=Patrick |first1=Aaron O. |title=On Polish TV, Desperate Wives Sound Like Guys |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB119215016517556740 |work=[[The Wall Street Journal]] |date=12 October 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222233455/https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB119215016517556740 |archive-date=22 December 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref> It stopped dubbing films in 1999, although many people supported the idea of dubbing and bought the access only for dubbing versions of foreign productions. In the 1990s, dubbing was done by the television channel known as [[Wizja Jeden]]. They mainly dubbed [[BBC]] productions such as ''[[The League of Gentlemen]]'', ''[[Absolutely Fabulous]]'' and ''[[Men Behaving Badly]]''. Wizja Jeden was closed in 2001. In the same year, TVP stopped dubbing the TV series ''[[Frasier]]'', although that dubbing was very popular.
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| Currently, dubbing of films and TV series for teenagers is made by Nickelodeon and Disney Channel. One of the major breakthroughs in dubbing was the Polish release of ''Shrek'', which contained many references to local culture and Polish humor. Since then, people seem to have grown to like dubbed versions more, and pay more attention to the dubbing actors.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Orero|first=Pilar|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A6bJ-8ULSL0C&q=dubbing+filmmaking&pg=PA3|title=Topics in Audiovisual Translation|date=1 January 2004|publisher=John Benjamins Publishing|isbn=978-90-272-1662-5|language=en}}</ref> However, this seems to be the case only with animated films, as live-action dubbing is still considered a bad practice. In the case of [[DVD|DVD releases]], most discs contain both the original soundtrack and subtitles, and either voice over or dubbed Polish track. The dubbed version is, in most cases, the one from the theater release, while voice-over is provided for movies that were only subtitled in theaters.
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| Since theatrical release of ''The Avengers'' in May 2012, Walt Disney Company Polska dubs all films for cinema releases. Also in 2012, [[United International Pictures]] Polska dubbed ''[[The Amazing Spider-Man (2012 film)|The Amazing Spider-Man]]'', while Forum Film Polska – former distributor of Disney's films – decided to dub ''[[The Hobbit: An Unexpected Journey]]'', along with its [[The Hobbit: The Desolation of Smaug|two]] [[The Hobbit: The Battle of the Five Armies|sequels]]. However, when a dub is produced but the film's target audience is not exclusively children, both dubbed and subtitled versions are usually available in movie theaters. The dubbed versions are more commonly shown in morning and early afternoon hours, with the subtitled version dominating in the evening. Both can be available in parallel at similar hours in multiplexes.
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| =====Portugal=====
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| In [[Portugal]], dubbing was banned under a 1948 law as a way of protecting the domestic film industry and reduce the access to culture as most of the population was illiterate.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.amordeperdicao.pt/especiais_solo.asp?artigoid=206 |title=amor de perdição - especiais |date=21 January 2005 |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050121055806/http://www.amordeperdicao.pt/especiais_solo.asp?artigoid=206 |archive-date=21 January 2005 }}</ref> Until 1994, animated movies, as well as other TV series for children shown. subtitled in Portugal, have imported [[Brazilian Portuguese]] dubs due to the lack of interest from Portuguese companies in the dubbing industry. This lack of interest was justified, since there were already quality dubbed copies of shows and movies in Portuguese made by [[Brazil]]ians. ''[[The Lion King]]'' was the first feature film to be dubbed in [[European Portuguese]] rather than strictly Brazilian Portuguese. Currently, all movies for children are subtitled in European Portuguese. Subtitles are preferred in Portugal,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.jornaleconomico.sapo.pt/noticias/polemica-dobragem-serie-einstein-gera-criticas-axn-118969|title=Polémica: dobragem da série 'Einstein' gera críticas ao AXN|access-date=29 March 2017|date=3 February 2017|work=O Jornal Económico|quote=Ao contrário de alguns mercados como o espanhol e brasileiro, o público português não se mostra recetivo a esta opção.|language=pt}}</ref> used in every foreign-language [[Documentary film|documentary]], TV series and film. The exception to this preference is when children are the target audience.
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| While on TV, children's shows and movies are always dubbed, in cinemas, films with a clear juvenile target can be found in two versions, one dubbed (identified by the letters V.P. for ''versão portuguesa'' - "Portuguese version") and another subtitled version (V.O. for ''versão original'' - "original version"). This duality applies only to juvenile films. Others use subtitles only. While the quality of these dubs is recognized (some have already received international recognition and prizes), original versions with subtitles are usually preferred by the adults most cinemas showed both versions (V.O. and V.P.), but in some small cities, cinemas decided to offer only the Portuguese version, a decision that led to public protest. Presently, [[live action]] series and movies are always shown in their original language format with Portuguese subtitles. dubbed in European Portuguese, although there they provide an option to select the original language. There are also a few examples of [[anime]] who were dubbed in European Portuguese (i.e. ''[[Dragon Ball]]'' and ''[[Naruto]]'') [[Netflix]] is now offering foreign language films aimed at older audiences and TV series (M/12, M/14 and M/16) dubbed into European Portuguese in addition to offering the original version with subtitles.
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| =====Romania=====
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| <!-- Please do not change this section to Hungarian, because graph QA11 of the Eurobarometer lists the number 62 next to RO (Romania). Hungary is HU.-->
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| In [[Romania]], virtually all programs intended for children are dubbed in [[Romanian language|Romanian]], including cartoons animated series animated television series telenovelas arabic and turkish and greek and mexican and brazilian and hindi persian This includes programs in non-Western languages, such as [[Turkish language|Turkish]], [[Korean language|Korean]] or [[Hindi language|Hindi]] japanese and television series movies spanish, live-action movies and TV series subtitled in [[Romanian language|Romanian]] on [[Disney Channel Romania|Disney Channel]], [[Netflix]], [[Cartoon Network (Europe)|Cartoon Network]], [[Minimax]], and [[Nickelodeon]], as well as those shown on general television networks, Animated movies are shown in theaters with Romanian dubbing. However, those cinemas with more screening rooms usually also provide the original subtitled version. Other foreign TV shows and movies are shown in the original language with Romanian subtitles. Subtitles are usually preferred in the Romanian market. According to "Special Eurobarometer 243" (graph QA11.8) of the [[European Commission]] (research carried out in November and December 2005), 62% of Romanians prefer to watch foreign films and programs with subtitles (rather than dubbed), 22% prefer dubbing, and 16% declined to answer.<ref name="eurobarometer">[http://ec.europa.eu/public_opinion/archives/ebs/ebs_243_en.pdf Special Eurobarometer 243] of the European Commission with the title "Europeans and their Languages", published in February 2006 with research carried out in November and December 2005. Barely 2% of Romanians consider watching original-language versions most effective into learning a new language (Table QA7b).</ref> This is led by the assumption that watching movies in their original versions is very useful for learning foreign languages. However, according to the same Eurobarometer, virtually no Romanian found this method—watching movies in their original version—to be the most efficient way to learn foreign languages, compared to 53 percent who preferred language lessons at school.<ref name="eurobarometer" />
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| Some programmes that are broadcast on The Fishing & Hunting Channel are subtitled. [[TV Paprika]] used to broadcast voice-overed programmes, but it was replaced with subtitles.
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| Some adverts that are broadcast on TV 1000 are also subtitles; but the films are subtitled. [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EWJpWQUXNJw Examples shown here, at 2:11, 4:25, 5:09 and 7:15]
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| =====Serbia=====
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| [[Serbian language]] dubs are made mainly for [[Serbia]], but they broadcast in [[Montenegro]] and [[Bosnia and Herzegovina]], too. Children's animated and some live-action movies and TV series are dubbed into Serbian, while live-action films and TV series for adults are always airing subtitled, because in this region people prefer subtitling for live-action formats. [[Turkey|Turkish]] soap opera ''[[Lale Devri]]'' started airing dubbed in 2011, on [[RTV Pink]], but because of bad reception, dub failed and rest of TV series was aired subtitled.
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| The dubbing of cartoon series in former [[Yugoslavia]] during the 1980s had a twist of its own: famous [[Serbia]]n actors, such as [[Nikola Simić (actor)|Nikola Simić]], [[Mića Tatić]], [[Nada Blam]] and others provided the voices for characters of [[Disney]], [[Warner Bros.]], [[Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer|MGM]] and other companies, frequently using region-specific phrases and sentences and, thus, adding a dose of local humor to the translation of the original lines. These phrases became immensely popular and are still being used for [[tongue-in-cheek]] comments in specific situations. These dubs are today considered cult dubs. The only dub made after 1980s and 1990s ones that's considered cult is ''[[SpongeBob SquarePants]]'' dub, made by [[B92]] in period 2002–2017, because of a great popularity and memorable translation with local humor phrases, such as 1980s dubs translation.
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| Some Serbian dubs are also broadcast in [[North Macedonia]], while cult dubs made during [[Yugoslavia]] were aired all over the country (today's [[Croatia]], [[Bosnia and Herzegovina]], [[Montenegro]], [[Slovenia]], [[North Macedonia]] and [[Serbia]]).
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| In the 21st-century, prominent dubbing/voice actors in Serbia include actors Marko Marković, [[Vladislava Đorđević]], [[Jelena Gavrilović]], Dragan Vujić, Milan Antonić, [[Boris Milivojević]], [[Radovan Vujović]], [[Goran Jevtić (actor)|Goran Jevtić]], [[Ivan Bosiljčić]], [[Gordan Kičić]], Slobodan Stefanović, [[Dubravko Jovanović]], [[Dragan Mićanović]], [[Slobodan Ninković]], [[Branislav Lečić]], Jakov Jevtović, Ivan Jevtović, [[Katarina Žutić]], [[Anica Dobra]], [[Voja Brajović]], [[Nebojša Glogovac]] and Dejan Lutkić.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.telegraf.rs/vesti/732950-majstori-sinhronizacije-ko-se-krije-iza-duska-dugouska-silje-popaja-sundjera-boba-foto-video|title=MAJSTORI SINHRONIZACIJE: Ko se krije iza Duška Dugouška, Šilje, Popaja, Sunđera Boba? (FOTO) (VIDEO)|website=www.telegraf.rs}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.glossy.espreso.rs/zabava/film/23747/goran-jevtic-isidora-minic-i-lako-nikolic-o-filmu-ledeno-doba-4|title=Goran Jevtić, Isidora Minić i Lako Nikolić o filmu Ledeno Doba 4|website=Glossy}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.b92.net/|title=B92 - Internet, Radio i TV stanica - najnovije vesti iz Srbije|website=B92.net}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.b92.net/kultura/vesti.php?nav_category=268&yyyy=2006&mm=08&dd=21&nav_id=208911|title=Započela "Sezona lova"|website=B92.net}}</ref>
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| =====Slovenia=====
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| In [[Slovenia]], all foreign films and television programs are subtitled with the exception of children's movies and TV shows (both animated or live-action). While dubbed versions are always shown in cinemas and later on TV channels, cinemas will sometimes play subtitled versions of children's movies as well.{{citation needed|date=March 2019}}
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| =====United Kingdom=====
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| In the [[United Kingdom]], the vast majority of foreign language films are subtitled, although mostly animated films are dubbed in English. These usually originate from [[North America]], as opposed to being dubbed locally. Foreign language serials shown on BBC Four are subtitled into English (although open subtitles are dropped during dialogues with English language segments already). There have, however, been notable examples of films and TV programs successfully dubbed in the UK, such as the Japanese ''[[Monkey (TV series)|Monkey]]'' and French ''[[The Magic Roundabout|Magic Roundabout]]'' series. When airing films on television, channels in the UK often choose subtitling over dubbing, even if a dubbing in English exists. It is also a fairly common practice for animation aimed at [[Preschool education|preschool]] children to be re-dubbed with British voice actors replacing the original voices, such as Spin Master Entertainment's [[PAW Patrol]] series, although this is not done with shows aimed at older audiences. The off-screen narrated portions of some programs and reality shows that originate from North America are also redone with British English voices. The 2020 Bavarian show on Netflix, [[Freud (TV series)|Freud]], has also been dubbed to English.
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| Some animated films and TV programs are also dubbed into [[Welsh language|Welsh]] and [[Scottish Gaelic]].
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| [[Hinterland (TV series)|Hinterland]] displays a not so common example of a bilingual production. Each scene is filmed twice, in the English and Welsh languages, apart from a few scenes where Welsh with subtitles is used for the English version.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/tv-and-radio/2013/jul/30/hinterland-tv-noir-wales |title=Hinterland – the TV noir so good they made it twice |first=Stephen |last=Moss |date=30 July 2013 |newspaper=[[The Guardian]] |location=[[London]] |access-date=5 May 2019}}</ref>
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| =====Nordic countries=====
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| In the [[Nordic countries]], dubbing is used only in animated features (except [[adult animated]] features) and other films for younger audiences. Some cinemas in the major cities may also screen the original version, usually as the last showing of the day, or in a smaller auditorium in a [[Multiplex (movie theater)|multiplex]].
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| In television programs with off-screen narration, both the original audio and on-screen voices are usually subtitled in their native languages.
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| The Nordic countries are often treated as a common market issuing [[DVD]] and [[Blu-ray]] releases with original audio and user choosable subtitle options in [[Danish language|Danish]], [[Finnish language|Finnish]], [[Norwegian language|Norwegian]] and [[Swedish language|Swedish]]. The covers often have text in all four languages as well, but are sometimes unique for each country. Some releases may include other European language audio and/or subtitles (i.e. German, Greek, Hungarian or Italian). as well as original audio in most cases.
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| In [[Finland]], the dubbed version from [[Sweden]] may also be available at certain cinemas for children of the 5% Swedish-speaking minority, but only in cities or towns with a significant percentage of Swedish speakers. Most [[DVD]] and [[Blu-ray]] releases usually only have the original audio, except for animated television series telenovelas, which have both Finnish and Swedish language tracks, in addition to the original audio and subtitles in both languages.
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| In Finnish movie theaters, films for adult audiences have both Finnish and Swedish subtitles, the Finnish printed in basic font and the Swedish printed below the Finnish in a cursive font. In the early ages of television, foreign TV shows and movies were voiced by narrator in Finland. Later, subtitled in Finnish subtitles became a practice on Finnish television. as in many other countries. While the original version was well-received, the Finnish-dubbed version received poor reviews, with some critics even calling it a disaster.{{Citation needed|date=April 2008}} On the other hand, many dubs of [[Disney]] animated television series have been well-received, both critically and by the public.
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| In [[Iceland]], the dubbed version of film and TV is usually [[Danish language|Danish]] with some translated into [[Icelandic language|Icelandic]]. [[LazyTown]], an Icelandic TV show originally broadcast in English, was dubbed into Icelandic, amongst thirty-two other languages.
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| ====General films and programming====
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| In the [[Turkish language|Turkish]], [[French language|French]], [[Italian language|Italian]], [[Spanish language|Spanish]], [[German language|German]], [[Czech language|Czech]], [[Slovak language|Slovak]], [[Hungarian language|Hungarian]], [[Polish language|Polish]], [[Russian language|Russian]] and [[Ukrainian language]]-speaking markets of [[Europe]], almost all foreign films and television shows are dubbed (the exception being the majority of theatrical releases of adult-audience movies in the [[Czech Republic]], [[Slovakia]], [[Poland]] and [[Turkey]] and high-profile videos in Russia). There are few opportunities to watch foreign movies in their original versions. In [[Spain]], [[Italy]], [[Germany]] and [[Austria]], even in the largest cities, there are few cinemas that screen original versions with [[Subtitle (captioning)|subtitles]], or without any translation. However, digital [[pay-TV]] programming is often available in the original language, including the latest movies. Prior to the rise of DVDs, which in these countries are mostly issued with multi-language audio tracks, original-language films (those in languages other than the country's official language) were rare, whether in theaters, on TV, or on home video, and subtitled versions were considered a product for small [[niche market]]s such as intellectual or [[art film]]s.
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| =====France=====
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| In [[France]], dubbing is the norm. Most movies with a theatrical release, including all those from major distributors, are dubbed. Those that are not, are foreign [[independent film]]s whose budget for international distribution is limited, or foreign [[art film]]s with a niche audience.
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| Almost all theaters show movies with their French dubbing ("VF", short for {{lang|fr|version française}}). Some of them also offer screenings in the original language ("VO", short for {{lang|fr|version originale}}), generally accompanied with French subtitles ("VOST", short for {{lang|fr|version originale sous-titrée}}). A minority of theaters (usually small ones) screen exclusively in the original language. According to the [[Centre national du cinéma et de l'image animée|CNC]] (National Centre for Cinematography), VOST screenings accounted for 16.4% of tickets sold in France.{{when|date=April 2020}}{{citation needed|date=April 2020}}
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| In addition, dubbing is required for home entertainment and television screenings. However, since the [[Digital television transition|advent of digital television]], foreign programs are broadcast to [[Television in France|television]] viewers in both languages (sometimes, French with [[audio description]] is also aired); while the French-language track is selected by default, viewers can switch to the original-language track and enable French subtitles. As a special case, the binational television channel [[Arte]] broadcasts both the French and German dubbing, in addition to the original-language version.
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| Some voice actors that have dubbed for celebrities in the European French language are listed below.
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| {| class="wikitable collapsible collapsed"
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| ! European French dubbing artists !! Actor(s)/Actress(es) !! Notes
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| | [[Alexandre Gillet]] || [[Elijah Wood]]<br />[[Joshua Jackson]]<br />[[Ryan Gosling]]<br />[[Ben Foster]]<br />[[David Charvet]] ||
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| | [[Charles Pestel]] || Elijah Wood<br />[[Jonah Hill]] ||
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| | [[Serge Faliu]] || [[Adam Sandler]]<br />[[Charlie Sheen]]<br />[[Chris Tucker]]<br />[[Kal Penn]]<br />[[Terrence Howard]]<br />[[Emilio Estevez]] ||
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| | [[Gabriel Le Doze]] || [[Gary Oldman]]<br />[[Kevin Spacey]]<br />[[Gabriel Byrne]]<br />[[Alfred Molina]]<br />[[Philip Seymour Hoffman]]<br />[[Toni Servillo]]<br />[[Chris Noth]] ||
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| | [[Marie-Eugénie Maréchal]] || [[Kirsten Dunst]]<br />[[Elizabeth Banks]]<br />[[Amanda Seyfried]] ||
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| | [[Chloé Berthier]] || Kirsten Dunst ||
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| | [[Dorothée Pousséo]] || [[Mary-Kate Olsen]]<br />[[Ashley Olsen]]<br />[[Piper Perabo]]<br />[[Brittany Murphy]]<br />[[Isla Fisher]] ||
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| | [[Laurent Morteau]] || [[Jeff Bennett]]<br />[[Will Forte]]<br />[[Thomas Lennon (actor)|Thomas Lennon]]<br />[[Jason Segel]] ||
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| | [[Michel Bedetti]] || [[Corey Burton]] ||
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| | [[Benoît Allemane]] || [[Morgan Freeman]] ||
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| | [[Pierre Hatet]] || [[Christopher Lloyd]]<br />[[Rip Torn]]<br />[[Tom Selleck]]<br />[[Mark Hamill]] ||
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| | [[Dominique Collignon-Maurin]] || Mark Hamill<br />[[Nicolas Cage]]<br />[[Kevin Kline]] ||
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| | [[Bruno Dubernat]] || [[Neal McDonough]]<br />[[Blair Underwood]]<br />[[Taye Diggs]] ||
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| | [[Jean-Claude Donda]] || [[Jim Broadbent]]<br />[[Ken Stott]]<br />[[William H. Macy]]<br />[[Joe Pantoliano]] ||
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| |}
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| =====Italy=====
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| In [[Italy]], dubbing is systematic, with a tradition going back to the 1930s in [[Rome]], [[Milan]], [[Florence]] and [[Turin]]. In [[Benito Mussolini|Mussolini's]] fascist Italy, release of movies in foreign languages was banned in 1938 for political reasons. Rome is the principal base of the dubbing industry, where major productions such as movies, drama, documentaries and some cartoons are dubbed. However, dubbing in Milan is mostly of cartoons and some minor productions. Practically every foreign film (mostly American ones) of every genre, for children or adults, as well as TV shows, are dubbed into Italian. In big cities, original-version movies can also be seen in some theaters but it is not so common. Subtitles may be available on [[Late night television|late-night programs]] on mainstream TV channels, and on pay-TV all movies are available in the original language with Italian subtitles, many shows featuring their original [[soundtrack]]s.
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| Early in their careers, actors such as [[Alberto Sordi]] or [[Nino Manfredi]] worked extensively as dubbing actors. At one point, common practice in Italian cinema was to shoot scenes [[MOS (filmmaking)|MOS]] (motor only sync or motor only shot) and dub all dialogue in post-production. A notable example of this practice is ''[[The Good, the Bad, and the Ugly]]'', in which all actors had to dub in their own voices. Because many films would feature multinational casts, dubbing became necessary to ensure dialogue would be comprehensible regardless of the dub language. The presence of foreign actors also meant that some directors would have actors recite [[gibberish]] or otherwise unrelated words, since the end goal was simply to have general lip movements over which to add dialogue.
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| A typical example of this practice was ''[[La Strada]]'', which starred two Americans; [[Anthony Quinn]] and [[Richard Basehart]]; in leading roles. Rather than have dialogue spoken phonetically or have multiple languages at the same time (which would require lines to be translated multiple times), actors would instead count numbers corresponding to the number of lines. [[Liliana Betti]], Fellini's assistant, described the system as such: "Instead of lines, the actor has to count off numbers in their normal order. For instance, a line of fifteen words equals an enumeration of up to thirty. The actor merely counts till thirty: 1-2-3-4-5-6-7. etc." [[Federico Fellini]] used this system, which he coined "numerological diction," in many of his films. Other directors adopted similar systems.
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| Dubbing may also be used for artistic purposes. It was common for even Italian-speaking performers to have their dialogue dubbed by separate voice actors, if their actual voice is thought to be unfitting or some otherwise unsuitable. For example, in [[Django (1966 film)|''Django'']], lead actor [[Franco Nero]] was dubbed by [[Nando Gazzolo]] because he was thought to sound too youthful for the grizzled character he portrayed. [[Claudia Cardinale]], one of the major actresses of the 1960s and 70s, had a heavy accent from her Tunisian background, and was likewise dubbed for the first decade of her career. This practice was generally fazed out in the 1990s, with the widespread adoption of [[sync sound]].
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| Video games are generally either dubbed into Italian (for instance, the [[Assassin's Creed (video game)|''Assassin's Creed'']], [[Halo (series)|''Halo'']], and [[Harry Potter (video games)|''Harry Potter'']] series) or released with the original audio tracks providing Italian subtitles.
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| The most important Italian voice actors and actresses, as well as the main celebrities dubbed in their career, are listed below.
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| {| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
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| |+ class="nowrap" |Italian dubbing artists
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| ! style="width: 95pt;" | Voice actor/actress
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| ! style="width: 60pt;" | Years active
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| ! style="width: 110pt;" | Main actors/actresses dubbed
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| ! Notes
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| |[[Tina Lattanzi]]
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| |1923–1988||[[Greta Garbo]]<br />[[Joan Crawford]]<br />[[Marlene Dietrich]]<br />[[Greer Garson]]<br />[[Rita Hayworth]]<br />[[Myrna Loy]]|| Famous for her deep, seductive, and adaptable voice, she was the main dubbing actress for ''femmes fatales'' in the 1930s and 1940s. Famous interpretations of animation roles were the [[Evil Queen (Disney)|Evil Queen]] in ''[[Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs (1937 film)|Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs]]'', [[Lady Tremaine]] in ''[[Cinderella (1950 film)|Cinderella]]'', the [[Queen of Hearts (Alice's Adventures in Wonderland)|Queen of Hearts]] in ''[[Alice in Wonderland (1951 film)|Alice in Wonderland]]'' and [[Maleficent (Disney)|Maleficent]] in ''[[Sleeping Beauty (1959 film)|Sleeping Beauty]]''.
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| |[[Andreina Pagnani]]
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| |1924–1981||[[Bette Davis]]<br />[[Marlene Dietrich]]<br />[[Ginger Rogers]]<br />[[Tallulah Bankhead]]<br />[[Norma Shearer]]<br />[[Greta Garbo]]||
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| |[[Carlo Romano]]
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| |1927–1975||[[Jerry Lewis]]<br />[[Lou Costello]]<br />[[Bob Hope]]<br />[[Rod Steiger]]<br />[[Eli Wallach]]<br />[[Nigel Bruce]]<br />[[Louis de Funès]]<br />[[Peter Lorre]]<br />[[William Bendix]]<br />[[Fernando Sancho]]<br />[[Jason Robards]]||He was the official Italian voice of Jerry Lewis, Bob Hope and Lou Costello; he was also well-known for dubbing the role of [[Don Camillo]] played by French actor [[Fernandel]].
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| |[[Rosetta Calavetta]]
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| |1930–1993||[[Marilyn Monroe]]<br />[[Lana Turner]]<br />[[Doris Day]]<br />[[Eleanor Parker]]<br />[[Ava Gardner]]<br />[[Veronica Lake]]||She was the official Italian voice of Lana Turner, Marilyn Monroe and Doris Day.
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| |[[Mario Besesti]]
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| |1932–1968||[[Charles Laughton]]<br />[[Edward Arnold (actor)|Edward Arnold]]<br />[[Thomas Mitchell (actor)|Thomas Mitchell]]<br />[[Raymond Massey]]||
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| |[[Miranda Bonansea]]
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| |1932–2009||[[Shirley Temple]]<br />[[Judy Garland]]<br />[[Anne Francis]]<br />[[Linda Hunt]]<br />[[June Allyson]]<br />[[Jean Simmons]]|| She was the official Italian voice of Shirley Temple.
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| |[[Pino Locchi]]
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| |1932–1994||[[Sean Connery]]<br />[[Giuliano Gemma]]<br />[[Tony Curtis]]<br />[[Charles Bronson]]<br />[[Sidney Poitier]]<br />[[Roger Moore]]<br />[[Jean-Paul Belmondo]]<br />[[Terence Hill]]<br />[[Clint Eastwood]]<br />[[Elvis Presley]]<br />[[Ringo Starr]]||He was the official Italian voice of Sean Connery until 1994 and the primary Italian voice of [[James Bond (literary character)|James Bond]].
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| |[[Lydia Simoneschi]]
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| |1932–1976||[[Sophia Loren]]<br />[[Ingrid Bergman]]<br />[[Maureen O'Hara]]<br />[[Barbara Stanwyck]]<br />[[Susan Hayward]]<br />[[Jennifer Jones]]<br />[[Bette Davis]]<br />[[Joan Fontaine]]|| Considered the "queen" of Italian dubbing actresses (together with [[Rosetta Calavetta]], [[Rita Savagnone]], and [[Dhia Cristiani]]), she dubbed most of the classic Hollywood female stars at least once in her 40-years career.
| |
| |-
| |
| |[[Cesare Barbetti]]
| |
| |1934–2006||[[Robert Redford]]<br />[[Robert Duvall]]<br />[[Steve McQueen]]<br />[[Kevin Kline]]<br />[[Dean Jones (actor)|Dean Jones]]<br />[[James Fox]]<br />[[Steve Martin]]<br />[[Warren Beatty]]<br />[[Jon Voight]]<br />[[William Shatner]]<br />[[Jean-Louis Trintignant]]<br />[[John Lennon]]||
| |
| |-
| |
| |[[Emilio Cigoli]]
| |
| |1935–1980||[[Orson Welles]]<br />[[Gregory Peck]]<br />[[Gary Cooper]]<br />[[John Wayne]]<br />[[Burt Lancaster]]<br />[[William Holden]]<br />[[Charlton Heston]]<br />[[Clark Gable]]<br />[[Jean Gabin]]<br />[[Lee Van Cleef]]<br />[[Steve Reeves]]<br />[[Henry Fonda]]|| Considered the "King" of Italian dubbing actors (together with [[Giulio Panicali]] and [[Gualtiero De Angelis]]), he dubbed 7000 films from 1936 to 1980.
| |
| |-
| |
| |[[Giulio Panicali]]
| |
| |1935–1973||[[Tyrone Power]]<br />[[Robert Taylor (American actor)|Robert Taylor]]<br />[[Glenn Ford]]<br />[[Ray Milland]]<br />[[Robert Mitchum]]<br />[[Kirk Douglas]]<br />[[Henry Fonda]]||
| |
| |-
| |
| |[[Dhia Cristiani]]
| |
| |1936–1975||[[Anne Baxter]]<br />[[Esther Williams]]<br />[[Virginia Mayo]]<br />[[Rhonda Fleming]]<br />[[Yvonne Sanson]]<br />[[Joanne Dru]]||
| |
| |-
| |
| |[[Gualtiero De Angelis]]
| |
| |1936–1980||[[James Stewart]]<br />[[Cary Grant]]<br />[[Errol Flynn]]<br />[[Dean Martin]]<br />[[Henry Fonda]]||
| |
| |-
| |
| |[[Lauro Gazzolo]]
| |
| |1938–1970||[[Walter Brennan]]<br />[[Bud Abbott]]<br />[[Peter Lorre]]<br />[[Sam Jaffe]]<br />[[Alan Napier]]||
| |
| |-
| |
| |[[Giuseppe Rinaldi]]
| |
| |1939–1987||[[James Dean]]<br />[[Paul Newman]]<br />[[Rock Hudson]]<br />[[Jack Lemmon]]<br />[[Peter Sellers]]<br />[[Van Johnson]]<br />[[Marlon Brando]]<br />[[Frank Sinatra]]<br />[[Charles Bronson]]<br />[[James Coburn]]<br />[[Jason Robards]]||
| |
| |-
| |
| |[[Luciano De Ambrosis]]
| |
| |1942–present
| |
| |[[James Caan]]<br />[[Burt Reynolds]]<br />[[Dennis Farina]]
| |
| |He is known for playing the lead role as a child actor in [[Vittorio De Sica]]'s film ''[[The Children Are Watching Us]]''. Since 1994, he replaced Pino Locchi as the main Italian voice of [[Sean Connery]]. He dubbed most of the roles of the listed actors.
| |
| |-
| |
| |[[Gianni Musy]]
| |
| |1942–2011||[[Michael Gambon]]<br />[[Richard Harris (actor)|Richard Harris]]<br />[[Christopher Plummer]]<br />[[Ian McKellen|Max von Sydow]]<br />[[Ian McKellen]]||He is best known for dubbing the roles of [[Albus Dumbledore]] (played by Richard Harris first, then by Michael Gambon) in the [[Harry Potter (film series)|''Harry Potter'' film series]] and [[Gandalf]] (played by Ian McKellen) in the [[The Lord of the Rings (film series)|''Lord of the Rings'' trilogy]] (replaced by [[Gigi Proietti]] after 2011). He also dubbed most of the roles of Christopher Plummer and Max von Sydow.
| |
| |-
| |
| |[[Massimo Turci]]
| |
| |1942–1990
| |
| |[[Russ Tamblyn]]<br />[[Paul McCartney]]
| |
| |
| |
| |-
| |
| |[[Ferruccio Amendola]]
| |
| |1943–2001||[[Robert De Niro]]<br />[[Dustin Hoffman]]<br />[[Sylvester Stallone]]<br />[[Tomas Milian]]<br />[[Al Pacino]]<br />[[Peter Falk]]||The Italian voice of Robert De Niro, Dustin Hoffman, and Sylvester Stallone in almost each of their films from 1969 to 1995. He also dubbed the most famous interpretations of Al Pacino. He was chosen by Tomas Milian himself for his dubbed voice.
| |
| |-
| |
| |[[Maria Pia Di Meo]]
| |
| |1944–present||[[Meryl Streep]]<br />[[Audrey Hepburn]]<br />[[Julie Andrews]]<br />[[Shirley MacLaine]]<br />[[Jane Fonda]]<br />[[Barbra Streisand]]<br />[[Sandra Dee]]<br />[[Julie Christie]]<br />[[Ursula Andress]]<br />[[Barbara Bouchet]]<br />[[Edwige Fenech]]
| |
| | The most important female dubbing voice in Italy after 1960. Best known for being the official Italian voice of Meryl Streep, she dubbed most of the films of all the listed actresses.
| |
| |-
| |
| |[[Enrico Maria Salerno]]
| |
| |1946–1994
| |
| |[[Clint Eastwood]]
| |
| |He was the Italian voice of Clint Eastwood in the ''[[Dollars Trilogy]]'' and ''[[Hang 'Em High]]''.
| |
| |-
| |
| |[[Renato Turi]]
| |
| |1946–1991||[[Walter Matthau]]<br />[[Lee Marvin]]<br />[[Christopher Lee]]<br />[[Lee Van Cleef]]<br />[[John Carradine]]<br />[[Telly Savalas]]<br />[[Sidney Poitier]]<br />[[Charlton Heston]]<br />[[Charles Tingwell]]||
| |
| |-
| |
| |[[Corrado Gaipa]]
| |
| |1946–1989||[[Lionel Stander]]<br />[[Lee J. Cobb]]<br />[[Orson Welles]]<br />[[Alec Guinness]]|| Best known for portraying Don Tommasino in ''[[The Godfather]]'', he dubbed most of the roles of Lion Stander and Lee J. Cobb and some interpretations of Orson Welles between 1965 and 1972. He also dubbed Alec Guinness in the [[Star Wars Trilogy|''Star Wars'' classic trilogy]].
| |
| |-
| |
| |[[Nando Gazzolo]]
| |
| |1948–2015||[[David Niven]]<br />[[Peter Cushing]]<br />[[Rex Harrison]]<br />[[Michael Caine]]<br />[[George C. Scott]]<br />[[Franco Nero]]<br />[[Henry Fonda]]||
| |
| |-
| |
| |[[Vittoria Febbi]]
| |
| |1949–present||[[Barbara Bouchet]]<br />[[Charlotte Rampling]]<br />[[Edwige Fenech]]<br />[[Liv Ullmann]]<br />[[Diane Keaton]]<br />[[Barbara Bach]]<br />[[Kathy Bates]]<br />[[Laura Gemser]]<br />[[Florinda Bolkan]]||
| |
| |-
| |
| |[[Flaminia Jandolo]]
| |
| |1950–2019
| |
| |[[Brigitte Bardot]]
| |
| |
| |
| |-
| |
| |[[Rita Savagnone]]
| |
| |1952–present||[[Vanessa Redgrave]]<br />[[Edwige Fenech]]<br />[[Claudia Cardinale]]<br />[[Whoopi Goldberg]]<br />[[Elizabeth Taylor]]<br />[[Ingrid Bergman]]<br />[[Greta Garbo]]<br />[[Sophia Loren]]<br />[[Nieves Navarro]]<br />[[Ursula Andress]]<br />[[Florinda Bolkan]]<br />[[Dominique Sanda]]<br />[[Loredana Nusciak]]<br />[[Stefania Sandrelli]]||
| |
| |-
| |
| |[[Oreste Lionello]]
| |
| |1953–2009||[[Woody Allen]]<br />[[Gene Wilder]]<br />[[Peter Sellers]]<br />[[George Harrison]]|| He was the official Italian voice of Woody Allen, dubbing almost all of his interpretations from 1965 to 2006. He also dubbed most of the roles of Gene Wilder, Peter Sellers, and all the film appearances of George Harrison.
| |
| |-
| |
| |[[Sergio Graziani]]
| |
| |1956–2014||[[Donald Sutherland]]<br />[[Michael Caine]]<br />[[Peter O'Toole]]<br />[[Klaus Kinski]]<br />[[Richard Harris]]<br />[[Philippe Noiret]]<br />[[Franco Nero]]|| He dubbed Franco Nero in most of the Italian versions of his films prior to the mid-1970s, after which Nero dubbed himself.
| |
| |-
| |
| |[[Dario Penne]]
| |
| |1957–present
| |
| |[[Anthony Hopkins]]<br />[[Michael Caine]]<br />[[Christopher Lloyd]]<br />[[Dennis Hopper]]<br />[[Alan Rickman]]<br />[[James Cromwell]]
| |
| |The Italian voice of Anthony Hopkins in every film since 1990 and of Michael Caine in almost every film since 1992.
| |
| |-
| |
| |[[Roberto Chevalier]]
| |
| |1958–present
| |
| |[[Tom Cruise]]<br />[[Tom Hanks]]<br />[[Andy García]]
| |
| |
| |
| |-
| |
| |[[Glauco Onorato]]
| |
| |1959–2009||[[Bud Spencer]]<br />[[Danny Glover]]<br />[[Charles Bronson]]<br />[[Anthony Quinn]]<br />[[James Coburn]]<br />[[George Harrison]]||
| |
| |-
| |
| |[[Sandro Acerbo]]
| |
| |1960–present
| |
| |[[Brad Pitt]]<br />[[Will Smith]]<br />[[Michael J. Fox]]<br />[[Eddie Murphy]]
| |
| |
| |
| |-
| |
| |[[Manlio De Angelis]]
| |
| |1960–2017||[[Joe Pesci]]<br />[[Alan Arkin]]<br />[[Gene Wilder]]<br />[[Roy Scheider]]<br />[[Richard Dreyfuss]]||
| |
| |-
| |
| |[[Sergio Fiorentini]]
| |
| |1960–2014
| |
| |[[Gene Hackman]]<br />[[Eli Wallach]]||
| |
| |-
| |
| |[[Oreste Rizzini]]
| |
| |1960–2008||[[Michael Douglas]]<br />[[Jon Voight]]<br />[[Bill Murray]]<br />[[Chuck Norris]]<br />[[Gérard Depardieu]]<br />[[Eugene Levy]]||
| |
| |-
| |
| |[[Giampiero Albertini]]
| |
| |1962–1991
| |
| |[[Peter Falk]]
| |
| |He was best known for being the Italian voice of Peter Falk in his role of [[Columbo (character)|Columbo]] (in the first eight seasons, until 1991, except in the second pilot episode).
| |
| |-
| |
| |[[Roberto Del Giudice]]
| |
| |1962–2007
| |
| |[[Lee Majors]]<br />[[Terry Jones]]<br />[[Timothy Bottoms]]||
| |
| |-
| |
| |[[Renato Mori]]
| |
| |1962–2011||[[Morgan Freeman]]<br />[[Gene Hackman]]<br />[[James Earl Jones]]<br />[[John Rhys-Davies]]<br />[[Rod Steiger]]<br />[[Jack Warden]]<br />[[Robert Shaw (actor)|Robert Shaw]]<br />[[Brian Dennehy]]||
| |
| |-
| |
| |[[Sergio Di Stefano]]
| |
| |1963–2010||[[Jeff Bridges]]<br />[[John Malkovich]]<br />[[Kevin Costner]]<br />[[Hugh Laurie]]<br />[[Alan Rickman]]
| |
| |The official Italian voice of Jeff Bridges and John Malkovich, he dubbed Kevin Costner in seven films from 1985 to 2007. He is also well known for dubbing [[Hugh Laurie]] in the first six seasons of the TV series [[House (TV series)|House]] (2004–2010) and for being one of the most frequent dubbers of [[Christopher Lambert]] (17 films from 1986 to 2005).
| |
| |-
| |
| |[[Michele Gammino]]
| |
| |1965–present||[[Harrison Ford]]<br />[[Steven Seagal]]<br />[[Kevin Costner]]<br />[[Jack Nicholson]]<br />[[Bill Murray]]<br />[[Chevy Chase]]<br />[[Bob Hoskins]]||The official Italian voice of Harrison Ford and Steven Seagal, he dubbed most of the interpretations of the listed actors. He also dubbed [[James Bond (literary character)|James Bond]] played by Timothy Dalton.
| |
| |-
| |
| |[[Giancarlo Giannini]]
| |
| |1965–present||[[Al Pacino]]<br />[[Jack Nicholson]]<br />[[Michael Douglas]]||He is the official dubber of Al Pacino since 1995 (previously shared with Ferruccio Amendola). Among the others, he dubbed some roles of Jack Nicholson (including the film ''Shining'') and Michael Douglas.
| |
| |-
| |
| |[[Omero Antonutti]]
| |
| |1966–2019||[[Christopher Lee]]<br />[[Christopher Plummer]]<br />[[James Cromwell]]
| |
| |
| |
| |-
| |
| |[[Michele Kalamera]]
| |
| |1966–present
| |
| |[[Clint Eastwood]]<br />[[Steve Martin]]<br />[[Michael Caine]]<br />[[Leslie Nielsen]]|| The official Italian voice of Clint Eastwood.
| |
| |-
| |
| |[[Carlo Valli]]
| |
| | 1966–present ||[[Robin Williams]]<br />[[Jim Broadbent]]<br />[[Colm Meaney]]||The official Italian voice of Robin Williams.
| |
| |-
| |
| |[[Fabio Boccanera]]
| |
| |1968–present
| |
| |[[Johnny Depp]]||
| |
| |-
| |
| |[[Giorgio Lopez]]
| |
| | 1969–present ||[[Danny DeVito]]<br />[[Dustin Hoffman]]<br />[[John Cleese]]<br />[[Pat Morita]]||
| |
| |-
| |
| |[[Riccardo Rossi]]
| |
| |1970–present
| |
| |[[Adam Sandler]]<br />[[Ben Affleck]]<br />[[Mark Ruffalo]]<br />[[Paul Walker]]<br />[[Cuba Gooding Jr.]]
| |
| |
| |
| |-
| |
| |[[Oreste Baldini]]
| |
| | 1974–present ||[[John Cusack]]<br />[[Ken Jeong]]<br />[[Noah Taylor]]|| The official Italian voice of John Cusack, he is the main dubber of the listed actors. He portrayed [[Vito Corleone]] as a child in the flashback sequences of ''[[The Godfather Part II]]''.
| |
| |-
| |
| |[[Riccardo Rovatti (actor)|Riccardo Rovatti]]
| |
| |1974–present
| |
| |[[Corey Burton]]<br />[[Martin Jarvis (actor)|Martin Jarvis]]
| |
| |
| |
| |-
| |
| |[[Fabrizio Vidale]]
| |
| |1975–present
| |
| |[[Jack Black]]<br />[[Martin Freeman]]<br />[[Don Cheadle]]<br />[[Marlon Wayans]]
| |
| |
| |
| |-
| |
| |[[Ilaria Latini]]
| |
| |1976–present
| |
| |[[Katie Holmes]]<br />[[Amy Adams]]<br />[[Anna Faris]]<br />[[Hayley Atwell]]
| |
| |The official Italian voice dubber of Katie Holmes, Amy Adams and Anna Faris, she dubbed most of the films of the listed actresses.
| |
| |-
| |
| |[[Tonino Accolla]]
| |
| |1978–2013||[[Eddie Murphy]] <br />[[Kenneth Branagh]]<br />[[Tom Hanks]]<br />[[Mickey Rourke]] <br />[[Jim Carrey]]<br />[[Billy Crystal]]
| |
| [[Ralph Fiennes]]<br />[[Gary Oldman]]<br/>[[Ben Stiller]]
| |
| |He is best known for being the Italian voice of Eddie Murphy until 2009; he was also very popular for being the Italian voice of [[Homer Simpson]] in the first 23 seasons of the sitcom [[The Simpsons]] (1989–2012).
| |
| |-
| |
| |[[Luca Biagini]]
| |
| |1979–present
| |
| |[[John Malkovich]]<br />[[Kevin Kline]]<br />[[Michael Keaton]]<br />[[Hugh Laurie]]<br />[[Colin Firth]]||
| |
| |-
| |
| |[[Stefano De Sando]]
| |
| |1979–present
| |
| |[[Robert De Niro]]<br />[[James Gandolfini]]<br />[[Bryan Cranston]]<br />[[Tim Robbins]]<br />[[John Goodman]]||
| |
| |-
| |
| |[[Nino Prester]]
| |
| |1979–present
| |
| |[[Eugene Levy]]<br />[[Gary Oldman]]<br />[[Stanley Tucci]]<br />[[Dave Bautista]]<br />[[Michael Rooker]]
| |
| |
| |
| |-
| |
| |[[Paolo Buglioni]]
| |
| |1980–present
| |
| |[[Nick Nolte]]<br />[[Alec Baldwin]]<br />[[Samuel L. Jackson]]||
| |
| |-
| |
| |[[Roberto Pedicini]]
| |
| |1980–present
| |
| |[[Kevin Spacey]]<br />[[Jim Carrey]]<br />[[Woody Harrelson]]<br />[[Javier Bardem]]<br />[[Ralph Fiennes]]<br />[[Temuera Morrison]]
| |
| |He is the current official voice of Kevin Spacey and Jim Carrey; he dubbed most of the interpretations of the listed actors.
| |
| |-
| |
| |[[Pasquale Anselmo]]
| |
| |1980–present
| |
| |[[Nicolas Cage]]<br />[[John Turturro]]<br />[[Philip Seymour Hoffman]]<br />[[Woody Harrelson]]<br />[[Clark Gregg]]
| |
| |The official Italian voice of Nicolas Cage since 1996.
| |
| |-
| |
| |[[Danilo De Girolamo]]
| |
| |1980–2012
| |
| |[[Alan Cumming]]<br />[[Vincent Gallo]]<br />[[Ulrich Tukur]]<br />[[David Thewlis]]<br />[[Jack Davenport]]
| |
| |
| |
| |-
| |
| |[[Pino Insegno]]
| |
| |1981–present
| |
| |[[Will Ferrell]]<br />[[Viggo Mortensen]]<br />[[Liev Schreiber]]<br />[[Michael Shannon]]<br />[[Sacha Baron Cohen]]||The official Italian voice of Will Ferrell, he dubbed most of the interpretations of the listed actors.
| |
| |-
| |
| |[[Pietro Ubaldi (dubber)|Pietro Ubaldi]]
| |
| |1981–present
| |
| |[[Geoffrey Rush]]<br />[[Kevin Michael Richardson]]<br />[[Frank Welker]]||
| |
| |-
| |
| |[[Luca Ward]]
| |
| | 1981–present ||[[Pierce Brosnan]]<br />[[Samuel L. Jackson]]<br />[[Russell Crowe]]<br />[[Keanu Reeves]]<br />[[Gerard Butler]]<br />[[Antonio Banderas]]<br />[[Hugh Grant]]
| |
| [[Kevin Bacon]]<br />[[René Steinke]]
| |
| |He is the official Italian voice of Pierce Brosnan, Samuel L. Jackson, Keanu Reeves and Russell Crowe. He provided the Italian voice of [[James Bond (literary character)|James Bond]] during his portrayal by Pierce Brosnan.
| |
| |-
| |
| |[[Rossella Acerbo]]
| |
| |1982–present
| |
| |[[Drew Barrymore]]<br />[[Michelle Rodriguez]]<br />[[Lisa Kudrow]]<br />[[Amanda Peet]]<br />[[Heather Graham]]<br />[[Reese Witherspoon]]||
| |
| |-
| |
| |[[Marco Balzarotti]]
| |
| |1982–present
| |
| |[[Kevin Costner]]<br />[[Jeff Bennett]]<br />[[Kevin Conroy]]||
| |
| |-
| |
| |[[Angelo Maggi]]
| |
| |1982–present
| |
| |[[Tom Hanks]]<br />[[Robert Downey Jr.]]<br />[[Gary Oldman]]||
| |
| |-
| |
| |[[Massimo Venturiello]]
| |
| |1982–present
| |
| |[[Gary Oldman]]<br />[[James Woods]]<br />[[Kurt Russell]]
| |
| |
| |
| |-
| |
| |[[Vittorio De Angelis]]
| |
| |1983–2015
| |
| |[[Cary Elwes]]<br />[[Kevin James]]<br />[[Matt LeBlanc]]<br />[[Brendan Fraser]]<br />[[Steve Zahn]]
| |
| |
| |
| |-
| |
| |[[Francesco Pezzulli]]
| |
| |1983–present
| |
| |[[Leonardo DiCaprio]]||He is the Italian voice of Leonardo DiCaprio since 1997 (excluding the film ''The Man in the Iron Mask'').
| |
| |-
| |
| |[[Federica De Bortoli]]
| |
| |1984–present
| |
| |[[Natalie Portman]]<br />[[Rachel McAdams]]<br />[[Isla Fisher]]<br />[[Kristen Stewart]]||She is the main Italian dubber of all the listed actresses.
| |
| |-
| |
| |[[Davide Perino]]
| |
| |1984–present
| |
| |[[Elijah Wood]]
| |
| |
| |
| |-
| |
| |[[Cristina Boraschi]]
| |
| |1985–present
| |
| |[[Julia Roberts]]<br />[[Sandra Bullock]]<br />[[Julianne Moore]]
| |
| |She is the main Italian voice of Julia Roberts, while she dubbed many roles of Sandra Bullock and Julianne Moore.
| |
| |-
| |
| |[[Francesco Pannofino]]
| |
| |1985–present
| |
| |[[George Clooney]]<br />[[Denzel Washington]]<br />[[Robbie Coltrane]]<br />[[Kurt Russell]]
| |
| |He is the official Italian voice of George Clooney and Denzel Washington.
| |
| |-
| |
| |[[Francesco Prando]]
| |
| |1985–present
| |
| |[[Luke Perry]]<br />[[Matthew McConaughey]]<br />[[Vince Vaughn]]<br />[[Guy Pearce]]<br />[[Michael Fassbender]]<br />[[Daniel Craig]]<br />[[Eric McCormack]]<br />[[Jason Statham]]||He is popular for dubbing the following actors in long-term television series: Luke Perry (''[[Beverly Hills, 90210]]'', 199 episodes), Eric McCormack in (''[[Will & Grace]]'', 187 episodes), Eric Dane (''[[Grey's Anatomy]]'', 135 episodes). He is also known for providing the Italian voice of [[James Bond (literary character)|James Bond]] during his portrayal by Daniel Craig. He dubbed the majority of the film roles of all the listed actors.
| |
| |-
| |
| |[[Stefano Benassi]]
| |
| |1986–present
| |
| |[[Christoph Waltz]]<br />[[Colin Firth]]<br />[[Woody Harrelson]]<br />[[Tim Robbins]]<br />[[Gary Oldman]]||
| |
| |-
| |
| |[[Valentina Mari]]
| |
| |1986–present
| |
| |[[Natalie Portman]]<br />[[Audrey Tautou]]<br />[[Kristen Bell]]<br />[[Amanda Seyfried]]
| |
| |
| |
| |-
| |
| |[[Simone Mori (voice actor)|Simone Mori]]
| |
| | 1988–present ||[[Seth Rogen]]<br />[[John C. Reilly]]<br />[[Ice Cube]]<br />[[Omar Sy]]||
| |
| |-
| |
| |[[Simone Crisari]]
| |
| |1989–present
| |
| |[[Jonah Hill]]<br />[[Macaulay Culkin]]||
| |
| |-
| |
| |[[Eleonora De Angelis]]
| |
| |1989–present
| |
| |[[Jennifer Aniston]]<br />[[Cameron Diaz]]<br />[[Angelina Jolie]]||
| |
| |-
| |
| |[[Alessia Amendola]]
| |
| |1990–present
| |
| |[[Lindsay Lohan]]<br />[[Michelle Trachtenberg]]<br />[[Danielle Panabaker]]||
| |
| |-
| |
| |[[Nanni Baldini]]
| |
| |1990–present
| |
| |[[Kevin Hart]]<br />[[Chris Rock]]<br />[[Topher Grace]]<br />[[Adam Goldberg]]||
| |
| |-
| |
| |[[Domitilla D'Amico]]
| |
| |1990–present
| |
| |[[Kirsten Dunst]]<br />[[Scarlett Johansson]]<br />[[Anne Hathaway]]<br />[[Margot Robbie]]<br />[[Eva Green]]<br />[[Mila Kunis]]<br />[[Abbie Cornish]]||She is the official Italian voice actress of Kirsten Dunst and Scarlett Johansson.
| |
| |-
| |
| |[[Myriam Catania]]
| |
| |1985–present
| |
| |[[Keira Knightley]]<br />[[Amanda Seyfried]]<br />[[Jessica Alba]]||
| |
| |-
| |
| |[[Flavio Aquilone]]
| |
| |1994–present
| |
| |[[Zac Efron]]<br />[[Tom Felton]]<br />[[Dane DeHaan]]<br />[[Anton Yelchin]]<br />[[Devon Bostick]]<br />[[Liam Hemsworth]]||
| |
| |-
| |
| |[[Perla Liberatori]]
| |
| |1994–present ||[[Hilary Duff]]<br />[[Scarlett Johansson]]||She dubbed most of the roles of Hilary Duff; among the others, she also dubbed many interpretations of Scarlett Johansson.
| |
| |-
| |
| |[[Adriano Giannini]]
| |
| |2001–present
| |
| |[[Heath Ledger]]<br />[[Tom Hardy]]<br />[[Christian Bale]]<br />[[Joaquin Phoenix]]
| |
| |
| |
| |-
| |
| |[[Manuel Meli]]
| |
| |2003–present
| |
| |[[Josh Hutcherson]]||She dubbed most of the roles of Josh Hutcherson.
| |
| |-
| |
| |[[Joy Saltarelli]]
| |
| |2008–present
| |
| |[[Jennifer Lawrence]]<br />[[Ana de Armas]]||She dubbed many roles of Jennifer Lawrence and Ana de Armas.
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| =====Spain=====
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| In [[Spain]], practically all foreign television programs are shown dubbed in [[Spanish language|European Spanish]], as are most films. Some dubbing actors have achieved popularity for their voices, such as [[Constantino Romero]] (who dubs [[Clint Eastwood]], [[Darth Vader]] and [[Arnold Schwarzenegger]]'s ''[[The Terminator|Terminator]]'', among others) and [[Óscar Muñoz (filmmaking)|Óscar Muñoz]] (the official European Spanish dub-over voice artist for [[Elijah Wood]] and [[Hayden Christensen]]). Currently, with the spread of [[digital terrestrial television]], viewers can choose between the original and the dubbed soundtracks for most movies and television.
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| In some communities such as [[Catalonia]], [[Galicia (Spain)|Galicia]] and [[Basque Country (autonomous community)|Basque Country]], some foreign programs are also dubbed into their own languages, different from European Spanish. Films from the Spanish-speaking America shown in these communities are shown in their original language, while strong regional accents (from the Spanish-speaking America or from Spain) may be dubbed in news and documentaries.
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| =====Germany, Austria and Switzerland=====
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| The [[German language|Germanophone]] dubbing market is the largest in Europe. Germany has the most foreign-movie-dubbing studios per capita and per given area in the world and according to the German newspaper [[Die Welt]] 52% of all voice actors currently work in the German dubbing industry. In Germany and Austria, practically all films, shows, television series and foreign [[soap opera]]s are shown in dubbed versions created for the German market. Dubbing films is a traditional and common practice in German-speaking Europe, since subtitles are not accepted and used as much as in other European countries. According to a European study, Austria is the country with the highest rejection rate (more than 70 percent) of subtitles, followed by Italy, Spain and Germany.{{citation needed|date=December 2012}}
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| In German-speaking markets, [[PC game|computer]] and video games feature German text menus and are dubbed into the German language if speaking parts exist.
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| Unlike in Austria and Germany, cinemas in German-speaking Switzerland historically strongly preferred subtitled versions of foreign-language films. Swiss film distributors commissioned dual-language prints with both German and French subtitles as the primary version, with the dubbed version also shown. In recent years, however, there has been a shift towards dubbed versions, which now account for the majority of showings.<ref>[http://www.tagesanzeiger.ch/kultur/kino/Das-Ende-der-Originalfassungen-/story/16348311?dossier_id=1730 ''Das Ende der Originalfassungen'' ("The End of Original Versions").] ''[[Tages-Anzeiger]]'', 19 November 2012.</ref> Television broadcasts of foreign films and programming have historically been dubbed.
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| Swiss and Austrian television stations have increasingly been broadcasting foreign-language movies and TV programs with [[Sound multiplex in broadcasting|multiple soundtracks]], allowing the viewer to choose between the original language (e.g. English) and the channel's local language (German, French, or Italian, according to the location).
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| Although German-speaking [[voice actor]]s play only a secondary role, they are still notable for providing familiar voices to well-known actors. Famous foreign actors are known and recognized for their [[German language|German]] voice, and the German audience is used to them, so dubbing is also a matter of authenticity. However, in larger cities, there are theaters where movies can be seen in their original versions, as [[English language|English]] has become somewhat more popular among young educated viewers. On German [[mainstream]] television, films are never broadcast with subtitles, but pay-per-view programming is often available in the original language. Subtitled niche and [[art film]]s are sometimes aired on smaller networks.
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| German-dubbed versions sometimes diverge greatly from the original, especially in adding humorous elements absent from the original. In extreme cases, such as ''[[The Persuaders!]]'', the German-dubbed version was more successful than the English original. Often, translation adds sexually explicit gags the U.S. versions might not be allowed to use. For example, in ''[[Bewitched (2005 film)|Bewitched]]'', the translators changed ''"The [[Door hanger|Do Not Disturb sign]] will hang on the door tonight"'' to ''"The only hanging thing tonight will be the Do Not Disturb sign"''.
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| Some movies dubbed in Austria diverge from the German Standard version in addressing other people but only when the movies are dubbed into certain Austrian dialect versions. (Mr. and Mrs. are translated into Herr and Frau which is usually not translated in order to be in lip-sync).
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| Sometimes even English pronounced first names are translated and are pronounced into the correct German equivalent (English name "Bert" became Southern German pronounced name "Bertl" which is an abbreviation for any name either beginning or even ending with "bert", e.g. "Berthold" or "Albert".)
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| Some movies dubbed before [[German reunification|reunification]] exist in different versions for the [[East Germany|east]] and the [[West Germany|west]]. They use different translations, and often differ in the style of dubbing.
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| Some of the well-known German dubbing voice artists are listed below.
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| {| class="wikitable collapsible collapsed"
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| ! German dubbing artists !! Actor(s)/Actress(es) !! Notes
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| | [[Timmo Niesner]] || [[Elijah Wood]]<br />[[Tom Welling]]<br />[[Peter Sarsgaard]]<br />[[Topher Grace]] || The Official German voice artist for Elijah Wood since 1999.
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| | [[Marie Bierstedt]] || [[Kirsten Dunst]]<br />[[Anna Faris]]<br />[[Kate Beckinsale]] ||
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| | [[Tim Schwarzmaier]] || [[Daniel Radcliffe]] || Dubbed him as [[Harry Potter (character)|Harry Potter]] of the first two installments of the [[Harry Potter (film series)|titular film series]].
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| | [[Nico Sablik]] || [[Daniel Radcliffe]] || Dubbed him as [[Harry Potter (character)|Harry Potter]] for the rest of the [[Harry Potter (film series)|titular film series]], starting with the third film.
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| | [[Max Felder]] || [[Rupert Grint]]<br />[[Taylor Lautner]] ||
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| | [[Gabrielle Pietermann]] || [[Emma Watson]]<br />[[Selena Gomez]]<br />[[Meaghan Jette Martin]]<br />[[Anna Kendrick]] ||
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| | [[Dietmar Wunder]] || [[Adam Sandler]]<br />[[Cuba Gooding Jr.]]<br />[[Daniel Craig]] ||
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| | [[Udo Schenk]] || [[Gary Oldman]] ||
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| | [[Veronika Neugebauer]] || [[Neve Campbell]] ||
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| | [[Hartmut Neugebauer]] || [[Gene Hackman]]<br />[[John Goodman]]<br />[[Robbie Coltrane]] ||
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| | [[Thomas Petruo]] || [[Gary Oldman]] ||
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| | [[Thomas Danneberg]] || [[Arnold Schwarzenegger]]<br />[[Sylvester Stallone]]<br />[[Nick Nolte]] ||
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| | [[Ulrich Matthes]] || [[Kenneth Branagh]] || Dubbed him as [[Henry V of England]] in the 1989 film ''[[Henry V (1989 film)|Henry V]]''.
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| | [[Andreas von der Meden]] || [[David Hasselhoff]] || Dubbed him in a majority of his work, including ''[[Baywatch]]'' and ''[[The SpongeBob SquarePants Movie]]''.
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| |}
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| =====Russia=====
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| [[Russia]]n television is generally dubbed, but some cases use the voice-over dub technique with only a couple of voice actors, with the original speech still audible underneath. In the [[Soviet Union]], most foreign movies to be officially released were dubbed. Voice-over dub was invented in the [[Soviet Union]] in the 1980s when with the fall of the regime, many popular foreign movies, previously forbidden, or at least questionable under communist rule, started to flood in, in the form of low-quality home-copied videos. Being unofficial releases, they were dubbed in a very primitive way. For example, the translator spoke the text directly over the audio of a video being copied, using primitive equipment.
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| The quality of the resulting dub was very low, the translated phrases were off-sync, interfering with the original voices, background sounds leaked into the track, translation was inaccurate and, most importantly, all dub voices were made by a single person who usually lacked the intonation of the original, making comprehension of some scenes quite difficult. This method of translation exerted a strong influence on Russian pop culture. Voices of translators became recognizable for generations.
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| In modern Russia, the overdubbing technique is still used in many cases, although with vastly improved quality, and now with multiple voice actors dubbing different original voices. Video games are generally either dubbed into Russian (such as the ''Legend of Spyro'' trilogy, the ''Skylanders'' series, the ''Assassin's Creed'' saga, the ''Halo'' series, the ''Harry Potter'' series, etc.) or released with original-speaking tracks but with all the texts translated into Russian language. The technique of non-voiceover dubbing, without the original speech still audible underneath, has also gained traction in Russia in the 21st century.
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| Releases of films in cinemas are almost always dubbed in the Russian language. Television series are typically shown as a dubbed or voiceovered translation. Subtitles are not used at all.
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| =====Slovakia=====
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| In [[Slovakia]], home media market, Czech dubbed versions are widely used, with only children's films and some few exceptions (for example [[Independence Day (1996 film)|Independence Day]]) that have been dubbed for cinema being released with Slovak dubbing. Czech dubbing was also extensively used in the broadcast of Slovak television channels, but since 2008 Slovak language laws require any newer shows (understood as the first television broadcast in Slovakia) to be provided with Slovak localization (dubbing or subtitles); since then, television broadcasts of films, TV series and cartoons have been dubbed into Slovak.
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| Theatrical releases are generally subtitled, except for films with a young target audience.
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| =====Hungary=====
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| <!-- Please do not change this section to Romanian because the sources in this section are directly related to Hungary.-->
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| In [[Hungary]], dubbing is almost universally common. Almost every foreign movie or TV show released in Hungary is dubbed into Hungarian.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://matadornetwork.com/abroad/9-culture-shocks-americans-will-hungary/|title=9 culture shocks Americans will have in Hungary|website=Matador Network}}</ref> The history of dubbing dates back to the 1950s, when the country was still under communist rule.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.masterfilm.hu/services|title=Masterfilm :: Services|website=www.masterfilm.hu}}</ref> One of the most iconic Hungarian dubs was of the American cartoon ''[[The Flintstones]]'', with a local translation by [[József Romhányi]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.sherlockian-sherlock.com/the-dubbed-versions-of-sherlock-holmes.php|title=Dubbed versions Sherlock Holmes, dubbing, hungarian voices|website=www.sherlockian-sherlock.com}}</ref> The Internetes Szinkron Adatbázis (ISzDB) is the largest Hungarian database for film dubs, with information for many live action and animated films.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.iszdb.hu/|title=ISzDb - Internetes Szinkron Adatbázis|website=www.iszdb.hu}}</ref> On page 59 of the Eurobarometer, 84% of Hungarians said that they prefer dubbing over subtitles.<ref name="eurobarometer" />
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| In the [[Socialism|socialist]] era, every film was dubbed with professional and mostly popular actors. Care was taken to make sure the same voice actor would lend his voice to the same original actor. In the early 1990s, as cinemas tried to keep up with showing newly released films, subtitling became dominant in the cinema. This, in turn, forced TV channels to make their own cheap versions of dubbed soundtracks for the movies they presented, resulting in a constant degrading of dubbing quality. Once this became customary, cinema distributors resumed the habit of dubbing for popular productions, presenting them in a below-average quality. However, every feature is presented with the original soundtrack in at least one cinema in large towns and cities.
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| However, in Hungary, most documentary films and series (for example, those on [[Discovery Channel]], [[National Geographic Channel]]) are made with [[Voice-over|voiceovers]]. Some old movies and series, or ones that provide non-translatable jokes and conversations (for example, the ''[[Mr. Bean]]'' television series), are shown only with subtitles.
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| There is a more recent problem arising from dubbing included on DVD releases. Many generations have grown up with an original (and, by current technological standards, outdated) soundtrack, which is either technologically (mono or bad quality stereo sound) or legally (expired soundtrack license) unsuitable for a DVD release. Many original features are released on DVD with a new soundtrack, which in some cases proves to be extremely unpopular, thus forcing DVD producers to include the original soundtrack. In some rare cases, the Hungarian soundtrack is left out altogether. This happens notably with Warner Home Video Hungary, which ignored the existence of Hungarian soundtracks completely, as they did not want to pay the licenses for the soundtracks to be included on their new DVD releases, which appear with improved picture quality, but very poor subtitling.
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| =====Poland=====
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| {{essay|section|date=October 2016}}
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| {{unreferenced section|date=October 2016}}
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| In [[Poland]], cinema releases for general audiences are almost exclusively subtitled, with the exception of children's movies, and television screenings of movies, as well as made-for-TV shows. These are usually shown with voice-over, where a voice talent reads a translation over the original soundtrack. This method, called "juxtareading," is similar to the so-called [[Gavrilov translation]] in Russia, with one difference—all dialogues are voiced by one off-screen reader ({{lang-pl|lektor}}), preferably with a deep and neutral voice which does not interfere with the pitch of voice of the original speakers in the background. To some extent, it resembles live translation. Certain highly qualified voice talents are traditionally assigned to particular kinds of production, such as action or drama. Standard dubbing is not widely popular with most audiences, with the exception of cartoons and children's shows, which are dubbed also for TV releases.
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| It is claimed that, until around 1951, there were no revoiced foreign movies available in Poland. Instead, they were exclusively subtitled in Polish.<ref name="auto1"/>
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| Poland's dubbing traditions began between the two world wars. In 1931, among the first movies dubbed into Polish were ''[[Dangerous Curves (1929 film)|Dangerous Curves]]'' (1929), ''[[The Dance of Life]]'' (1929), ''[[Paramount on Parade]]'' (1930), and ''[[Darling of the Gods]]'' (1930). In 1949, the first dubbing studio opened in [[Łódź]]. The first film dubbed that year was ''Russkiy Vopros'' (filmed 1948).
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| Polish dubbing in the first post-war years suffered from poor synchronization. Polish dialogues were not always audible and the cinema equipment of that time often made films sound less clear than they were. In the 1950s, Polish publicists discussed the quality of Polish versions of foreign movies.
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| The number of dubbed movies and the quality improved. Polish dubbing had a golden age between the 1960s and the 1980s. Approximately a third of foreign movies screened in cinemas were dubbed. The "Polish dubbing school" was known for its high quality. In that time, Poland had some of the best dubbing in the world. The person who initiated high-quality dubbing versions was director Zofia Dybowska-Aleksandrowicz. In that time, dubbing in Poland was very popular. Polish television dubbed popular films and TV series such as ''[[Rich Man, Poor Man (miniseries)|Rich Man, Poor Man]]''; ''[[Fawlty Towers]]'', ''[[Forsyte Saga]]'', ''[[Elizabeth R]]'', ''[[I, Claudius]]'', ''[[I'll Take Manhattan (miniseries)|I'll Take Manhattan]]'', and ''[[Peter the Great (TV series)|Peter the Great]]''.
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| In the 1980s, due to budget cuts, state-run TV saved on tapes by voicing films over live during transmission.
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| Overall, during 1948–1998, almost 1,000 films were dubbed in Polish. In the 1990s, dubbing films and TV series continued, although often also for one emission only.
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| In 1995, [[Canal+]] was launched in Poland. In its first years, it dubbed 30% of its schedule dubbing popular films and TV series, one of the best-known and popular dubbings was that of ''[[Friends (TV series)|Friends]]'', but this proved unsuccessful.<ref name="WSJ-Patrick"/> It stopped dubbing films in 1999, although many people supported the idea of dubbing and bought the access only for dubbing versions of foreign productions. In the 1990s, dubbing was done by the television channel known as [[Wizja Jeden]]. They mainly dubbed [[BBC]] productions such as ''[[The League of Gentlemen]]'', ''[[Absolutely Fabulous]]'' and ''[[Men Behaving Badly]]''. Wizja Jeden was closed in 2001. In the same year, TVP stopped dubbing the TV series ''[[Frasier]]'', although that dubbing was very popular.
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| Currently, dubbing of films and TV series for teenagers is made by Nickelodeon and Disney Channel. One of the major breakthroughs in dubbing was the Polish release of ''Shrek'', which contained many references to local culture and Polish humor. Since then, people seem to have grown to like dubbed versions more, and pay more attention to the dubbing actors.{{Citation needed|date=July 2010}} However, this seems to be the case only with animated films, as live-action dubbing is still considered a bad practice. In the case of [[DVD|DVD releases]], most discs contain both the original soundtrack and subtitles, and either voice over or dubbed Polish track. The dubbed version is, in most cases, the one from the theater release, while voice-over is provided for movies that were only subtitled in theaters.
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| Since theatrical release of ''The Avengers'' in May 2012, Walt Disney Company Polska dubs all films for cinema releases. Also in 2012, [[United International Pictures]] Polska dubbed ''[[The Amazing Spider-Man (2012 film)|The Amazing Spider-Man]]'', while Forum Film Polska – former distributor of Disney's films – decided to dub ''[[The Hobbit: An Unexpected Journey]]'', along with its [[The Hobbit: The Desolation of Smaug|two]] [[The Hobbit: The Battle of the Five Armies|sequels]]. However, when a dub is produced but the film's target audience is not exclusively children, both dubbed and subtitled versions are usually available in movie theaters. The dubbed versions are more commonly shown in morning and early afternoon hours, with the subtitled version dominating in the evening. Both can be available in parallel at similar hours in multiplexes.
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| =====Ukraine=====
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| {{Main|Film dubbing in Ukrainian}}
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| In [[Ukraine]], since 2006 cinema releases are almost always dubbed into Ukrainian with the overdubbing technique and multiple voice actors dubbing different original voices with a small percent of art-house/documentaries shown in the original language with Ukrainian subtitles. For television, TV channels usually release movies and TV-shows with a Ukrainian voiceover, although certain high-profile films and TV shows are dubbed rather than voice-overe'ed.
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| In the past Russian-language films, TV series, cartoons, animated series and TV programs were usually not dubbed but were shown with the original audio with Ukrainian subtitles. However, this practice has been slowly abandoned since the late 2010s: all children's films and cartoons regardless of the original language (including Russian) are always dubbed into Ukrainian; example of the first Russian cartoons dubbed into Ukrainian for the cinematic-release is [[The Snow Queen 2]] (2015), [[A Warrior's Tail]] (2015), Volki i Ovtsy: Be-e-e-zumnoe prevrashenie (2016), Ivan Tsarevich i Seryy Volk 3 (2016), Bremenskie razboyniki (2016), [[The Snow Queen 3: Fire and Ice|The Snow Queen 3: Fire and Ice (2017)]], [[Fantastic Journey to OZ]] (2017), Fixies: Top Secret (2017) etc.; the same trend is seen among Russian language feature films for adults, with the first such films dubbed into Ukrainian including [[Battle for Sevastopol|Battle for Sevastopol (2015)]], [[Hardcore Henry|Hardcore Henry (2016)]], [[The Duelist (2016 film)|The Duelist (2016)]].
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| =====Latvia and Lithuania=====
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| In [[Latvia]] and [[Lithuania]], only children's movies get dubbed in the cinema, while many live-action movies for an older audience use voice-over. In recent years however, many cartoons have been dubbed into Latvian and Lithuanian for TV. But some other kids shows, like ''[[SpongeBob SquarePants]]'', use the voice-over.
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| ===North America===
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| ====United States and English-speaking Canada====
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| In the United States and English-speaking Canada, [[live-action]] foreign films are usually shown in theaters with their original languages and English subtitles. It is because live-action dubbed movies rarely did well in United States box office since the 1980s. The 1982 United States theatrical release of Wolfgang Petersen's ''[[Das Boot]]'' was the last major release to go out in both original and English-dubbed versions, and the film's original version actually grossed much higher than the English-dubbed version.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiewire.com/1999/08/editorial-life-isnt-beautiful-anymore-its-dubbed-82123/|title=EDITORIAL: Life Isn't Beautiful Anymore, it's Dubbed|last=Indiewire|date=23 August 1999|access-date=1 November 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1996/02/19/business/will-dubbing-fly-in-the-us-read-my-lips.html?gwh=5B7FDE5A22B394D810DA99A95EFCDECB&gwt=pay|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180805152511/https://www.nytimes.com/1996/02/19/business/will-dubbing-fly-in-the-us-read-my-lips.html?gwh=5B7FDE5A22B394D810DA99A95EFCDECB&gwt=pay|url-status=dead|archive-date=5 August 2018|title=Will Dubbing Fly in the U.S.? Read My Lips - The New York Times|date=5 August 2018|access-date=1 November 2018}}</ref> Later on, English-dubbed versions of international hits like ''[[Un indien dans la ville]]'', ''[[Godzilla 2000]]'', ''[[Anatomy (film)|Anatomy]]'', ''[[Pinocchio (2002 film)|Pinocchio]], [[The Return of Godzilla]]'' and ''[[High Tension]]'' flopped at United States box offices.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/lifestyle/1996/04/02/little-indian-big-mistake/be40c0e7-fbb7-42ba-aa35-8481c485f29a/?noredirect=on|title=Little Indian': Big Mistake |last=Waxman|first=Sharon|work=The Washington Post|date=2 April 1996|access-date=1 November 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.boxofficeguru.com/082100.htm|title=Weekend Box Office|first=Gitesh|last=Pandya|website=www.boxofficeguru.com|access-date=1 November 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://articles.latimes.com/2003/feb/07/entertainment/et-horn7|title='Pinocchio' will try again, in Italian|first=John|last=Horn|date=7 February 2003|access-date=1 November 2018|via=Los Angeles Times}}</ref><ref name="auto">{{cite web|url=https://www.indiewire.com/2009/10/girl-with-dragon-tattoo-gets-u-s-release-239436/|title=Girl with Dragon Tattoo Gets U.S. Release|first=Anne|last=Thompson|date=11 October 2009|access-date=1 November 2018}}</ref> When [[Miramax]] planned to release the English-dubbed versions of ''[[Shaolin Soccer]]'' and ''[[Hero (2002 film)|Hero]]'' in the United States cinemas, their English-dubbed versions scored badly in test screenings in the United States, so Miramax finally released the films in United States cinemas with their original language.<ref name="auto"/><ref>{{cite book|last=Xu|first=Gary G.|title=Sinascape: Contemporary Chinese Cinema|publisher=[[Rowman & Littlefield]]|year=2007|page=44|isbn=978-0742554504}}</ref>
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| Still, English-dubbed movies have much better commercial potential in [[ancillary market]]; therefore, more distributors would release live-action foreign films in theaters with their original languages (with English subtitles), then release both original versions and English-dubbed versions in [[ancillary market]].<ref name="ReferenceA">Ault, Susanne. "Magnolia speaks English, more", ''Video Business'', 28 May 2007</ref>
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| On the other hand, [[anime]] is almost always released in English-dubbed format, regardless of its content or target age group. The exceptions to this practice are either when an English dub has not been produced for the program (usually in the case of feature films) or when the program is being presented by a network that places importance on presenting it in its original format (as was the case when [[Turner Classic Movies]] aired several of [[Hayao Miyazaki]]'s works, which were presented both dubbed and subtitled). Most [[anime]] DVDs contain options for original Japanese, Japanese with subtitles, and English-dubbed, except for a handful of series that have been heavily edited or [[Americanized]]. In addition, Disney has a policy that makes its directors undergo stages to perfect alignment of certain lip movements so the movie looks believable.
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| In addition, a small number of British films have been re-dubbed when released in the United States, due to the usage of dialects which Americans are not familiar with (for example, ''[[Kes (film)|Kes]]'' and ''[[Trainspotting (film)|Trainspotting]]''). However, British children's shows (such as ''[[Thomas and Friends]]'' and ''[[Bob the Builder]]'') have historically always been re-dubbed with American voice actors in order to make the series more understandable for American children. This slowly fell out of practice since the late 2000s. With the rising popularity of British children's shows such as ''[[Peppa Pig]]'', which airs undubbed on [[Nick Jr.]], fewer and fewer British children's shows have been broadcast with American re-dubs. The most recent of such re-dubs is season 9 of ''[[Fireman Sam]]'', whose dub is currently an Amazon Prime exclusive - on linear TV, the show airs undubbed. Conversely, British programs shown in Canada are not re-dubbed.
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| Some live-action television shows shown in the US have Spanish dubs. These are accessible though the SAP (secondary audio program) function of the television unit.
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| ====French-speaking Canada====
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| In [[Quebec]], Canada, most films and TV programs in English are dubbed into [[Standard French]], occasionally with [[Quebec French]] idiosyncrasies. They speak with a mixed accent, they pronounce /ɛ̃/ with a Parisian accent, but they pronounce "â" and "ê" with a Quebec accent: ''grâce'' [ɡʁɑːs] and ''être'' [ɛːtʁ̥]. Occasionally, the dubbing of a series or a movie, such as ''The Simpsons'', is made using the more widely spoken ''[[joual]]'' variety of Quebec French. Dubbing has the advantage of making children's films and TV series more comprehensible to younger audiences. However, many [[bilingual]] Québécois prefer subtitling, since they would understand some or all of the original audio. In addition, all films are shown in English, as well in certain theaters (especially in major cities and English-speaking areas such as the [[West Island]]), and some theatres, such as the Scotiabank Cinema [[Montreal]], show only movies in English. Most American television series are only available in English on [[DVD]], or on English-language channels, but some of the more popular ones have French dubs shown on mainstream networks, and are released in French on DVD as well, sometimes separately from an English-only version.
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| Formerly, all French-language dubbed films in Quebec were imported from France and some still are. Such a practice was criticized by former politician [[Mario Dumont]] after he took his children to see the [[Standard French|Parisian French]] dub of ''Shrek the Third'', which Dumont found incomprehensible.<ref>[https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/national/quebec-pressing-hollywood-to-justify-lack-of-movie-dubbing/article1352554/ Quebec pressing Hollywood to justify lack of movie dubbing], The Canadian Press, ''[[The Globe and Mail]]'', 26 May 2008</ref> After his complaints and a proposed bill, ''[[Bee Movie]]'', the film from [[DreamWorks Animation]], was dubbed in Quebec, making it the studio's first animated film to have a Quebec French dub, as all DreamWorks Animation films had previously been dubbed in France.<ref>{{cite web |title=Drôle d'abeille (v.o.a) Bee Movie |url=http://doublage.qc.ca/showMovie.php?id=1981 |work=Doublage.qc.ca |publisher=idgrafix |access-date=30 July 2012 |author=Doublage.qc.ca |language=fr}}</ref> In terms of Disney, the first Disney animated film to be dubbed in Quebec was ''Oliver and Company.'' The Disney Renaissance films were also dubbed in Quebec except for ''The Rescuers Down Under'', ''Beauty and the Beast'', and ''The Lion King''.
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| In addition, because Canadian viewers usually find Quebec French more comprehensible than other dialects of the language, some older film series that had the French-language versions of previous installments dubbed in France have had later ones dubbed in Quebec, often creating inconsistencies within the French version of the series' canon. [[Lucasfilm]]'s ''[[Star Wars]]'' and ''[[Indiana Jones (franchise)|Indiana Jones]]'' series are examples. Both series had films released in the 1970s and 1980s, with no Québécois French dubbed versions; instead, the Parisian French versions, with altered character and object names and terms, were distributed in the province. However, later films in both series released 1999 and later were dubbed in Quebec, using different voice actors and "reversing" name changes made in France's dubbings due to the change in studio.
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| ===Latin America===
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| ====Spanish-speaking countries====
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| For Spanish-speaking countries, all foreign-language programs, films, cartoons and documentaries shown on free-to-air TV networks are dubbed into [[Standard Spanish]], while broadcasts on [[Cable television|cable]] and [[Satellite television|satellite]] pan-regional channels are either dubbed or subtitled. In theaters, children's movies and most blockbuster films are dubbed into Standard Spanish also known as [[Mexican Spanish]], and are sometimes further dubbed into regional dialects of Spanish where they are released.
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| ====Mexico====
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| In [[Mexico]], by law, films shown in theaters must be shown in their original version. Films in languages other than Spanish are usually subtitled. Only educational documentaries and movies rated for children, as well as some movies that are expected to have a wide audience (for example, ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King]]'' or ''[[Marvel's The Avengers|The Avengers]]'') may be dubbed, but this is not compulsory, and some animated films are shown in theaters in both dubbed and subtitled versions (for instance, some [[DreamWorks Animation|DreamWorks]] productions). Nonetheless, a recent trend in several cinemas is to offer the dubbed versions only, with a stark decrease in the showing of the original ones.
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| Dubbing must be made in Mexico by Mexican nationals or foreigners residing in Mexico.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.diputados.gob.mx/LeyesBiblio/pdf/103.pdf |title=Ley Federal de Cinematografía |language=es |trans-title=Federal Law of Filmmaking |publisher=Cámara de Diputados |date=28 April 2010 |access-date=22 January 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722125937/http://www.diputados.gob.mx/LeyesBiblio/pdf/103.pdf |archive-date=22 July 2011 }}</ref> Still, several programs that are shown on pay TV are dubbed in other countries like [[Argentina]], [[Chile]], [[Colombia]] and [[Venezuela]].
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| Most movies released on DVD feature [[Standard Spanish|neutral Spanish]] as a language option, and sometimes feature a specific dub for Mexican audiences (for example, ''Rio''). Foreign programs are dubbed on [[broadcast television systems|broadcast TV]], while on [[pay TV]] most shows and movies are subtitled. In a similar way to cinemas, in the last few years many channels on pay TV have begun to broadcast programs and films only in their dubbed version.
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| Dubbing became very popular in the 1990s with the rise in popularity of anime in Mexico. Some voice actors have become celebrities and are always identified with specific characters, such as [[Mario Castañeda]] (who became popular by dubbing [[Goku]] in ''[[Dragon Ball Z]]'') or [[Humberto Vélez]] (who dubbed [[Homer Simpson]] in the first 15 seasons of ''[[The Simpsons]]'').
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| The popularity of pay TV has allowed people to view several series in their original language rather than dubbed. Dubbing has been criticized for the use of TV or movie stars as voice actors (such as [[Ricky Martin]] in Disney's ''[[Hercules (1997 film)|Hercules]]'', or [[Eugenio Derbez]] in DreamWorks' ''Shrek''), or for the incorrect use of local popular culture that sometimes creates unintentional jokes or breaks the feeling of the original work (such as translating [[Sheldon Cooper]]'s "Bazinga!" to "¡Vacilón!").
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| Several video games have been dubbed into neutral Spanish, rather than European Spanish, in Mexico (such as the ''Gears of War'' series, ''Halo 3'', ''Infamous 2'' and others). [[Sony]] recently announced that more games (such as ''God of War: Ascension'') will be dubbed into neutral Spanish.
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| ====Peru====
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| In [[Peru]], all foreign series, movies, and animated programming are shown dubbed in Latin American Spanish, with dubs imported from Argentina, Mexico, Chile, Colombia and Venezuela on terrestrial and pay-television. Most movies intended for kids are being offered as dub-only movies, while most films aimed at older audiences are being offered dubbed and subtitled in Spanish. Also, at most theaters, kids films (on rare occasions) subtitled are commonly shown at nighttime. Most subtitled Pay-TV channels show both dubbed and subtitled version of every film they broadcast, being offered with a separate subtitle track and a second audio track in English. There is an increase of people preferring subtitle films and series rather than dubbed starting the late-2000s, as Peruvians viewers tend to get used to their original version.
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| Peru used to do not produce their own dubs since dubbing studios never existed in that country until 2016, when the company "Big Bang Films" started to dub movies and series, however, since 2014 a group of dubbing actors created a group called "Torre A Doblaje", who is a group of actors who gives dubbing and locution service.
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| ====Brazil====
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| In [[Brazil]], foreign programs are invariably dubbed into [[Brazilian Portuguese]] on [[free-to-air|free-to-air TV]], with only a few exceptions. Films shown at cinemas are generally offered with both subtitled and dubbed versions, with dubbing frequently being the only choice for children's movies. Subtitling was primarily for adult audience movies until 2012. Since then, dubbed versions also became available for all ages. As a result, in recent years, more cinemas have opened in Brazil, attracting new audiences to the cinema who prefer dubbing. According to a [[Datafolha]] survey, 56% of Brazilian movie theaters' audience prefer to watch dubbed movies.<ref>http://revistaepoca.globo.com/cultura/noticia/2012/06/dublagem-venceu-legendas.html</ref> Most of the dubbing studios in Brazil are in the cities of [[Rio de Janeiro]] and [[São Paulo]].<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20140319091221/http://ne10.uol.com.br/canal/cultura/noticia/2012/05/27/cresce-preferencia-por-filmes-dublados-nos-cinemas-brasileiros-344927.php Cresce preferência por filmes dublados nos cinemas brasileiros (in Portuguese)] Ne10, 27 May 2012. Retrieved 17 August 2012.</ref>
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| The first film to be dubbed in Brazil was the [[Disney]] animation ''"[[Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs (1937 film)|Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs]]"'' in 1938. By the end of the 1950s, most of the movies, TV series and cartoons on television in Brazil were shown in its original sound and subtitles. However, in 1961, a decree of President [[Jânio Quadros]] ruled that all foreign productions on television should be dubbed. This measure boosted the growth of dubbing in Brazil, and has led to several dubbing studios since then.<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://mundoestranho.abril.com.br/cinema-e-tv/quando-surgiu-a-dublagem-no-brasil-e-no-mundo/ | title=Quando surgiu a dublagem no Brasil e no mundo?}}</ref> The biggest dubbing studio in Brazil was [[Herbert Richers]], headquartered in [[Rio de Janeiro (city)|Rio de Janeiro]] and closed in 2009, At its peak in the 80s and 90s, the Herbert Richers studios dubbed about 70% of the productions shown in Brazilian cinemas.<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://super.abril.com.br/mundo-estranho/quem-e-herbert-richers/ |title = Quem é Herbert Richers?}}</ref>
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| In the 90s, with Saint Seiya, Dragon Ball and other anime shows becoming popular in Brazilian TVs, the voice actors and the dubbing career gained a higher space in Brazilian culture. Actors like [[Hermes Baroli]] (Brazilian dubber of [[Pegasus Seiya]], in ''[[Saint Seiya]]'' and actors like [[Ashton Kutcher]]), [[Marco Ribeiro]] (Brazilian dubber of many actors like [[Tom Hanks]], [[Jim Carrey]] and [[Robert Downey Jr.]], and [[Yusuke Urameshi]] from the anime ''[[Yu Yu Hakusho]]'') and [[Wendel Bezerra]] (Brazilian dubber of [[Goku]] in ''[[Dragon Ball Z]]'' and [[SpongeBob SquarePants (character)|SpongeBob]] in ''[[SpongeBob SquarePants]]'') are recognized for their most notable roles.
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| Pay TV commonly offers both dubbed and subtitled movies, with statistics showing that dubbed versions are becoming predominant.<ref>[http://oglobo.globo.com/revista-da-tv/dublagem-em-canais-de-tv-paga-provoca-polemica-3262532 Dublagem em canais de TV paga provoca polêmica (in Portuguese)] O Globo, 20 November 2011. Retrieved 17 August 2012.</ref> Most [[DVD]] and [[Blu-ray]] releases usually feature Portuguese, Spanish, and the original audio along with subtitles in native languages. Most video games are dubbed in Brazilian Portuguese rather than having European Portuguese dubs alone. Games such as ''[[Halo 3]]'', ''[[God of War: Ascension]]'', ''[[inFamous 2]]'', ''[[Assassin's Creed III]]'', ''[[Skylanders: Spyro's Adventure]]'', ''[[World of Warcraft]]'' and others are dubbed in Brazilian Portuguese. This is because despite the dropping of the dubbing law in Portugal in 1994, most companies in that country use the Brazilian Portuguese because of traditional usage during the days of the dubbing rule, along with these dubbings being more marketable than European Portuguese.
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| A list that showcases Brazilian Portuguese voice artists that dub for actors and actresses are displayed here. However, there can also be different official dub artists for certain regions within Brazil.
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| {| class="wikitable collapsible collapsed"
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| |-
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| ! Brazilian Portuguese dubbing artists !! Actor(s)/Actress(es) !! Notes
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| | [[:pt:Vagner Fagundes|Vagner Fagundes]] || [[Elijah Wood]] || Official voice artist for Elijah Wood in [[São Paulo (state)|São Paulo]] dubs.
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| | [[:pt:Sérgio Cantú|Sérgio Cantú]] || Elijah Wood<br />[[Jonathan Sadowski]] || Official voice artist for Elijah Wood in [[Rio de Janeiro (state)|Rio de Janeiro]] dubs.
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| | [[:pt:Alexandre Moreno (dublador)|Alexandre Moreno]] || [[Adam Sandler]]<br />[[John Leguizamo]]<br />[[Ben Stiller]]<br />[[Vince Vaughn]]<br />[[Chris Tucker]]<br />[[Don Cheadle]]<br />[[Josh Duhamel]]<br />[[Jason Biggs]]<br />[[Sam Rockwell]] ||
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| | [[:pt:Mauro Ramos|Mauro Ramos]] || [[Gary Oldman]]<br />[[John Goodman]]<br />[[Forest Whitaker]]<br />[[Rip Torn]]
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| | [[:pt:Letícia Quinto|Letícia Quinto]] || [[Anne Hathaway]]<br />[[Kirsten Dunst]]<br />[[Natalie Portman]] ||
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| | [[:pt:Sylvia Salustti|Sylvia Salustti]] || [[Renee O'Connor]]<br />[[Sarah Michelle Gellar]]<br />[[Gwyneth Paltrow]]<br />[[Jessica Alba]]<br />[[Megan Fox]]<br />[[Kirsten Dunst]]<br />[[Mayim Bialik]]<br />[[Amy Adams]] ||
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| | [[:pt:Márcio Seixas|Márcio Seixas]] || [[Sean Connery]]<br />[[Morgan Freeman]]<br />[[Charles Bronson]]<br />[[Bud Spencer]]<br />[[Clint Eastwood]]<br />[[Leslie Nielsen]]<br />[[Roger Moore]]<br />[[Michael Caine]]<br />[[Timothy Dalton]]<br />[[Charlton Heston]]<br />[[Christopher Walken]] ||
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| | [[:pt:Hércules Fernando|Hércules Fernando]] || [[Jet Li]]<br />[[Hugh Jackman]]<br />[[David Graf]] ||
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| |}
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| Apparently, for unknown reasons (probably technical), the Brazilian Portuguese dub credits from some shows or cartoons from channels from Viacom or Turner/Time Warner, are shown on Latin America (on Spanish-dubbed series).
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| ===Asia===
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| {{more citations needed section|date=August 2013}}
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| ====China====
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| China has a long tradition of dubbing foreign films into [[Standard Chinese|Mandarin Chinese]], starting in the 1930s. While during the [[Republic of China (1912–1949)|Republic of China]] era Western motion pictures may have been imported and dubbed into Chinese, since 1950 [[Cinema of the Soviet Union|Soviet movies]], dubbed primarily in Shanghai, became the main import.<ref>{{harvnb|Clark|1987|p=40}}</ref> Beginning in the late 1970s, in addition to films, popular TV series from the United States, Japan, Brazil, and Mexico were also dubbed. The [[Shanghai]] Film Dubbing Studio has been the most well-known studio in the film dubbing industry in China. In order to generate high-quality products, they divide each film into short segments, each one lasting only a few minutes, and then work on the segments one-by-one. In addition to the correct meaning in translation, they make tremendous effort to match the lips of the actors to the dialogue. As a result, the dubbing in these films generally is not readily detected. The cast of dubbers is acknowledged at the end of a dubbed film. Several dubbing actors and actresses of the Shanghai Film Dubbing Studio have become well-known celebrities, such as Qiu Yuefeng, Bi Ke, Li Zi, and Liu Guangning. In recent years, however, especially in the larger cities on the east and south coasts, it has become increasingly common for movie theaters to show subtitled versions with the original soundtracks intact.
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| Motion pictures are also dubbed into the languages of some of China's [[Autonomous administrative divisions of China|autonomous regions]]. Notably, the Translation Department of the [[Tibetan Autonomous Region]] Movie Company (西藏自治区电影公司译制科)<ref name=humes20131122>[http://www.bruce-humes.com/?p=9736 Confucius the Movie: China Flop Dubbed at the State's Expense for Tibetan Movie-goers] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131130085415/http://www.bruce-humes.com/?p=9736 |date=30 November 2013 }}, 22 November 2013</ref> has been dubbing movies into the [[Standard Tibetan|Tibetan language]] since the 1960s. In the early decades, it would dub 25 to 30 movies each year, the number rising to 60-75 by the early 2010s.<ref name=humes20131122/><ref>[http://www.china.org.cn/china/Off_the_Wire/2013-02/24/content_28045511.htm China Focus: Dubbed movies spice up life for Tibetans], Xinhua News Agency, 24 February 2013.</ref>
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| Motion pictures are dubbed for China's [[Mongols in China|Mongol-]] and [[Uyghur language|Uyghur-speaking]] markets as well.<ref>{{citation
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| |first=Paul |last=Clark|publisher=CUP Archive |year=1987|isbn=0521326389
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| |title=Chinese Cinema: Culture and Politics Since 1949|series=Cambridge studies in film
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| |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=jzQ9AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA60|page=60}}</ref>
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| [[Chinese television drama]]s are often dubbed to [[putonghua|Standard Mandarin]] by professional voice actors for a number of reasons.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sixthtone.com/news/1700/q%26a-with-voice-artist-on-why-dubbing-will-never-die|title=Q&A With Voice Artist on Why Dubbing Will Never Die|publisher=Sixth Tone|access-date=23 December 2019}}</ref>
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| ====Taiwan====
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| [[Taiwan]] dubs some foreign films and TV series in Mandarin Chinese. Until the mid-1990s, the major national [[Terrestrial television|terrestrial channels]] both dubbed and subtitled all foreign programs and films and, for some popular programs, the original voices were offered in [[second audio program]]. Gradually, however, both terrestrial and cable channels stopped dubbing for [[prime time]] U.S. shows and films, while subtitling continued.
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| In the 2000s, the dubbing practice has differed depending on the nature and origin of the program. Animations, children's shows and some educational programs on PTS are mostly dubbed. English live-action movies and shows are not dubbed in theaters or on television. Japanese TV dramas are no longer dubbed, while [[Korean language|Korean]] dramas, [[Hong Kong]] dramas and dramas from other Asian countries are still often dubbed. Korean variety shows are not dubbed. Japanese and Korean films on Asian movie channels are still dubbed. In theaters, most foreign films are not dubbed, while animated films and some films meant for children offer a dubbed version. Hong Kong live-action films have a long tradition of being dubbed into Mandarin, while more famous films offer a [[Cantonese]] version.
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| ====Hong Kong====
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| In [[Hong Kong]], foreign television programs, except for English-language and Mandarin television programs, are dubbed in Cantonese. English-language and Mandarin programs are generally shown in their original with subtitles. Foreign films, such as most live-action and animated films (such as anime and Disney), are usually dubbed in Cantonese. However most cinemas also offer subtitled versions of English-language films.
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| For the most part, foreign films and TV programs, both live-action and animated, are generally dubbed in both Mandarin and Cantonese. For example, in ''[[The Lord of the Rings (film series)|The Lord of the Rings]]'' film series, Elijah Wood's character [[Frodo Baggins]] was dubbed into Mandarin by [[Jiang Guangtao]] for China and Taiwan. For the Cantonese localization, there were actually two dubs for Hong Kong and [[Macau]]. The first Cantonese dub, he was voiced by Leung Wai Tak, with a second Cantonese dub released, he was voiced by Bosco Tang.
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| A list for Mandarin and Cantonese voice artists that dub for actors are shown here.
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| {| class="wikitable collapsible collapsed"
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| ! Mandarin Chinese dubbing artists !! Actor(s)/Actress(es) !! Notes
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| | [[Jiang Guangtao]] || [[Elijah Wood]]<br />[[Zac Efron]]<br />[[Shia LaBeouf]] ||
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| | [[Ren Wei (actor)|Ren Wei]] || [[Tom Cruise]] ||
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| |}
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| {| class="wikitable collapsible collapsed"
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| ! Cantonese Chinese dubbing artists !! Actor(s)/Actress(es) !! Notes
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| | [[Liang Weide]] || rowspan="2"|[[Elijah Wood]] || Dubbed for Wood as [[Frodo Baggins]] in the 2005 [[TVB Pearl]] version of [[The Lord of the Rings (film series)|The Lord of the Rings]].
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| | [[Bosco Tang]] || Dubbed for Wood as [[Frodo Baggins]] in the 2010 [[Hollywood Movies Channel|HMC]] version of [[The Lord of the Rings (film series)|The Lord of the Rings]].
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| |}
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| ====Indonesia====
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| Unlike movie theaters in most Asian countries, those in Indonesia show foreign movies with subtitles. Then a few months or years later, those movies appear on TV either dubbed in Indonesian or subtitled. Kids shows are mostly dubbed, though even in cartoon series, songs typically aren't dubbed, but in big movies such as Disney movies, both speaking and singing voice were cast for the new Indonesian dub even though it took maybe a few months or even years for the movie to come out. Adult films was mostly subtitled, but sometimes they can be dubbed as well and because there aren't many Indonesian voices, especially in dubbed movies, three characters can have the exact same voice.
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| Reality shows are never dubbed in Indonesian, because they are not a planned interaction like with movies and TV shows, so if they appear in TV, they will be appear with subtitles.
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| ====Israel====
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| In [[Israel]], only children's movies and TV programming are dubbed in [[Hebrew]]. In programs aimed at teenagers and adults, dubbing is never considered for translation, not only because of its high costs, but also because the audience is mainly multi-lingual. Most viewers in Israel speak at least one European language in addition to Hebrew, and a large part of the audience also speaks [[Arabic language|Arabic]]. Therefore, most viewers prefer to hear the original soundtrack, aided by Hebrew subtitles. Another problem is that dubbing does not allow for translation into two different languages simultaneously, as is often the case of Israeli television channels that use subtitles in Hebrew and another language (like [[Russian language|Russian]]) simultaneously.
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| ====Japan====
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| In Japan, many television programs appear on Japanese television subtitled or dubbed if they are intended for children. When the American film ''[[Morocco (film)|Morocco]]'' was released in Japan in 1931, subtitles became the mainstream method of translating TV programs and films in Japan. Later, around the 1950s, foreign television programs and films began to be shown dubbed in [[Japanese language|Japanese]] on television. The first ones to be dubbed into Japanese were [[Superman (1940s cartoons)|the 1940s Superman cartoons]] in 1955.
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| Due to the lack of video software for domestic television, video software was imported from abroad. When the television program was shown on television, it was mostly dubbed. There was a character limit for a small TV screen at a lower resolution, and this method was not suitable for the poor elderly and illiterate eye, as was audio dubbing. Presently, TV shows and movies (both those aimed at all ages and adults-only) are shown dubbed with the original language and Japanese subtitles, while providing the original language option when the same film is released on [[VHS]], [[DVD]] and [[Blu-ray]]. Laserdisc releases of Hollywood films were almost always subtitled, films alike [[Godzilla: King of the Monsters (2019 film)|Godzilla: King of the Monsters]].
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| Adult cartoons such as ''[[Family Guy]]'', ''[[South Park]]'', and ''[[The Simpsons]]'' are shown dubbed in Japanese on the [[WOWOW]] TV channel. ''[[South Park: Bigger, Longer and Uncut]]'' was dubbed in Japanese by different actors instead of the same Japanese dubbing-actors from the cartoon because it was handled by a different Japanese dubbing studio, and it was marketed for the [[Kansai region|Kansai]] market. In Japanese theaters, foreign-language movies, except those intended for children, are usually shown in their original version with Japanese subtitles. Foreign films usually contain multiple Japanese-dubbing versions, but with several different original Japanese-dubbing voice actors, depending upon which TV station they are aired. [[NHK]], [[Nippon TV]], [[Fuji TV]], [[TV Asahi]], and [[Tokyo Broadcasting System|TBS]] usually follow this practice, as do software releases on [[VHS]], [[Laserdisc]], [[DVD]] and [[Blu-ray Disc|Blu-ray]]. As for recent foreign films being released, there are now some film theaters in Japan that show both dubbed and subtitled editions.
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| On 22 June 2009, [[20th Century Fox]]'s Japanese division has opened up a [[Blu-ray]] lineup known as "Emperor of Dubbing", dedicated at having multiple Japanese dubs of popular English-language films (mostly Hollywood films) as well as retaining the original scripts, releasing them altogether in special Blu-ray releases. These also feature a new dub created exclusively for that release as a director's cut, or a new dub made with a better surround sound mix to match that of the original English mix (as most older Japanese dubbings were made on mono mixes to be aired on TV). Other companies have followed practice, like Universal Pictures's Japanese division [[NBCUniversal Entertainment Japan]] opening up "Reprint of Memories", along with [[:ja:ワーナー エンターテイメント ジャパン|Warner Bros Japan]] having "Power of Dubbing", which act in a similar way by re-packaging all the multiple Japanese dubs of popular films and putting them out as Special Blu-ray releases.
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| "Japanese dub-over artists" provide the voices for certain performers, such as those listed in the following table:
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| {| class="wikitable collapsible collapsed"
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| ! Japanese dubbing artists !! Actor(s)/Actress(es) !! Notes
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| |[[Hiroya Ishimaru]] || [[Jackie Chan]] ||
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| |[[Tesshō Genda]] || [[Arnold Schwarzenegger]] ||
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| |[[Isao Sasaki]] || [[Sylvester Stallone]] ||
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| |[[Masashi Ebara]] || [[Tom Hanks]] ||
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| |[[Kōichi Yamadera]] || [[Jim Carrey]]<br />[[Brad Pitt]]<br />[[Jean-Claude Van Damme]]<br />[[Eddie Murphy]] ||
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| |[[Kenyu Horiuchi]] || [[Brad Pitt]]<br />[[Charlie Sheen]] ||
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| |[[Takeshi Kusao]] || [[Leonardo DiCaprio]] || Dubbed throughout his 1990s films.
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| |[[Daisuke Namikawa]] || [[Elijah Wood]]<br />[[Hayden Christensen]]<br />[[Leonardo DiCaprio]] ||
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| |[[Yūya Uchida (voice actor)|Yūya Uchida]] || [[Leonardo DiCaprio]]<br />[[Ryan Gosling]] ||
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| |[[Rikiya Koyama]] || [[George Clooney]]<br />[[Kiefer Sutherland]] ||
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| |[[Kunio Murai]] || [[Harrison Ford]] ||
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| |[[Tsutomu Isobe]] || [[Harrison Ford]]<br />[[Mel Gibson]]<br />[[Chow Yun-fat]] ||
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| |[[Kazuhiro Yamaji]] || [[Russell Crowe]]<br />[[Hugh Jackman]]<br />[[Jason Statham]]<br />[[Sean Penn]] ||
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| |[[Hiroe Oka]] || [[Kate Winslet]]<br />[[Charlize Theron]]<br />[[Kirsten Dunst]] ||
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| |[[Marika Hayashi]] || [[Kate Winslet]] ||
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| |[[Masane Tsukayama]] || [[Kevin Costner]]<br />[[Liam Neeson]]<br />[[Ed Harris]]<br />[[Robert De Niro]] ||
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| |[[Akio Ōtsuka]] || [[Nicolas Cage]]<br />[[Steven Seagal]]<br />[[Denzel Washington]]<br />[[Dolph Lundgren]] ||
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| |[[Masato Sako]] || [[Gary Oldman]] ||
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| |[[Mayumi Sako]] || [[Rachel McAdams]]<br />[[Scarlett Johansson]] ||
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| |Shinpachi Tsuji || [[Gary Oldman]] ||
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| |[[Hōchū Ōtsuka]] || [[Jean-Claude Van Damme]]<br />[[Jeff Goldblum]]<br />[[Donnie Yen]]<br />[[Gary Oldman]] || Dubbed for Oldman in a few films and later dubs of his earlier films.
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| |[[Jūrōta Kosugi]] || [[Jean-Claude Van Damme]] ||
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| |[[Hiroaki Hirata]] || [[Johnny Depp]] ||
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| |[[Keiji Fujiwara]] || [[Robert Downey Jr.]] ||
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| |[[Toshiyuki Morikawa]] || [[Tom Cruise]]<br />[[Adam Sandler]]<br />[[Keanu Reeves]]<br />[[Ewan McGregor]] ||
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| |[[Masako Ikeda]] || [[Audrey Hepburn]] ||
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| |[[Noriko Ohara]] || [[Jane Fonda]]<br />[[Brigitte Bardot]] ||
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| |-
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| |[[Reiko Mutō]] || [[Elizabeth Taylor]] ||
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| |[[Gorō Naya]] || [[Charlton Heston]] ||
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| |[[Kiyoshi Kobayashi]] || [[James Coburn]] ||
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| |-
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| |[[Yasuo Yamada]] || [[Clint Eastwood]] ||
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| |-
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| |[[Chikao Ōtsuka]] || [[Charles Bronson]]<br />[[Richard Widmark]] ||
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| |-
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| |[[Kenji Utsumi]] || [[Oliver Reed]] ||
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| |[[Genzō Wakayama]] || [[Sean Connery]]<br />[[Raymond Burr]] ||
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| |-
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| |[[Osamu Kobayashi (voice actor)|Osamu Kobayashi]] || [[Yul Brynner]] ||
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| |-
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| |[[Masato Yamanouchi]] || [[Montgomery Clift]]<br />[[Tyrone Power]] ||
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| |-
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| |[[Akiji Kobayashi]] || [[John Wayne]] ||
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| |-
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| |[[Iemasa Kayumi]] || [[Frank Sinatra]]<br />[[Donald Sutherland]] ||
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| |-
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| |[[Michio Hazama]] || [[Roy Scheider]]<br />[[Steve Martin]]<br />[[Dean Martin]]<br />[[Sylvester Stallone]] ||
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| |-
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| |[[Nachi Nozawa]] || [[Alain Delon]]<br />[[Al Pacino]]<br />[[Bruce Willis]]<br />[[Robert Redford]] ||
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| |-
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| |[[Kei Tomiyama]] || [[Rick Moranis]] ||
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| |-
| |
| |[[Tadashi Nakamura (voice actor)|Tadashi Nakamura]] || [[Leslie Nielsen]] ||
| |
| |-
| |
| |[[Hirotaka Suzuoki]] || [[Tom Cruise]] || Dubbed throughout his 1990s films.
| |
| |-
| |
| |Yurika Hino || [[Ingrid Bergman]]<br />[[Winona Ryder]]<br />[[Kate Winslet]]<br />[[Julianne Moore]] ||
| |
| |-
| |
| |[[Kotono Mitsuishi]] || [[Ellen Pompeo]] ||
| |
| |-
| |
| |[[Chie Nakamura]] || [[Kirsten Dunst]] ||
| |
| |-
| |
| |[[Yūko Nagashima]] || [[Sarah Jessica Parker]] ||
| |
| |-
| |
| |[[Atomu Shimojō]] || [[Eddie Murphy]] ||
| |
| |-
| |
| |[[Shūichi Ikeda]] || [[Jet Li]] ||
| |
| |-
| |
| |[[Tōru Furuya]] || [[Yuen Biao]] ||
| |
| |-
| |
| |[[Yū Mizushima]] || [[Sammo Hung]] ||
| |
| |-
| |
| |[[Takayuki Sugō]] || [[Jean Reno]]<br />[[Tommy Lee Jones]] ||
| |
| |-
| |
| |[[Rica Matsumoto]] || [[Sandra Bullock]]<br />[[Renée Zellweger]] ||
| |
| |-
| |
| |[[Yoshito Yasuhara]] || [[Mickey Rourke]]<br />[[Gary Oldman]] ||
| |
| |-
| |
| |[[Maaya Sakamoto]] || [[Natalie Portman]] ||
| |
| |-
| |
| |[[Takako Honda]] || [[Milla Jovovich]]<br />[[Hilary Swank]]<br />[[Halle Berry]] ||
| |
| |-
| |
| |[[Kinryū Arimoto]] || [[Christopher Walken]] ||
| |
| |-
| |
| |[[Takanobu Hozumi]] || [[Christopher Lloyd]] ||
| |
| |-
| |
| |[[Takeshi Aono]] || [[Christopher Lloyd]] ||
| |
| |-
| |
| |[[Taichirō Hirokawa]] || [[Roger Moore]] ||
| |
| |-
| |
| |[[Hideyuki Tanaka]] || [[Pierce Brosnan]] ||
| |
| |-
| |
| |[[Yoshisada Sakaguchi]] || [[Morgan Freeman]] ||
| |
| |-
| |
| |[[Masaru Ikeda]] || [[Morgan Freeman]] ||
| |
| |-
| |
| |[[Masahito Kawanago]] || [[Justin Long]] ||
| |
| |-
| |
| |[[Mika Doi]] || [[Julia Roberts]] ||
| |
| |-
| |
| |[[Wataru Takagi]] || [[Jack Black]] ||
| |
| |-
| |
| |[[Taiten Kusunoki]] || [[Dwayne Johnson]] ||
| |
| |-
| |
| |[[Daisuke Ono]] || [[Benjamin McKenzie]]
| |
| |-
| |
| |[[Shunsuke Sakuya]] || [[Patrick Wilson (American actor)|Patrick Wilson]]<br />[[Ben Affleck]] ||
| |
| |-
| |
| |[[Satoshi Mikami]] || [[Benedict Cumberbatch]] ||
| |
| |-
| |
| |[[Daisuke Hirakawa]] || [[Orlando Bloom]] ||
| |
| |-
| |
| |[[Yuhko Kaida]] || [[Anne Hathaway]] ||
| |
| |-
| |
| |[[Mie Sonozaki]] || [[Anne Hathaway]]<br />[[Kirsten Dunst]] ||
| |
| |-
| |
| |[[Shinobu Adachi]] || [[Jennifer Aniston]] ||
| |
| |-
| |
| |[[Kōsei Hirota]] || [[Danny Trejo]] ||
| |
| |-
| |
| |[[Hiroshi Yanaka]] || [[John Cusack]] ||
| |
| |-
| |
| |[[Koichi Chiba]] || [[Christopher Lee]] ||
| |
| |-
| |
| |[[Tetsuo Kanao]] || [[Will Patton]] ||
| |
| |-
| |
| |[[Norihiro Inoue]] || [[Anthony Edwards (actor)|Anthony Edwards]] ||
| |
| |-
| |
| |[[Kazue Komiya]] || [[Bette Midler]] ||
| |
| |-
| |
| |[[Toshiko Sawada]] || [[Anjelica Huston]] ||
| |
| |-
| |
| |[[Toshiko Fujita]] || [[Glenn Close]] ||
| |
| |-
| |
| |[[Shigeru Ushiyama]] || [[William Fichtner]] ||
| |
| |-
| |
| |[[Megumi Han]] || [[Chloë Grace Moretz]] ||
| |
| |-
| |
| |[[Shin-ichiro Miki]] || [[Daniel Wu]] ||
| |
| |-
| |
| |[[Kazuo Kumakura]] || [[Alfred Hitchcock]] ||
| |
| |-
| |
| |[[Naoya Uchida]] || [[Bruce Willis]] ||
| |
| |-
| |
| |[[Keiko Toda]] || [[Jodie Foster]] ||
| |
| |-
| |
| |[[Gara Takashima]] || [[Demi Moore]]<br />[[Andie MacDowell]]<br />[[Amy Yasbeck]]<br />[[Emma Thompson]] ||
| |
| |-
| |
| |[[Mami Koyama]] || [[Sharon Stone]] ||
| |
| |-
| |
| |Yūko Sasaki || [[Robin Wright]] ||
| |
| |-
| |
| |[[Atsuko Tanaka (voice actress)|Atsuko Tanaka]] || [[Nicole Kidman]]<br />[[Monica Bellucci]]<br />[[Kate Beckinsale]] ||
| |
| |-
| |
| |[[Rica Fukami]] || [[Catherine Zeta-Jones]] ||
| |
| |-
| |
| |[[Misa Watanabe]] || [[Cameron Diaz]] ||
| |
| |-
| |
| |[[Yutaka Aoyama]] || [[Steve Buscemi]] ||
| |
| |-
| |
| |[[Banjō Ginga]] || [[Michael Clarke Duncan]] ||
| |
| |-
| |
| |[[Daisuke Gōri]] || [[Michael Clarke Duncan]] ||
| |
| |-
| |
| |[[Naomi Kusumi]] || [[John Goodman]] ||
| |
| |-
| |
| |[[Bin Shimada]] || [[Mark Hamill]]<br />[[Steve Carell]] ||
| |
| |-
| |
| |[[Haruhiko Jō]] || [[Geoffrey Rush]] ||
| |
| |-
| |
| |[[Junpei Morita]] || [[Hugh Grant]] ||
| |
| |-
| |
| |[[Katsuhisa Hōki]] || [[Ving Rhames]] ||
| |
| |-
| |
| |[[Hiroshi Iwasaki]] || [[Stanley Tucci]] ||
| |
| |-
| |
| |[[Kinya Aikawa]] || [[Jack Lemmon]] ||
| |
| |-
| |
| |[[Taro Ishida]] || [[Gene Hackman]] ||
| |
| |-
| |
| |[[Ryoko Shiraishi]] || [[Miley Cyrus]] ||
| |
| |-
| |
| |[[Takashi Taniguchi]] || [[Tommy Lee Jones]] ||
| |
| |-
| |
| |[[Kazuko Yanaga]] || [[Sigourney Weaver]] ||
| |
| |-
| |
| |[[Hiroshi Tsuchida]] || [[Joseph Gordon-Levitt]] ||
| |
| |-
| |
| |Takaya Hashi || [[Alan Rickman]] ||
| |
| |-
| |
| |[[Yoshimasa Hosoya]] || [[Taylor Lautner]] ||
| |
| |-
| |
| |[[Ben Hiura]] || [[Bruce Willis]]<br />[[John Malkovich]]<br />[[Robert De Niro]] ||
| |
| |-
| |
| |[[Yūji Mitsuya]] || [[Michael J. Fox]] ||
| |
| |-
| |
| |[[Yū Hayashi]] || [[Shia LaBeouf]] ||
| |
| |-
| |
| |[[Fuminori Komatsu]] || [[Shia LaBeouf]] ||
| |
| |-
| |
| |[[Kenshō Ono]] || [[Daniel Radcliffe]] ||
| |
| |-
| |
| |Yumi Sudō || [[Hilary Duff]]<br />[[Hayden Panettiere]]<br />[[Emma Watson]] ||
| |
| |-
| |
| |[[Yūki Tokiwa]] || [[Rupert Grint]]<br />[[Daryl Sabara]] ||
| |
| |-
| |
| |[[Shūhei Sakaguchi]] || [[Chris Pine]]<br />[[Lee Byung-hun]] ||
| |
| |-
| |
| |[[Kazuya Takahashi]] || [[Lee Byung-hun]] ||
| |
| |-
| |
| |[[Akira Ishida]] || [[Lee Joon-gi]] ||
| |
| |-
| |
| |[[Mitsuaki Madono]] || [[Kwon Sang-woo]] ||
| |
| |-
| |
| |[[Masato Hagiwara]] || [[Bae Yong-joon]] ||
| |
| |-
| |
| |[[Yumi Tōma]] || [[Kim Ha-neul]] ||
| |
| |-
| |
| |[[Hiroki Tōchi]] || [[Will Smith]]<br />[[Sam Worthington]] ||
| |
| |-
| |
| |[[Hisao Egawa]] || [[Dominic Purcell]] ||
| |
| |-
| |
| |[[Mitsuru Miyamoto]] || [[Adrien Brody]] ||
| |
| |-
| |
| |[[Atsuko Yuya]] || [[Angelina Jolie]] ||
| |
| |-
| |
| |[[Yasuyoshi Hara]] || [[Kurt Russell]] ||
| |
| |-
| |
| |[[Unshō Ishizuka]] || [[Liam Neeson]] ||
| |
| |-
| |
| |[[Shinji Ogawa]] || [[Michael Douglas]]<br />[[Dustin Hoffman]] ||
| |
| |-
| |
| |[[Takuya Kirimoto]] || [[Bradley Cooper]] ||
| |
| |-
| |
| |[[Mugihito]] || [[Patrick Stewart]] ||
| |
| |-
| |
| |[[Fumihiko Tachiki]] || [[Forest Whitaker]] ||
| |
| |-
| |
| |[[Masakazu Morita]] || [[Zac Efron]] ||
| |
| |-
| |
| |[[Hiroshi Arikawa]] || [[Ian McKellen]] ||
| |
| |-
| |
| |[[Kōsei Tomita]] || [[Ernest Borgnine]] ||
| |
| |-
| |
| |[[Shūichirō Moriyama]] || [[Telly Savalas]] ||
| |
| |-
| |
| |[[Akira Kume]] || [[Humphrey Bogart]] ||
| |
| |-
| |
| |[[Katsunosuke Hori]] || [[William Hurt]] ||
| |
| |-
| |
| |[[Hiroko Suzuki (voice actress)|Hiroko Suzuki]] || [[Jacqueline Bisset]] ||
| |
| |-
| |
| |[[Manabu Ino]] || [[Tobey Maguire]] ||
| |
| |-
| |
| |[[Tamio Ōki]] || [[Christopher Plummer]] ||
| |
| |-
| |
| |[[Yasuyuki Kase]] || [[Paul Bettany]] ||
| |
| |-
| |
| |[[Yuzuru Fujimoto]] || [[James Earl Jones]] ||
| |
| |-
| |
| |Saori Yumiba || [[Keira Knightley]] ||
| |
| |-
| |
| |[[Minoru Uchida]] || [[Henry Fonda]] ||
| |
| |-
| |
| |Munenori Oyamada || [[Henry Fonda]] ||
| |
| |-
| |
| |Tomoko Shiota || [[Cate Blanchett]] ||
| |
| |-
| |
| |Mabuki Andō || [[Jennifer Garner]] ||
| |
| |-
| |
| |[[Asao Koike]] || [[Peter Falk]] ||
| |
| |-
| |
| |Ryō Kurosawa || [[Gary Cooper]] ||
| |
| |-
| |
| |Yōsuke Kondō || [[William Holden]] ||
| |
| |-
| |
| |Hōsei Komatsu || [[Anthony Quinn]] ||
| |
| |-
| |
| |[[Nobuo Kawai]] || [[Paul Newman]] ||
| |
| |-
| |
| |Akio Miyabe || [[Steve McQueen]] ||
| |
| |-
| |
| |Akira Kimura || [[Glenn Ford]] ||
| |
| |-
| |
| |Kōji Nakata || [[Jeffrey Hunter]] ||
| |
| |-
| |
| |Ushio Shima || [[Karl Malden]] ||
| |
| |-
| |
| |Kei Taguchi || [[Richard Burton]] ||
| |
| |-
| |
| |Hikaru Urano || [[James Stewart]] ||
| |
| |-
| |
| |Nobuo Tanaka || [[Sidney Poitier]] ||
| |
| |-
| |
| |Shinsuke Chikaishi || [[Jerry Lewis]] ||
| |
| |-
| |
| |Takao Inoue || [[Rock Hudson]] ||
| |
| |-
| |
| |Aiko Konoshima || [[Sophia Loren]] ||
| |
| |-
| |
| |Reiko Tajima || [[Kathleen Turner]] ||
| |
| |-
| |
| |Ranko Mizuki || [[Ingrid Bergman]] ||
| |
| |-
| |
| |Tatsuya Jō || [[Gregory Peck]] ||
| |
| |-
| |
| |Michiko Ōtsuka || [[Lauren Bacall]] ||
| |
| |-
| |
| |Hiroko Ushida || [[Bridgit Mendler]] ||
| |
| |-
| |
| |Tadashi Mutō || [[Jesse Eisenberg]] ||
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| ====South Korea====
| |
| In South Korea, anime that are imported from Japan are generally shown dubbed in Korean on television. However, some anime is censored, such as Japanese letters or content being edited for a suitable Korean audience. Western cartoons are dubbed in Korean as well, such as [[Nickelodeon]] cartoons like ''[[SpongeBob SquarePants]]'' and ''[[Danny Phantom]]''. Several English-language (mostly American) live-action films are dubbed in [[Korean language|Korean]], but they are not shown in theaters. Instead they are only broadcast on South Korean television networks ([[Korean Broadcasting System|KBS]], [[Munhwa Broadcasting Corporation|MBC]], [[Seoul Broadcasting System|SBS]], [[Educational Broadcasting System|EBS]]), while DVD import releases of these films are shown with Korean subtitles, such as ''[[The Wizard of Oz (1939 film)|The Wizard of Oz]]'', ''[[Mary Poppins (film)|Mary Poppins]]'', the ''[[Star Wars]]'' films, and ''[[Avatar (2009 film)|Avatar]]''. This may be due to the fact that the six American [[major film studio]]s may not own any rights to the Korean dubs of their live-action films that the Korean television networks have dubbed and aired. Even if they don't own the rights, Korean or non-Korean viewers can record from Korean-dubbed live-action films from television broadcasting onto DVDs with [[Digital video recorder|DVRs]].
| |
| | |
| Sometimes, video games are dubbed in Korean. Examples would be the ''[[Halo (series)|Halo]]'' series, the ''[[Jak & Daxter (series)|Jak & Daxter]]'' series, and the ''[[God of War (franchise)|God of War]]'' series. For the ''Halo'' games, Lee Jeong Gu provides his Korean voice to the main protagonist [[Characters of Halo|Master Chief]] (replacing [[Steve Downes]]'s voice), while [[Kim So Hyeong (voice actor)|Kim So Hyeong]] voices [[Characters of Halo|Chieftain Tartarus]], one of the main antagonists (replacing [[Kevin Michael Richardson]]'s voice).
| |
| | |
| The following South Korean voice-over artists are usually identified with the following actors:
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable collapsible collapsed"
| |
| |-
| |
| ! South Korean dubbing artists !! Actor(s)/Actress(es) !! Notes
| |
| |-
| |
| | [[Ahn Ji-hwan]] || [[Johnny Depp]] ||
| |
| |-
| |
| | [[:ko:배정미|Bae Jung-Mi]] || [[Kirsten Dunst]] ||
| |
| |-
| |
| | [[Bak Il]] || [[Pierce Brosnan]]<br />[[Michael Douglas]] ||
| |
| |-
| |
| | [[:ko:박기량|Park Ki-Ryang]] || [[Mark Hamill]] || Dubbed Hamill as [[Luke Skywalker]] in the ''Star Wars'' film series.
| |
| |-
| |
| | [[Bak Yeong-hee]] || [[Carrie Fisher]]<br />[[Winona Ryder]] || Dubbed Fisher as [[Princess Leia]] in the ''Star Wars'' film series.
| |
| |-
| |
| | [[:ko:강희선|Kang Hee-Sun]] || [[Julia Roberts]]<br />[[Sharon Stone]] ||
| |
| |-
| |
| | [[:ko:함수정|Ham Soo-Jung]] || [[Winona Ryder]] ||
| |
| |-
| |
| | [[:ko:김환진|Kim Hwan-Jin]] || [[George Clooney]]<br />[[Charlie Sheen]] ||
| |
| |-
| |
| | [[:ko:장유진|Jang Yoo-Jin]] || [[Meryl Streep]] ||
| |
| |-
| |
| | [[Chung Misook]] || [[Sandra Bullock]]<br />[[Emma Watson]] || Dubbed Watson as [[Hermione Granger]] in the [[Harry Potter (film series)|Harry Potter film series]].
| |
| |-
| |
| | [[:ko:정소영 (성우)|Jung So-Young]] || [[Kirsten Dunst]] ||
| |
| |-
| |
| | Kim Kwan-cheol || [[Denzel Washington]] ||
| |
| |-
| |
| | [[:ko:권영호 (성우)|Kwon Young-Ho]] || [[John Candy]] || Dubbed Candy as Gus Polinski in the [[Seoul Broadcasting System|SBS]] dub of [[Home Alone (film)|Home Alone]].
| |
| |-
| |
| | [[Kim So-hyeong]] || [[Terrence Howard]] ||
| |
| |-
| |
| | [[Kim Youngsun]] || [[Elijah Wood]] ||
| |
| |-
| |
| | [[:ko:이정구 (성우)|Lee Jung-Goo]] || [[Nicolas Cage]]<br />[[Richard Gere]]<br />[[Sylvester Stallone]]<br />[[Bruce Willis]] ||
| |
| |-
| |
| | [[:ko:박조호|Park Jo-Ho]] || [[Nicolas Cage]] ||
| |
| |-
| |
| | [[:ko:소연 (성우)|So Yeon]] || [[Keira Knightley]] ||
| |
| |-
| |
| | [[:ko:손정아|Son Jung-Ah]] || [[Susan Sarandon]]<br />[[Sigourney Weaver]] || Dubbed Weaver as [[Ellen Ripley]] in the [[Alien (franchise)|Alien titular film series]].
| |
| |-
| |
| | [[Song Do-yeong]] || [[Kim Basinger]]<br />[[Meg Ryan]] ||
| |
| |-
| |
| | [[:ko:양지운|Yang Ji-Woon]] || [[Kevin Costner]]<br />[[Robert De Niro]]<br />[[Harrison Ford]]<br />[[Mel Gibson]] ||
| |
| |-
| |
| | [[:ko:유해무|Yoo Hae-Moo]] || [[Samuel L. Jackson]] ||
| |
| |-
| |
| | [[:ko:윤소라|Yoon So-Ra]] || [[Demi Moore]]<br />[[Michelle Pfeiffer]] ||
| |
| |-
| |
| | [[:ko:유강진|Yoo Kang-Jin]] || [[Sean Connery]] ||
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| ====Thailand====
| |
| In [[Thailand]], foreign television programs are dubbed in [[Thai Language|Thai]], but the original soundtrack is often simultaneously carried on a [[NICAM]] audio track on terrestrial broadcast, and alternate audio tracks on satellite broadcast. Previously, terrestrial stations simulcasted the original soundtrack on the radio.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=56punueI7G0C&lpg=RA8-PA257&ots=yqkUlk8nDY&dq=TV%20stations%20%20broadcast%20the%20original%20soundtrack%20on%20the%20radio%20Thailand&pg=RA8-PA257#v=onepage&q&f=true ''The Right to Tell: The Role of Mass Media in Economic Development''], Roumeen Islam, World Bank Publications, 2002, page 257</ref> On pay-TV, many channels carry foreign-language movies and television programs with subtitles. Movie theaters in [[Bangkok]] and some larger cities show both the subtitled version and the dubbed version of English-language movies. In big cities like Bangkok, Thai-language movies have English subtitles. <!-- For English-language animated movies, Disney films like ''[[The Lion King]]'', ''[[Mulan (1998 film)|Mulan]]'' and ''[[Tangled]]'' are dubbed entirely in Thai.
| |
| | |
| Chonnai Sukawat has provided the Thai-dubbing voice for the heroine Rapunzel in the film ''Tangled''. In the Thai version of ''Harry Potter'', [[Hermione Granger]] was dubbed by Thai singer and actress Bismillah Nana. Many English-language movies are sold on [[VCD]]s in Thailand, with the original English language and Thai subtitles, while also available with the Thai-language-dubbed version, such as ''[[Eragon (film)|Eragon]]'', ''[[Avatar (2009 film)|Avatar]]'', the ''Harry Potter'' film series, and ''The Lord of the Rings'' film series. Thai [[Thai television soap opera|lakorns]] have English subtitles if broadcast on international television channels or are sold as DVD abroad. -->
| |
| | |
| This list features a collection of Thai voice actors and actresses that have dubbed for these featured performers.
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable collapsible collapsed"
| |
| |-
| |
| ! Thai dubbing artists !! Actor(s)/Actress(es) !! Notes
| |
| |-
| |
| | {{ill|Ing Achita Pramote Na Ayuttaya|th|อชิตะ ปราโมช ณ อยุธยา}} ||rowspan="3"|[[Elijah Wood]] || A Thailand actor and singer who dubbed for Wood as [[Frodo Baggins]] in the Kapook version of [[The Lord of the Rings (film series)|The Lord of the Rings]].
| |
| |-
| |
| | {{ill|Tonsak Unon|th|ธนศักดิ์ อุ่นอ่อน}} || Dubbed for Wood as [[Frodo Baggins]] in the [[Channel 7 (Thailand)|Channel 7]] version of [[The Lord of the Rings (film series)|The Lord of the Rings]].
| |
| |-
| |
| | {{ill|Sirichai Charoenkitthonkun|th|ศิริชัย เจริญกิจธนกุล}} || Dubbed for Wood as [[Frodo Baggins]] in [[The Hobbit (film series)|The Hobbit]].
| |
| |-
| |
| | {{ill|Sitsom Mutthanukunwong|th|สิทธิสม มุทธานุกูลวงศ์}} || [[Adam Sandler]] ||
| |
| |-
| |
| | {{ill|Santisuk Promsiri|th|สันติสุข พรหมศิริ}} || [[Gary Oldman]] || Dubbed for Oldman as [[Sirius Black]] in the [[Harry Potter (film series)|Harry Potter film series]].
| |
| |-
| |
| | {{ill|Ming Khwan Chiaprasoet|th|มิ่งขวัญ เจียประเสริฐ}} || [[Kirsten Dunst]] || Dubbed for Dunst as [[Mary Jane Watson]] in the [[Spider-Man (2002 film series)|original Spider-Man trilogy]].
| |
| |-
| |
| | [[Leo Putt]] || [[Tobey Maguire]] || Dubbed for Maguire as [[Spider-Man|Peter Parker / Spider-Man]] in the [[Spider-Man (2002 film series)|original Spider-Man trilogy]].
| |
| |-
| |
| | {{ill|Sansoen Phokkhasombat|th|สรรเสริญ โภคสมบัติ}} || [[James Franco]] || Dubbed for Franco as [[Harry Osborn]] in the [[Spider-Man (2002 film series)|original Spider-Man trilogy]].
| |
| |-
| |
| | {{ill|Nueatwong Srisang|th|เหนือดวง ศรีสังข์}} ||rowspan="2"|[[Daniel Radcliffe]] || Dubbed for Radcliffe as [[Harry Potter (character)|Harry Potter]] in the [[Harry Potter (film series)|titular film series]]. He dubbed for this character in all films except for the third one where he was dubbed by a different actor.
| |
| |-
| |
| | {{ill|Pachara Tammon|th|พชร ธรรมมล}} || Dubbed for Radcliffe as [[Harry Potter (character)|Harry Potter]] in the [[Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban (film)|third Harry Potter film]].
| |
| |-
| |
| | {{ill|Bismillah Nana|th|บิสมิลล่า นานา}} || [[Emma Watson]] || Thai actress and singer who dubbed for Watson as [[Hermione Granger]] in the [[Harry Potter (film series)|Harry Potter film series]].
| |
| |-
| |
| | {{ill|Supphaki Seksuwan|th|ศุภกิติ์ เสกสุวรรณ}} || [[Rupert Grint]] || Dubbed for Grint as [[Ron Weasley]] in the [[Harry Potter (film series)|Harry Potter film series]].
| |
| |-
| |
| | {{ill|Patra Suvarnabhumi|th|ภัทร สุวรรณภูมิ}} || [[Tom Felton]] || Dubbed for Felton as [[Draco Malfoy]] in the [[Harry Potter (film series)|Harry Potter film series]].
| |
| |-
| |
| | {{ill|Suphap Chaiwisutthikun|th|สุภาพ ไชยวิสุทธิกุล}} ||rowspan="2"|[[Sean Astin]] || Dubbed for Astin as [[Samwise Gamgee]] in the Kapook version of [[The Lord of the Rings (film series)|The Lord of the Rings]].
| |
| |-
| |
| | {{ill|Wanchai Paowiboon|th|วันชัย เผ่าวิบูลย์}} || Dubbed for Astin as [[Samwise Gamgee]] in the [[Channel 7 (Thailand)|Channel 7]] version of [[The Lord of the Rings (film series)|The Lord of the Rings]].
| |
| |-
| |
| | {{ill|Krin Aksorndee|th|กริน อักษรดี}} || [[Leonardo DiCaprio]]<br />[[Dean O'Gorman]] || Dubbed for O'Gorman as [[List of Middle-earth Dwarves#Fíli|Fíli]] in [[The Hobbit (film series)|The Hobbit]].
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| | {{ill|Nattapong Theansawatkit|th|ณฐพงษ์ เธียรสวัสดิ์กิจ}} || [[Sam Worthington]]<br />[[Aidan Turner]] || Dubbed for Turner as [[List of Middle-earth Dwarves#Kíli|Kíli]] in [[The Hobbit (film series)|The Hobbit]].
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| | [[Itthipol Mameket]] || [[William Moseley (actor)|William Moseley]] || Dubbed for Moseley as [[Peter Pevensie]] in [[The Chronicles of Narnia: The Lion, The Witch and the Wardrobe]].
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| | {{ill|Chakkrit Hanwichai|th|จักรกฤษณ์ หาญวิชัย}} || [[Bruce Willis]]<br />[[Robin Williams]] † ||
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| | {{ill|Bancha Mebut|th|บัญชา เหมะบุตร}} || [[Jonathan Hyde]] ||
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| | Unknown dubbing artist || [[Sean Connery]] ||
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| | [[Pancake (actress)|'Pancake' Khemanit Jamikorn]] || [[Rachel Weisz]] || Only replaced her voice for [[Saphira]] in the Thai dub of [[Eragon (film)|Eragon]]. And this was the only role that she took over regarding Weisz.
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| | Unknown dubbing artist || [[Mark Hamill]] ||
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| |}
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| ====Philippines====
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| In the Philippines, media practitioners generally have mixed practices regarding whether to dub television programs or films, even within the same kind of medium. In general, the decision whether to dub a video production depends on a variety of factors such as the target audience of the channel or programming bloc on which the feature will be aired, its genre, and/or outlet of transmission (e.g. TV or film, free or pay-TV).
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| =====Free-to-air TV=====
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| The prevalence of media needing to be dubbed has resulted in a talent pool that is very capable of syncing voice to lip, especially for shows broadcast by the country's three largest networks. It is not uncommon in the Filipino dub industry to have most of the voices in a series dubbing by only a handful of voice talents. Programs originally in English used to usually air in their original language on free-to-air television.
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| Since the late 1990s/early 2000s, however, more originally English-language programs that air on major free-to-air networks (i.e. 5, ABS-CBN, GMA) have been dubbed into Filipino. Even the former Studio 23 (now S+A), once known for its airing programs in English, had adopted Filipino-language dubbing for some of its foreign programs. Children's programs from cable networks [[Nickelodeon]], [[Cartoon Network]], and [[Disney Channel]] shown on [[TV5 (Philippines)|5]], GMA, or ABS-CBN, have long been dubbed into Filipino or another Philippine regional language. [[Walt Disney Animation Studios|Animated Disney films]] are often dubbed in Filipino except for the singing scenes, which are shown in their original language (though in recent years, there has been an increase in number of Disney musicals having their songs also translated such as ''[[Frozen (2013 film)|Frozen]]''). [[GMA News TV]] airs some documentaries, movies, and reality series originally shown in the English language as dubbed in Filipino.
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| Dubbing is less common in smaller free-to-air networks such as [[ETC (Philippine TV channel)|ETC]] and the former [[Radio Philippines Network|RPN 9]] (now CNN Philippines) whereby the original-language version of the program is aired. Dramas from Asia (particularly Greater China and Korea) and Latin America (called ''Asianovelas'', and ''Mexicanovelas'', respectively) have always been dubbed into Filipino or another Philippine regional language, and each program from these genres feature their unique set of Filipino-speaking voice actors.
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| =====Pay TV=====
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| The original language-version of TV programs is also usually available on cable/satellite channels such as [[Fox Life]], [[Fox Asia|Fox]], and AXN. However, some pay-TV channels specialize in showing foreign shows and films dubbed into Filipino. [[Cinema One]], ABS-CBN's cable movie channel, shows some films originally in non-English language dubbed into Filipino. [[Nat Geo Wild]] airs most programs dubbed into Filipino for Philippine audiences, being one of the few cable channels to do so. [[Tagalized Movie Channel]] & [[Tag (TV channel)|Tag]] airs Hollywood and Asian movies dubbed in Filipino. [[Fox Filipino]] airs some English, Latin, and Asian series dubbed in Filipino such as ''[[The Walking Dead (TV series)|The Walking Dead]]'', ''[[Devious Maids]]'', ''La Teniente'', ''Kdabra'', and some selected programs from [[Channel M (Southeast Asia)|Channel M]]. The defunct channel [[Hero (TV channel)|HERO TV]], which focuses on anime and [[tokusatsu]] shows and now a web portal, dubs all its foreign programs into Filipino. This is in contrast to Animax, where their anime programs are dubbed in English.
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| =====Cinema=====
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| Foreign films, especially English films shown in local cinemas, are almost always shown in their original language. Non-English foreign films make use of English subtitles. Unlike other countries, children's films originally in English are not dubbed in cinemas.
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| A list of voice actors with their associates that they dub into Filipino are listed here.
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| {| class="wikitable collapsible collapsed"
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| |-
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| ! Filipino dubbing artists !! Actor(s)/Actress(es) !! Notes
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| |-
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| | Ryan Ang || [[Elijah Wood]] ||
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| |-
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| | Sherwin Revestir || [[Kirsten Dunst]] ||
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| |-
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| | [[Joonee Gamboa]] || [[Will Smith]] ||
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| |-
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| | [[Jennifer Paz]] || [[Jennifer Lawrence]] ||
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| |-
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| | [[Diether Ocampo]] || [[Travis Willingham]], [[Josh Peck]] ||
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| |-
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| | [[Claudine Barretto]] || [[Moira Kelly]], [[Gabrielle Union]], [[Julianne Buescher]] ||
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| |-
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| | [[Patrick Garcia]] || [[Daniel Radcliffe]], [[Drake Bell]] ||
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| |-
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| | [[Piolo Pascual]] || [[Rob Lowe]] ||
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| |-
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| | [[Jolina Magdangal]] || [[Miranda Cosgrove]], [[Rashida Jones]] ||
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| |-
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| | [[Heart Evangelista]] || [[Kari Wahlgren]], [[Eden Riegel]] ||
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| |-
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| | [[Miles Ocampo]] || [[Diamond White (singer)|Diamond White]] ||
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| |-
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| | [[Izzy Canillo]] || [[Max Charles]], [[Joshua Rush]] ||
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| |-
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| | [[Kathryn Bernardo]] || [[Ariel Winter]], [[Alyson Stoner]] ||
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| |-
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| | [[Alden Richards]] || [[Ross Lynch]] ||
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| |-
| |
| | [[Angel Aquino]] || [[Neve Campbell]] ||
| |
| |}
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| | |
| ====India====
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| {{See also|List of Indian dubbing artists}}
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| In [[India]], where "foreign films" are synonymous with "[[Cinema of the United States|Hollywood films]]", dubbing is done mostly in [[Hindi language|Hindi]], [[Tamil language|Tamil]] and [[Telugu language|Telugu]]. Dubbing is rarely done with the other major Indian languages, namely [[Malayalam]] and [[Bengali language|Bengali]], due to lack of significant market size. Despite this, some [[Kannada language|Kannada]] and [[Malayalam]] dubs of children television programs can be seen on the [[Sun TV Network|Sun TV]] channel. The dubbed versions are released into the towns and lower tier settlements of the respective states (where English penetration is low), often with the English-language originals released in the metropolitan areas. In all other states, the English originals are released along with the dubbed versions, where often the dubbed version collections are more outstanding than the originals. ''[[Spider-Man 3]]'' was also done in the [[Bhojpuri language]], a language popular in [[East India|eastern India]] in addition to Hindi, Tamil and Telugu. ''[[A Good Day to Die Hard]]'', the most recent installment in the ''[[Die Hard (franchise)|Die Hard]]'' franchise, was the first ever Hollywood film to receive a [[Punjabi language|Punjabi language dub]] as well.
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| Most TV channels mention neither the Indian-language dubbing credits, nor its staff, at the end of the original ending credits, since changing the credits casting for the original actors or voice actors involves a huge budget for modifying, making it somewhat difficult to find information for the dubbed versions. The same situation is encountered for films. Sometimes foreign programs and films receive more than one dub, such as for example, [[Jumanji]], [[Dragonheart]] and [[Van Helsing (film)|Van Helsing]] having two Hindi dubs. Information for the Hindi, Tamil and Telugu voice actors who have done the voices for specific actors and for their roles on foreign films and television programs are published in local Indian data magazines, for those that are involved in the dubbing industry in India. But on a few occasions, there are some foreign productions that do credit the dubbing cast, such as animated films like the ''[[Barbie (film series)|Barbie]]'' films, and some Disney films. [[Disney Channel]] original series released on DVD with their Hindi dubs show a list of the artists in the Hindi dub credits, after the original ending credits. Theatrical releases and VCD releases of foreign films do not credit the dubbing cast or staff. The DVD releases, however, do have credits for the dubbing staff, if they are released multilingual. As of recently, information for the dubbing staff of foreign productions have been expanding due to high demands of people wanting to know the voice actors behind characters in foreign works. Large dubbing studios in India include [[Sound & Vision India]], [[Main Frame Software Communications]], Visual Reality, [[ZamZam Productions]], [[Treasure Tower International]], [[Blue Whale Entertainment]], [[Jai Hand Entertainment]], [[Sugar Mediaz]], [[Rudra Sound Solutionz]] and [[voxcom]].
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| ====Pakistan====
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| In [[Pakistan]] "foreign films", and cartoons are not normally dubbed locally. Instead, foreign films, anime and cartoons, such as those shown on [[Nickelodeon Pakistan]] and [[Cartoon Network Pakistan]], are dubbed in [[Hindi]] in India, as Hindi and [[Urdu]], the national language of Pakistan, are [[mutually intelligible]].
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| However, soap operas from [[Turkey]] are now dubbed in Urdu and have gained increased popularity at the expense of Indian soap operas in Hindi.<ref>{{cite news |title=In Pakistan, Indian soap operas give way to Turkish serials |url=https://www.firstpost.com/living/in-pakistan-indian-soap-operas-give-way-to-turkish-serials-1260549.html |access-date=15 April 2021 |work=Firstpost |date=1 December 2013}}</ref> This has led to protests from local producers that these are a threat to Pakistan's television industry, with local productions being moved out of peak viewing time or dropped altogether.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Siddiqui |first1=Maleeha Hamid |title=Is TV drama industry overreacting to Turkish soaps blitz? |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/772593/is-tv-drama-industry-overreacting-to-turkish-soaps-blitz |access-date=15 April 2021 |work=Dawn |date=20 December 2012 |language=en}}</ref> Similarly, politicians leaders have expressed concerns over their content, given Turkey's less conservative culture.<ref>[http://latitude.blogs.nytimes.com/2013/01/10/the-geopolitics-of-soap-operas/ The Geopolitics of Soap Operas], ''[[The New York Times]]'', 10 January 2013</ref>
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| ====Vietnam====
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| In [[Vietnam]], foreign-language films and programs are subtitled on television in [[Vietnamese language|Vietnamese]]. They were not dubbed until 1985, but are briefly translated with a speaker before commercial breaks. ''[[Rio (2011 film)|Rio]]'' was considered to be the very first American Hollywood film to be entirely dubbed in [[Vietnamese language|Vietnamese]]. Since then, children's films that came out afterwards have been released dubbed in theaters. [[HTV3]] has dubbed television programs for children, including ''[[Ben 10 (TV series)|Ben 10]]'', and ''[[Ned's Declassified School Survival Guide]]'', by using various voice actors to dub over the character roles.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lHBlXxqhKwU |title=Ben 10 Vietnamese Trailer (Trailer Ben 10 - HTV3) |publisher=YouTube |date=18 October 2011 |access-date=14 March 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0WbgyJP5-TA |title=HTV3 - Cẩm Nang Của Ned - Trailer |publisher=YouTube |date=10 August 2012 |access-date=14 March 2013}}</ref>
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| Sooner afterwards, more programs started to get dubbed. HTV3 also offers anime dubbed into Vietnamese. [[Pokémon (anime)|Pokémon]] got a Vietnamese dub in early 2014 on HTV3 starting with the Best Wishes series. But due to a controversy regarding Pokémon's cries being re-dubbed despite that all characters had their Japanese names, it was switched to [[VTV2]] in September 2015 when the XY series debut. [[Sailor Moon (anime)|Sailor Moon]] also recently has been dubbed for HTV3 in early 2015.
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| ====Singapore====
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| In multilingual [[Singapore]], dubbing is rare for western programs. English-language programs on the free-to-air terrestrial channels are usually subtitled in Chinese or Malay. Chinese, Malay and Tamil programs (except for news bulletins), usually have subtitles in English and the original language during the prime time hours. [[Dual sound]] programs, such as Korean and Japanese dramas, offer sound in the original languages with subtitles, Mandarin-dubbed and subtitled, or English-dubbed. The [[Speak Mandarin Campaign|deliberate policy to encourage Mandarin]] among citizens made it required by law for programs in other Chinese dialects ([[Min Nan|Hokkien]], Cantonese and [[Teochew dialect|Teochew]]) to be dubbed into Mandarin, with the exception of traditional [[opera]]s. Cantonese and Hokkien shows from Hong Kong and Taiwan, respectively, are available on VCD and DVD. In a recent development, news bulletins are subtitled.
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| ====Iran====
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| {{unreferenced section|date=August 2013}}
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| [[File:Iranian Dubbing artists.jpg|thumb|A group of Iranian dubbing artists]]
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| In [[Iran]], International foreign films and television programs are dubbed in [[Persian language|Persian]]. Dubbing began in 1946 with the advent of movies and cinemas in the country. Since then, foreign movies have always been dubbed for the cinema and TV foreign films and television programs are subtitled in [[Persian language|Persian]]. Using various voice actors and adding local hints and witticisms to the original contents, dubbing played a major role in attracting people to the cinemas and developing an interest in other cultures. The dubbing art in Iran reached its apex during the 1960s and 1970s with the inflow of American, European and Hindi movies.
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| The most famous musicals of the time, such as ''[[My Fair Lady (film)|My Fair Lady]]'' and ''[[The Sound of Music]]'', were translated, adjusted and performed in Persian by the voice artists. Since the 1990s, for political reasons and under pressure from the state, the dubbing industry has declined, with movies dubbed only for the state TV channels. During recent years, DVDs with Persian subtitles have found a market among viewers for the same reason, but most people still prefer the Persian-speaking dubbed versions. Recently, privately operated companies started dubbing TV series by hiring famous dubbers. However, the dubs which these companies make are often unauthorized and vary greatly in terms of quality.
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| A list of Persian voice actors that associate with their actor counterparts are listed here.
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| | |
| {| class="wikitable collapsible collapsed"
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| |-
| |
| ! Persian dubbing artists !! Actor(s)/Actress(es)
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| ! Notes
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| |-
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| |-[[Ahmad RasoulZadeh]]||[[Spencer Tracy]]<br />
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| |-
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| |[[Iraj Nazerian]]||[[Orson Welles]]<br />[[Marlon Brando]]<br />[[Lino Ventura]]<br />[[Gene Hackman]]<br />[[Charles Bronson]]<br />[[Sylvester Stallone]]<br />[[Rock Hudson]]
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| | Dubbed for Welles as [[Charles Foster Kane]] in ''[[Citizen Kane]]'' and dubbed for Brando as [[Vito Corleone]] in ''[[The Godfather]]''
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| |-
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| |[[Bahram Zand]]||[[Robert De Niro]]<br />[[Mel Gibson]]<br />[[Russell Crowe]]<br />[[Jeremy Brett]]<br />[[Roger Hanin]]
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| |-
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| |[[Jalal Maghami]]||[[James Cagney]]<br />[[Robert Redford]]<br />[[Omar Sharif]]
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| |-
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| |[[Khosro Khosroshahi]]||[[Alain Delon]]<br />[[Dustin Hoffman]]<br />[[Al Pacino]]
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| |-
| |
| |[[Afshin Zinoori]]||[[Elijah Wood]]<br />[[Daniel Radcliffe]]<br />[[Leonardo DiCaprio]]
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| | Dubbed for Wood as [[Frodo Baggins]] in ''[[The Lord of the Rings (film series)|The Lord of the Rings]]'' and dubbed for Radcliffe as [[Harry Potter (character)|Harry Potter]] in the ''[[Harry Potter (film series)|titular film series]]'' from 3 to 5.
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| |}
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| | |
| ====Georgia====
| |
| In [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]], original soundtracks are kept in films and TV series, but with voice-over translation. There are exceptions, such as some children's cartoons.
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| ====Azerbaijan====
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| In [[Azerbaijan]], dubbing is rare, as most Azerbaijani channels such as [[Günəş TV|ARB Günəş]] air [[voice-over]]s or Azerbaijan originals.
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| | |
| ====Western Asia====
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| See [[#North Africa, Western Asia|below]].
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| ===Africa===
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| ====North Africa, Western Asia====
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| In [[Algeria]], [[Morocco]], and Tunisia, most foreign movies (especially Hollywood productions) are shown dubbed in French. These movies are usually imported directly from French film distributors. The choice of movies dubbed into French can be explained by the widespread use of the French language. Another important factor is that local theaters and private media companies do not dub in local languages in order to avoid high costs, but also because of the lack of both expertise and demand.
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| Beginning in the 1980s, dubbed series and movies for children in [[Modern Standard Arabic]] became a popular choice among most TV channels, cinemas and VHS/DVD stores. However, dubbed films are still imported, and dubbing is performed in the [[Levant]] countries with a strong tradition of dubbing (mainly [[Syria]], [[Lebanon]] and [[Jordan]]). [[Egypt]] was the first Arabian country in charge of dubbing [[Disney]] movies in 1975 and used to do it exclusively in [[Egyptian Arabic]] rather than [[Modern Standard Arabic]] until 2011, and since then many other companies started dubbing their productions in this dialect.
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| In the Arabic-speaking countries, some children shows (mainly cartoons & kids sitcoms) are dubbed in Arabic, otherwise Arabic subtitles are used. The only exception was [[telenovelas]] dubbed in Standard Arabic, or dialects, but also Turkish series, most notably [[Gümüş (TV series)|Gümüş]], in Syrian Arabic.
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| An example of Arabic voice actors that dub for certain performers is Safi Mohammed for [[Elijah Wood]].
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| In [[Tunisia]], the Tunisia National Television (TNT), the public broadcaster of Tunisia, is not allowed to show any content in any language other than Arabic, which forces it to broadcast only dubbed content (this restriction was recently removed for commercials). During the 1970s and 1980s, TNT (known as ERTT at the time) started dubbing famous cartoons in Tunisian and Standard Arabic. However, in the private sector, television channels are not subject to the language rule.
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| ====South Africa====
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| In [[South Africa]], many television programs were dubbed in [[Afrikaans]], with the original soundtrack (usually in English, but sometimes [[Dutch language|Dutch]] or [[German language|German]]) "[[simulcast]]" in [[FM stereo#Stereo FM|FM stereo]] on [[Radio 2000]].<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=-NRDAQAAIAAJ&dq=was+simulcast++Radio+2000+afrikaans&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=Radio+2000+afrikaans ''The voice, the vision: a sixty year history of the South African Broadcasting Corporation''], Malcolm Theunissen, Victor Nikitin, Melanie Pillay, Advent Graphics, 1996, page 120</ref> These included US series such as ''[[The Six Million Dollar Man]]'', ''(Steve Austin: Die Man van Staal)''<ref>[http://www.tvsa.co.za/mastershowinfo.asp?mastershowid=2293 The Six Million Dollar Man], TVSA - The South African TV Authority</ref> ''[[Miami Vice]]'' ''(Misdaad in Miami)'',<ref>{{cite news |title=Shows Allow Blacks, Whites to Share Cultural Experiences : South African Viewers Get a Mixed TV Message From U.S. Programs |url=https://articles.latimes.com/1986-05-25/news/mn-7271_1_south-african |access-date=14 August 2012 |newspaper=Los Angeles Times |date=25 May 1986|author=GLENN FRANKEL (from ''The Washington Post'')}}</ref> ''[[Beverly Hills 90210]]'',<ref>[http://mg.co.za/article/1996-02-09-the-critics-thumbs-up/ The critics' thumbs-up], ''[[Mail & Guardian]]'', 9 February 1996</ref> and the German detective series ''[[Derrick (TV series)|Derrick]]''.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7h1DAQAAIAAJ&q=derrick+|title=Mass Media, Towards the Millennium|isbn=9780627023248|access-date=9 July 2015|last1=Beer|first1=Arrie De|year=1998}}</ref>
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| As a result of the [[boycott]] by the [[United Kingdom|British]] actors' union [[Equity (trade union)|Equity]], which banned the sale of most British television programs, the [[puppet]] series ''[[The Adventures of Rupert Bear]]'' was dubbed into [[South African English]], as the original voices had been recorded by Equity voice artists.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-05212009-182219/unrestricted/07chapter7.pdf |last=Bevan |first=C |year=2008 |title=Putting up screens: A history of television in South Africa, 1929-1976, MHCS dissertation, University of Pretoria, Pretoria |access-date=1 January 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100215155949/http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-05212009-182219/unrestricted/07chapter7.pdf |archive-date=15 February 2010}}</ref>
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| This practice has declined as a result of the reduction of airtime for the language on [[SABC]] TV, and the increase of locally produced material in Afrikaans on other channels like [[KykNet]]. Similarly, many programs, such as ''[[The Jeffersons]]'', were dubbed into [[Zulu language|Zulu]],<ref>{{cite web |last=Lelyveld |first=Joseph |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1985/09/22/magazine/22SAFR.html?&pagewanted=all |title=South Africa: Dream and Reality |work=The New York Times Magazine |date=22 September 1985 |access-date=30 November 2010}}</ref> but this has also declined as local drama production has increased. However, some animated films, such as ''[[Maya the Bee]]'', have been dubbed in both Afrikaans and Zulu by local artists.<ref>[http://www.channel24.co.za/Movies/News/Maya-the-Bee-flick-dubbed-into-Afrikaans-and-Zulu-for-SA-audience-20150910 Maya the Bee flick dubbed into Afrikaans and Zulu for SA audience], [[News24 (website)|Channel24]], 18 September 2015</ref> In 2018, [[eExtra]] began showing the Turkish drama series ''[[Paramparça (TV series)|Paramparça]]'' dubbed in Afrikaans as ''Gebroke Harte'' or "Broken Hearts", the first foreign drama to be dubbed in the language for twenty years.<ref>[https://nextvnews.com/eextras-brand-new-kuiertyd-premieres-soon/ eExtra's brand new 'KuierTyd' premieres soon], Nextv News, 1 October 2018</ref> On extra they have many Turkish series. [[Kara Sevda]] which is Bittersoet. They also have [[Istanbullu Gelin]] which is Deur dik en deun. They have [[Yasak Elma]] which is Doodsondes. They also have ''[[Elif (TV series)|Elif]]''.
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| ====Uganda====
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| Uganda's [[Cinema of Uganda|own film industry]] is fairly small, and foreign movies are commonly watched. The English sound track is often accompanied by the [[Luganda]] translation and comments, provided by an Ugandan "video jockey" (VJ). VJ's interpreting and narration may be available in a recorded form or live.<ref>{{citation|url=https://www.economist.com/blogs/baobab/2012/11/cinema-uganda |title=Coming to you live
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| |date=2 November 2012|newspaper=The Economist|first=M|last=H}}</ref>
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| ===Oceania===
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| In common with other English-speaking countries, there has traditionally been little dubbing in [[Australia]], with foreign language television programs and films being shown (usually on [[Special Broadcasting Service|SBS]]) with subtitles or English dubs produced in other countries. This has also been the case in [[New Zealand]], but the [[Māori Television Service]], launched in 2004, has dubbed animated films into [[Māori language|Māori]].<ref>[http://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/news/article.cfm?c_id=1&objectid=10117134 Maori TV broadens horizons], ''[[The New Zealand Herald]]'', 26 March 2005</ref> However, some TV commercials from foreign countries are dubbed, even if the original commercial came from another English-speaking country. Moreover, the off-screen narration portions of some non-fiction programs originating from the UK or North America are re-dubbed by Australian voice talents to relay information in expressions that Australians can understand more easily.
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| ==Alternatives==
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| ===Subtitles===
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| {{Main|Subtitle}}
| |
| {{unreferenced section|date=August 2013}}
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| [[Subtitle (captioning)|Subtitles]] can be used instead of dubbing, as different countries have different traditions regarding the choice between dubbing and subtitling. On [[DVD]]s with higher translation budgets, the option for both types will often be provided to account for individual preferences; [[Purism|purists]] often demand subtitles. For small markets (small language area or films for a select audience), subtitling is more suitable, because it is cheaper. In the case of films for small children who cannot yet read, or do not read fast enough, dubbing is necessary.
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| In most [[English language|English]]-speaking countries, dubbing is comparatively rare. In [[Israel]], some programs need to be comprehensible to speakers of both [[Russian language|Russian]] and [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]]. This cannot be accomplished with dubbing, so subtitling is much more commonplace—sometimes even with subtitles in multiple languages, with the soundtrack remaining in the original language, usually English. The same applies to certain television shows in [[Finland]], where [[Swedish language|Swedish]] and [[Finnish language|Finnish]] are both official languages.
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| In the [[Netherlands]], [[Flanders]], [[Nordic countries]], [[Estonia]] and [[Portugal]], films and television programs are shown in the original language (usually English) with subtitles, and only cartoons and children's movies and programs are dubbed, such as the ''[[Harry Potter]]'' series, ''[[Finding Nemo]]'', ''[[Shrek]]'', ''[[Charlie and the Chocolate Factory (film)|Charlie and the Chocolate Factory]]'' and others. Cinemas usually show both a dubbed version and one with subtitles for this kind of movie, with the subtitled version shown later in the evening.
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| In Portugal, one terrestrial channel, [[TVI (Portugal)|TVI]], dubbed U.S. series like ''[[Dawson's Creek]]'' into [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]].<ref name="DCpt">{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k3sKswU7k_I |title=Dawson's Creek PT |last=Somnorte |date=6 December 2008 |via=YouTube}}</ref> RTP also transmitted ''[[Friends]]'' in a dubbed version, but it was poorly received and later re-aired in a subtitled version. Cartoons, on the other hand, are usually dubbed, sometimes by well-known actors, even on TV. Animated movies are usually released to the cinemas in both subtitled and dubbed versions.
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| In [[Argentina]] and [[Venezuela]], terrestrial channels air films and TV series in a dubbed version, as demanded by law. However, those same series can be seen on cable channels at more accessible time-slots in their subtitled version and usually before they are shown on open TV. In contrast, the series ''The Simpsons'' is aired in its Mexican Spanish-dubbed version both on terrestrial television and on the cable station Fox, which broadcasts the series for the area. Although the first season of the series appeared with subtitles, this was not continued for the following seasons.
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| ===Dubbing and subtitling===
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| {{unreferenced section|date=August 2013}}
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| In [[Bulgaria]], television series are dubbed, but most television channels use subtitles for action and drama movies. [[AXN]] uses subtitles for its series, but as of 2008 emphasizes dubbing. Only [[Diema]] channels dub all programs. Movies in theaters, with the exception of films for children, use dubbing and subtitles. Dubbing of television programs is usually done using voiceovers, but usually, voices professional actors, while trying to give each character a different voice by using appropriate intonations. Dubbing with synchronized voices is rarely used, mostly for animated films. ''[[Mrs. Doubtfire]]'' is a rare example of a feature film dubbed this way on [[BNT Channel 1]], though a subtitled version is currently shown on other channels.
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| [[Walt Disney Television]]'s animated series (such as ''[[DuckTales]]'', ''[[Darkwing Duck]]'', and ''[[Timon & Pumbaa (TV series)|Timon & Pumbaa]]'') were only aired with synchronized Bulgarian voices on [[BNT Channel 1]] until 2005, but then the Disney shows were canceled. When airing of Disney series resumed on [[Nova Television (Bulgaria)|Nova Television]] and [[Jetix]] in 2008, voiceovers were used, but Disney animated-movie translations still use synchronized voices. Voiceover dubbing is not used in theatrical releases. The Bulgarian film industry law requires all children's films to be dubbed, not subtitled. [[Nova Television (Bulgaria)|Nova Television]] dubbed and aired the ''Pokémon'' anime with synchronized voices. Now, the show is airing on Disney Channel, also in a synchronized form.
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| [[Netflix]] provides both subtitles and dubbed audio with its foreign language shows, including Brazil's dystopian "[[3%]]" and the German thriller "[[Dark (TV series)|Dark]]". Viewer testing indicates that its audience is more likely to finish watching a series if they select to view it with dubbed audio rather than translated subtitles. Netflix now streams its foreign language content with dubbed audio as default in an effort to increase viewer retention.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://variety.com/2018/digital/news/netflix-success-secrets-1202721847/|title=Netflix's Secrets to Success: Six Cell Towers, Dubbing and More|last=Roettgers|first=Janko|date=8 March 2018|work=Variety|access-date=7 November 2018|language=en-US}}</ref>
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| ==General use==
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| Dubbing is also used in applications and genres other than traditional film, including video games, television, and pornographic films.
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| ===Video games===
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| {{unreferenced section|date=August 2013}}
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| Many [[video game]]s originally produced in [[North America]], [[Japan]], and [[PAL]] countries are dubbed into foreign languages for release in areas such as [[Europe]] and [[Australia]], especially for video games that place a heavy emphasis on dialogue. Because characters' mouth movements can be part of the game's code, [[lip sync]] is sometimes achieved by re-coding the mouth movements to match the dialogue in the new language. The [[Source engine]] automatically generates lip-sync data, making it easier for games to be localized.
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| To achieve synchronization when animations are intended only for the source language, localized content is mostly recorded using techniques borrowed from movie dubbing (such as rythmo band) or, when images are not available, localized dubbing is done using source audios as a reference. Sound-synch is a method where localized audios are recorded matching the length and internal pauses of the source content.<!-- What does this last sentence mean? -->
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| For the European version of a video game, the on-screen text of the game is available in various languages and, in many cases, the dialogue is dubbed into each respective language, as well.
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| The North American version of any game is always available in [[English language|English]], with translated text and dubbed dialogue, if necessary, in other languages, especially if the North American version of the game contains the same data as the European version. Several Japanese games, such as those in the ''[[Dynasty Warriors]]'', and ''[[Soul (series)|Soul]]'' series, are released with both the original Japanese audio and the English dub included.
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| ===Television===
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| {{unreferenced section|date=August 2013}}
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| Dubbing is occasionally used on [[network television]] broadcasts of films that contain dialogue that the network executives or [[Censorship|censors]] have decided to replace. This is usually done to remove [[profanity]]. In most cases, the original actor does not perform this duty, but an actor with a similar voice reads the changes. The results are sometimes seamless, but, in many cases, the voice of the replacement actor sounds nothing like the original performer, which becomes particularly noticeable when extensive dialogue must be replaced. Also, often easy to notice, is the sudden absence of background sounds in the movie during the dubbed dialogue. Among the films considered notorious for using substitute actors that sound very different from their theatrical counterparts are the ''[[Smokey and the Bandit]]'' and the ''[[Die Hard series|Die Hard]]'' film series, as shown on broadcasters such as [[TBS (TV network)|TBS]]. In the case of ''Smokey and the Bandit'', extensive dubbing was done for the first network airing on [[American Broadcasting Company|ABC Television]] in 1978, especially for [[Jackie Gleason]]'s character, [[Buford T. Justice]]. The dubbing of his phrase "sombitch" (son of a bitch) became "scum bum," which became a catchphrase of the time.
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| Dubbing is commonly used in [[science fiction television]], as well. Sound generated by effects equipment such as [[Animatronics|animatronic]] puppets or by actors' movements on elaborate multi-level plywood sets (for example, starship bridges or other command centers) will quite often make the original character dialogue unusable. ''[[Stargate]]'' and ''[[Farscape]]'' are two prime examples where ADR is used heavily to produce usable audio.
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| Since some anime series contain profanity, the studios recording the English dubs often re-record certain lines if a series or movie is going to be broadcast on [[Cartoon Network]], removing references to [[death]] and [[hell]] as well. Some companies will offer both an edited and an uncut version of the series on DVD, so that there is an edited script available in case the series is broadcast. Other companies also edit the full-length version of a series, meaning that even on the uncut DVD characters say things like "Blast!" and "Darn!" in place of the original dialogue's profanity. [[Bandai|Bandai Entertainment's]] English dub of ''[[G Gundam]]'' is infamous for this, among many other things, with such lines as "Bartender, more milk".
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| Dubbing has also been used for comedic purposes, replacing lines of dialogue to create comedies from footage that was originally another genre. Examples include the American television show ''[[Kung Faux]]'', comedically re-dubbed from 1970s kung fu films originally produced in Hong Kong, the Australian television shows ''[[The Late Show (1990s Australian TV series)#The Olden Days|The Olden Days]]'' and ''[[Bargearse]]'', re-dubbed from 1970s Australian drama and action series, respectively, the Irish show ''[[Soupy Norman]]'', re-dubbed from ''[[:pl:Pierwsza miłość|Pierwsza miłość]]'', a Polish soap opera, and ''[[Most Extreme Elimination Challenge]]'', a comedic dub of the Japanese game show ''[[Takeshi's Castle]]''.
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| Dubbing into a foreign language does not always entail the deletion of the original language. In some countries, a performer may read the translated dialogue as a voice-over. This often occurs in [[Russia]] and [[Poland]], where "lektories" or "lektors" read the translated dialogue into [[Russian language|Russian]] and [[Polish language|Polish]]. In Poland, one announcer read all text. However, this is done almost exclusively for the television and home video markets, while theatrical releases are usually subtitled. Recently, however, the number of high-quality, fully dubbed films has increased, especially for children's movies. If a quality dubbed version exists for a film, it is shown in theaters. However, some films, such as ''[[Harry Potter]]'' or ''[[Star Wars]]'', are shown in both dubbed and subtitled versions, varying with the time of the show. Such films are also shown on TV (although some channels drop them and do standard one-narrator translation) and VHS/DVD. <!-- This section and the next one are redundant. This material has already been covered and should be merged above. -->
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| In Russia, the reading of all lines by a single person is referred to as a [[Gavrilov translation]], and is generally found only in [[Copyright infringement|illegal copies]] of films and on [[cable television]]. Professional copies always include at least two actors of opposite gender translating the dialogue. Some titles in Poland have been dubbed this way, too, but this method lacks public appeal, so it is very rare now.
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| On special occasions, such as [[film festival]]s, live [[interpreting]] is often done by professionals.
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| ===Pornography===
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| {{unreferenced section|date=August 2013}}
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| As budgets for [[pornographic film]]s are often small, compared to films made by major studios, and there is an inherent need to film without interrupting filming, it is common for sex scenes to be over-dubbed. The audio for such over-dubbing is generally referred to as ''the Ms and Gs'', or ''the moans and groans.''
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| ==Dubbing into varieties==
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| {{more citations needed section|date=August 2013}}
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| In the case of languages with large communities (such as [[English language|English]], [[Chinese language|Chinese]], [[Hindi language|Hindi]], [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]], [[Italian language|italian]], [[German language|German]], [[Spanish language|Spanish]], or [[French language|French]]), a single translation may sound foreign to native speakers in a given region. Therefore, a film may be translated into a certain variety of a certain language. For example, the animated movie ''[[The Incredibles]]'' was translated to [[European Spanish]], [[Mexican Spanish]], [[Neutral Spanish]] (which is Mexican Spanish but avoids colloquialisms), and [[Rioplatense Spanish]] (although people from [[Chile]] and [[Uruguay]] noticed a strong ''[[porteño]]'' accent from most of the characters of the Rioplatense Spanish translation).{{citation needed|date=June 2019}} In [[List of countries where Spanish is an official language|Spanish-speaking regions]], most media is dubbed twice: into European Spanish and Neutral Spanish.
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| Another example is the French dubbing of ''The Simpsons'', which has two entirely different versions for [[Quebec]] and for [[France]]. The humor is very different for each audience (see [[Non-English versions of The Simpsons|Non-English versions of ''The Simpsons'']]). Audiences in Quebec are generally critical of France's dubbing of ''The Simpsons'', which they often do not find amusing.
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| [[Quebec French|Quebec-French]] dubbing of films is generally made in accent-free [[Standard French]], but may sound peculiar to audiences in France because of the persistence of some regionally-neutral expressions and because Quebec-French performers pronounce Anglo-Saxon names with an American accent, unlike French performers. Occasionally, budget restraints cause American [[direct-to-video]] films, such as the 1995 film ''When the Bullet Hits the Bone'', to be released in France with a Quebec-French dubbing, sometimes resulting in what some members of French audiences perceive as unintentional humor.
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| [[Portugal]] and [[Brazil]] also use different versions of dubbed films and series. Because dubbing has never been very popular in [[Portugal]], for decades, children's films were distributed using the higher-quality Brazilian dub (unlike children's TV series, which are traditionally dubbed in European Portuguese). Only in the 1990s did dubbing begin to gain popularity in Portugal. ''[[The Lion King]]'' became the first Disney feature film to be completely dubbed into [[European Portuguese]], and subsequently all major animation films gained European-Portuguese versions. In recent [[DVD]] releases, most Brazilian-Portuguese-dubbed classics were released with new European-Portuguese dubs, eliminating the predominance of Brazilian-Portuguese dubs in Portugal.
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| Similarly, in [[Flanders]], the [[Dutch language|Dutch]]-speaking region of [[Belgium]], cartoons are often dubbed locally by [[Flemish]] artists<ref>{{cite web |title=Page 34 - My FlipBook |url=http://psulibrary.palawan.edu.ph/wtbooks/resources/h5/9781280297304/files/basic-html/page34.html |website=psulibrary.palawan.edu.ph |access-date=15 April 2021}}</ref> rather than using soundtracks produced in the [[Netherlands]].
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| The [[list of territorial entities where German is an official language|German-speaking region]], which includes [[Germany]], [[Austria]], part of [[Switzerland]], and [[Liechtenstein]], share a common German-dubbed version of films and shows. Although there are some differences in the three major German varieties, all films, shows, and series are dubbed into a single [[Standard German]] version that avoids regional variations in the German-speaking audience. Most voice actors are primarily German or Austrian. Switzerland, which has four official languages (German, French, [[Italian language|Italian]], and [[Romansh language|Romansh]]), generally uses dubbed versions made in each respective country (except for Romansh). Liechtenstein uses German-dubbed versions only.
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| Sometimes, films are also dubbed into several [[German dialects]]{{Citation needed|date=August 2012}} ([[Berlinerisch]], [[Colognian language|Kölsch]], [[Saxonian]], [[Austro-Bavarian language|Austro-Bavarian]] or [[Swiss German]]), especially animated films and Disney films. They are as an additional "special feature" to entice the audience into buying it. Popular animated films dubbed into German variety include ''[[Asterix]]'' films (in addition to its Standard German version, every film has a particular variety version), ''[[The Little Mermaid (1989 film)|The Little Mermaid]]'',{{Citation needed|date=August 2012}} ''[[Shrek 2]]'',{{Citation needed|date=August 2012}} ''[[Cars (film)|Cars]]'', (+ Austrian German){{Citation needed|date=August 2012}} and ''[[Up (2009 film)|Up]]''<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ots.at/presseaussendung/OBS_20090810_OBS0008 |title=Österreich-Version von Disney/Pixars "Oben" mit Otto Schenk und Karlheinz Böhm - BILD |language=de |publisher=ots.at |date=10 August 2009 |access-date=30 November 2010}}</ref> (+ Austrian German).
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| Some live-action films or TV-series have an additional German variety dubbing: ''[[Babe (film)|Babe]]'' and its sequel, ''[[Babe: Pig in the City]]'' (German German, Austrian German, Swiss German); and ''[[Rehearsal for Murder]]'', ''[[Framed (TV series)|Framed]]''<ref>{{cite web |url=http://215072.homepagemodules.de/topic-threaded.php?forum=11776730&threaded=1&id=506508&message=6643629 |title=Allgemeines " ORF-Synchronisationen - Wer weiß was? |publisher=215072.homepagemodules.de |access-date=30 November 2010}}</ref> (+ Austrian German); ''[[The Munsters]]'', ''[[Serpico]]'', ''[[Rumpole]]'' (+ Austrian German), and ''[[The Thorn Birds]]''<ref>{{cite web |url=http://215072.homepagemodules.de/topic-threaded.php?forum=11776728&threaded=1&id=506269&message=7100872 |title=Serien " 24 |publisher=215072.homepagemodules.de |access-date=30 November 2010}}</ref>
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| (only Austrian German dubbing).
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| Before [[German reunification]], [[East Germany]] also made its own particular German version. For example, ''[[Olsen-banden|Olsen Gang]]'' and the [[Hungary|Hungarian]] animated series ''[[The Mézga Family]]'' were dubbed in [[West Germany]] as well as East Germany.
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| Usually, there are two dubbings produced in [[Serbo-Croatian language|Serbo-Croatian]]: [[Serbian language|Serbian]] and [[Croatian language|Croatian]]. Serbian for [[Serbia]], [[Montenegro]] and [[Bosnia and Herzegovina]]; Croatian for [[Croatia]] and parts of Bosnia and Herzegovina.
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| ==Criticism==
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| {{Unreferenced section|date=September 2017}}
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| While the voice actors involved usually bear the brunt of criticisms towards poor dubbing, other factors may include inaccurate script translation and poor [[Audio mixing (television and film)|audio mixing]]. Dialogue typically contains speech patterns and sentence structure that are natural to the original language but would appear awkward if translated literally. English dubs of Japanese animation, for example, must rewrite the dialogue so that it flows smoothly while following the natural pattern of English speech. On some occasions, voice actors record their dialogue individually instead of with the rest of the cast, and their performances can lack the dynamics gained from performing as a group.{{citation needed|date=June 2019}}
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| Many [[martial arts]] movies from [[Hong Kong]] that were imported under the unofficial banner [[Kung Fu Theater]] were notorious{{according to whom|date=June 2019}} for seemingly careless dubbing that included poor lip sync and awkward dialogue. Since the results were frequently unintentionally humorous, it has become one of the hallmarks that endear these films to fans of the 1980s culture.
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| ==References==
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| {{Reflist|30em}}
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| ==Further reading==
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| {{Commons category|Dubbing (filmmaking)}}
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| *{{Cite book |last1=Maluf |first1=Ramez |title=Dubbing into Arabic: A Trojan Horse at the Gates? |url=http://inhouse.lau.edu.lb/bima/papers/Dubbing.pdf |access-date=10 April 2011 |date=19 December 2003 |publisher=[[Lebanese American University]]}}
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| *Di Fortunato E. e Paolinelli M. (a cura di), "La Questione Doppiaggio - barriere linguistiche e circolazione delle opere audiovisive", Roma, AIDAC, 1996 - (available on website: www.aidac.it)
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| *Castellano A. (a cura di), "Il Doppiaggio, profilo, storia e analisi di un'arte negata", Roma, AIDAC-ARLEM, 2001
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| *Di Fortunato E. e Paolinelli M., "Tradurre per il doppiaggio - la trasposizione linguistica dell'audiovisivo: teoria e pratica di un'arte imperfetta", Milano, Hoepli, 2005
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| *[http://www.asinc.it ASINC] online magazine on criticism of the art of dubbing
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| *{{cite book|author=Dror Abend-David|title=Media and Translation: An Interdisciplinary Approach|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7DvxAwAAQBAJ|date=31 July 2014|publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing|isbn=978-1-62356-101-7}}
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| *Rose, Jay, ''[[Producing Great Sound for Film and Video]]''. Focal Press, fourth edition 2014 Book info. {{ISBN|9780415722070}}
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| {{Film crew}}
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| {{Translation navbox}}
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| {{Authority control}}
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| [[Category:Dubbing (filmmaking)| ]]
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