Tripartite Struggle (78 A.D): Difference between revisions
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'''Tripartite Struggle (78 A.D)''' or '''Tripartite Struggle for Avanti'''<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.co.in/books/about/Puratan.html?id=YyduAAAAMAAJ&hl=en&redir_esc=y |title=Puratan |date=1986 |publisher=Department of Archaeology and Museums, Madhya Pradesh |pages=598 |language=en}}</ref> over the control of the throne of Avanti, which during that time was equivalent to having imperial status over all of [[Aryavarta]]. | |||
==Background== | ==Background== | ||
[[File:Complete view of Inscription in cave at Naneghat.jpg|thumb|265px|The [[Naneghat|Naneghat inscription]]. Dated to 70-60 BCE, it mentions reigning king [[Satakarni I]], his queen Naganika, and his probable father [[Simuka]].{{sfn|Carla M. Sinopoli|2001|p=168}}]] | [[File:Complete view of Inscription in cave at Naneghat.jpg|thumb|265px|The [[Naneghat|Naneghat inscription]]. Dated to 70-60 BCE, it mentions reigning king [[Satakarni I]], his queen Naganika, and his probable father [[Simuka]].{{sfn|Carla M. Sinopoli|2001|p=168}}]] | ||
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==Kharvela Western Campgain== | ==Kharvela Western Campgain== | ||
[[Kharavela]] launched another military expedition, this time deliberately avoiding direct conflict with the [[Satavahana dynasty|Satavahana]] ruler. During this campaign, he subdued groups referred to as the Rathikas and Bhojakas, compelling them to submit to his authority. However, the campaign appears to have yielded no lasting territorial acquisitions.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Dr. Vasudev Vishnu Mirashi |url=https://archive.org/details/the-history-and-inscriptions-of-the-satavahanas-and-the-western-kshatrapas |title=The History And Inscriptions Of The Sātavāhanas And The Western Kshatrapas |date=1981 |pages=22–23}}</ref> | [[Kharavela]] launched another military expedition, this time deliberately avoiding direct conflict with the [[Satavahana dynasty|Satavahana]] ruler. During this campaign, he subdued groups referred to as the Rathikas and Bhojakas, compelling them to submit to his authority. However, the campaign appears to have yielded no lasting territorial acquisitions.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Dr. Vasudev Vishnu Mirashi |url=https://archive.org/details/the-history-and-inscriptions-of-the-satavahanas-and-the-western-kshatrapas |title=The History And Inscriptions Of The Sātavāhanas And The Western Kshatrapas |date=1981 |pages=22–23}}</ref> | ||
==Saka–Satavahana Conflict== | |||
[[File:Gautamiputra Sri Satakarni overstruck on a coin of Nahapana.jpg|thumb|A coin of [[Nahapana]] restruck by the [[Satavahana]] king [[Gautamiputra Satakarni]]. Nahapana's profile and coin legend are still clearly visible.]] | |||
[[File:Saka-Yavana-Pahlava inscription in the Nasik cave 3 inscription of Queen Gotami Balasiri.jpg|thumb|The defeated "[[Western Satraps|Saka]]-[[Indo-Greeks|Yavana]]-[[Indo-Parthians|Palhava]]" ([[Brahmi script]]: '''{{script|Brah|𑀲𑀓 𑀬𑀯𑀦 𑀧𑀮𑁆𑀳𑀯)}}''' mentioned in the [[Nasik Caves|Nasik cave 3]] inscription of Queen Gotami Balasiri (end of line 5 of the inscription).<ref name="EI60">{{cite book |last1=Hultzsch |first1=E. |title=Epigraphia Indica Vol.8 |date=1906 |page=60 |url=https://archive.org/stream/in.ernet.dli.2015.56654#page/n75/mode/2up}}</ref>]] | |||
The Satavahana power was revived by [[Gautamiputra Satakarni]], who is considered the greatest of the Satavahana rulers.{{sfn|Charles Higham|2009|p=299}} The king defeated by him appears to have been the Western Kshatrapa ruler [[Nahapana]], as suggested by Nahapana's coins overstruck with names and titles of Gautamiputra.{{sfn|R.C.C. Fynes|1995|p=44}} The [[Nashik]] ''[[prashasti]]'' inscription of Gautamiputra's mother Gautami Balashri, dated to the 20th year after his death, records his achievements. The ''Nashik prashasti'' inscription states that Gautamiputra uprooted the [[Kshaharata]] (or Khagarata) family, to which Nahapana belonged. The Nashik inscription dated to the 18th year of Gautamiputra's reign states that he reaffirmed a grant of land to Buddhist monks living at the Triraśmi peak. This land was earlier in the possession of Nahapana's son-in-law [[Rishabhadatta]] (also known as [[Ushavadata]]), who had donated it to the monks.{{sfn|Sudhakar Chattopadhyaya|1974|p=77}} He ([[Gautamiputra Satkarni]]) claimed victory on them in an inscription at [[Pandavleni Caves#Cave No.3, "Gautamiputra vihara" (circa 150 CE)|Cave No. 3]] of the [[Pandavleni Caves]] in [[Nashik]]: | |||
{{quote|[[Gautamiputra Satkarni|Gautamiputra Satakarni]] (…) who crushed down the pride and conceit of the [[Kshatriyas]]; who destroyed the [[Saka]]s (Western Satraps), [[Yavana]]s ([[Indo-Greek]]s) and [[Pahlava]]s ([[Indo-Parthians]]),<ref>{{cite book |last1=V.D |first1=Mahajan |title=Ancient India |date=2016 |publisher=S. Chand Publishing |isbn=9789352531325 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7TJlDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA315 |language=en}}</ref> who rooted out the Khakharata family (the Kshaharata family of Nahapana); who restored the glory of the Satavahana race.|Inscription of Queen Mother Gautami Balashri at [[Pandavleni Caves#Cave No. 3, "Gautamiputra vihara" (2nd century CE)|Cave No. 3]] of the [[Pandavleni Caves]] in [[Nashik]].}} | |||
==Reference== | ==Reference== | ||
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* {{citation|last=Sharma|first=Ram Sharan|author-link=Ram Sharan Sharma|title=Aspects of Political Ideas and Institutions in Ancient India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9_E3K8fQoDgC|date=1991|isbn=9788120808270}} | * {{citation|last=Sharma|first=Ram Sharan|author-link=Ram Sharan Sharma|title=Aspects of Political Ideas and Institutions in Ancient India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9_E3K8fQoDgC|date=1991|isbn=9788120808270}} | ||
*{{citation|title=History and Culture of Andhra Pradesh: From the Earliest Times To the Present Day|last=Rao|publisher=Sterling publishers|year=1994|isbn=81-207-1719-8}} | *{{citation|title=History and Culture of Andhra Pradesh: From the Earliest Times To the Present Day|last=Rao|publisher=Sterling publishers|year=1994|isbn=81-207-1719-8}} | ||
[[Category:1st-century conflicts]] | |||
[[Category:2nd-century conflicts]] | |||
[[Category:Wars involving ancient India]] | |||
[[Category:Satavahana dynasty]] | |||
[[Category:Battles involving Satavahana dynasty]] | |||
Latest revision as of 20:15, 1 July 2025
Tripartite Struggle (78 A.D) or Tripartite Struggle for Avanti[1] over the control of the throne of Avanti, which during that time was equivalent to having imperial status over all of Aryavarta.
| Tripartite Struggle (78 A.D) | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
 Struggle for Avanti between Satavahanas, Kalinga and Western Satraps. | ||||||||
| ||||||||
| Belligerents | ||||||||
| Satavahana dynasty | Mahameghavahana dynasty | Western Satraps | ||||||
| Commanders and leaders | ||||||||
|
Satakarni Gautamiputra Satakarni | Kharvela | Nahapana | ||||||
BackgroundEdit
The Naneghat inscription is thought to have been made during the reign of Satakarni I.[3] According to the inscription, he married Nayanika (Naganika), daughter of the Maharathi Tranakayiro Kalalaya, scion of the Amgiya (Ambhiya) family.[4] She wrote the Naneghat inscription, in which she describes Satakarni as "Lord of Dakshinapatha, wielder of the unchecked wheel of Sovereignty".[5] The Naneghat inscription of Naganika suggests that Satakarni performed two horse sacrifices (Aswamedha), to proclaim his sovereignty.[6]
Kharvela–Satkarni ConflictEdit
The Hāthigumphā inscription states that in the second year of his reign, Kharavela of Kalinga launched a westward campaign, ignoring the Satavahana ruler Satakarni. His army advanced to the river Kanhabennā, causing panic in Asikanagara, identified not as Maski but as Asika or Rishika modern-day Khandesh, west of Kalinga.[7]
The army likely reached the Vainganga River near Pauni, then the capital of Vidarbha under Satakarni's control, as confirmed by coin finds. The incursion alarmed neighboring regions like Asika, but the absence of a victory claim in the inscription suggests Kharavela's forces were repelled, likely by a prompt Satavahana response near Pauni.[6][8]
Kharvela Western CampgainEdit
Kharavela launched another military expedition, this time deliberately avoiding direct conflict with the Satavahana ruler. During this campaign, he subdued groups referred to as the Rathikas and Bhojakas, compelling them to submit to his authority. However, the campaign appears to have yielded no lasting territorial acquisitions.[9]
Saka–Satavahana ConflictEdit
The Satavahana power was revived by Gautamiputra Satakarni, who is considered the greatest of the Satavahana rulers.[11] The king defeated by him appears to have been the Western Kshatrapa ruler Nahapana, as suggested by Nahapana's coins overstruck with names and titles of Gautamiputra.[12] The Nashik prashasti inscription of Gautamiputra's mother Gautami Balashri, dated to the 20th year after his death, records his achievements. The Nashik prashasti inscription states that Gautamiputra uprooted the Kshaharata (or Khagarata) family, to which Nahapana belonged. The Nashik inscription dated to the 18th year of Gautamiputra's reign states that he reaffirmed a grant of land to Buddhist monks living at the Triraśmi peak. This land was earlier in the possession of Nahapana's son-in-law Rishabhadatta (also known as Ushavadata), who had donated it to the monks.[13] He (Gautamiputra Satkarni) claimed victory on them in an inscription at Cave No. 3 of the Pandavleni Caves in Nashik:
Gautamiputra Satakarni (…) who crushed down the pride and conceit of the Kshatriyas; who destroyed the Sakas (Western Satraps), Yavanas (Indo-Greeks) and Pahlavas (Indo-Parthians),[14] who rooted out the Khakharata family (the Kshaharata family of Nahapana); who restored the glory of the Satavahana race.
ReferenceEdit
- ↑ Puratan. Department of Archaeology and Museums, Madhya Pradesh. 1986. p. 598.
- ↑ Carla M. Sinopoli 2001, p. 168.
- ↑ Alcock, Susan E.; Alcock, John H. D'Arms Collegiate Professor of Classical Archaeology and Classics and Arthur F. Thurnau Professor Susan E.; D'Altroy, Terence N.; Morrison, Kathleen D.; Sinopoli, Carla M. (2001). Empires: Perspectives from Archaeology and History. Cambridge University Press. p. 169. ISBN 9780521770200.
- ↑ Raychaudhuri 2006, p. 346.
- ↑ Singh 2008, p. 382.
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 Sudhakar Chattopadhyaya (1974). Some Early Dynasties of South India. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 41–45. ISBN 978-81-208-2941-1.
- ↑ Sailendra Nath Sen (1999). Ancient Indian History and Civilization. New Age International. pp. 176–177. ISBN 978-81-224-1198-0.
- ↑ Dr. Vasudev Vishnu Mirashi (1981). The History And Inscriptions Of The Sātavāhanas And The Western Kshatrapas. pp. 22–23.
- ↑ Dr. Vasudev Vishnu Mirashi (1981). The History And Inscriptions Of The Sātavāhanas And The Western Kshatrapas. pp. 22–23.
- ↑ Hultzsch, E. (1906). Epigraphia Indica Vol.8. p. 60.
- ↑ Charles Higham 2009, p. 299.
- ↑ R.C.C. Fynes 1995, p. 44.
- ↑ Sudhakar Chattopadhyaya 1974, p. 77.
- ↑ V.D, Mahajan (2016). Ancient India. S. Chand Publishing. ISBN 9789352531325.
SourcesEdit
- Singh, Upinder (2008), A history of ancient and early medieval India : from the Stone Age to the 12th century, New Delhi: Pearson Longman, ISBN 978-81-317-1120-0
- Raychaudhuri, Hemchandra (2006), Political History Of Ancient India, ISBN 9788130702919
- Sharma, Ram Sharan (1991), Aspects of Political Ideas and Institutions in Ancient India, ISBN 9788120808270
- Rao (1994), History and Culture of Andhra Pradesh: From the Earliest Times To the Present Day, Sterling publishers, ISBN 81-207-1719-8