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{{Db}}
{{Short description|Multilinear filmmaking style}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=December 2015}}
'''Hyperlink cinema''' is a style of filmmaking characterised by complex or multilinear narrative structures with multiple characters under one unifying theme.
 
==History==
The term was coined by author [[Alissa Quart]], who used the term in her review of the film ''[[Happy Endings (film)|Happy Endings]]'' (2005) for the film journal ''[[Film Comment]]'' in 2005.<ref name=quart>{{cite journal
|last=Quart
|first=Alissa
|author-link=Alissa Quart
|title=Networked
|journal=[[Film Comment]]
|volume=41
|issue=4
|pages=48–5
|date=Jul–Aug 2005
|url=http://alissaquart.com/networked_don_roos_and_happy_e/
|access-date=January 28, 2014
|url-status=dead
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140203214153/http://alissaquart.com/networked_don_roos_and_happy_e/
|archive-date=February 3, 2014
|df=mdy-all
}}</ref> Film critic [[Roger Ebert]] popularized the term when reviewing the film ''[[Syriana]]'' in 2005.<ref name="ebert-syriana">{{cite news |last=Ebert |first=Roger |author-link=Roger Ebert |date=December 9, 2005 |title=Syriana |work=Reviews |publisher=rogerebert.com |url=https://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/syriana-2005 |access-date=July 25, 2007}}</ref> These films are not [[hypermedia]] and do not have actual [[hyperlink]]s, but are multilinear in a more metaphorical sense.
 
In describing ''Happy Endings'', Quart considers captions acting as [[footnote]]s and [[Split screen (film)|split screen]] as elements of hyperlink cinema and notes the influence of the World Wide Web and [[Human multitasking|multitasking]].<ref name="quart"/> Playing with time and characters' personal history, [[plot twist]]s, interwoven storylines between multiple characters, jumping between the beginning and end ([[Flashback (narrative)|flashback]] and [[flashforward]]) are also elements.<ref name="quart"/> Ebert further described hyperlink cinema as films where the characters or action reside in separate stories, but a connection or influence between those disparate stories is slowly revealed to the audience; illustrated in Mexican director [[Alejandro González Iñárritu|Alejandro González Iñárritu's]] films ''[[Amores perros]]'' (2000), ''[[21 Grams]]'' (2003), and ''[[Babel (film)|Babel]]'' (2006).<ref name="ebert-syriana"/><ref name="ebert-babel"/>
 
Quart suggests that director [[Robert Altman]] created the structure for the genre and demonstrated its usefulness for combining interlocking stories in his films ''[[Nashville (film)|Nashville]]'' (1975) and ''[[Short Cuts]]'' (1993).<ref name="MovieYearbook2007">[[Roger Ebert|Ebert, Roger]] (2006). ''Roger Ebert's Movie Yearbook 2007''. Andrews McMeel Publishing. p. 100. {{ISBN|0-7407-6157-9}}</ref> However, his work was predated by several films, including [[Satyajit Ray]]'s ''[[Kanchenjungha (film)|Kanchenjunga]]'' (1962),<ref name="amc.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.amc.com/movie/1962/Kanchenjungha|title=Kanchenjungha |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151211105908/http://www.amc.com/movie/1962/Kanchenjungha |archive-date=2015-12-11|work=[[AMC (TV channel)|AMC]]}}</ref> [[Federico Fellini]]'s ''[[Amarcord]]'' (1973),<ref name="tasteofcinema.com">{{cite web |url=http://www.tasteofcinema.com/2015/20-great-examples-of-hyperlink-cinema-every-film-buff-must-watch/|title=20 Great Examples of Hyperlink Cinema Every Film Buff Must Watch |website=Taste of Cinema |date=September 4, 2015}}</ref> and [[Ritwik Ghatak]]'s ''[[Titash Ekti Nadir Naam]]'' (1973),<ref name=Ghatak>{{Cite book |last1=Ghatak |first1=Ritwik |year=2000 |title=Rows and Rows of Fences: Ritwik Ghatak on Cinema |publisher=Ritwik Memorial & Trust Seagull Books |isbn=81-7046-178-2 |pages=ix & 134–36}}</ref> all of which use a narrative structure based on multiple characters.
 
Quart also mentions the television series ''[[24 (TV series)|24]]'' and discusses [[Alan Rudolph]]'s film ''[[Welcome to L.A.]]'' (1976) as an early prototype.<ref name="quart"/> ''[[Crash (2004 film)|Crash]]'' (2004) is an example of the genre,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Willmore |first=Alison |date=February 23, 2009 |title="Crossing Over" and Hyperlink Cinema |url=https://www.ifc.com/2009/02/crossing-over-and-hyperlink-ci |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170410023913/https://www.ifc.com/2009/02/crossing-over-and-hyperlink-ci |archive-date=April 10, 2017 |url-status=dead |access-date=July 12, 2022 |website=[[IFC (American TV channel)|IFC]]}}</ref> as are [[Steven Soderbergh]]'s ''[[Traffic (2000 film)|Traffic]]'' (2000), [[Fernando Meirelles]]'s ''[[City of God (2002 film)|City of God]]'' (2002), [[Stephen Gaghan]]'s ''[[Syriana]]'' (2005) and [[Rodrigo García (director)|Rodrigo Garcia]]'s ''[[Nine Lives (2005 film)|Nine Lives]]'' (2005).
 
The style is also used in video games. French video game company [[Quantic Dream]] has produced games, such as [[Heavy Rain]] and [[Detroit: Become Human]], with hyperlink cinema style storytelling, and the style has also influenced role-playing games such as ''[[Suikoden III]]'' (2001) and ''[[Octopath Traveler]]'' (2018).
 
==Analysis==
The hyperlink cinema narrative and story structure can be compared to social science's [[spatial analysis]]. As described by Edward Soja and Costis Hadjimichalis spatial analysis examines the "'horizontal experience'  of human life, the spatial dimension of individual behavior and social relations, as opposed to the 'vertical experience' of history, tradition, and biography."<ref name="Soja-p59-67">{{cite journal |last1=Soja |first1=Edward W. |last2=Hadjimichalis |first2=Costis |year=1979 |title=Between Geographical Materialism and Spatial Fetishism: Some Observations on the Development of Marxist Spatial Analysis |journal=[[Antipode (journal)|Antipode]] |volume=17 |issue=2–3 |pages=59–67 |doi=10.1111/j.1467-8330.1985.tb00334.x }}</ref> English critic [[John Berger]] notes for the novel that "it is scarcely any longer possible to tell a straight story sequentially unfolding in time" for "we are too aware of what is continually traversing the story line laterally."<ref name="Soja-p59-67"/>
 
An academic analysis of hyperlink cinema appeared in the journal ‘’[[Critical Studies in Media Communication]],’’ and referred to the films as Global Network Films. Narine's study examines the films ''Traffic'' (2000), ''Amores perros'' (2000), ''21 Grams'' (2003), ''Beyond Borders'' (2003), ''Crash'' (2004; released 2005), ''Syriana'' (2005), ''Babel'' (2006) and others, citing network theorist [[Manuel Castells]] and philosophers [[Michel Foucault]] and [[Slavoj Žižek]]. The study suggests that the films are network narratives that map the [[network society]] and the new connections citizens experience in the age of [[globalization]].<ref>{{cite journal |last=Narine |first=Neil |title=Global Trauma and the Cinematic Network Society |journal=[[Critical Studies in Media Communication]] |volume=27 |issue=3 |year=2010 |pages=209–234 |doi=10.1080/15295030903583556 |s2cid=143671583}}</ref>
 
[[Alberto Toscano]] and Jeff Kinkle have argued that one popular form of hyperlink cinema constitutes a contemporary form of [[it-narrative]], an 18th- and 19th-century genre of fiction written from the imagined perspective of objects as they move between owners and social environments.<ref name=toscano>{{cite book|first1=Alberto|last1=Toscano|author-link=Alberto Toscano|first2=Jeff|last2=Kinkle|title=Cartographies of the Absolute|publisher=[[Zero Books]]|year=2015|page=192}}</ref> In these films, they argue, "the narrative link is the characters' relation to the film's product of choice, whether it be guns, cocaine, oil, or Nile perch."<ref name=toscano/>
 
== Examples ==
<!--Per [[WP:INDISCRIMINATE]], don't make this list too big. Only include films that: 1) can be verified with a source, and 2) has a significant impact on their work.-->
 
=== Films ===
{{main category|Hyperlink films}}
<!-- Please add a CITATION when adding a film. Films without verifiable citations will be removed. -->
{{Div col|colwidth=18em}}
*''[[Grand Hotel (1932 film)|Grand Hotel]]'' (1932)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.flickchart.com/genre/Hyperlink+Film |title=Hyperlink Film |website=[[Flickchart]]}}</ref>
*''[[Dinner at Eight (1933 film)|Dinner at Eight]]'' (1933)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.flickchart.com/Charts.aspx?genre=Hyperlink+Film&decade=1930 |title=The Best Hyperlink Films of the 1930s |website=Flickchart}}</ref>
*''[[The Rules of the Game]]'' (1939)<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4vAp1JNyyQkC&dq=rules+of+the+game+hyperlink+film&pg=PT282 |last=Newman |first=Michael Z. |year=2011 |title=Indie: An American Film Culture |publisher=Columbia University Press|isbn=9780231513524 |via=Google Books}}</ref>
*''[[Kanchenjungha (film)|Kanchenjunga]]'' (1962)<ref name="amc.com"/>
*''[[Is Paris Burning? (film)|Is Paris Burning?]]'' (1966)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.flickchart.com/Charts.aspx?genre=Hyperlink+Film&decade=1960 |title=The Best Hyperlink Films of the 1960s |website=Flickchart}}</ref>
*''[[Amarcord]]'' (1973)<ref name="tasteofcinema.com"/>
*''[[Titash Ekti Nadir Naam]]'' (1973)<ref name=Ghatak/>
*''[[The Phantom of Liberty]]'' (1974)<ref name="tasteofcinema.com"/>
*''[[Zavallılar|Zavallilar]]'' (1974)<ref name="Ozguc">{{cite book|last=Özguc |first= Agah |title=Bütün Filmleriyle Yilmaz Güney |language=tr}}</ref>
*''[[Nashville (film)|Nashville]]'' (1975)<ref name=ebert-syriana/>
*''[[Welcome to L.A.]]'' (1976)<ref name="quart"/>
* ''[[Yol]]'' (1981)<ref name="Ozguc"/>
* ''[[After Hours (film)|After Hours]]'' (1985)<ref name="moviebabblereviews.com"/>
*''[[Hannah and Her Sisters]]'' (1986)<ref name="tasteofcinema.com"/>
*''[[Do the Right Thing]]'' (1989)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.flickchart.com/Charts.aspx?genre=Hyperlink+Film&decade=1980 |title=The Best Hyperlink Films of the 1980s |website=Flickchart}}</ref>
*''[[Mystery Train (film)|Mystery Train]]'' (1989)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.aperfectprescription.com/blog/its-a-sad-and-beautiful-world-music-from-the-films-of-jim-jarmusch |title=It's a Sad and Beautiful World: Music From the Films of Jim Jarmusch |website=A Perfect Prescription |date=March 15, 2016}}</ref>
*''[[Grand Canyon (1991 film)|Grand Canyon]]'' (1991)<ref name=flick90s>{{cite web|url=https://www.flickchart.com/Charts.aspx?genre=Hyperlink+Film&decade=1990 |title=The Best Hyperlink Films of the 1990s |website=Flickchart}}</ref>
*''[[Slacker (film)|Slacker]]'' (1991)<ref name=flick90s/>
*''[[Dazed and Confused (film)|Dazed and Confused]]'' (1993)<ref name="tasteofcinema.com"/>
*''[[Short Cuts]]'' (1993)<ref name=ebert-syriana/>
*''[[Three Colours: Red]]'' (1993)<ref name="tasteofcinema.com"/>
*''[[Before the Rain (1994 film)|Before the Rain]]'' (1994)<ref>{{cite web|last=Kipp |first=Jeremiah |date=August 12, 2008  |url=https://www.slantmagazine.com/film/review/before-the-rain/3718 |title=Before the Rain Film Review |website=[[Slant Magazine]] |access-date=March 3, 2010}}</ref>
*''[[Exotica (film)|Exotica]]'' (1994)<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ebert |first=Roger |date=March 11, 2009 |title=Exotica |url=https://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/exotica-1994}}</ref>
*''[[Pulp Fiction (film)|Pulp Fiction]]'' (1994)<ref name="PostmodernHollywood">{{cite book|last=Booker |first=M. Keith |year=2007 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QluEtNUBblUC&pg=PA13 |title=Postmodern Hollywood: What's New in Film and why it Makes Us Feel So Strange |publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group. |pages=12–21 |isbn=978-0-275-99900-1 |via=Google Books |access-date=October 18, 2008}}</ref>
*''[[Gummo]]'' (1997)<ref name="tasteofcinema.com"/>
*''[[Lock, Stock and Two Smoking Barrels]]'' (1998)<ref name="PostmodernHollywood"/>
*''[[The Opposite of Sex]]'' (1998)<ref name=quart/>
*''[[Happiness (1998 film)|Happiness]]'' (1998)<ref name=quart/>
*''[[Playing by Heart]]'' (1998)<ref>{{cite web|last=Holden |first=Stephen |author-link=Stephen Holden |date=January 22, 1999 |url=https://archive.nytimes.com/www.nytimes.com/library/film/012299heart-film-review.html |title='Playing By Heart': In a Cocktail of Romance, Different Flavors of Love |website=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=March 3, 2010}}</ref>
*''[[Go (1999 film)|Go]]'' (1999)<ref name="moviebabblereviews.com">{{Cite web |date=March 17, 2018 |title=Top 10 Greatest Films of 'Hyperlink Cinema' |url=https://moviebabblereviews.com/2018/03/17/top-10-greatest-films-of-hyperlink-cinema/ |website=moviebabble.com}}</ref>
*''[[Magnolia (film)|Magnolia]]'' (1999)<ref name=quart/><ref name="the-artifice.com">{{cite web|url=https://the-artifice.com/hyperlink-cinema-stories/ |title=Hyperlink Cinema and the Prevalence of Intertwining Stories |date=January 17, 2017 |website=[[The Artifice (magazine)|The Artifice]]}}</ref>
*''[[Code Unknown]]'' (2000)<ref>{{Cite web |title=CODE INCONNU |url=http://www.festival-cannes.com/en/archives/ficheFilm/id/5141/year/2000.html |website=Festival de Cannes}}</ref>
*''[[Timecode (film)|Timecode]]'' (2000)<ref name=quart/>
*''[[Amores perros]]'' (2000)<ref name=ebert-babel/>
*''[[Snatch (film)|Snatch]]'' (2000)<ref name="PostmodernHollywood"/>
*''[[Traffic (2000 film)|Traffic]]'' (2000)<ref name=ebert-cape/>
*''[[Lantana (film)|Lantana]]'' (2001)<ref name="ebert-lantana ">{{Cite news |last=Ebert |first=Roger  |date=January 18, 2002 |title=Lantana |work=Reviews |publisher=rogerebert.com |url=https://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/lantana-2002 |access-date=February 14, 2009}}</ref>
*''[[Thirteen Conversations About One Thing]]'' (2001)<ref name="moviebabblereviews.com"/>
*''[[City of God (2002 film)|City of God]]'' (2002)<ref name=ebert-cape/><ref name="the-artifice.com"/>
*''[[11:14]]'' (2003)<ref>{{Cite web |last=Cochran, Dechlan |title=11:14, an obscure gem of a movie (review) |url=http://www.devon-cornwall-film.co.uk/2012/04/12/1114-an-obscure-gem-of-a-movie-review/ |website=D&CFilm|date=April 12, 2012}}</ref>
*''[[Elephant (2003 film)|Elephant]]'' (2003)<ref name=quart/>
*''[[Love, Actually]]'' (2003)<ref>{{Cite web |last=Barber |first=Nicholas |date=March 17, 2015 |title=Fragmentation games: the return of the portmanteau film |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2015/mar/17/portmanteau-films-wild-tales-pulp-fiction-short-cuts}}</ref>
*''[[21 Grams]]'' (2003)<ref name=ebert-babel/>
*''[[Cape of Good Hope (film)|Cape of Good Hope]]'' (2004)<ref name="ebert-cape">{{Cite news |last=Ebert |first=Roger |date=January 6, 2006 |title=Cape of Good Hope |work=Reviews |publisher=rogerebert.com |url=https://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/cape-of-good-hope-2006 |access-date=February 8, 2008}}</ref>
*''[[Crash (2004 film)|Crash]]'' (2004)<ref name=quart/><ref name="the-artifice.com"/>
*''[[Aaytha Ezhuthu|Aayutha Ezhuthu]]'' (2004)<ref name=quart/>
*''[[Happy Endings (film)|Happy Endings]]'' (2005)<ref name=quart/><ref name="the-artifice.com"/>
*''[[Syriana]]'' (2005)<ref name=ebert-syriana/><ref name="the-artifice.com"/>
*''[[Nine Lives (2005 film)|Nine Lives]]'' (2005)<ref name=ebert-syriana/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tasteofcinema.com/2019/the-15-best-glenn-close-movie-performances |date=March 8, 2019 |title=The 15 Best Glenn Close Movie Performances |website=Taste of Cinema}}</ref>
*''[[Sin City (film)|Sin City]]'' (2005)<ref>{{cite web|last=Page |first=Matt |date=June 20, 2005 |url=http://www.openheaven.org/news/243 |title=Film Review: ''Sin City'' |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080725031520/http://www.openheaven.org/news/243 |archive-date=July 25, 2008 |website=Open Heaven Church |access-date=January 8, 2011}}</ref>
*''[[Inland Empire (film)|Inland Empire]]'' (2006)<ref>{{Cite news |last=Jerslev |first=Anne |title=The post-perspectival: Screens and time in David Lynch's Inland Empire |journal=Journal of Aesthetics and Culture |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/273009950 |date=March 2012}}</ref>
*''[[Look Both Ways (2005 film)|Look Both Ways]]'' (2006)<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ebert |first=Roger |title=Look Both Ways |work=Chicago Sun-Times |url=https://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/look-both-ways-2006 |date=April 27, 2006 |access-date=July 12, 2022}}</ref>
*''[[Babel (film)|Babel]]'' (2006)<ref name="ebert-babel">{{Cite news |last=Ebert |first=Roger |author-link=Roger Ebert |date=September 22, 2007 |title=Babel |work=Reviews |publisher=rogerebert.com |url=https://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/babel-2006 |access-date=February 8, 2008}}</ref><ref name="the-artifice.com"/>
*''[[Life in a... Metro|Life in a...Metro]]'' (2007)<ref>{{cite web|last=Singh |first=Anvita |date=November 11, 2020 |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/revisiting-life-in-a-metro-anurag-basu-anthology-film-7045052/ |title=Revisiting Life in a Metro: A well-made anthology film |access-date=October 20, 2021 |website=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref>
*''[[The Edge of Heaven (film)|The Edge of Heaven]]'' (2007)<ref>{{cite web|last=Skinner |first=Marjorie |date=September 4, 2008 |url=http://www.portlandmercury.com/film/the_celestial_prophecy/Content?oid=886902 |access-date=September 5, 2008 |title=The Celestial Prophecy : Living on The Edge of Heaven |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081215075725/http://www.portlandmercury.com/film/the_celestial_prophecy/Content?oid=886902 |archive-date=December 15, 2008 |url-status=dead |website=[[Portland Mercury]]}}</ref>
*''[[Rendition (film)|Rendition]]'' (2007)<ref>{{cite web |last=Gandert |first=Sean |date=October 18, 2007 |url=https://www.pastemagazine.com/action/article/5503/review/film/rendition |title=Rendition |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080224064922/http://www.pastemagazine.com/action/article/5503/review/film/rendition |archive-date=February 24, 2008 |work=[[Paste (magazine)|Paste]] |access-date=February 8, 2008}}</ref>
*''[[You, the Living]]'' (2007)<ref name="tasteofcinema.com"/>
*''[[The Air I Breathe]]'' (2008)<ref>{{cite web|last=Holden |first=Stephen |url=https://movies.nytimes.com/2008/01/25/movies/25brea.html |title=The Air I Breathe – Movie – Review |website=The New York Times |access-date=May 13, 2008}}</ref>
*''[[Gomorra (film)|Gomorrah]]'' (2008)<ref name="tasteofcinema.com"/>
*''[[Mumbai Meri Jaan]]'' (2008)<ref>{{cite web|last=Gupta |first=Shubra |date=August 23, 2008 |url=http://www.screenindia.com/news/Mumbai-Meri-Jaan--Hindi-/352483/ |title=Mumbai Meri Jaan (Hindi) |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080826031656/http://www.screenindia.com/news/Mumbai-Meri-Jaan--Hindi-/352483/ |archive-date=August 26, 2008 |access-date=August 8, 2009 |website=Screen India}}</ref>
*''[[Vantage Point (film)|Vantage Point]]'' (2008)<ref>{{cite web|last=Chang |first=Justin |author-link=Justin Chang |date=February 21, 2008 |url=https://www.variety.com/review/VE1117936282?refcatid=31 |title=Vantage Point |website=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] |access-date=January 3, 2011}}</ref>
*''[[Ajami (film)|Ajami]]'' (2009)<ref>{{cite web|last=Snider |first=Eric D. |date=February 16, 2010 |url=http://www.cinematical.com/2010/02/16/portland-film-fest-review-ajami/ |title=Portland Film Fest Review: Ajami |website=Cinematical |access-date=March 3, 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100218124337/http://www.cinematical.com/2010/02/16/portland-film-fest-review-ajami/ |archive-date=February 18, 2010}}</ref>
*''[[Powder Blue (film)|Powder Blue]]'' (2009)<ref>{{cite web|last=Anderson |first=Melissa |date=May 8, 2009 |url=https://variety.com/2009/film/reviews/powder-blue-1200507170/ |title=Powder Blue Review |website=Variety |access-date=July 21, 2010}}</ref>
*''[[Watchmen (film)|Watchmen]]'' (2009)<ref>{{cite news|last=Hiscock |first=John |date=February 25, 2009 |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/film/filmreviews/4804627/Watchmen-film-review.html |title=Watchmen: the 'unfilmable' on screen |work=[[The Daily Telegraph]] |access-date=January 8, 2011 |url-access=registration}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Perkis |first=Ed |date=May 17, 2016 |url=https://www.cinemablend.com/dvds/Watchmen-Director-Cut-Blu-ray-4038.html |title=Watchmen Director's Cut Blu-ray Review |website=CinemaBlend |access-date=January 8, 2011}}</ref>
*''[[Hereafter (film)|Hereafter]]'' (2010)<ref>{{Cite news |title=REVIEW: Hereafter |work=Marshall and the Movies |url=http://marshallandthemovies.com/2010/11/04/hereafter/ |date=November 4, 2010}}</ref>
*''[[Vedam (film)|Vedam]]'' (2010)<ref>{{Cite web |date=December 2, 2012 |title=Revisiting Vedam: Probably the best Telugu film of recent times? |url=https://madaboutmoviez.com/2012/12/02/revisiting-vedam-probably-the-best-telugu-film-of-recent-times/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=July 12, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140712185429/https://madaboutmoviez.com/2012/12/02/revisiting-vedam-probably-the-best-telugu-film-of-recent-times/}}</ref>
*''[[Answers to Nothing (film)|Answers to Nothing]]'' (2011)<ref>{{Cite news |last=Osenlund |first=R. Kurt |date=December 2, 2011 |title=Answers to Nothing |work=Slant Magazine |url=https://www.slantmagazine.com/film/answers-to-nothing/ |access-date=October 16, 2019}}</ref>
*''[[Bombay March 12]]'' (2011)<ref>{{Cite web|date=July 3, 2011 |title=Bombay March 12 Review |url=http://www.nowrunning.com/movie/8593/malayalam/bombay-march-12/3185/review.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110705004813/http://www.nowrunning.com/movie/8593/malayalam/bombay-march-12/3185/review.htm |archive-date=July 5, 2011 |website=nowrunning.com}}</ref>
*''[[Contagion (2011 film)|Contagion]]'' (2011)<ref>{{Cite web |last=Wickman |first=Forrest |date=September 9, 2011 |title=Steven Soderbergh's Contagion |url=http://www.slate.com/id/2303397/ |website=[[Slate (magazine)|Slate]]}}</ref>
*''[[Cloud Atlas (film)|Cloud Atlas]]'' (2012)<ref>{{cite news|last=LaSalle |first=Mick |author-link=Mick LaSalle |date=October 25, 2012 |url=http://www.sfgate.com/movies/article/Cloud-Atlas-review-Baring-your-soul-3981566.php |title='Cloud Atlas' review: Baring your soul |work=[[San Francisco Chronicle]] |access-date=June 8, 2013}}</ref><ref name="the-artifice.com"/>
*''[[Disconnect (2012 film)|Disconnect]]'' (2012)<ref>{{Cite news |last=Hachard |first=Thomas |date=April 7, 2013 |title=Disconnect |work=Slant Magazine |url=https://www.slantmagazine.com/film/review/disconnect |access-date=August 16, 2016}}</ref>
*''[[Ship of Theseus (film)|Ship of Theseus]]'' (2012)<ref>{{Cite book|last=Devasundaram |first=Ashvin Immanuel |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/_/gLdTDAAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=0 |title=India's New Independent Cinema: Rise of the Hybrid|location=United Kingdom |publisher=Taylor & Francis |year=2016}}</ref>
*''[[The Big Short (film)|The Big Short]]'' (2015)<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Kermode |first1=Mark |author-link=Mark Kermode |date=January 24, 2016 |title=The Big Short review – life with the Wall Street sharks |url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2016/jan/24/the-big-short-review-crash-riveting-steve-carell-christian-bale |work=The Guardian}}</ref>
*''[[Dunkirk (2017 film)|Dunkirk]]'' (2017)<ref name="moviebabblereviews.com"/>
*''[[Maanagaram]]'' (2017)<ref>{{Cite web |last=Subramanian |first=Anupama |date=July 17, 2016 |title=Sree-Regina film Maanagaram with a hyperlink narration |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/170716/sree-regina-film-maanagaram-with-a-hyperlink-narration.html |website=[[Deccan Chronicle]]}}</ref>
*''[[Odu Raja Odu]]'' (2018)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Review : Odu Raja Odu -A black comedy that is watchable |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/odu-raja-odu--a-black-comedy-that-is-watchable-review-tamil-siqvNtidjiifd.html |date=August 16, 2018 |website=[[Sify]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180817100042/http://www.sify.com/movies/odu-raja-odu--a-black-comedy-that-is-watchable-review-tamil-siqvNtidjiifd.html |archive-date=August 27, 2018}}</ref>
*''[[Super Deluxe (film)|Super Deluxe]]'' (2019)<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-12-11 |title=Anthology films, hyperlink cinema, mise-en-scene: Filmy jargon, explained |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/anthology-films-hyperlink-cinema-mise-en-scene-filmy-jargon-explained-139414 |access-date=November 16, 2021 |website=The News Minute |language=en}}</ref>
*''[[The French Dispatch]]'' (2021)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.gq.com/story/wes-anderson-the-french-dispatch |title=Wes Anderson's The French Dispatch Looks Like the Most Wes Anderson-y Film Yet |website=[[GQ (magazine)|GQ]] |date=February 12, 2020}}</ref>
*''[[Kasada Thapara]]'' (2021)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.highonfilms.com/kasada-thapara-2021-sonyliv-review/ |title=Kasada Thapara Review: A Collection of Shorts Connected By a Hyperlinked Narrative |website=High on Films |date=August 30, 2021}}</ref>
*''[[Everything Everywhere All at Once]]'' (2022)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/03/24/movies/everything-everywhere-all-at-once-review.html |title='Everything Everywhere All at Once' Review: It's Messy, and Glorious |website=NY Times |date=March 24, 2022}}</ref>
 
{{div col end}}
 
=== Video games ===
 
* ''[[Suikoden III]]'' (2001)<ref>{{Cite web|title=Suikoden III in-depth review|url=https://www.ignboards.com/threads/suikoden-iii-in-depth-review.28745817/|access-date=December 28, 2020|website=IGN Boards|language=en-US}}</ref>
*''[[Fahrenheit (2005 video game)|Indigo Prophecy]]'' (2005)<ref>{{Cite web|title=Indigo Prophecy Review|url=https://www.gamespot.com/reviews/indigo-prophecy-review/1900-6134083/|date=September 21, 2005|access-date=December 28, 2020|website=[[GameSpot]]|language=en-US}}</ref>
*''[[Heavy Rain]]'' (2010)<ref>{{Cite web|title=Interview: David Cage of Quantic Dream and Heavy Rain|url=https://www.engadget.com/2009-05-27-interview-david-cage-of-quantic-dream-and-heavy-rain.html|date=May 27, 2009|access-date=November 4, 2020|website=Engadget|language=en}}</ref>
*''[[Resident Evil 6]]'' (2012)<ref>{{Cite web|title=Resident Evil 6 HD Remaster Review – Not Worth The Replay Value|url=https://gamingbolt.com/resident-evil-6-hd-remaster-review|date=April 4, 2016|access-date=January 26, 2021|website=gamingbolt.com}}</ref>
*''[[Until Dawn]]'' (2015)<ref>{{Cite web|date=August 31, 2015|title=Tips on how to save, or lose, all eight characters in Until Dawn|url=https://venturebeat.com/2015/08/31/tips-on-how-to-save-or-lose-all-eight-characters-in-until-dawn-massive-spoilers/|access-date=November 4, 2020|website=[[VentureBeat]]|language=en-US}}</ref>
*''[[Octopath Traveler]]'' (2018)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.digitaltrends.com/gaming/octopath-traveler-forgettable-stories/ |title='Octopath Traveler' tells eight stories, and they're all forgettable |website=[[Digital Trends]] |date=July 18, 2018}}</ref>
*''[[Detroit: Become Human]]'' (2018)<ref>{{Cite web|title=Detroit: Become Human Story and Ending Explained - Here's What Happened|url=https://gadgets.ndtv.com/games/features/detroit-plot-story-ending-spoilers-ps4-detroit-become-human-1857515|date=May 28, 2018|access-date=October 31, 2020|website=[[NDTV|NDTV Gadgets 360]]|language=en}}</ref>
 
===Directors associated with hyperlink cinema===
*[[Paul Thomas Anderson]]<ref name="the-artifice.com"/>
*[[Satyajit Ray]]<ref>{{Cite book|last=Ray|first=Satyajit|title=Prabandha Sangraha|publisher=Ananda Publishers|year=2015|isbn=978-93-5040-553-6|location=Kolkata|pages=120–121}}</ref>
*[[Alejandro González Iñárritu]]<ref name="the-artifice.com"/>
*[[Quentin Tarantino]]<ref name="the-artifice.com"/><ref name="laweekly.com">{{cite web |title=20 Worst Hipster Movies of All Time |website=[[LA Weekly]] |date=July 17, 2014 |url=https://www.laweekly.com/20-worst-hipster-movies-of-all-time/}}</ref>
*[[Robert Altman]]<ref name="ebert-syriana"/><ref name=flick90s/>
*[[The Wachowskis]]<ref name="the-artifice.com"/>
*[[Tom Tykwer]]<ref name="the-artifice.com"/>
*[[Steven Soderbergh]]<ref name="laweekly.com"/>
*[[Richard Linklater]]<ref name=flick90s/>
 
== See also ==
* [[Anthology film]]
* [[Composite film]]
* [[Nonlinear (arts)]]
* [[Cinema of India]]
* [[Ensemble cast]]
 
==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}
 
== External links ==
* [http://www.kottke.org/06/02/syriana Jason Kottke's explanation of the origin of the term]
 
{{Film genres}}
 
[[Category:Film genres]]
[[Category:Film styles]]
[[Category:Concepts in film theory]]
[[Category:History of film]]
[[Category:2000s neologisms]]
[[Category:2005 neologisms]]
[[Category:1930s in film]]
[[Category:1960s in film]]
[[Category:1970s in film]]
[[Category:1980s in film]]
[[Category:1990s in film]]
[[Category:2000s in film]]
[[Category:2010s in film]]
[[Category:2020s in film]]
[[Category:Postmodern art]]

Latest revision as of 16:14, 4 October 2022


Hyperlink cinema is a style of filmmaking characterised by complex or multilinear narrative structures with multiple characters under one unifying theme.

History[edit]

The term was coined by author Alissa Quart, who used the term in her review of the film Happy Endings (2005) for the film journal Film Comment in 2005.[1] Film critic Roger Ebert popularized the term when reviewing the film Syriana in 2005.[2] These films are not hypermedia and do not have actual hyperlinks, but are multilinear in a more metaphorical sense.

In describing Happy Endings, Quart considers captions acting as footnotes and split screen as elements of hyperlink cinema and notes the influence of the World Wide Web and multitasking.[1] Playing with time and characters' personal history, plot twists, interwoven storylines between multiple characters, jumping between the beginning and end (flashback and flashforward) are also elements.[1] Ebert further described hyperlink cinema as films where the characters or action reside in separate stories, but a connection or influence between those disparate stories is slowly revealed to the audience; illustrated in Mexican director Alejandro González Iñárritu's films Amores perros (2000), 21 Grams (2003), and Babel (2006).[2][3]

Quart suggests that director Robert Altman created the structure for the genre and demonstrated its usefulness for combining interlocking stories in his films Nashville (1975) and Short Cuts (1993).[4] However, his work was predated by several films, including Satyajit Ray's Kanchenjunga (1962),[5] Federico Fellini's Amarcord (1973),[6] and Ritwik Ghatak's Titash Ekti Nadir Naam (1973),[7] all of which use a narrative structure based on multiple characters.

Quart also mentions the television series 24 and discusses Alan Rudolph's film Welcome to L.A. (1976) as an early prototype.[1] Crash (2004) is an example of the genre,[8] as are Steven Soderbergh's Traffic (2000), Fernando Meirelles's City of God (2002), Stephen Gaghan's Syriana (2005) and Rodrigo Garcia's Nine Lives (2005).

The style is also used in video games. French video game company Quantic Dream has produced games, such as Heavy Rain and Detroit: Become Human, with hyperlink cinema style storytelling, and the style has also influenced role-playing games such as Suikoden III (2001) and Octopath Traveler (2018).

Analysis[edit]

The hyperlink cinema narrative and story structure can be compared to social science's spatial analysis. As described by Edward Soja and Costis Hadjimichalis spatial analysis examines the "'horizontal experience' of human life, the spatial dimension of individual behavior and social relations, as opposed to the 'vertical experience' of history, tradition, and biography."[9] English critic John Berger notes for the novel that "it is scarcely any longer possible to tell a straight story sequentially unfolding in time" for "we are too aware of what is continually traversing the story line laterally."[9]

An academic analysis of hyperlink cinema appeared in the journal ‘’Critical Studies in Media Communication,’’ and referred to the films as Global Network Films. Narine's study examines the films Traffic (2000), Amores perros (2000), 21 Grams (2003), Beyond Borders (2003), Crash (2004; released 2005), Syriana (2005), Babel (2006) and others, citing network theorist Manuel Castells and philosophers Michel Foucault and Slavoj Žižek. The study suggests that the films are network narratives that map the network society and the new connections citizens experience in the age of globalization.[10]

Alberto Toscano and Jeff Kinkle have argued that one popular form of hyperlink cinema constitutes a contemporary form of it-narrative, an 18th- and 19th-century genre of fiction written from the imagined perspective of objects as they move between owners and social environments.[11] In these films, they argue, "the narrative link is the characters' relation to the film's product of choice, whether it be guns, cocaine, oil, or Nile perch."[11]

Examples[edit]

Films[edit]

Main category: Hyperlink films

Video games[edit]

Directors associated with hyperlink cinema[edit]

See also[edit]

References[edit]

  1. ↑ 1.00 1.01 1.02 1.03 1.04 1.05 1.06 1.07 1.08 1.09 1.10 1.11 1.12 Quart, Alissa (July–August 2005). "Networked". Film Comment. 41 (4): 48–5. Archived from the original on February 3, 2014. Retrieved January 28, 2014.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 Ebert, Roger (December 9, 2005). "Syriana". Reviews. rogerebert.com. Retrieved July 25, 2007.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 Ebert, Roger (September 22, 2007). "Babel". Reviews. rogerebert.com. Retrieved February 8, 2008.
  4. ↑ Ebert, Roger (2006). Roger Ebert's Movie Yearbook 2007. Andrews McMeel Publishing. p. 100. ISBN 0-7407-6157-9
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 "Kanchenjungha". AMC. Archived from the original on December 11, 2015.
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 6.5 6.6 6.7 6.8 "20 Great Examples of Hyperlink Cinema Every Film Buff Must Watch". Taste of Cinema. September 4, 2015.
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 Ghatak, Ritwik (2000). Rows and Rows of Fences: Ritwik Ghatak on Cinema. Ritwik Memorial & Trust Seagull Books. pp. ix & 134–36. ISBN 81-7046-178-2.
  8. ↑ Willmore, Alison (February 23, 2009). ""Crossing Over" and Hyperlink Cinema". IFC. Archived from the original on April 10, 2017. Retrieved July 12, 2022.
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 Soja, Edward W.; Hadjimichalis, Costis (1979). "Between Geographical Materialism and Spatial Fetishism: Some Observations on the Development of Marxist Spatial Analysis". Antipode. 17 (2–3): 59–67. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8330.1985.tb00334.x.
  10. ↑ Narine, Neil (2010). "Global Trauma and the Cinematic Network Society". Critical Studies in Media Communication. 27 (3): 209–234. doi:10.1080/15295030903583556. S2CID 143671583.
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 Toscano, Alberto; Kinkle, Jeff (2015). Cartographies of the Absolute. Zero Books. p. 192.
  12. ↑ "Hyperlink Film". Flickchart.
  13. ↑ "The Best Hyperlink Films of the 1930s". Flickchart.
  14. ↑ Newman, Michael Z. (2011). Indie: An American Film Culture. Columbia University Press. ISBN 9780231513524 – via Google Books.
  15. ↑ "The Best Hyperlink Films of the 1960s". Flickchart.
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 Özguc, Agah. Bütün Filmleriyle Yilmaz Güney (in Türkçe).
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 17.2 17.3 "Top 10 Greatest Films of 'Hyperlink Cinema'". moviebabble.com. March 17, 2018.
  18. ↑ "The Best Hyperlink Films of the 1980s". Flickchart.
  19. ↑ "It's a Sad and Beautiful World: Music From the Films of Jim Jarmusch". A Perfect Prescription. March 15, 2016.
  20. ↑ 20.0 20.1 20.2 20.3 "The Best Hyperlink Films of the 1990s". Flickchart.
  21. ↑ Kipp, Jeremiah (August 12, 2008). "Before the Rain Film Review". Slant Magazine. Retrieved March 3, 2010.
  22. ↑ Ebert, Roger (March 11, 2009). "Exotica".
  23. ↑ 23.0 23.1 23.2 Booker, M. Keith (2007). Postmodern Hollywood: What's New in Film and why it Makes Us Feel So Strange. Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 12–21. ISBN 978-0-275-99900-1. Retrieved October 18, 2008 – via Google Books.
  24. ↑ Holden, Stephen (January 22, 1999). "'Playing By Heart': In a Cocktail of Romance, Different Flavors of Love". The New York Times. Retrieved March 3, 2010.
  25. ↑ 25.00 25.01 25.02 25.03 25.04 25.05 25.06 25.07 25.08 25.09 25.10 25.11 "Hyperlink Cinema and the Prevalence of Intertwining Stories". The Artifice. January 17, 2017.
  26. ↑ "CODE INCONNU". Festival de Cannes.
  27. ↑ 27.0 27.1 27.2 Ebert, Roger (January 6, 2006). "Cape of Good Hope". Reviews. rogerebert.com. Retrieved February 8, 2008.
  28. ↑ Ebert, Roger (January 18, 2002). "Lantana". Reviews. rogerebert.com. Retrieved February 14, 2009.
  29. ↑ Cochran, Dechlan (April 12, 2012). "11:14, an obscure gem of a movie (review)". D&CFilm.
  30. ↑ Barber, Nicholas (March 17, 2015). "Fragmentation games: the return of the portmanteau film". The Guardian.
  31. ↑ "The 15 Best Glenn Close Movie Performances". Taste of Cinema. March 8, 2019.
  32. ↑ Page, Matt (June 20, 2005). "Film Review: Sin City". Open Heaven Church. Archived from the original on July 25, 2008. Retrieved January 8, 2011.
  33. ↑ Jerslev, Anne (March 2012). "The post-perspectival: Screens and time in David Lynch's Inland Empire". Journal of Aesthetics and Culture.
  34. ↑ Ebert, Roger (April 27, 2006). "Look Both Ways". Chicago Sun-Times. Retrieved July 12, 2022.
  35. ↑ Singh, Anvita (November 11, 2020). "Revisiting Life in a Metro: A well-made anthology film". The Indian Express. Retrieved October 20, 2021.
  36. ↑ Skinner, Marjorie (September 4, 2008). "The Celestial Prophecy : Living on The Edge of Heaven". Portland Mercury. Archived from the original on December 15, 2008. Retrieved September 5, 2008.
  37. ↑ Gandert, Sean (October 18, 2007). "Rendition". Paste. Archived from the original on February 24, 2008. Retrieved February 8, 2008.
  38. ↑ Holden, Stephen. "The Air I Breathe – Movie – Review". The New York Times. Retrieved May 13, 2008.
  39. ↑ Gupta, Shubra (August 23, 2008). "Mumbai Meri Jaan (Hindi)". Screen India. Archived from the original on August 26, 2008. Retrieved August 8, 2009.
  40. ↑ Chang, Justin (February 21, 2008). "Vantage Point". Variety. Retrieved January 3, 2011.
  41. ↑ Snider, Eric D. (February 16, 2010). "Portland Film Fest Review: Ajami". Cinematical. Archived from the original on February 18, 2010. Retrieved March 3, 2010.
  42. ↑ Anderson, Melissa (May 8, 2009). "Powder Blue Review". Variety. Retrieved July 21, 2010.
  43. ↑ Hiscock, John (February 25, 2009). "Watchmen: the 'unfilmable' on screen". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved January 8, 2011.
  44. ↑ Perkis, Ed (May 17, 2016). "Watchmen Director's Cut Blu-ray Review". CinemaBlend. Retrieved January 8, 2011.
  45. ↑ "REVIEW: Hereafter". Marshall and the Movies. November 4, 2010.
  46. ↑ "Revisiting Vedam: Probably the best Telugu film of recent times?". December 2, 2012. Archived from the original on July 12, 2014.
  47. ↑ Osenlund, R. Kurt (December 2, 2011). "Answers to Nothing". Slant Magazine. Retrieved October 16, 2019.
  48. ↑ "Bombay March 12 Review". nowrunning.com. July 3, 2011. Archived from the original on July 5, 2011.
  49. ↑ Wickman, Forrest (September 9, 2011). "Steven Soderbergh's Contagion". Slate.
  50. ↑ LaSalle, Mick (October 25, 2012). "'Cloud Atlas' review: Baring your soul". San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved June 8, 2013.
  51. ↑ Hachard, Thomas (April 7, 2013). "Disconnect". Slant Magazine. Retrieved August 16, 2016.
  52. ↑ Devasundaram, Ashvin Immanuel (2016). India's New Independent Cinema: Rise of the Hybrid. United Kingdom: Taylor & Francis.
  53. ↑ Kermode, Mark (January 24, 2016). "The Big Short review – life with the Wall Street sharks". The Guardian.
  54. ↑ Subramanian, Anupama (July 17, 2016). "Sree-Regina film Maanagaram with a hyperlink narration". Deccan Chronicle.
  55. ↑ "Review : Odu Raja Odu -A black comedy that is watchable". Sify. August 16, 2018. Archived from the original on August 27, 2018. {{cite web}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch (help)
  56. ↑ "Anthology films, hyperlink cinema, mise-en-scene: Filmy jargon, explained". The News Minute. December 11, 2020. Retrieved November 16, 2021.
  57. ↑ "Wes Anderson's The French Dispatch Looks Like the Most Wes Anderson-y Film Yet". GQ. February 12, 2020.
  58. ↑ "Kasada Thapara Review: A Collection of Shorts Connected By a Hyperlinked Narrative". High on Films. August 30, 2021.
  59. ↑ "'Everything Everywhere All at Once' Review: It's Messy, and Glorious". NY Times. March 24, 2022.
  60. ↑ "Suikoden III in-depth review". IGN Boards. Retrieved December 28, 2020.
  61. ↑ "Indigo Prophecy Review". GameSpot. September 21, 2005. Retrieved December 28, 2020.
  62. ↑ "Interview: David Cage of Quantic Dream and Heavy Rain". Engadget. May 27, 2009. Retrieved November 4, 2020.
  63. ↑ "Resident Evil 6 HD Remaster Review – Not Worth The Replay Value". gamingbolt.com. April 4, 2016. Retrieved January 26, 2021.
  64. ↑ "Tips on how to save, or lose, all eight characters in Until Dawn". VentureBeat. August 31, 2015. Retrieved November 4, 2020.
  65. ↑ "'Octopath Traveler' tells eight stories, and they're all forgettable". Digital Trends. July 18, 2018.
  66. ↑ "Detroit: Become Human Story and Ending Explained - Here's What Happened". NDTV Gadgets 360. May 28, 2018. Retrieved October 31, 2020.
  67. ↑ Ray, Satyajit (2015). Prabandha Sangraha. Kolkata: Ananda Publishers. pp. 120–121. ISBN 978-93-5040-553-6.
  68. ↑ 68.0 68.1 "20 Worst Hipster Movies of All Time". LA Weekly. July 17, 2014.

External links[edit]

Template:Film genres

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