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List of rulers of Bengal: Difference between revisions

 
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{{short description|Bharatpedia list article}}
{{Short description|List of rulers of Bengal region of Indian subcontinent}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2021}}
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As a province of the [[Mauryan Empire]], much of Bengal was part of it except for the far eastern Bengali kingdoms which maintained friendly relationships with [[Ashoka]]. The kingdoms of Bengal continued to exist as [[tributary states]] before succumbing to the [[Guptas]]. With the fall of the [[Gupta Empire]], Bengal was united under a single local ruler, King [[Shashanka]], for the first time. With the collapse of his kingdom, Bengal split up into [[petty kingdoms]] once more.
As a province of the [[Mauryan Empire]], much of Bengal was part of it except for the far eastern Bengali kingdoms which maintained friendly relationships with [[Ashoka]]. The kingdoms of Bengal continued to exist as [[tributary states]] before succumbing to the [[Guptas]]. With the fall of the [[Gupta Empire]], Bengal was united under a single local ruler, King [[Shashanka]], for the first time. With the collapse of his kingdom, Bengal split up into [[petty kingdoms]] once more.


With the rise of [[Gopala]] in 750 AD, Bengal was united once more under the Buddhist [[Pala Empire]] until the 12th century than being succeeded by the Hindu [[Chandra dynasty]], [[Sena dynasty]] and [[deva dynasty]]. After them, Bengal was ruled by the Hindu Maharajas of kingdoms such as Chandradwip and Cooch Behar.
With the rise of [[Gopala]] in 750 AD, Bengal was united once more under the Hindu Buddhist [[Pala Empire]] until the 12th century than being succeeded by the Hindu [[Chandra dynasty]], [[Sena dynasty]] and [[deva dynasty]]. After them, Bengal was ruled by the Hindu Maharajas of kingdoms such as Chandradwip and Cooch Behar.


After the [[Muslim conquests in the Indian subcontinent]], Bengal was ruled by [[Muhammad bin Bakhtiyar Khalji]], under whom Indian [[Islamic missionary activity|Islamic missionaries]] achieved their greatest success in terms of [[dawah]] and number of converts to [[Islam]], which caused the decline of [[Buddhism]].<ref>The preaching of Islam: a history of the propagation of the Muslim faith By Sir Thomas Walker Arnold, pp. 227–228</ref><ref>Majumdar, Dr. R.C., ''History of Mediaeval Bengal'', First published 1973, Reprint 2006,Tulshi Prakashani, Kolkata, {{ISBN|81-89118-06-4}}</ref> The Islamic [[Mamluk Sultanate (Delhi)|Mamluk Sultanate]], the [[Khalji dynasty]], the Turko-Indian [[Tughlaq dynasty]], the [[Sayyid dynasty]] and the [[Lodi dynasty]] ruled Bengal for over 320 years.<ref name="sen2">{{Cite book |last=Sen |first=Sailendra |title=A Textbook of Medieval Indian History |publisher=Primus Books |year=2013 |isbn=978-9-38060-734-4 |pages=68–102}}</ref> Notable was [[Malik Altunia]]'s reign with his wife [[Razia Sultana]], the only female sovereign ruler.
In the early 13th century, [[Muhammad bin Bakhtiyar Khalji]] conquered Western and part of Northern Bengal,<ref>{{cite book |last=Majumdar |first=R. C. |author-link=R.C. Majumdar |year=1973 |title=History of Mediaeval Bengal |location=Calcutta |publisher=G. Bharadwaj & Co. |pages=1–2 |oclc=1031074 |quote=Tradition gives him credit for the conquest of Bengal but as a matter of fact he could not subjugate the greater part of Bengal ... All that Bakhtyār can justly take credit for is that by his conquest of Western and a part of Northern Bengal he laid the foundation of the Muslim State in Bengal. The historians of the 13th century never attributed the conquest of the whole of Bengal to Bakhtyār.}}</ref> and established the first Muslim kingdom in Bengal.<ref>{{cite book |last=Arnold |first=Thomas Walker |author-link=Thomas Walker Arnold |year=1913 |orig-year=First published 1896 |title=The Preaching of Islam: A History of the Propagation of the Muslim Faith |url=https://archive.org/details/preachingofislam00arno/page/277/mode/1up |url-access=registration |edition=2nd |location=London |publisher=Constable & Company |page=227}}</ref> The Islamic [[Mamluk Sultanate (Delhi)|Mamluk Sultanate]], the [[Khalji dynasty]], the Turko-Indian [[Tughlaq dynasty]], the [[Sayyid dynasty]] and the [[Lodi dynasty]] ruled Bengal for over 320 years.<ref name="sen2">{{Cite book |last=Sen |first=Sailendra |title=A Textbook of Medieval Indian History |publisher=Primus Books |year=2013 |isbn=978-9-38060-734-4 |pages=68–102}}</ref> Notable was [[Malik Altunia]]'s reign with his wife [[Razia Sultana]], the only female sovereign ruler.


Following [[Delhi Sultanate]]'s reign, the [[Bengal Sultanate]], a major [[trading nation]] in the world,<ref>Nanda, J. N (2005). {{cite book |year=2005 | title=Bengal: the unique state | publisher=Concept Publishing Company. p. 10. | isbn=978-81-8069-149-2 | quote=Bengal [...] was rich in the production and export of grain, salt, fruit, liquors and wines, precious metals, and ornaments besides the output of its handlooms in silk and cotton. Europe referred to Bengal as the richest country to trade with.}}</ref> was founded by [[Shamsuddin Ilyas Shah]], and ruled by the [[Ilyas Shahi dynasty]], succeeded by the [[Hussain Shahi dynasty]] founded by [[Alauddin Husain Shah]], which saw the extension of the sultanate to the port of [[Chittagong]], witnessing the arrival of the earliest [[Portuguese people|Portuguese]] merchants.
Following [[Delhi Sultanate]]'s reign, the [[Bengal Sultanate]], a major [[trading nation]] in the world,<ref>Nanda, J. N (2005). {{cite book |year=2005 |title=Bengal: the unique state |publisher=Concept Publishing Company. p. 10. |isbn=978-81-8069-149-2 |quote=Bengal [...] was rich in the production and export of grain, salt, fruit, liquors and wines, precious metals, and ornaments besides the output of its handlooms in silk and cotton. Europe referred to Bengal as the richest country to trade with.}}</ref> was founded by [[Shamsuddin Ilyas Shah]], and ruled by the [[Ilyas Shahi dynasty]], succeeded by the [[Hussain Shahi dynasty]] founded by [[Alauddin Husain Shah]], which saw the extension of the sultanate to the port of [[Chittagong]], witnessing the arrival of the earliest [[Portuguese people|Portuguese]] merchants.


After being absorbed to the [[Bengal Subah]] by [[Babur]] in the 16th century during the defeat of [[Sultan]] [[Nasiruddin Nasrat Shah]] in the [[Battle of Ghaghra]], Bengal became the most economically advanced region in the world,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://archive.dhakatribune.com/heritage/2014/dec/20/paradise-nations |title=The paradise of nations &#124; Dhaka Tribune |website=Archive.dhakatribune.com |date=20 December 2014 |access-date=7 November 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171216011429/http://archive.dhakatribune.com/heritage/2014/dec/20/paradise-nations |archive-date=16 December 2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Poverty From The Wealth of Nations: Integration and Polarization in the Global Economy since 1760|author=M. Shahid Alam|publisher=[[Springer Science+Business Media]]|year=2016|page=32 |isbn=978-0-333-98564-9 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=suKKCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA32|author-link=M. Shahid Alam}}</ref><ref name="star">{{cite news |last=Khandker |first=Hissam |date=31 July 2015 |title=Which India is claiming to have been colonised? |url=http://www.thedailystar.net/op-ed/politics/which-india-claiming-have-been-colonised-119284 |newspaper=The Daily Star |type=Op-ed}}</ref> and started to be ruled by the [[Subahdar]]s of the [[Mughal Empire]]. Emperor [[Akbar]] began to preach the newly invented religion of [[Din-i Ilahi]], which was declared by the [[Qadi]] of Bengal to be a [[blasphemy]]. [[Islam Khan I]] declared [[Dhaka]] as the capital of Bengal, which was then known as [[Jahangir Nagar]], renamed after emperor [[Jahangir]]. The reign of prince [[Shah Shuja (Mughal prince)|Shah Shuja]] under emperor [[Shah Jahan]]'s orders represented the height of [[Mughal architecture]]. During the period of [[proto-industrialization]], when Bengal was ruled by emperor [[Aurangzeb]]'s relatives such as Subedar [[Shaista Khan]], [[Muhammad Azam Shah]], and [[Azim-ush-Shan]], the region was fully ruled through [[Fatwa Alamgiri]], a hybrid body of [[Hanafi]] law based on [[sharia]] and was controversially described as the Paradise of the Nations.<ref name="voss">{{cite book|title=The Ashgate Companion to the History of Textile Workers, 1650–2000|author1=Lex Heerma van Voss |author2=Els Hiemstra-Kuperus |author3=Elise van Nederveen Meerkerk |chapter=The Long Globalization and Textile Producers in India|publisher=[[Ashgate Publishing]]|year=2010|page=255|isbn=9780754664284 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=f95ljbhfjxIC&pg=PA255}}</ref>
After being absorbed to the [[Bengal Subah]] by [[Babur]] in the 16th century during the defeat of [[Sultan]] [[Nasiruddin Nasrat Shah]] in the [[Battle of Ghaghra]], Bengal became the most economically advanced region in the world,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://archive.dhakatribune.com/heritage/2014/dec/20/paradise-nations |title=The paradise of nations &#124; Dhaka Tribune |website=Archive.dhakatribune.com |date=20 December 2014 |access-date=7 November 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171216011429/http://archive.dhakatribune.com/heritage/2014/dec/20/paradise-nations |archive-date=16 December 2017 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Poverty From The Wealth of Nations: Integration and Polarization in the Global Economy since 1760 |author=M. Shahid Alam |publisher=[[Springer Science+Business Media]] |year=2016 |page=32 |isbn=978-0-333-98564-9 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=suKKCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA32 |author-link=M. Shahid Alam}}</ref><ref name="star">{{cite news |last=Khandker |first=Hissam |date=31 July 2015 |title=Which India is claiming to have been colonised? |url=http://www.thedailystar.net/op-ed/politics/which-india-claiming-have-been-colonised-119284 |newspaper=The Daily Star |type=Op-ed}}</ref> and started to be ruled by the [[Subahdar]]s of the [[Mughal Empire]]. Emperor [[Akbar]] began to preach the newly invented religion of [[Din-i Ilahi]], which was declared by the [[Qadi]] of Bengal to be a [[blasphemy]]. [[Islam Khan I]] declared [[Dhaka]] as the capital of Bengal, which was then known as [[Jahangir Nagar]], renamed after emperor [[Jahangir]]. The reign of prince [[Shah Shuja (Mughal prince)|Shah Shuja]] under emperor [[Shah Jahan]]'s orders represented the height of [[Mughal architecture]]. During the period of [[proto-industrialization]], when Bengal was ruled by emperor [[Aurangzeb]]'s relatives such as Subedar [[Shaista Khan]], [[Muhammad Azam Shah]], and [[Azim-ush-Shan]], the region was fully ruled through [[Fatwa Alamgiri]], a hybrid body of [[Hanafi]] law based on [[sharia]] and was controversially described as the Paradise of the Nations.<ref name="voss">{{cite book |title=The Ashgate Companion to the History of Textile Workers, 1650–2000 |author1=Lex Heerma van Voss |author2=Els Hiemstra-Kuperus |author3=Elise van Nederveen Meerkerk |chapter=The Long Globalization and Textile Producers in India |publisher=[[Ashgate Publishing]] |year=2010 |page=255 |isbn=9780754664284 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=f95ljbhfjxIC&pg=PA255}}</ref>


After the decline of the Mughal Empire, the [[Nawabs of Bengal and Murshidabad]] ruled over Bengal and [[Odisha]]. Nawab [[Alivardi Khan]] came victorious against the [[Maratha Empire]] in the  [[Battle of Burdwan]]. Following the [[Battle of Plassey]] and the execution of [[Siraj ud-Daulah]], the [[East India Company]] formally established control over Bengal, and the [[Bengal Presidency]] was established by [[Robert Clive]], with the subdivision remaining the economic, cultural and educational hub of the [[Company rule in India|Company]] and the [[British Raj|Raj]].
After the decline of the Mughal Empire, the [[Nawabs of Bengal and Murshidabad]] ruled over Bengal and [[Odisha]]. Nawab [[Alivardi Khan]] came victorious against the [[Maratha Empire]] in the  [[Battle of Burdwan]]. Following the [[Battle of Plassey]] and the execution of [[Siraj ud-Daulah]], the [[East India Company]] formally established control over Bengal, and the [[Bengal Presidency]] was established by [[Robert Clive]], with the subdivision remaining the economic, cultural and educational hub of the [[Company rule in India|Company]] and the [[British Raj|Raj]].
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[[Image:Ancient Political Divisions.jpg|thumb|Ancient Political Divisions]]
[[Image:Ancient Political Divisions.jpg|thumb|Ancient Political Divisions]]
===Sonitpura kingdom (c. 1850–1400 BCE) ===
{{main|Asura Kingdom}}
The kingdom was contemporary of [[Pragjyotisha Kingdom]] of [[Kamarupa]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Shin |first=Jae-Eun |year=2018 |chapter=Redefining Divine Presence: A Study of Hidden Lingas in the Mid-Brahmaputra Valley |editor-last=Bopearachchi |editor-first=Osmund |editor2-last=Ghosh |editor2-first=Suchandra |title=Early Indian History and Beyond: Essays in Honour of Professor B.D Chattopadhyaya |location=Delhi |publisher=Primus Books |pages=321 |isbn=978-93-5290-597-3}}</ref>
Known Sonitpura rulers are:
* [[Marichi]]
* [[Kashyap]]
* [[Hiranyakashipu]]
* [[Prahlad]]
* [[Virochana]]
* [[Mahabali]]
* [[Banasura]]
===Pragjyotisha kingdom (c. 1700–800 BCE) ===
{{main|Pragjyotisha Kingdom}}
====Danava dynasty (c. 1700–1200 BCE) ====
{{main|Danava dynasty}}
First legendary line of rulers in Pragjyotisha.
The Danava dynasty consisted of [[Kirata]] chiefs; the last of whom, Ghatakasura, was killed and replaced by [[Narakasura|Naraka]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Gait |first=Edward A |year=1906 |title=A History of Assam |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=w-6kr1IyHJkC |place=Calcutta |publisher=Thacker, Spink & Co. |page=12}}</ref>
Known Danava rulers are:
* Mahiranga
* Hatakasura
* Sambarasura
* Ratnasura
* Ghatakasura
====Bhauma (Naraka) dynasty (c. 1200–800 BCE) ====
{{main|Bhauma dynasty}}
Second legendary dynasty of Pragjyotisha.
Known Bhauma rulers are:
* [[Naraka]]
* [[Bhagadatta]]
* Pushpadatta
* [[Vajradatta]]


===Six kingdoms of Maharaja Bali===
===Six kingdoms of Maharaja Bali===
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The earliest mention occurs in the [[Atharvaveda]] (V.22.14) where they are listed alongside the [[Magadhan|Magadhas]], [[Gandhara|Gandharis]] and the Mujavatas, all apparently as a despised people. Puranic texts place the janapadas of the Angas, [[Kalinga (historical kingdom)|Kalingas]], Vangas, Pundras (or [[Pundra Kingdom]] – now some part of Eastern [[Bihar]], [[West Bengal]] and [[Bangladesh]]), Vidarbhas, and [[Vindhya]]-vasis in the ''Purva-Dakshina'' division.<ref>Digha Nikaya</ref>
The earliest mention occurs in the [[Atharvaveda]] (V.22.14) where they are listed alongside the [[Magadhan|Magadhas]], [[Gandhara|Gandharis]] and the Mujavatas, all apparently as a despised people. Puranic texts place the janapadas of the Angas, [[Kalinga (historical kingdom)|Kalingas]], Vangas, Pundras (or [[Pundra Kingdom]] – now some part of Eastern [[Bihar]], [[West Bengal]] and [[Bangladesh]]), Vidarbhas, and [[Vindhya]]-vasis in the ''Purva-Dakshina'' division.<ref>Digha Nikaya</ref>


It was also a great center of trade and commerce and its merchants regularly sailed to distant [[Suwanabhumi]]. Anga was annexed by Magadha in the time of [[Bimbisara]]. This was the one and only conquest of Bimbisara
It was also a great center of trade and commerce and its merchants regularly sailed to distant '''Suwanabhumi'''. Anga was annexed by Magadha in the time of [[Bimbisara]]. This was the one and only conquest of Bimbisara
<ref>The ''[[Garuda Purana]]'' 55.12; V.D. I.9.4; the ''[[Markendeya Purana]]'' 56.16–18</ref>
<ref>The ''[[Garuda Purana]]'' 55.12; V.D. I.9.4; the ''[[Markendeya Purana]]'' 56.16–18</ref>


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{{main|Vanga}}
{{main|Vanga}}


Vanga was an ancient kingdom and geopolitical division on the [[Ganges delta]] in the [[Indian subcontinent]]. The kingdom is one of the namesakes of the [[Bengal]] region.<ref>https://www.britannica.com/place/West-Bengal#ref486986</ref> It was located in southern Bengal, with the core region including present-day southwestern [[Bangladesh]] and southern [[West Bengal]] ([[India]]).
Vanga was an ancient kingdom and geopolitical division on the [[Ganges delta]] in the [[Indian subcontinent]]. The kingdom is one of the namesakes of the [[Bengal]] region.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/West-Bengal#ref486986 |title=West Bengal &#124; History, Culture, Map, Capital, & Population &#124; Britannica}}</ref> It was located in southern Bengal, with the core region including present-day southwestern [[Bangladesh]] and southern [[West Bengal]] ([[India]]).
The religious traditions of the kingdom afflicted with [[Hinduism]].<ref name="Bhaṭṭācārya2008">{{cite book|author=Malaẏaśaṅkara Bhaṭṭācārya|title=Glimpses of Buddhist Bengal|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FmFTAAAAYAAJ|year=2008|publisher=Indian Institute of Oriental Studies & Research|isbn=978-81-901371-7-1}}</ref>
The religious traditions of the kingdom afflicted with [[Hinduism]].<ref name="Bhaṭṭācārya2008">{{cite book |author=Malaẏaśaṅkara Bhaṭṭācārya |title=Glimpses of Buddhist Bengal |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FmFTAAAAYAAJ |year=2008 |publisher=Indian Institute of Oriental Studies & Research |isbn=978-81-901371-7-1}}</ref>


Known rulers of Vanga are:
Known rulers of Vanga are:
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{{main|Pundravardhana}}
{{main|Pundravardhana}}


Pundravardhana or Pundra Kingdom, was an ancient kingdom during the [[Iron Age#South Asia|Iron Age]] period in [[South Asia]] with a territory that included parts of present-day [[Rajshahi Division|Rajshahi]], [[Rangpur Division|Rangpur]] and [[Dhaka Division]]s of Bangladesh as well as the [[West Dinajpur district]] of West Bengal, India.<ref name="Hossain">Hossain, Md. Mosharraf, ''Mahasthan: Anecdote to History'', 2006, pp. 69–73, Dibyaprakash, 38/2 ka Bangla Bazar, Dhaka, {{ISBN|984-483-245-4}}</ref><ref name = "Banglapedia">{{cite web | url = http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Pundravardhana | title = Pundravardhana| access-date = 10 November 2007 | last = Ghosh | first = Suchandra | work = Banglapedia | publisher = Asiatic Society of Bangladesh}}</ref><ref name = "RCMajumdar">Majumdar, Dr. R.C., ''History of Ancient Bengal'', First published 1971, Reprint 2005, p. 10, Tulshi Prakashani, Kolkata, {{ISBN|81-89118-01-3}}.</ref> The capital of the kingdom, then known as ''Pundranagara'' (Pundra city), was located at Mahasthangarh in [[Bogra District]] in northern Bangladesh.
Pundravardhana or Pundra Kingdom, was an ancient kingdom during the [[Iron Age#South Asia|Iron Age]] period in [[South Asia]] with a territory that included parts of present-day [[Rajshahi Division|Rajshahi]] and [[Rangpur Division]]s of Bangladesh as well as the [[West Dinajpur district]] of West Bengal, India. The capital of the kingdom, then known as ''Pundranagara'' (Pundra city), was located at Mahasthangarh in [[Bogra District]] in northern Bangladesh.<ref name="Hossain">Hossain, Md. Mosharraf, ''Mahasthan: Anecdote to History'', 2006, pp. 69–73, Dibyaprakash, 38/2 ka Bangla Bazar, Dhaka, {{ISBN|984-483-245-4}}</ref><ref name = "Banglapedia">{{cite web |url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Pundravardhana |title=Pundravardhana |access-date=10 November 2007 |last=Ghosh |first=Suchandra |work=Banglapedia |publisher=Asiatic Society of Bangladesh}}</ref><ref name = "RCMajumdar">{{cite book |last=Majumdar |first=R. C. |author-link=R. C. Majumdar |year=1971 |title=History of Ancient Bengal |location=Calcutta |publisher=G. Bhardwaj & Co. |pages=5, 13 |oclc=961157849 |quote=Karatoya still flows by the ruins of this ancient city [Punḍravardhana] at Mahasthangarh in the Bogra district ... the Punḍra-''nagara'' of an old Brāhmī inscription ... Indian literature and inscriptions proves that it included considerable portions of the present Bogra, Rajshahi and Dinajpur districts}}.</ref>  
Known rulers of Pundra are:
Known rulers of Pundra are:
Paundraka Vasudeva
Paundraka Vasudeva
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Suhma Kingdom was an ancient state during the [[Vedic period]] on the eastern part of the [[Bengal]].This kingdom was mentioned in the epic [[Mahabharata]] along with its neighbouring kingdom ''Prasuhma''.
Suhma Kingdom was an ancient state during the [[Vedic period]] on the eastern part of the [[Bengal]].This kingdom was mentioned in the epic [[Mahabharata]] along with its neighbouring kingdom ''Prasuhma''.
[[Bhima]] vanquished in battle the Suhmas and the Prasuhmas. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Klidsa|url=http://archive.org/details/raghuvamsaofkali00kliduoft|title=The Raghuvamsa of Kalidasa : with the commentary (the Samjivani) of Mallinatha ; Cantos I-X ; edited with a literal English translation, copious notes in Sanskrit and English, and various readings &c. &c. by M.R. Kale|last2=Mallinatha. Sajvan|last3=Kle|first3=M. R. (Moreshvar Ramchandra)|date=1922|publisher=Bombay : P.S. Rege|others=Robarts - University of Toronto}}</ref>
[[Bhima]] vanquished in battle the Suhmas and the Prasuhmas.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Klidsa |url=http://archive.org/details/raghuvamsaofkali00kliduoft |title=The Raghuvamsa of Kalidasa : with the commentary (the Samjivani) of Mallinatha ; Cantos I-X ; edited with a literal English translation, copious notes in Sanskrit and English, and various readings &c. &c. by M.R. Kale |last2=Mallinatha. Sajvan |last3=Kle |first3=M. R. (Moreshvar Ramchandra) |date=1922 |publisher=Bombay : P.S. Rege |others=Robarts - University of Toronto}}</ref>


===Tirabhukti kingdom (c. 1200–510 BCE)===
===Tirabhukti kingdom (c. 1200–510 BCE)===
{{main|Tirabhukti}}
{{main|Tirabhukti}}


Tirabhukti  region is bounded by the [[Mahananda River]] in the east, the [[Ganges]] in the south, the [[Gandaki River]] in the west and by the foothills of the [[Himalayas]] in the north.<ref name=Jha1997>{{cite book |author=Jha, M. |year=1997 |chapter=Hindu Kingdoms at contextual level |title=Anthropology of Ancient Hindu Kingdoms: A Study in Civilizational Perspective |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A0i94Z5C8HMC&pg=PA27 |pages=27–42 |publisher=M.D. Publications Pvt. Ltd |location=New Delhi|isbn=9788175330344 }}</ref>
Tirabhukti  region is bounded by the [[Mahananda River]] in the east, the [[Ganges]] in the south, the [[Gandaki River]] in the west and by the foothills of the [[Himalayas]] in the north.<ref name=Jha1997>{{cite book |author=Jha, M. |year=1997 |chapter=Hindu Kingdoms at contextual level |title=Anthropology of Ancient Hindu Kingdoms: A Study in Civilizational Perspective |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A0i94Z5C8HMC&pg=PA27 |pages=27–42 |publisher=M.D. Publications Pvt. Ltd |location=New Delhi |isbn=9788175330344}}</ref>


===Gangaridai kingdom (c. 450–250 BCE)===
===Gangaridai kingdom (c. 450–250 BCE)===
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Gangaridae is a term used by the ancient [[Greco-Roman]] writers to describe a [[people]] or a geographical region of the ancient [[Indian subcontinent]]. Some of these writers state that [[Alexander the Great]] withdrew from the Indian subcontinent because of the strong [[war elephant]] force of the Gangaridai. However, the geographical region was annexed and governed by the [[Nanda Empire]] at the time.
Gangaridae is a term used by the ancient [[Greco-Roman]] writers to describe a [[people]] or a geographical region of the ancient [[Indian subcontinent]]. Some of these writers state that [[Alexander the Great]] withdrew from the Indian subcontinent because of the strong [[war elephant]] force of the Gangaridai. However, the geographical region was annexed and governed by the [[Nanda Empire]] at the time.


A number of modern scholars locate Gangaridai in the [[Ganges Delta]] of the [[Bengal]] region, although alternative theories also exist. Gange or Ganges, the capital of the Gangaridai (according to [[Ptolemy]]), has been identified with several sites in the region, including [[Chandraketugarh]] and [[Wari-Bateshwar ruins|Wari-Bateshwar]].<ref>{{cite web | title=History | quote=Shah-i-Bangalah, Shah-i-Bangaliyan and Sultan-i-Bangalah | url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=History | website=Banglapedia | access-date=23 September 2017 | url-status=live | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170929104319/http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=History | archive-date=29 September 2017 | df=dmy-all }}</ref>
A number of modern scholars locate Gangaridai in the [[Ganges Delta]] of the [[Bengal]] region, although alternative theories also exist. Gange or Ganges, the capital of the Gangaridai (according to [[Ptolemy]]), has been identified with several sites in the region, including [[Chandraketugarh]] and [[Wari-Bateshwar ruins|Wari-Bateshwar]].<ref>{{cite web |title=History |quote=Shah-i-Bangalah, Shah-i-Bangaliyan and Sultan-i-Bangalah |url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=History |website=Banglapedia |access-date=23 September 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170929104319/http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=History |archive-date=29 September 2017 |df=dmy-all}}</ref>


===Samatata kingdom (c. 300 BCE–400 CE)===
===Samatata kingdom (c. 300 BCE–400 CE)===
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{{main|Harikela}}
{{main|Harikela}}


Harikela was a kingdom in [[Bengal]] encompassing much of the eastern regions. There are numerous references to the kingdom in historical texts of Hindu and Buddhist records as well as archeological artifacts including silver coinage.<ref>{{Cite book | last=Ray | first=Niharranjan | title=History of the Bengali People | year=1994 | publisher=Orient Longman Ltd. | location=Calcutta | pages=84}}</ref> Harikela kingdom overthrowed by [[Chandra dynasty]].
Harikela was a kingdom in [[Bengal]] encompassing much of the eastern regions. There are numerous references to the kingdom in historical texts of Hindu and Buddhist records as well as archeological artifacts including silver coinage.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ray |first=Niharranjan |title=History of the Bengali People |year=1994 |publisher=Orient Longman Ltd. |location=Calcutta |pages=84}}</ref> Harikela kingdom overthrowed by [[Chandra dynasty]].
 
===Davaka kingdom (c. 300 BCE–350 CE) ===
{{main|Davaka}}
 
Davaka was a kingdom of [[Bengal]], located in current central region of [[Assam]] state.<ref>Suresh Kant Sharma, Usha Sharma (2005), ''Discovery of North-East India: Geography, History, Culture, ...'', Davaka (Nowgong) and Kamarupa as separate and submissive friendly kingdoms</ref>  The references to it comes from the 4th century Allahabad pillar inscription of [[Samudragupta]], where it is mentioned as one of five frontier kingdoms of the [[Gupta Empire]];<ref>Samatata- Davaka- Kamarupa - Nepala - Kartripura Pratyanta Nrpatibhir</ref> The Shung-Shu History of the [[Liu Song dynasty]], where the kingdom is named ''Kapili'' (now the name of a river); the Gachtal stone pillar inscription written in [[Kamrupi Prakrit]].<ref>Indian History Congress (2002), ''Proceedings - Indian History Congress - Volume 62'', p. 136 identified with the Davaka region of Nagaon district of Assam, the location of which, can be confirmed by the Gachtal stone pillar inscription.6 The Allahabad stone pillar inscription of Samudragupta mentions Davaka along with Samatata</ref><ref>Kamrupi inscriptions associated with the Kamarupa kingdom give an estimate of its geographical location and extent. {{cite book |last=Lahiri |first=Nayanjot |year=1991 |title=Pre-Ahom Assam: Studies in the Inscriptions of Assam between the Fifth and the Thirteenth Centuries AD |location=Delhi |publisher=Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers |page=26–28 |isbn=978-81-215-0463-8}}</ref> N K Bhattasali has identified it with [[Dabaka]] in modern [[Hojai district]], with the kingdom associated with the [[Kopili river|Kopili]]-[[Kolong River|Kolong]] river valley.<ref>{{cite book |last=Mookerji |first=Radhakumud |year=1973 |title=The Gupta Empire |publisher=Motilal Banarasidass |page=24 |isbn=81-208-0089-3}}</ref><ref>{{cite thesis |last=Dutta |first=Anima |year=2008 |title=Political geography of Pragjyotisa Kamarupa |url=http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/68309 |type=Ph.D. |publisher=Gauhati University |page=53}}</ref>


== Magadha Empire in Bengal ==
== Magadha dynasties of Bengal ==
{{main|Magadha}}
{{main|Magadha}}


[[File:Magadha.GIF|thumb|Magadha]]
[[File:Magadha Expansion 1.gif|thumb|Expansion of Magadha dynesties and Empires]]


===Brihadratha dynasty (c. 1700–682 BCE)===
=== Brihadratha dynasty (c. 1700 – 682 BCE) ===
{{main|Brihadratha}}
{{Main|Brihadratha dynasty}}


*[[Brihadratha]]
;Rulers-
''(founder of Brihadratha dynasty)''
{| class="wikitable"
*[[Jarasandha]]
|+List of Brihadratha dynasty rulers
''(Greatest King of Brihadratha dynasty)''
!Ruler
*[[Sahadeva of Magadha]]
!Reign (BCE)
''(son of Jarasandha)''
|-
*Somadhi (1661–1603 BCE)
| [[Brihadratha]] || - BCE
*Srutasravas (1603–1539 BCE)
|-
*Ayutayus (1539–1503 BCE)
| [[Jarasandha]] || - BCE
*[[Niramitra]] (1503–1463 BCE)
|-
*Sukshatra (1463–1405 BCE)
| [[Sahadeva of Magadha]] || - BCE
*Brihatkarman ( 1405–1382 BCE)
|-
*Senajit ( 1382–1332 BCE)
| Somadhi || 1661–1603 BCE
*Srutanjaya ( 1332–1292 BCE)
|-
*Vipra (1292–1257 BCE)
| Srutasravas || 1603–1539 BCE
*Suchi (1257–1199 BCE)
|-
*Kshemya (1199–1171 BCE)
| Ayutayus || 1539–1503 BCE
*Subrata (1171–1107BCE)
|-
*Dharma ( 1107–1043 BCE)
| [[Niramitra]] || 1503–1463 BCE
*Susuma (1008–970 BCE)
|-
*Dridhasena (970–912 BCE)
| Sukshatra || 1463–1405 BCE
*Sumati (912–879 BCE)
|-
*[[Subala]] (879–857 BCE)
| Brihatkarman || 1405–1382 BCE
*Sunita (857–817 BCE)
|-
*Satyajit (817–767 BCE)
| Senajit || 1382–1332 BCE
*Viswajit (767–732 BCE)
|-
*Ripunjaya (732–682 BCE),
| Srutanjaya || 1332–1292 BCE
''('''Ripunjaya''' last king of Brihadratha dynasty, killed by his minister '''Pulika''', [[Pradyota]] was son of Pulika.)''
|-
 
| Vipra || 1292–1257 BCE
===Pradyota dynasty (c. 682–544 BCE)===
|-
{{main|Pradyota dynasty}}
| Suchi || 1257–1199 BCE
* [[Pradyota|Mahasena Pradyota]] (682–659 BCE)
|-
* Palaka  (659–635 BCE)
| Kshemya || 1199–1171 BCE
* Visakhayupa  (635–585 BCE)
|-
* Ajaka  (585–564 BCE)
| Subrata || 1171–1107 BCE
* Varttivarddhana (564–544 BCE)
|-
 
| Dharma || 1107–1043 BCE
===Haryanka dynasty (c. 544–413 BCE)===
|-
{{main|Haryanka dynasty}}
| Susuma || 1043–970 BCE
* [[Bimbisara]] (558/554–491 BCE), founder of the first Magadhan Empire
|-
* [[Ajatashatru]] (491–461 BCE)
| Dridhasena || 970–912 BCE
* [[Udayin]]  (461–428 BCE)
|-
* Anirudha (428–419 BCE)
| Sumati || 912–879 BCE
* Munda (419–417 BCE)
|-
* Darshaka  (417–415 BCE)
| [[Subala]] || 879–857 BCE
* [[Nāgadāsaka]] (415–413 BCE)
|-
(last ruler of the Haryanka dynasty)
| Sunita || 857–817 BCE
 
|-
===Shishunaga dynasty (c. 413–345 BCE)===
| Satyajit || 817–767 BCE
{{main|Shaishunaga dynasty}}
|-
* [[Shishunaga]] (412–395 BCE)
| Viswajit || 767–732 BCE
* [[Kalashoka]] (Kakavarna) (395–377 BCE)
|-
* Kshemadharman (377–365 BCE)
| [[Ripunjaya]] || 732–682 BCE
* Kshatraujas (365–355 BCE)
|}
* [[Nandivardhana]] (355–349 BCE)
(''[[Ripunjaya]] was the last ruler of dynasty, dethorned by [[Pradyota]] in 682 BCE'')
*[[Mahanandin]] (349–345 BCE),his empire was inherited by his illegitimate son [[Mahapadma Nanda]]
 
===Nanda dynasty (c. 345–322 BCE)===
{{main|Nanda dynasty}}
 
* [[Mahapadma Nanda]] (345–335 BCE), (also known as Ugrasena according to Buddhist texts)
* Pandhuka
* Panghupati
* Bhutapala
* Rashtrapala
* Govishanaka
* Dashasidkhaka
* Kaivarta
* [[Dhana Nanda]] (ruled until 322 BCE)
 
===Maurya dynasty (c. 322–185 BCE)===
{{main|Maurya dynasty}}
 
* [[Chandragupta Maurya]] (322–298 BCE)
* [[Bindusara Amitraghata]] (298–273 BCE)
* [[Ashoka|Ashoka Vardhana]] ''([[Ashoka the Great]])'' (268–232 BCE)
* [[Dasharatha Maurya|Dasharatha]] (232–224 BCE)
* [[Samprati]] (224–215 BCE)
* [[Shalishuka]] (215–202 BCE)
* [[Devavarman]] (202–195 BCE)
* [[Shatadhanvan]] (195–187 BCE)
* [[Brihadratha]] (187–185 BCE)


===Shunga dynasty (c. 185–73 BCE)===
=== Pradyota dynasty (c. 682 – 544 BCE) ===
{{main|Shunga Empire}}
{{main|Pradyota dynasty}}
* [[Pushyamitra Sunga|Pushyamitra Shunga]] (185–149 BCE)
* [[Agnimitra]] (149–141 BCE)
* Vasujyeshtha (141–131 BCE)
* [[Vasumitra]] (131–124 BCE)
* Andhraka (124–122 BCE)
* Pulindaka (122–119 BCE)
* Ghosha
* Vajramita
* Bhagabhadra
* [[Devabhuti]] (83–73 BCE)
 
===Kanva dynasty (c. 73–43 BCE)===
{{main|Kanva dynasty}}
* [[Vasudeva Kanva]] (from 73 BCE)
* Bhumimitra
* Narayana
* Susharman (Until 43 BCE)
 
== Classical Era ==
{{Main|Bengal}}
 
===Chandra Kingdom (c. 202–1050 CE)===
{{main|Chandra dynasty|Harikela}}
 
The '''Chandra Kingdom''' was a [[Kayastha]] kingdom, originating from the [[Indian subcontinent]], which ruled the [[Samatata]] region of [[Bengal]], as well as northern [[Arakan]]. Later it was a neighbor to the [[Pala Empire]] to the north. Rulers of Chandra kingdom were followers of [[Hinduism]].


;Rulers-
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|+List of Chandra dynasty Rulers
|+List of Pradyota dynasty Rulers
!#
!Ruler
!King
!Reign (BCE)
!Period
!Period
!Reign (CE)
|-
|-
|1
| [[Pradyota|Pradyota Mahasena]]
|Chandrodaya
| 682–659 BCE
|27
| 23
|202-229
|-
| Palaka
| 659–635 BCE
| 24
|-
|-
|2
| Visakhayupa
|Annaveta
| 635–585 BCE
|5
| 50
|229-234
|-
|-
|3
| Ajaka
|??
| 585–564 BCE
|77
| 21
|234-311
|-
|-
|4
| Varttivarddhana
|Rimbhiappa
| 564–544 BCE
|23
| 20
|311-334
|}
(''Varttivarddhana was last ruler of dynasty dethroned by [[Bimbisara]] in 544 BCE'')
 
=== Haryanka dynasty (c. 544 – 413 BCE) ===
{{main|Haryanka dynasty}}
 
;Rulers-
{| class="wikitable"
|+List of Haryanka dynasty rulers
!Ruler
!Reign (BCE)
|-
|-
|5
| [[Bimbisara]] || 544–491 BCE
|Kuverami (Queen)
|7
|334-341
|-
|-
|6
| [[Ajatashatru]] || 491–461 BCE
|Umavira (Queen)
|20
|341-361
|-
|-
|7
| [[Udayin]] || 461–428 BCE
|Jugna
|7
|361-368
|-
|-
|8
| Anirudha || 428–419 BCE
|Lanki
|2
|368-370
|-
|-
|9
| Munda || 419–417 BCE
|Dvenchandra
|55
|370-425
|-
|-
|10
| Darshaka || 417–415 BCE
|Rajachandra
|20
|425-445
|-
|-
|11
| [[Nāgadāsaka]] || 415–413 BCE
|Kalachandra
|}
|9
(''[[Nāgadāsaka]] was last ruler of dynasty overthrowed by [[Shishunaga]] in 413 BCE'')
|445-454
 
=== Shishunaga dynasty (c. 413 – 345 BCE) ===
{{main|Shaishunaga dynasty}}
 
;Rulers-
{| class="wikitable"
|+List of Shishunga dynasty rulers
!Ruler
!Reign (BCE)
|-
|-
|12
| [[Shishunaga]] || 413–395 BCE
|Devachandra
|22
|454-476
|-
|-
|13
| [[Kalashoka]] || 395–377 BCE
|Yajnachandra
|7
|476-483
|-
|-
|14
| Kshemadharman || 377–365 BCE
|Chandrabandu
|-
|6
| Kshatraujas || 365–355 BCE
|483-489
|-
|-
|15
| [[Nandivardhana]] || 355–349 BCE
|Bhumichandra
|7
|489-496
|-
|-
|16
| [[Mahanandin]] || 349–345 BCE
|Bhutichandra
|}
|24
''([[Mahanandin]] lost his empire by his illegitimate son [[Mahapadma Nanda]] in 345 BCE)''
|496-520
 
=== Nanda Empire (c. 345 – 322 BCE) ===
{{main|Nanda Empire}}
{{see also|Conquest of the Nanda Empire}}
 
;Rulers-
{| class="wikitable"
|+List of Nanda dynasty rulers
!Ruler
!Reign (BCE)
|-
|-
|17
| [[Mahapadma Nanda]] || 345–340 BCE
|Nitichandra (Queen)
|55
|520-575
|-
|-
|18
| Pandhukananda || 340–339 BCE
|Virachandra
|3
|575-578
|-
|-
|19
| Panghupatinanda || 339–338 BCE
|Pritichandra (Queen)
|12
|578-90
|-
|-
|20
| Bhutapalananda || 338–337 BCE
|Prithvichandra
|7
|590-597
|-
|-
|21
| Rashtrapalananada || 337–336 BCE
|Dhirtichandra
|-
|3
| Govishanakananda || 336–335 BCE
|597-600
|-
|-
|22
| Dashasidkhakananda || 335–334 BCE
|Mahavira
|12
|600-12
|-
|-
|23
| Kaivartananda || 334–333 BCE
|Virayajap
|12
|612-24
|-
|-
|24
| Karvinathanand || 333–330 BCE
|Sevinren
|12
|624-36
|-
|-
|25
| [[Dhana Nanda]] || 330–322 BCE
|Dharmasura
|}
|13
''([[Dhana Nanda]] lost his empire to [[Chandragupta Maurya]] after being defeated by him in 322 BCE)''
|636-49
 
=== Maurya Empire (c. 322 – 184 BCE) ===
{{main|Maurya Empire}}
 
;Rulers-
{| class="wikitable"
|- bgcolor=#cccccc
! colspan=2 | Ruler!!Reign!!Notes
|-
|-
|26
|[[Chandragupta Maurya]]||[[File:Chandragupta Maurya and Bhadrabahu.png|100px]] ||322–297 BCE|| Founder of first Indian united empire.
|Vajrashakti
|16
|649-65
|-
|-
|27
|[[Bindusara Amitraghata]]||[[File:I42 1karshapana Maurya Bindusara MACW4165 1ar (8486583162).jpg|100px]] ||297–273 BCE||Known for his foreign diplomacy and crushed of [[Vidarbh]] revolt.
|Dharmavijaya
|36
|665-701
|-
|-
|28
|[[Ashoka]]||[[File:Ashoka's visit to the Ramagrama stupa Sanchi Stupa 1 Southern gateway.jpg|100px]] ||268–232 BCE||Greatest emperor of dynasty. His son [[Kunala]] was blinded and died before his father. Ashoka was succeeded by his grandson. Also known for [[Kalinga war]] victory.
|Narendravijaya
|2 yr 9 months
|701-703
|-
|-
|29
|[[Dasharatha Maurya]]||[[File:Dasaratha Maurya inscription on entrance of Vadathika cave.jpg|100px]] ||232–224 BCE||Grandson of Ashoka.
|Dharmachandra
|16
|703-720
|-
|-
|30
|[[Samprati]]||||224–215 BCE||Brother of Dasharatha.
|Anandachandra
|9+
|720-729+
|-
|-
| colspan="4" |[[Harikela|Harikela Dynasty]]
|[[Shalishuka]]||[[File:Mauryan Empire. temp. Salisuka or later. Circa 207-194 BC.jpg|100px]]||215–202 BCE||
|-
|-
|1
|[[Devavarman]]||||202–195 BCE||
|[[Traillokyachandra]]  
|30
|900–930
|-
|-
|2
|[[Shatadhanvan]]||||195–187 BCE|| Mauryan Empire had shrunk by the time of his reign
|[[Srichandra]]
|45
|930–975
|-
|-
|3
|[[Brihadratha Maurya|Brihadratha]]||||187–184 BCE|| Assassinated by his Commander-in-chief [[Pushyamitra Shunga]] in 185 BCE.
|[[Kalyanachandra]]  
|25
|975–1000
|-
|-
|4
|}
|[[Ladahachandra]]  
''([[Brihadratha Maurya|Brihadratha]] was the last ruler of dynasty, dethroned by [[Pushyamitra Shunga]] in 185 BCE)''
|20
 
|1000–1020
=== Shunga Empire (c. 185 – 73 BCE) ===
{{main|Shunga Empire}}
 
;Rulers-
{| class="wikitable"
|+List of Shunga dynasty rulers
!Ruler
!Reign (BCE)
|-
|-
|5
| [[Pushyamitra Shunga]]|| 185–149 BCE
|[[Govindachandra (Chandra dynasty)|Govindachandra]]  
|-
|30
| [[Agnimitra]]|| 149–141 BCE
|1020–1050
|-
|}<ref>{{Cite book |last=Wicks|first=Robert S. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jFpdDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA86 |title=Money, Markets, and Trade in Early Southeast Asia: The Development of Indigenous Monetary Systems to AD 1400|date=2018-05-31|publisher=Cornell University Press|isbn=978-1-5017-1947-9|pages=87|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Johnston|first=E. H.|date=1944|title=Some Sanskrit Inscriptions of Arakan|journal=Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London|volume=11|issue=2|pages=357–385|doi=10.1017/S0041977X00072529|jstor=609320|issn=0041-977X}}</ref>
| [[Vasujyeshtha]]|| 141–131 BCE
|-
| [[Vasumitra]]|| 131–124 BCE
|-
| Bhadraka || 124–122 BCE
|-
| Pulindaka|| 122–119 BCE
|-
| Ghosha|| 119–108 BCE
|-
| Vajramitra|| 108–94 BCE
|-
| [[Bhagabhadra]]|| 94–83 BCE
|-
| [[Devabhuti]]|| 83–73 BCE
|}
''([[Devabhuti]] was the last ruler of dynasty dethroned by, dethroned [[Vasudeva Kanva]] in 73 BCE)''


===Gupta Empire (c. 240–550 CE)===
=== Kanva dynasty (c. 73 – 28 BCE) ===
{{main|Gupta Empire}}
{{main|Kanva dynasty}}


* [[Sri-Gupta I]] (240–280)
;Rulers-
* [[Ghatotkacha (Gupta Ruler)|Ghatotkacha]] (280–319)
{| class="wikitable"
* [[Chandragupta I|Chandra Gupta I]] (320–335)
|+List of Kanava dynasty rulers
* [[Samudragupta|Samudra Gupta]] (335–380)
! Ruler
* [[Ramagupta|Rama Gupta]] (6 Months)
!Reign
* [[Chandragupta II|Chandra Gupta II]] ([[Chandragupta Vikramaditya]]) (380–413/415)
!Period
* [[Kumara Gupta I]] (415–455)
|-
* [[Skandagupta|Skanda Gupta]] (455–467)
| [[Vasudeva Kanva]]
* [[Purugupta|Puru Gupta]](467–473)
| 73–64 BCE
* [[Kumaragupta II|Kumara Gupta II]] (473–476)
|9
* [[Buddha Gupta]] (476–495)
|-
* [[Narasimhagupta|Narasimha Gupta]](495–550)
| Bhumimitra
* [[Kumaragupta III|Kumara Gupta III]] (500–540)
| 64–50 BCE
* [[Vishnugupta (Gupta Empire)|Vishnugupta]] (540–550)
|14
|-
| Narayana
| 50–38 BCE
|12
|-
| Susarman
|38–28 BCE
|10
|}
''(Susarman was the last ruler of dynasty, dethroned by [[Simuka]] of [[Satavahana Empire]])''


===Jaintia Kingdom (c. 515–1835 CE) ===
== Classical Era ==
{{main|Jaintia Kingdom}}
{{Main|Bengal}}


====Old dynasty====
===Chandra Kingdom (c. 202–1050 CE)===
#Urmi Rani (?-550)
{{main|Chandra dynasty|Harikela}}
#Krishak Pator (550-570)
#Hatak (570-600)
#Guhak (600-630)


====Partitioned Jaintia====
The '''Chandra Kingdom''' was a [[Kayastha]] kingdom, originating from the [[Indian subcontinent]], which ruled the [[Samatata]] region of [[Bengal]], as well as northern [[Arakan]]. Later it was a neighbor to the [[Pala Empire]] to the north. Rulers of Chandra kingdom were followers of [[Hinduism]].
#Jayanta (630-660)
#Joymalla (660-?)
#Mahabal (?)
#Bancharu (?-1100)
#Kamadeva (1100-1120)
#Bhimbal (1120)


====Brahmin dynasty====
{| class="wikitable"
#Kedareshwar Rai (1120-1130)
|+List of Chandra dynasty Rulers
#Dhaneshwar Rai (1130-1150)
!#
#Kandarpa Rai (1150-1170)
!King
#Manik Rai (1170-1193)
!Period
#Jayanta Rai (1193-1210)
!Reign (CE)
#Jayanti Devi
|-
#Bara Gossain
|1
 
|Chandrodaya
====New dynasty====
|27
#Prabhat Ray Syiem Sutnga (1500–1516)
|202-229
#Majha Gosain Syiem Sutnga (1516–1532)
|-
#Burha Parbat Ray Syiem Sutnga (1532–1548)
|2
#Bar Gosain Syiem Sutnga I (1548–1564)
|Annaveta
#Bijay Manik Syiem Sutnga (1564–1580)
|5
#Pratap Ray Syiem Sutnga (1580–1596)
|229-234
#Dhan Manik Syiem Sutnga (1596–1612)
|-
#Jasa Manik Syiem Sutnga (1612–1625)
|3
#Sundar Ray Syiem Sutnga (1625–1636)
|??
#Chota Parbat Ray Syiem Sutnga (1636–1647)
|77
#Jasamanta Ray Syiem Sutnga (1647–1660)
|234-311
#Ban Singh Syiem Sutnga (1660–1669)
#Pratap Singh Syiem Sutnga (1669–1678)
#Lakshmi Narayan Syiem Sutnga (1678–1694)
#Ram Singh Syiem Sutnga I (1694–1708)
#Jay Narayan Syiem Sutnga (1708–1731)
#Bar Gosain Syiem Sutnga II (1731–1770)
#Chattra Singh Syiem Sutnga (1770–1780)
#Yatra Narayan Syiem Sutnga (1780-1785)
#Bijay Narayan Syiem Sutnga (1785–1786)
#Lakshmi Singh Syiem Sutnga (1786-1790)
#Ram Singh Syiem Sutnga II (1790–1832)
#Rajendra Singh Syiem Sutnga (1832–1835)<ref>http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/jspui/bitstream/10603/217208/9/09_chapter%203.pdf</ref><ref>http://megtourism.gov.in/dest-jaintia.html</ref>
 
=== Gauda Kingdom (c. 550–626 CE) ===
{{main|Gauda Kingdom}}
* [[Shashanka]] (590–625), first recorded independent king of [[Bengal]], created the first unified political entity in Bengal
* [[Manava (king)|Manava]] (625–626), ruled for 8 months before being conquered by [[Harshavardana]] and [[Bhaskarvarmana]]
 
=== Pushyabhuti dynasty (c. 606–647 CE) ===
{{main|Pushyabhuti dynasty}}
* [[Harsha]]vardhana (606–647), unified Northern India and ruled it for over 40 years, he was the last non-Muslim emperor to rule a unified Northern India
 
=== Khadga dynasty (c. 625–730 CE) ===
{{main|Khadga dynasty}}
{| class="wikitable" style="width:50%; text-align:center;"
|-
|-
! style="width:12%;"| Titular Name
|4
! style="width:9%;"| Reign
|Rimbhiappa
! style="width:9%;"| Notes
|23
|311-334
|-
|-
| [[Khadgodyama]] (খড়্গদ্যোম)
|5
| 625-640
|Kuverami (Queen)
| Father of Jatakhadga
|7
|334-341
|-
|-
| [[Jatakhadga]] (জাতখড়্গ)
|6
| 640-658
|Umavira (Queen)
| Father of Devakhadga
|20
|341-361
|-
|-
| [[Devakhadga]] (দেবখড়্গ)
|7
| 658-673
|Jugna
| Queen Prabhavati (প্রভাবতী)
|7
|361-368
|-
|-
| [[Rajabhatta]] (রাজভট্ট)
|8
| 673-707
|Lanki
| Son of Devakhadga
|2
|368-370
|-
|-
| [[Balabhata]] (বলভট্ট)
|9
| 707-716
|Dvenchandra
| Son of Devakhadga
|55
|370-425
|-
|-
| [[Udirnakhadga]] (উদীর্ণখড়্গ)
|10
| ??
|Rajachandra
|
|20
|}
|425-445
 
===Bhadra dynasty (6th–7th century)===
{{main|Bhadra dynasty}}
The Bhadra dynasty was a [[South Asian]] royal house of [[Brahmin]] origin, their rule flourished during the first half of the 7th century, though little is known about their history. The kings of the dynasty bore names with the suffix "Bhadra".
 
====List of rulers====
*[[Narayanabhadra]]
*[[Jyeshthabhadra]]
 
=== Mallabhum Kingdom (c. 694–1947 CE) ===
{{Main|Mallabhum}}
{| class="wikitable"
!Name of the king{{Sfn|Dasgupta|Biswas|Mallik|2009|p=31-43}}<ref>{{cite book|last1=Mallik|first1=Abhaya Pada|title=History of Bishnupur-Raj: An Ancient Kingdom of West Bengal|date=1921|publisher=Calcutta|pages=128–130|edition=the University of Michigan|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QF4dAAAAMAAJ|access-date=11 March 2016}}</ref>
! Reign
!Notes
|-
|-
|[[Adi Malla]]
|11
|694–710
|Kalachandra
|
|9
|445-454
|-
|-
|[[Jay Malla]]
|12
|710–720
|Devachandra
|
|22
|454-476
|-
|-
|Benu Malla
|13
|720–733
|Yajnachandra
|
|7
|476-483
|-
|-
|[[Kinu Malla]]
|14
|733–742
|Chandrabandu
|
|6
|483-489
|-
|-
|Indra Malla
|15
|742–757
|Bhumichandra
|
|7
|489-496
|-
|-
|[[Kanu Malla]]
|16
|757–764
|Bhutichandra
|
|24
|496-520
|-
|-
|Dha (Jhau) Malla
|17
|764–775
|Nitichandra (Queen)
|
|55
|520-575
|-
|-
|[[Shur Malla]]
|18
|775–795
|Virachandra
|
|3
|575-578
|-
|-
|Kanak Malla
|19
|795–807
|Pritichandra (Queen)
|
|12
|578-90
|-
|-
|Kandarpa Malla
|20
|807–828
|Prithvichandra
|
|7
|590-597
|-
|-
|Sanatan Malla
|21
|828–841
|Dhirtichandra
|
|3
|597-600
|-
|-
|[[Kharga Malla]]
|22
|841–862
|Mahavira
|
|12
|600-12
|-
|-
|Durjan (Durjay) Malla
|23
|862–906
|Virayajap
|
|12
|612-24
|-
|-
|[[Yadav Malla]]
|24
|906–919
|Sevinren
|
|12
|624-36
|-
|-
|Jagannath Malla
|25
|919–931
|Dharmasura
|
|13
|636-49
|-
|-
|Birat Malla
|26
|931–946
|Vajrashakti
|
|16
|649-65
|-
|-
|Mahadev Malla
|27
|946–977
|Dharmavijaya
|
|36
|665-701
|-
|-
|Durgadas Malla
|28
|977–994
|Narendravijaya
|
|2 yr 9 months
|701-703
|-
|-
|[[Jagat Malla]]
|29
|994–1007
|Dharmachandra
|
|16
|703-720
|-
|-
|Ananta Malla
|30
|1007–1015
|Anandachandra
|
|9+
|720-729+
|-
|-
|Rup Malla
| colspan="4" |[[Harikela|Harikela Dynasty]]
|1015=1029
|
|-
|-
|Sundar Malla
|1
|1029–1053
|[[Traillokyachandra]]
|
|30
|900–930
|-
|-
|Kumud Malla
|2
|1053–1074
|[[Srichandra]]
|
|45
|930–975
|-
|-
|Krishna Malla
|3
|1074–1084
|[[Kalyanachandra]]
|
|25
|975–1000
|-
|-
|Rup II (Jhap) Malla
|4
|1084–1097
|[[Ladahachandra]]
|
|20
|1000–1020
|-
|-
|[[Prakash Malla]]
|5
|1097–1102
|[[Govindachandra (Chandra dynasty)|Govindachandra]]  
|
|30
|-
|1020–1050
|Pratap Malla
|}<ref>{{Cite book |last=Wicks |first=Robert S. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jFpdDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA86 |title=Money, Markets, and Trade in Early Southeast Asia: The Development of Indigenous Monetary Systems to AD 1400 |date=2018-05-31 |publisher=Cornell University Press |isbn=978-1-5017-1947-9 |pages=87 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Johnston |first=E. H. |date=1944 |title=Some Sanskrit Inscriptions of Arakan |journal=Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London |volume=11 |issue=2 |pages=357–385 |doi=10.1017/S0041977X00072529 |jstor=609320 |s2cid=191758063 |issn=0041-977X}}</ref>
|1102–1113
 
|
===Gupta Empire (c. 240–550 CE)===
|-
{{main|Gupta Empire}}
|Sindur Malla
 
|1113–1129
* [[Sri-Gupta I]] (240–280)
|
* [[Ghatotkacha (Gupta Ruler)|Ghatotkacha]] (280–319)
|-
* [[Chandragupta I|Chandra Gupta I]] (320–335)
|Sukhomoy(Shuk) Malla
* [[Samudragupta|Samudra Gupta]] (335–380)
|1129–1142
* [[Ramagupta|Rama Gupta]] (6 Months)
|
* [[Chandragupta II|Chandra Gupta II]] ([[Chandragupta Vikramaditya]]) (380–413/415)
|-
* [[Kumara Gupta I]] (415–455)
|Banamali Malla
* [[Skandagupta|Skanda Gupta]] (455–467)
|1142–1156
* [[Purugupta|Puru Gupta]](467–473)
|
* [[Kumaragupta II|Kumara Gupta II]] (473–476)
|-
* [[Buddha Gupta]] (476–495)
|Yadu/Jadu Malla
* [[Narasimhagupta|Narasimha Gupta]](495–550)
|1156–1167
* [[Kumaragupta III|Kumara Gupta III]] (500–540)
|
* [[Vishnugupta (Gupta Empire)|Vishnugupta]] (540–550)
|-
 
|Jiban Malla
===Jaintia Kingdom (c. 515–1835 CE) ===
|1167–1185
{{main|Jaintia Kingdom}}
|
 
|-
====Old dynasty====
|[[Ram Malla]]
#Urmi Rani (?-550)
|1185=1209
#Krishak Pator (550-570)
|
#Hatak (570-600)
|-
#Guhak (600-630)
|Gobinda Malla
 
|1209–1240
====Partitioned Jaintia====
|
#Jayanta (630-660)
|-
#Joymalla (660-?)
|[[Bhim Malla]]
#Mahabal (?)
|1240–1263
#Bancharu (?-1100)
|
#Kamadeva (1100-1120)
|-
#Bhimbal (1120)
|Katar(Khattar) Malla
 
|1263–1295
====Brahmin dynasty====
|
#Kedareshwar Rai (1120-1130)
|-
#Dhaneshwar Rai (1130-1150)
|[[Prithwi Malla]]
#Kandarpa Rai (1150-1170)
|1295 -1319
#Manik Rai (1170-1193)
|
#Jayanta Rai (1193-1210)
|-
#Jayanti Devi
|Tapa Malla
#Bara Gossain
|1319–1334
 
|
====New dynasty====
|-
#Prabhat Ray Syiem Sutnga (1500–1516)
|[[Dinabandhu Malla]]
#Majha Gosain Syiem Sutnga (1516–1532)
|1334–1345
#Burha Parbat Ray Syiem Sutnga (1532–1548)
|
#Bar Gosain Syiem Sutnga I (1548–1564)
#Bijay Manik Syiem Sutnga (1564–1580)
#Pratap Ray Syiem Sutnga (1580–1596)
#Dhan Manik Syiem Sutnga (1596–1612)
#Jasa Manik Syiem Sutnga (1612–1625)
#Sundar Ray Syiem Sutnga (1625–1636)
#Chota Parbat Ray Syiem Sutnga (1636–1647)
#Jasamanta Ray Syiem Sutnga (1647–1660)
#Ban Singh Syiem Sutnga (1660–1669)
#Pratap Singh Syiem Sutnga (1669–1678)
#Lakshmi Narayan Syiem Sutnga (1678–1694)
#Ram Singh Syiem Sutnga I (1694–1708)
#Jay Narayan Syiem Sutnga (1708–1731)
#Bar Gosain Syiem Sutnga II (1731–1770)
#Chattra Singh Syiem Sutnga (1770–1780)
#Yatra Narayan Syiem Sutnga (1780-1785)
#Bijay Narayan Syiem Sutnga (1785–1786)
#Lakshmi Singh Syiem Sutnga (1786-1790)
#Ram Singh Syiem Sutnga II (1790–1832)
#Rajendra Singh Syiem Sutnga (1832–1835)<ref>{{cite thesis |last=Laloo |first=Betty |date=20 July 2016 |title=Reconstructing the early Jaintia state through oral traditions |type=PhD |chapter=III: Early Jaintia State Formation |publisher=North-Eastern Hill University |url=http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/jspui/bitstream/10603/217208/9/09_chapter%203.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://megtourism.gov.in/dest-jaintia.html |title=Jaintia Hills-Land of Myths and Legends |website=Mesmerizing Meghalaya |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200812044724/http://megtourism.gov.in/dest-jaintia.html |archive-date=12 August 2020}}</ref>
 
=== Gauda Kingdom (c. 550–626 CE) ===
{{main|Gauda Kingdom}}
* [[Shashanka]] (590–625), first recorded independent king of [[Bengal]], created the first unified political entity in Bengal
* [[Manava (king)|Manava]] (625–626), ruled for 8 months before being conquered by '''Harshavardana''' and '''Bhaskarvarmana'''
 
=== Pushyabhuti dynasty (c. 606–647 CE) ===
{{main|Pushyabhuti dynasty}}
* [[Harsha]]vardhana (606–647), unified Northern India and ruled it for over 40 years, he was the last non-Muslim emperor to rule a unified Northern India
 
=== Khadga dynasty (c. 625–730 CE) ===
{{main|Khadga dynasty}}
{| class="wikitable" style="width:50%; text-align:center;"
|-
|-
|Kinu/Kanu II Malla
! style="width:12%;"| Titular Name
|1345–1358
! style="width:9%;"| Reign
|
! style="width:9%;"| Notes
|-
|-
|Shur Malla II
| '''Khadgodyama''' (খড়্গদ্যোম)
|1358–1370
| 625-640
|
| Father of Jatakhadga
|-
|-
|[[Shiv Singh Malla]]
| '''Jatakhadga''' (জাতখড়্গ)
|1370–1407
| 640-658
|
| Father of Devakhadga
|-
|-
|[[Madan Malla]]
| '''Devakhadga''' (দেবখড়্গ)
|1407–1420
| 658-673
|
| Queen Prabhavati (প্রভাবতী)
|-
|-
|Durjan II (Durjay) Malla
| '''Rajabhatta''' (রাজভট্ট)
|1420–1437
| 673-707
|
| Son of Devakhadga
|-
|-
|Uday Malla
| '''Balabhata''' (বলভট্ট)
|1437–1460
| 707-716
|
| Son of Devakhadga
|-
|-
|[[Chandra Malla]]
| '''Udirnakhadga''' (উদীর্ণখড়্গ)
|1460–1501
| ??
|
|
|}
===Bhadra dynasty (6th–7th century)===
{{main|Bhadra dynasty}}
The Bhadra dynasty was a [[South Asian]] royal house of [[Brahmin]] origin, their rule flourished during the first half of the 7th century, though little is known about their history. The kings of the dynasty bore names with the suffix "Bhadra".
====List of rulers====
*'''Narayanabhadra'''
*'''Jyeshthabhadra'''
A princess of Bhadra dynasty, Deddadevi was married to the first Pala Emperor Gopala I. She was the mother of Emperor Dharmapala.
=== Mallabhum Kingdom (c. 694–1947 CE) ===
{{Main|Mallabhum}}
{| class="wikitable"
!Name of the king{{Sfn|Dasgupta|Biswas|Mallik|2009|p=31-43}}<ref>{{cite book |last1=Mallik |first1=Abhaya Pada |title=History of Bishnupur-Raj: An Ancient Kingdom of West Bengal |date=1921 |publisher=Calcutta |pages=128–130 |edition=the University of Michigan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QF4dAAAAMAAJ |access-date=11 March 2016}}</ref>
! Reign
!Notes
|-
|-
|[[Bir Malla]]
|[[Adi Malla]]
|1501–1554
|694–710
|
|
|-
|-
|[[Dhari Malla]]
|[[Jay Malla]]
|1554–1565
|710–720
|
|
|-
|-
|[[Bir Hambir|Hambir Malla Dev (Bir Hambir)]]
|Benu Malla
|1565–1620
|720–733
|
|
|-
|-
|[[Dhari Hambir Malla Dev]]
|[[Kinu Malla]]
|1620–1626
|733–742
|
|
|-
|-
|[[Raghunath Singha Dev]]
|Indra Malla
|1626–1656
|742–757
|
|
|-
|-
|[[Bir Singha Dev]]
|[[Kanu Malla]]
|1656–1682
|757–764
|
|
|-
|-
|[[Durjan Singha Dev]]
|Dha (Jhau) Malla
|1682–1702
|764–775
|
|
|-
|-
|[[Raghunath Singha Dev II]]
|[[Shur Malla]]
|1702–1712
|775–795
|
|
|-
|-
|[[Gopal Singha Dev]]
|Kanak Malla
|1712–1748
|795–807
|
|
|-
|-
|[[Chaitanya Singha Dev]]
|Kandarpa Malla
|1748–1801
|807–828
|
|
|-
|-
|[[Madhav Singha Dev]]
|Sanatan Malla
|1801–1809
|828–841
|
|
|-
|-
|[[Gopal Singha Dev II]]
|[[Kharga Malla]]
|1809–1876
|841–862
|
|
|-
|-
|[[Ramkrishna Singha Dev]]
|Durjan (Durjay) Malla
|1876–1885
|862–906
|
|
|-
|-
|Dwhaja Moni Devi
|[[Yadav Malla]]
|1885–1889
|906–919
|
|-
|Jagannath Malla
|919–931
|
|-
|Birat Malla
|931–946
|
|
|-
|-
|[[Nilmoni Singha Dev]]
|Mahadev Malla
|1889–1903
|946–977
|
|
|-
|-
|Churamoni Devi (Regency)
|Durgadas Malla
|1903–1930
|977–994
|
|
|-
|-
|[[Kalipada Singha Thakur]]
|[[Jagat Malla]]
|1930–1947
|994–1007
|
|-
|Ananta Malla
|1007–1015
|
|
|}
==Post-Classical era==
===Pala Empire (750–1050 CE) ===
{{main|Pala Empire}}
{{List of Pala rulers}}
=== Chola dynasty (ruled Bengal from 1000–1024 CE) ===
{{main|Chola Dynasty}}
* [[Rajendra Chola I]] (1019–1024)
===Sena dynasty (1070–1230)===
{{main|Sena dynasty}}
:*[[Hemanta Sena]] (1070–1096)
:*[[Vijaya Sena]] (1096–1159)
:*[[Ballala Sena]] (1159–1179)
:*[[Lakshmana Sena]] (1179–1206)
:*[[Vishvarupa Sena]] (1206–1225)
:*[[Keshava Sena]] (1225–1230)
===Deva dynasty (1150–1281)===
{{main|Deva dynasty}}
* [[Purushottamadeva]]
* [[Madhusudanadeva]]
* [[Vasudeva (ruler)|Vasudeva]]
* [[Damodaradeva]] (1231–1243)
* [[Dasharathadeva]] (1281)
== Delhi Sultanates era ==
=== Khalji dynasty under Delhi (1204–1227) ===
The Khalji governors of Bengal were at times independent, and at times subordinate to the [[Mamluk Sultanate (Delhi)|Delhi Sultanate]].
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|-
! width="180" | Name
|Rup Malla
! width="80" | Reign
|1015=1029
! width="400" | Notes
|-
| [[Muhammad bin Bakhtiyar Khalji]]
| 1204–1206
| Began the Khalji dynasty
|-
| [[Muhammad Shiran Khalji]]
| 1206–1208
|
|
|-
|-
| [[Ghiyasuddin Iwaj Shah|Ghiyasuddin Iwaj Shah Khalji]]
|Sundar Malla
| 1208–1210
|1029–1053
|
|
|-
|-
| [[Ali Mardan Khalji]]
|Kumud Malla
| 1210–1212
|1053–1074
|
|
|-
|-
| Ghiyasuddin Iwaj Shah Khalji
|Krishna Malla
| 1212–1227
|1074–1084
| ''second term as Husamuddin Iwaj Khalji'', killed for gaining independence from [[Sultan of Delhi]] [[Iltutmish]]
|
|-
|-
| [[Nasiruddin Mahmud (son of Iltutmish)|Nasiruddin Mahmud]]
|Rup II (Jhap) Malla
| 1227–1229
|1084–1097
| Not from the Khalji tribe, appointed by his father [[Iltutmish]]
|
|-
|-
| [[Alauddin Daulat Shah Khalji]]
|[[Prakash Malla]]
| 1229–1230<ref>{{cite book |last=Ahmed |first=ABM Shamsuddin |year=2012 |chapter=Iltutmish |chapter-url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Iltutmish |editor1-last=Islam |editor1-first=Sirajul |editor1-link=Sirajul Islam |editor2-last=Jamal |editor2-first=Ahmed A. |title=Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh |edition=Second |publisher=[[Asiatic Society of Bangladesh]]}}</ref>
|1097–1102
|
|
|-
|-
| [[Malik Balkha Khalji]]
|Pratap Malla
| 1230–1231
|1102–1113
| Last Khalji ruler
|
|-
|-
|}
|Sindur Malla
 
|1113–1129
=== Governors of Bengal under [[Mamluk Sultanate (Delhi)|Mamluk Sultanate]] (1227–1281) ===
|
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|-
! width="180" | Name
|Sukhomoy(Shuk) Malla
! width="80" | Reign
|1129–1142
! width="400" | Notes
|
|-
|-
| [[Alauddin Jani]]
|Banamali Malla
| 1232–1233
|1142–1156
|  
|
|-
|-
| [[Saifuddin Aibak]]
|Yadu/Jadu Malla
| 1233–1236
|1156–1167
|  
|
|-
|-
| [[Awar Khan Aibak]]
|Jiban Malla
| 1236
|1167–1185
| Usurper
|
|-
|-
| [[Tughral Tughan Khan]]
|[[Ram Malla]]
| 1236–1246
|1185=1209
| Restored Mamluk governor
|-
| [[Tughlaq Tamar Khan]]
| 1246–1247
|
|
|-
|-
| [[Jalaluddin Masud Jani]]
|Gobinda Malla
| 1247–1251
|1209–1240
|
|
|-
|-
| [[Malik Ikhtiyaruddin Iuzbak]]
|[[Bhim Malla]]
| 1251–1257
|1240–1263
| Claimed independence.
|
|-
|-
| [[Ijjauddin Balban Iuzbaki]]
|Katar(Khattar) Malla
| 1257–1259
|1263–1295
|
|
|-
|-
| [[Tatar Khan]]
|[[Prithwi Malla]]
| 1259–1268
|1295 -1319
| Claimed independence.
|
|-
|-
| [[Sher Khan(Bengal)|Sher Khan]]
|Tapa Malla
| 1268–1272
|1319–1334
|
|
|-
|-
| [[Amin Khan (governor)|Amin Khan]]
|[[Dinabandhu Malla]]
| 1272–1272
|1334–1345
|
|
|-
|-
| [[Tughral Tughan Khan]]
|Kinu/Kanu II Malla
| 1272–1281
|1345–1358
| Second term as Mughisuddin Tughral
|
|-
|-
| [[Nasiruddin Bughra Khan]]
|Shur Malla II
| 1281–1287
|1358–1370
| Governor of Lakhnauti
|
|}
 
=== Balban dynasty (Independent [[Gauda (city)|Lakhnauti]] kingdom) ===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|-
! width="180" | Name
|[[Shiv Singh Malla]]
! width="80" | Reign
|1370–1407
! width="400" | Notes
|
|-
|-
| [[Nasiruddin Bughra Khan]]
|[[Madan Malla]]
| 1287–1291
|1407–1420
| Declared independence
|
|-
|-
| [[Rukunuddin Kaikaus]]
|Durjan II (Durjay) Malla
| 1291–1300
|1420–1437
| First Muslim ruler to conquer [[Satgaon]] kingdom, expanding Lakhnauti.
|
|-
|-
| [[Shamsuddin Firoz Shah]]
|Uday Malla
| 1300–1322
|1437–1460
| First Muslim ruler to conquer [[Sonargaon]], [[History of Mymensingh#Sultanate period|Mymensingh]] and [[Conquest of Sylhet|Srihatta]]. Completed Kaikaus' Conquest of Satgaon.
|
|-
|-
| [[Ghiyasuddin Bahadur Shah]]
|[[Chandra Malla]]
| 1322–1324
|1460–1501
| Lost independence of [[Bengal]] to Delhi Sultan [[Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq]].
|
|-
|-
|}
|[[Bir Malla]]
 
|1501–1554
=== Governors of Bengal under [[Tughlaq dynasty|Tughlaq Sultanate]] (1324–1339) ===
|
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|-
! width="180" | Name
|[[Dhari Malla]]
! width="100" | Region
|1554–1565
! width="80" | Reign
|
! width="300" | Notes
|-
|-
| [[Ghiyasuddin Bahadur Shah]]
|[[Bir Hambir|Hambir Malla Dev (Bir Hambir)]]
| [[Sonargaon]]
|1565–1620
| 1324–1328
|
| Appointed as governor by [[Sultan of Delhi]] [[Muhammad bin Tughluq]], but later declared independence
|-
|-
| [[Bahram Khan]]
|[[Dhari Hambir Malla Dev]]
| [[Sonargaon]]
|1620–1626
| 1328–1338
|
|-
| [[Qadar Khan]]
| [[Gauḍa (city)|Lakhnauti]]
| 1328–1336
|
|
|-
|-
| [[Mukhlis]]
|[[Raghunath Singha Dev]]
| [[Gauḍa (city)|Lakhnauti]]
|1626–1656
| 1336–1339
|
|
|-
|-
| [[Azam Khan (Tughlaq dynasty)|Azam Khan]]
|[[Bir Singha Dev]]
| [[Satgaon]]
|1656–1682
| 1324–1328
|
|
|-
|-
| [[Izzuddin Yahya]]
|[[Durjan Singha Dev]]
| [[Satgaon]]
|1682–1702
| 1328–1339
|
|
|-
|-
|}
|[[Raghunath Singha Dev II]]
 
|1702–1712
== Bengal Sultanate era ==
|
 
=== Independent Sultans of Bengal during Tughlaq Sultanate (1338–1352) ===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|-
! width="180" | Name
|[[Gopal Singha Dev]]
! width="100" | Region
|1712–1748
! width="80" | Reign
|
! width="300" | Notes
|-
|-
|[[Fakhruddin Mubarak Shah]]
|[[Chaitanya Singha Dev]]
|[[Sonargaon]]
|1748–1801
|1338–1349
|
|First independent ruler of Sonargaon
|-
|-
|[[Ikhtiyaruddin Ghazi Shah]]
|[[Madhav Singha Dev]]
|[[Sonargaon]]
|1801–1809
|1349–1352
|
|
|-
|-
|[[Ilyas Shah]]
|[[Gopal Singha Dev II]]
|[[Satgaon]]
|1809–1876
| 1339–1342
|
|
|-
|-
| [[Alauddin Ali Shah]]
|[[Ramkrishna Singha Dev]]
| [[Gauḍa (city)|Lakhnauti]]
|1876–1885
| 1339–1342
|
|
|-
|-
| [[Ilyas Shah]]
|Dwhaja Moni Devi
|[[Gauḍa (city)|Lakhnauti]] and [[Satgaon]]
|1885–1889
|1342–1352
|
|
|}
=== Ilyas Shahi dynasty (1352–1414) ===
{{Main|Ilyas Shahi dynasty}}
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|-
! width="180" | Name
|[[Nilmoni Singha Dev]]
! width="80" | Reign
|1889–1903
! width="400" | Notes
|
|-
|-
| [[Shamsuddin Ilyas Shah]]
|Churamoni Devi (Regency)
| 1352–1358
|1903–1930
| Became the first sole ruler of whole [[Bengal]] comprising [[Sonargaon]], [[Satgaon]] and [[Gauḍa (city)|Lakhnauti]].
|-
| [[Sikandar Shah]]
| 1358–1390
| Killed in battle with his son and successor, [[Ghiyasuddin Azam Shah]]
|-
| [[Ghiyasuddin Azam Shah]]
| 1390–1411
|
|
|-
|-
| [[Saifuddin Hamza Shah]]
|[[Kalipada Singha Thakur]]
| 1411–1412
|1930–1947
|
|-
| [[Shihabuddin Bayazid Shah]]
| 1412–1414
|
|
|}
|}


=== House of Raja Ganesha (1414–1435) ===
==Post-Classical era==
 
===Pala Empire (750–1161 CE) ===
{{main|Pala Empire}}
Most of the Pala inscriptions mention only the regnal year as the date of issue, without any well-known [[calendar era]]. Because of this, the chronology of the Pala kings is hard to determine.<ref name="DKGanguly"/> Based on their different interpretations of the various epigraphs and historical records, different historians estimate the Pala chronology as follows:<ref name="Susan1984">{{cite book | author=Susan L. Huntington | title=The "Påala-Sena" Schools of Sculpture | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xLA3AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA32 | date=1984 | publisher=Brill Archive | isbn=90-04-06856-2 |pages=32–39 }}</ref>
 
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
!
! [[Ramesh Chandra Majumdar|RC Majumdar]] (1971)<ref>{{cite book |author=R. C. Majumdar |author-link=R. C. Majumdar |date=1971 |title=History of Ancient Bengal |publisher=G. Bharadwaj |pages=161–162}}</ref>
! AM Chowdhury (1967)<ref>{{cite book | author = Abdul Momin Chowdhury | date = 1967 | title = Dynastic history of Bengal, c. 750-1200 CE | publisher = Asiatic Society of Pakistan | pages = 272–273 }}</ref>
! [[Bindeshwari Prasad Sinha|BP Sinha]] (1977)<ref>{{cite book | author=Bindeshwari Prasad Sinha | author-link=Bindeshwari Prasad Sinha | date=1977 | title=Dynastic History of Magadha, Cir. 450–1200 A.D. | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=V3KDaZY85wYC&pg=PA253 | publisher=Abhinav Publications | pages=253– | isbn=978-81-7017-059-4 }}</ref>{{failed verification|date=February 2020|reason=Page 253 is in the middle of the bibliography, and contains no list of rulers or dates.}}
! [[Dineshchandra Sircar|DC Sircar]] (1975–76)<ref>{{cite journal | title = Indological Notes - R.C. Majumdar's Chronology of the Pala Kings | author = Dineshchandra Sircar |author-link = Dineshchandra Sircar | journal = Journal of Ancient Indian History | volume = IX | year = 1975–76 | pages = 209–10 }}</ref>
! D. K. Ganguly (1994)<ref name="DKGanguly">{{cite book |author=Dilip Kumar Ganguly |title=Ancient India, History and Archaeology |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=N2tlKzxwhY8C&pg=PA41 |year=1994 |publisher=Abhinav |isbn=978-81-7017-304-5 |pages=33–41 }}</ref>
|-
| [[Gopala (Pala king)|Gopala I]]
| 750–770
| 756–781
| 755–783
| 750–775
| 750–774
|-
|-
! width="180" | Name
| [[Dharmapala of Bengal|Dharmapala]]
! width="80" | Reign
| 770–810
! width="400" | Notes
| 781–821
| 783–820
| 775–812
| 774–806
|-
|-
| [[Raja Ganesha]]
| [[Devapala (Pala dynasty)|Devapala]]
| 1414–1415
| 810–{{circa|850}}
|
| 821–861
| 820–860
| 812–850
| 806–845
|-
|-
| [[Jalaluddin Muhammad Shah]]  
| [[Mahendrapala]]
| 1415–1416
| colspan="4" | NA (Mahendrapala's existence was conclusively established through a copper-plate charter discovered later.)
| Son of Raja Ganesha and converted into Islam
| 845–860
|-
|-
| [[Raja Ganesha]]
| [[Shurapala I]]
| 1416–1418
| colspan="3" | Deemed to be alternate name of Vigrahapala I
| Second Phase
| 850–858
| 860–872
|-
|-
| [[Jalaluddin Muhammad Shah]]  
| [[Gopala II]]
| 1418–1433
| colspan="5" | NA (copper-plate charter discovered in 1995. Text of inscription published in 2009.)
| Second Phase
|-
|-
| [[Shamsuddin Ahmad Shah]]
| [[Vigrahapala I (Pala dynasty)|Vigrahapala I]]
| 1433–1435
| 850–853
|
| 861–866
|}
| 860–865
 
| 858–60
=== Mahmud Shahi dynasty (1435–1487) ===
| 872–873
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|-
! width="180" | Name
| [[Narayan Pala|Narayanapala]]
! width="80" | Reign
| 854–908
! width="400" | Notes
| 866–920
| 865–920
| 860–917
| 873–927
|-
|-
| [[Mahmud Shah (Sultan of Bengal)|Nasiruddin Mahmud Shah]]
| [[Rajyapala]]
|1435–1459
| 908–940
|
| 920–952
| 920–952
| 917–952
| 927–959
|-
|-
| [[Rukunuddin Barbak Shah]]
| [[Gopala III]]
| 1459–1474
| 940–957
|
| 952–969
| 952–967
| 952–972
| 959–976
|-
|-
| [[Shamssuddin Yusuf Shah]]
| [[Vigrahapala II]]
| 1474–1481
| 960–{{circa|986}}
|
| 969–995
| 967–980
| 972–977
| 976–977
|-
|-
| [[Sikandar Shah II]]
| [[Mahipala|Mahipala I]]
| 1481
| 988–{{circa|1036}}
|
| 995–1043
| 980–1035
| 977–1027
| 977–1027
|-
|-
| [[Jalaluddin Fateh Shah|Jalaaluddin Fateh Shah]]
| [[Naya Pala|Nayapala]]
| 1481–1487
| 1038–1053
|
| 1043–1058
|}
| 1035–1050
 
| 1027–1043
=== Habshi rule (1487–1494) ===
| 1027–1043
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|-
! width="180" | Name
| [[Vigrahapala III]]
! width="80" | Reign
| 1054–1072
! width="400" | Notes
| 1058–1075
| 1050–1076
| 1043–1070
| 1043–1070
|-
|-
| [[Shahzada Barbak]]
| [[Mahipala II]]
| 1487
| 1072–1075
|
| 1075–1080
| rowspan="2" | 1076–1078/9
| 1070–1071
| 1070–1071
|-
|-
| [[Saifuddin Firuz Shah]]
| [[Shurapala II]]
| 1487–1489
| 1075–1077
|
| 1080–1082
| 1071–1072
| 1071–1072
|-
|-
| [[Mahmud Shah II]]
| [[Ramapala]]
| 1489–1490
| 1077–1130
|
| 1082–1124
| 1078/9–1132
| 1072–1126
| 1072–1126
|-
|-
| [[Shamsuddin Muzaffar Shah]]
| [[Kumarapala (Pala king)|Kumarapala]]
| 1490–1494
| 1130–1140
|
| 1124–1129
|}
| 1132–1136
 
| 1126–1128
=== Hussain Shahi dynasty (1494–1538) ===
| 1126–1128
{{Main|Hussain Shahi dynasty}}
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|-
! width="180" | Name
| [[Gopala IV]]
! width="80" | Reign
| 1140–1144
! width="400" | Notes
| 1129–1143
| 1136–1144
| 1128–1143
| 1128–1143
|-
|-
| [[Alauddin Hussain Shah]]
| [[Madanapala (Pala dynasty)|Madanapala]]
| 1494–1518
| 1144–1162
|
| 1143–1162
| 1144–1161/62
| 1143–1161
| 1143–1161
|-
|-
| [[Nasiruddin Nasrat Shah]]
| [[Govindapala]]
| 1518–1533
| 1158–1162
|
| NA
| 1162–1176 or 1158–1162
| 1161–1165
| 1161–1165
|-
|-
| [[Alauddin Firuz Shah II|Alauddin Firuz Shah]]
| [[Palapala]]
| 1533
| NA
|
| NA
|-
| NA
| [[Ghiyasuddin Mahmud Shah]]
| 1165–1199
| 1533–1538
| 1165–1200
|
|}
|}
 
Note:<ref name="Susan1984"/>
* Earlier historians believed that [[Vigrahapala I (Pala dynasty)|Vigrahapala]] I and Shurapala I were the two names of the same person. Now, it is known that these two were cousins; they either ruled simultaneously (perhaps over different territories) or in rapid succession.
* AM Chowdhury rejects Govindapala and his successor Palapala as the members of the imperial Pala dynasty.
* According to BP Sinha, the Gaya inscription can be read as either the "14th year of Govindapala's reign" or "14th year after Govindapala's reign". Thus, two sets of dates are possible.
* D.K. Ganguly mentions another ruler named Indradumnyapala, who is solely known from local tradition. There is no source of his existence yet.<ref name="books.google.com">{{Cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=N2tlKzxwhY8C&pg=PA33 | title=Ancient India, History and Archaeology | isbn=9788170173045 | last1=Ganguly | first1=Dilip Kumar | year=1994 }}</ref>
* A king, Bhimapala also finds a mention in the ''Sabdapradipa''. Rajat Sanyal argues that if Govindapala and Palapala are indeed accepted as Pala kings, Bhimapala also should be, provided that he was chronologically close to Ramapala according to the wording of the text. However, both need more historical evidence.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Sanyal |first1=Rajat |title=The Pala-Sena and Others |date=1 January 2014 |url=https://www.academia.edu/43895337 |volume=5}}</ref>
* A king named Gomindrapala finds mention in a manuscript, dated his fourth regnal year. R.C. Majumdar identifies him with Govindapala, while S.K. Saraswati suggests he is a later Pala king.<ref name="books.google.com"/>
 
{{HistoryOfSouthAsia}}
 
=== Chola dynasty (ruled part of southwestern Bengal from 1019-24 CE) ===
{{main|Chola Dynasty}}
* [[Rajendra Chola I]] (1019–1024)
 
===Sena dynasty ===
 
Sena dynasty ruled southwestern Bengal from 1070. Vijaya Sena conquered Bengal by 1154. The dynasty ruled East Bengal until 1230.
{{main|Sena dynasty}}
:*[[Hemanta Sena]] (1070–1096)
:*[[Vijaya Sena]] (1096–1159)
:*[[Ballala Sena]] (1159–1179)
:*[[Lakshmana Sena]] (1179–1206)
:*[[Vishvarupa Sena]] (1206–1225)
:*[[Keshava Sena]] (1225–1230)
 
===Deva dynasty (1150–1281)===
{{main|Deva dynasty}}
* [[Purushottamadeva]]
* '''Madhusudanadeva'''
* '''Vasudeva'''
* '''Damodaradeva''' (1231–1243)
* [[Dasharathadeva]] (1281)
* Vikramadityadeva (1294)
 
== Delhi Sultanate era ==
The [[Khalji dynasty of Bengal]] (c.1203–27) were at times independent, and at times subordinate to the [[Mamluk Sultanate (Delhi)|Delhi Sultanate]].


=== Governors of Bengal under [[Sur Empire|Suri Empire]] (1532–1556) ===
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|-
Line 1,227: Line 1,163:
! width="400" | Notes
! width="400" | Notes
|-
|-
| [[Sher Shah Suri]]
! colspan="3" |Khalji rulers of Bengal (1203–1227)
| 1532–1538
|-
| Defeated Mughals and became the ruler of Delhi in 1540.
| [[Muhammad bin Bakhtiyar Khalji]]
| [[wikt:circa|c.1203]]–1206
| Began the Khalji dynasty in Bengal
|-
|-
| [[Khidr Khan(Bengal)|Khidr Khan]]
| [[Muhammad Shiran Khalji]]
| 1538–1541
| 1206–1208
|
|
|-
|-
| [[Qazi Fazilat]]
| [[Iwaz Khalji|Husamuddin Iwaz Khalji]]
| 1541–1545
| 1208–1210
|
|
|-
|-
| [[Muhammad Khan Sur]]
| [[Ali Mardan Khalji]]
| 1545–1554
| 1210–1212
|
|
|-
|-
| [[Shahbaz Khan Kamboh|Shahbaz Khan]]
| [[Iwaz Khalji|Ghiyasuddin Iwaz Shah]]
| 1555
| 1212–1227
|
| Second term, killed for gaining independence from [[Sultan of Delhi]] [[Iltutmish]]
|}
 
=== Muhammad Shah dynasty (1554–1564) ===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|-
! width="180" | Name
! colspan="3" |Governors of Bengal under [[Mamluk dynasty (Delhi)|Mamluk dynasty]] (1227–1229)
! width="80" | Reign
! width="400" | Notes
|-
|-
| [[Muhammad Khan Sur]]
| [[Nasiruddin Mahmud (son of Iltutmish)|Nasiruddin Mahmud]]
| 1554–1555
| 1227–1229
| Declared independence and styled himself as ''Shamsuddin Muhammad Shah''
| Not from the Khalji tribe, appointed by his father [[Iltutmish]]
|-
|-
| [[Ghiyasuddin Bahadur Shah II|Khizr Khan Suri]]
! colspan="3" |Khalji rulers of Bengal (1229–1231)
| 1555–1561
|
|-
|-
| [[Ghiyasuddin Jalal Shah]]
| [[Alauddin Daulat Shah Khalji]]
| 1561–1563
| 1229–1230<ref>{{cite book |last=Ahmed |first=ABM Shamsuddin |year=2012 |chapter=Iltutmish |chapter-url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Iltutmish |editor1-last=Islam |editor1-first=Sirajul |editor1-link=Sirajul Islam |editor2-last=Jamal |editor2-first=Ahmed A. |title=Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh |edition=Second |publisher=[[Asiatic Society of Bangladesh]]}}</ref>
|
|
|-
|-
| [[Ghiyasuddin Bahadur Shah III]]
| [[Malik Balkha Khalji|Balka Khalji]]
| 1563–1564<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=i4tsWh7mRwYC&pg=PA124 Encyclopedia Of Bangladesh (Set Of 30 Vols.) By Nagendra Kr. Singh]</ref>
| 1230–1231
|
| Last Khalji ruler
|}
|-
 
! colspan="3" |Governors of Bengal under [[Mamluk dynasty (Delhi)|Mamluk dynasty]] (1231–1287)
=== Karrani dynasty (1564–1576) ===
|-
{{Main|Karrani dynasty}}
| [[Alauddin Jani]]
{| class="wikitable"
| 1232–1233
|  
|-
| [[Saifuddin Aibak]]
| 1233–1236
|  
|-
|-
! width="180" | Name
| [[Awar Khan Aibak]]
! width="80" | Reign
| 1236
! width="400" | Notes
| Usurper
|-
|-
| [[Taj Khan Karrani]]
| [[Tughral Tughan Khan]]
| 1564–1566
| 1236–1246
|
| Restored Mamluk governor
|-
|-
| [[Sulaiman Khan Karrani]]
| [[Tughlaq Tamar Khan]]
| 1566–1572
| 1246–1247
|
|
|-
|-
| [[Bayazid Khan Karrani]]
| [[Jalaluddin Masud Jani]]
| 1572
| 1247–1251
|
|
|-
|-
| [[Daud Khan Karrani]]
| [[Malik Ikhtiyaruddin Iuzbak]]
| 1572–1576
| 1251–1257
| Claimed independence.
|-
| [[Ijjauddin Balban Iuzbaki]]
| 1257–1259
|
|
|}
== Mughal ''Subahdars'' of Bengal Subah (1565–1717) ==
=== During the reign of [[Akbar the Great|Akbar]] ===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|-
! width="180" | Name
| [[Tatar Khan]]
! width="80" | Reign
| 1259–1268
! width="400" | Notes
| Claimed independence.
|-
|-
| [[Munim Khan]]
| [[Sher Khan(Bengal)|Sher Khan]]
| 1574–1575
| 1268–1272
| ''Khan-i-Khanan''
|-
| [[Khan Jahan I|Hussain Quli Khan]]
| 1575–1578
|
|
|-
|-
| [[Muzaffar Khan Turbati]]
| [[Amin Khan (governor)|Amin Khan]]
| 1579–1580
| 1272–1272
|
|
|-
|-
| [[Mirza Aziz Koka]]
| [[Tughral Tughan Khan]]
| 1582–1583
| 1272–1281
|
| Second term as Mughisuddin Tughral
|-
|-
| [[Wazir Khan Tajik]]
| [[Nasiruddin Bughra Khan]]
| 1583–1583
| 1281–1287
|
| Governor of Lakhnauti
|-
|-
| [[General Shahbaz Khan Kamboh|Shahbaz Khan Kamboh]]
! colspan="3" |Independent Balban dynasty of [[Gauda (city)|Lakhnauti]] (1287–1324)
| 1583–1585
|
|-
|-
| [[Sadiq Khan (Bengal)|Sadiq Khan]]
| [[Nasiruddin Bughra Khan]]
| 1585–1586
| 1287–1291
|
| Declared independence
|-
|-
| [[General Shahbaz Khan Kamboh|Shahbaz Khan Kamboh]]
| [[Rukunuddin Kaikaus]]
| 1586–1587
| 1291–1300
|
| First Muslim ruler to conquer [[Satgaon]] kingdom, expanding Lakhnauti.
|-
|-
| [[Sa'id Khan]]
| [[Shamsuddin Firoz Shah]]
| 1587–1594
| 1300–1322
|
| First Muslim ruler to conquer [[Sonargaon]], [[History of Mymensingh#Sultanate period|Mymensingh]] and [[Conquest of Sylhet|Srihatta]]. Completed Kaikaus' Conquest of Satgaon.
|-
|-
| [[Man Singh I|Raja Man Singh I]]
| [[Ghiyasuddin Bahadur Shah]]
| 1597 – 1606<ref>Sarkar, Jadunath (1984, reprint 1994). ''A History of Jaipur'', New Delhi: Orient Longman {{ISBN|81-250-0333-9}}, pp.86–87</ref>
| 1322–1324
|
| Lost independence of [[Bengal]] to Delhi Sultan [[Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq]].
|}
|}


===During the reign of [[Jahangir]]===
===Governors of Bengal under [[Tughlaq dynasty]] (1324–1338)===
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|-
! width="180" | Name
! width="180" | Name
! width="100" | Region
! width="80" | Reign
! width="80" | Reign
! width="400" | Notes
! width="300" | Notes
|-
|-
| [[Qutubuddin Koka]]
| [[Ghiyasuddin Bahadur Shah]]
| 2 Sep 1606 – 1607
| [[Sonargaon]]
| killed in a battle against [[Sher Afghan]]. (Local history of Burdwan, West Bengal, India says that Qutub-ud-din Kokah died in a battle against Ali Quli Istajlu alias Sher Afgan in 1610 CE. The tomb where both of them were buried is presently under the surveillance of Archaeological Survey of India.)
| 1324–1328
| Appointed as governor by [[Sultan of Delhi]] [[Muhammad bin Tughluq]], but later declared independence
|-
|-
| [[Jahangir Quli Beg]]
| [[Bahram Khan]]
| 1607–1608
| [[Sonargaon]]
| In early life, a slave of [[Akbar]]'s brother, Mirza Muhammad Hakim
| 1328–1338
|
|-
|-
| [[Islam Khan I|Islam Khan Chishti]]
| [[Qadar Khan]]
| 1608–1613
| [[Gauḍa (city)|Lakhnauti]]
| first governor to transfer the [[Bengal]] capital to [[Dhaka]] in April 1612
| 1328–1336
|
|-
|-
| [[Qasim Khan Chishti]]
| [[Mukhlis]]
| 1613–1617
| [[Gauḍa (city)|Lakhnauti]]
| younger brother of [[Islam Khan I|Islam Khan Chishti]]
| 1336–1339
|
|-
|-
| [[Ibrahim Khan Fath-i-Jang]]
| [[Azam Khan (Tughlaq dynasty)|Azam Khan]]
|1617–1624
| [[Satgaon]]
| died in an attack by Prince [[Shahjahan]]
| 1324–1328
|-
| [[Mahabat Khan]]
| 1625–1626
|
|
|-
|-
| [[Muqarram Khan|Mukarram Khan]]
| [[Izzuddin Yahya]]
| 1626–1627
| [[Satgaon]]
| 1328–1338
|
|
|-
|-
| [[Fidai Khan]]
| 1627–1628
|
|}
|}


===During the reign of [[Shah Jahan]]===
== Bengal Sultanate era ==
 
=== Independent Sultans of Bengal during Tughlaq dynasty (1338–1352) ===
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|-
! width="180" | Name
! width="180" | Name
! width="100" | Region
! width="80" | Reign
! width="80" | Reign
! width="400" | Notes
! width="300" | Notes
|-
|-
| [[Qasim Khan Juvayni]]
|[[Fakhruddin Mubarak Shah]]
| 1628–1632
|[[Sonargaon]]
|
|1338–1349
|First independent ruler of Sonargaon
|-
|-
| [[Mir Muhammad Baqir]]
|[[Ikhtiyaruddin Ghazi Shah]]
| 1632–1635
|[[Sonargaon]]
| Known as ''Azam Khan''
|1349–1352
|
|-
|[[Ilyas Shah]]
|[[Satgaon]]
| 1339–1342
|
|-
|-
| [[Islam Khan II|Mir Abdus Salam]]
| [[Alauddin Ali Shah]]
| 1635–1639
| [[Gauḍa (city)|Lakhnauti]]
| Known as ''Islam Khan Mashadi''
| 1339–1342
|
|-
|-
| [[Shah Shuja (Mughal)|Prince Shah Shuja]]
| [[Ilyas Shah]]
| 1639–1647 again 1652–1660
|[[Gauḍa (city)|Lakhnauti]] and [[Satgaon]]
|1342–1352
|
|
|}
|}


===During the reign of [[Aurangzeb]]===
=== Ilyas Shahi dynasty (1352–1414) ===
{{Main|Ilyas Shahi dynasty}}
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|-
Line 1,418: Line 1,358:
! width="400" | Notes
! width="400" | Notes
|-
|-
| [[Mir Jumla II]]
| [[Shamsuddin Ilyas Shah]]
| 1660–1663
| 1352–1358
|
| Became the first sole ruler of whole [[Bengal]] comprising [[Sonargaon]], [[Satgaon]] and [[Gauḍa (city)|Lakhnauti]].
|-
|-
| [[Shaista Khan]]
| [[Sikandar Shah]]
| 1664–1678
| 1358–1390
| Killed in battle with his son and successor, [[Ghiyasuddin Azam Shah]]
|-
| [[Ghiyasuddin Azam Shah]]
| 1390–1411
|
|
|-
|-
| [[Azam Khan Koka]]
| [[Saifuddin Hamza Shah]]
| 1678–1678
| 1411–1412
| Known as ''Fidai Khan II''
|
|
|-
|-
| [[Muhammad Azam Shah|Prince Muhammad Azam]]
| [[Shihabuddin Bayazid Shah]]
| 20 July 1678 – 6 October 1679<ref>{{cite book |last=Karim |first=Abdul |year=2012 |chapter=Muhammad Azam, Prince |chapter-url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Muhammad_Azam,_Prince |editor1-last=Islam |editor1-first=Sirajul |editor1-link=Sirajul Islam |editor2-last=Jamal |editor2-first=Ahmed A. |title=Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh |edition=Second |publisher=[[Asiatic Society of Bangladesh]]}}</ref>
| 1412–1414
|
|
|}
=== House of Raja Ganesha (1414–1435) ===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|-
| [[Shaista Khan]]
! width="180" | Name
| 1680–1688
! width="80" | Reign
|
! width="400" | Notes
|-
|-
| [[Ibrahim Khan II]]
| [[Raja Ganesha]]
| 1689–1697
| 1414–1415
|
|
|-
|-
| [[Azim-us-Shan|Prince Azim-us-Shan]]
| [[Jalaluddin Muhammad Shah]]
| 1697–1712
| 1415–1416
| Son of Raja Ganesha and converted into Islam
|-
| [[Raja Ganesha]]
| 1416–1418
| Second Phase
|-
| [[Jalaluddin Muhammad Shah]]
| 1418–1433
| Second Phase
|-
| [[Shamsuddin Ahmad Shah]]
| 1433–1435
|
|
|}
|}


== Later Hindu Kingdoms in Bengal ==
=== Restored Ilyas Shahi dynasty (1435–1487) ===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! width="180" | Name
! width="80" | Reign
! width="400" | Notes
|-
| [[Mahmud Shah (Sultan of Bengal)|Nasiruddin Mahmud Shah]]
|1435–1459
|
|-
| [[Rukunuddin Barbak Shah]]
| 1459–1474
| Son of Mahmud Shah
|-
| [[Shamsuddin Yusuf Shah]]
| 1474–1481
| Son of Barbak Shah
|-
| [[Nuruddin Sikandar Shah]]
| 1481
| Son of Mahmud Shah
|-
| [[Jalaluddin Fateh Shah]]
| 1481–1487
| Son of Mahmud Shah
|}


===Koch kingdom (c. 1515–1949 CE) ===
=== Habshi rule (1487–1494) ===
{{main|Koch dynasty}}
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! width="180" | Name
! width="80" | Reign
! width="400" | Notes
|-
| [[Shahzada Barbak]]
| 1487
|
|-
| [[Saifuddin Firuz Shah]]
| 1487–1489
|
|-
| [[Mahmud Shah II]]
| 1489–1490
|
|-
| [[Shamsuddin Muzaffar Shah]]
| 1490–1494
|
|}


====Rulers of undivided Koch kingdom (c. 1515–1586)====
=== [[Hussain Shahi dynasty]] (1494–1538) ===
*[[Biswa Singha]] (1515-1540)
{| class="wikitable"
*[[Nara Narayan]] (1540-1586)
|-
 
! width="180" | Name
====Rulers of Koch Bihar (c. 1586–1949)====
! width="80" | Reign
{{further|Cooch Behar State}}
! width="400" | Notes
 
|-
* Lakshmi Narayan
| [[Alauddin Hussain Shah]]
* Bir Narayan
| 1494–1518
* Pran Narayan
|considered greatest of all sultans of Bengal for bringing cultural renaissance during his reign.
* Basudev Narayan
|-
* Mahindra Narayan
| [[Nasiruddin Nasrat Shah]]
* Roop Narayan
| 1518–1533
* Upendra Narayan
|
* Devendra Narayan
|-
* Dhairjendra Narayan
| [[Alauddin Firuz Shah II|Alauddin Firuz Shah]]
* Rajendra Narayan
| 1533
* Dharendra Narayan
|
* Harendra Narayan
|-
* Shivendra Narayan
| [[Ghiyasuddin Mahmud Shah]]
* [[Narendra Narayan]]
| 1533–1538
* [[Nripendra Narayan]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rvondeh.dircon.co.uk/cooch1.html|title=Princess Daisy of Pless: The Happy Years. An exhibition at Castle Pless|website=www.rvondeh.dircon.co.uk}}</ref>
|
* [[Rajendra Narayan|Rajendra Narayan II]]
|}
* [[Jitendra Narayan]] (father of [[Gayatri Devi]])
* [[Jagaddipendra Narayan]]
* [[Jagaddipendra Narayan]] (ruled till 1949) ]] (ruled till 1949)


==== Rulers of Koch Hajo (c. 1581–1616 CE)====
=== Governors of Bengal under [[Sur Empire]] (1532–1556) ===
{{further|Koch Hajo}}
{| class="wikitable"
* Raghudev (son of [[Chilarai]], nephew of Nara Narayan)
|-
* Parikshit Narayan
! width="180" | Name
 
! width="80" | Reign
==== Rulers of Darrang ====
! width="400" | Notes
Parikshit Narayana was attacked by the [[Mughal Empire|Mughals]] stationed at Dhaka in alliance with Lakshmi Narayan of Koch Bihar in 1612.  His kingdom Koch Hajo, bounded by Sankosh River in the west and Barnadi river in the east, was occupied by the end of that year.  Parikshit Narayan was sent to Delhi for an audience with the Mughal Emperor, but his brother Balinarayan escaped and took refuge in the [[Ahom kingdom]]. The region to the east of Barnadi and up to the Bharali river was under the control of some [[Baro-Bhuyan]] chieftains, but they were soon removed by the Mughals.  In 1615 the Mughals, under Syed Hakim and Syed Aba Bakr, attacked the Ahoms but were repelled back to the Barnadi river.  The Ahom king, [[Prataap Singha]], then established Balinarayan as a vassal in the newly acquired region between Barnadi and Bharali rivers, and called it Darrang.  Balinarayan's descendants continued to rule the region till it was annexed by the British in 1826.<ref>{{cite book |last=Nath |first=D. |year=1989 |title=History of the Koch Kingdom, C. 1515-1615 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ECxUOSudNGYC |publisher=Mittal Publications |pages=102–104 |isbn=978-81-7099-109-0}}</ref>
|-
| [[Sher Shah Suri]]
| 1532–1538
| Defeated Mughals and became the ruler of Delhi in 1540.
|-
| [[Khidr Khan(Bengal)|Khidr Khan]]
| 1538–1541
|
|-
  | [[Qazi Fazilat]]
| 1541–1545
|
|-
| [[Muhammad Khan Sur]]
| 1545–1554
|
|-
| [[Shahbaz Khan Kamboh|Shahbaz Khan]]
| 1555
|
|}


* Balinarayan (brother of Parikshit Narayan)
=== Muhammad Shah dynasty (1554–1564) ===
* Mahendra Narayan
{| class="wikitable"
* Chandra Narayan
|-
* Surya Narayan
! width="180" | Name
 
! width="80" | Reign
==== Rulers of Beltola ====
! width="400" | Notes
{{Main|History of Beltola}}
|-
*Gaj Narayan Dev (brother of Parikshit Narayan, ruler of [[Koch Hajo]], brother of Balinarayan, first Koch ruler of [[Darrang district|Darrang]]).
| [[Muhammad Khan Sur]]
*Shivendra Narayan Dev (Son of Gaj Narayan)
| 1554–1555
*Gandharva Narayan Dev (Son of Shivendra Narayan)
| Declared independence and styled himself as ''Shamsuddin Muhammad Shah''
*Uttam Narayan Dev (Son of Gandharva Narayan Dev)
|-
*Dhwaja Narayan Dev (Son of Uttam Narayan Dev)
| [[Ghiyasuddin Bahadur Shah II|Khizr Khan Suri]]
*Jay Narayan Dev (Son of Dhwaja Narayan Dev)
| 1555–1561
*Lambodar Narayan Dev (Son of Jay Narayan Dev)
|
*Lokpal Narayan Dev (Son of Lambodar Narayan Dev)
|-
*Amrit Narayan Dev (Son of Lokpal Narayan Dev)
| [[Ghiyasuddin Jalal Shah]]
*Chandra Narayan Dev (Son of Lokpal Narayan Dev) (died 1910 CE)
| 1561–1563
*Rajendra Narayan Dev (Son of Chandra Narayan Dev) (died 1937 CE)
|
*Lakshmipriya Devi (wife of Rajendra Narayan Dev) (reign:1937-1947 CE died: 1991 CE)
|-
 
| Ghiyasuddin Bahadur Shah III
==== Rulers of Bijni ====
| 1563–1564<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=i4tsWh7mRwYC&pg=PA124 Encyclopedia Of Bangladesh (Set Of 30 Vols.) By Nagendra Kr. Singh]</ref>
The Bijni rulers reigned between the Sankosh and the Manas rivers, the region immediately to the east of [[Cooch Behar State|Koch Bihar]].
|
* Chandra Narayan (son of Parikshit Narayan)
|}
* Joy Narayan
* Shiv Narayan
* Bijoy Narayan
* Mukunda Narayan
* Haridev Narayan
* Balit Narayan
* Indra Narayan
* Amrit Narayan
* Kumud Narayan
* Jogendra Narayan
* Bhairabendra Narayan
 
==== Rulers of Khaspur ====
The Barak valley was obtained by [[Chilarai]] in 1562<ref name="bhatta94begend">"The Khaspur state originated with Chilarai's invasion in 1562 AD and remained in existence till 1745 when it merged with the Dimasa state of Maibong." {{cite book |last=Bhattacharjee |first=J B |year=1994 |chapter=Pre-colonial Political Structure of Barak Valley |editor-last=Sangma |editor-first=Milton S |title=Essays on North-east India: Presented in Memory of Professor V. Venkata Rao  |publisher=Indus Publishing Company |pages=71 |isbn=978-81-7387-015-6}}</ref> from the [[Twipra kingdom]] during his expedition when he subjugated most of the major rulers in [[Northeast India]] and established the Khaspur state with a garrison at Brahmapur, that eventually came to be called Khaspur (Brahmapur→Kochpur→Khaspur). The Koch rule began with the appointment of Kamal Narayan (step-brother of Chilarai and Naranarayan) as the Dewan a couple of years after the establishment of the garrison.<ref name="bhatta94begend" /> Kamalnarayan established eighteen clans of Koch families that took hereditary roles in the state of Khaspur and who came to be known as Dheyans (after Dewan).<ref>{{cite book |last=Bhattacharjee |first=J B |year=1994 |chapter=Pre-colonial Political Structure of Barak Valley |editor-last=Sangma |editor-first=Milton S |title=Essays on North-east India: Presented in Memory of Professor V. Venkata Rao  |publisher=Indus Publishing Company |pages=72 |isbn=978-81-7387-015-6}}</ref> The independent rule of the Khaspur rulers ended in 1745 when it merged with the [[Dimasa Kingdom|Kachari kingdom]].<ref name="bhatta94begend"/>
 
The rulers of the Koch kingdom at Khaspur were:<ref name="bhatta94begend" />
* Kamal Narayan (Gohain Kamal, son of Biswa Singha, governor of Khaspur)
* Udita Narayan (declared independence of Khaspur in 1590)
* Vijay Narayana
* Dhir Narayana
* Mahendra Narayana
* Ranjit
* Nara Singha
* Bhim Singha (his only issue, daughter Kanchani, married a prince of [[Kachari kingdom]], and Khaspur merged with the Kachari kingdom)
 
=== Maharajas of Bhurshut (16th–18th century CE) ===
{{Main|Bhurshut}}


*[[Shivanarayan]]
=== [[Karrani dynasty]] (1564–1576) ===
*[[Rudranarayan|Maharaja Rudranarayan]], Maharaja (16th century)
{| class="wikitable"
*[[Bhavashankari]], Maharani (16th century)
|-
*[[Pratapnarayan]], Maharaja (17th century)
! width="180" | Name
*[[Naranarayan of Bhurishrestha|Naranarayan]], Maharaja (17th century)
! width="80" | Reign
*[[Lakshminarayan of Bhurishrestha|Lakshminarayan]], Maharaja (c.1695–1712)
! width="400" | Notes
 
|-
=== Maharajas of Jessore ===
| [[Taj Khan Karrani]]
Known rulers are:
| 1564–1566
 
|
* [[Pratapaditya]]
|-
| [[Sulaiman Khan Karrani]]
| 1566–1572
|
|-
| [[Bayazid Khan Karrani]]
| 1572
|
|-
| [[Daud Khan Karrani]]
| 1572–1576
|
|}


=== Maharaja of Lower Bengal region ===
== Mughal ''Subahdars'' of Bengal Subah (1574–1717) ==
Known rulers are:


* [[Raja Sitaram Ray]] (1688–1714)
=== During the reign of [[Akbar the Great|Akbar]] ===
 
{| class="wikitable"
=== Maharajas of Nadia ===
|-
{{Main|Nadia Raj}}
! width="180" | Name
* [[Raja Bhabananda]]
! width="80" | Reign
* [[Raja Sri Krishna Ray]]
! width="400" | Notes
* [[Raja Gopal Ray]]
|-
* [[Raja Raghab Ray]]
| [[Munim Khan]]
* [[Maharaja Rudra Ray]]
| 1574–1575
* [[Raja Ramjiban Ray]]
| ''Khan-i-Khanan''
* [[Raja Ramjiban Ray II]]
* [[Raja Raghuram Ray]]
* [[Raja Krishnachandra|Raja Krishnachandra Ray]] 1727–1772
 
=== Maharajas of Chandradwip ===
Many illustrious Maharajas ruled much of East Bengal and the Sundarbans and conquered Jessore
Their surname was Basu – they came to Bengal during the Sena Dynasty to conquer the Palas and take over from them. A famous literary novel was written about the Chandradwip Basu family by Tagore called Bou Thakuranis Haat and a film was made from this book.
 
===Bhawal Estate===
{{main|Bhawal Estate}}
Rulers of Gazipur and Madhupur forest area, in central Bangladesh.
 
==Nawabs of Bengal==
 
=== Independent Nawabs of Bengal (1717–1757 CE) ===
 
{| style="width:100%;" class="wikitable"
! style="background:#b0dc58; width:10%;"| Portrait
! style="background:#b0dc58; width:12%;"| Titular Name
! style="background:#f0dc88; width:22%;"| Personal Name
 
!  style="background:#b0dc88; width:9%;"| Birth
!  style="background:#b0dc88; width:9%;"| Reign
!  style="background:#b0dc28; width:9%;"| Death
|-
|-
| colspan="6" style="text-align:center;" |'''Nasiri Dynasty'''
| [[Khan Jahan I|Hussain Quli Khan]]
| 1575–1578
|
|-
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|[[File:Murshid Quli Jafar Khan.jpg|90px]]
| [[Muzaffar Khan Turbati]]
| style="text-align:center;"|''Ala ud-Daula''
| 1579–1580
| style="text-align:center;"|[[Murshid Quli Khan|Murshid Quli Jafar Khan]]
|
| style="text-align:center;"|1665
| style="text-align:center;"|1717– 1727
| style="text-align:center;"|30 June 1727
|-
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|[[File:Sarfaraz Khan.jpg|90px]]
| [[Mirza Aziz Koka]]
| style="text-align:center;"|'' Mirza Asadullah''
| 1582–1583
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Sarfaraz Khan|Sarfaraz Khan Bahadur]]
|
| style="text-align:center;"|?
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|1727–1727
| [[Wazir Khan Tajik]]
| style="text-align:center;"|April 1740
| 1583–1583
|-
|
| style="text-align:center;"|[[File:Shuja-ud-Din Muhammad Khan.jpg|90px]]
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|''Shuja ud-Daula''
| [[General Shahbaz Khan Kamboh|Shahbaz Khan Kamboh]]
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Shuja-ud-Din Muhammad Khan]]
| 1583–1585
| style="text-align:center;"|1670
|
| style="text-align:center;"|July 1727 – 26 August 1739
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|26 August 1739
| [[Sadiq Khan (Bengal)|Sadiq Khan]]
|-
| 1585–1586
| style="text-align:center;"|[[File:Sarfaraz Khan.jpg|90px]]
|
| style="text-align:center;"|'' Mirza Asadullah''
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Sarfaraz Khan|Sarfaraz Khan Bahadur]]
| [[General Shahbaz Khan Kamboh|Shahbaz Khan Kamboh]]
| style="text-align:center;"|?
| 1586–1587
| style="text-align:center;"|13 March 1739 – April 1740
|
| style="text-align:center;"|April 1740
|-
|-
| [[Sa'id Khan]]
| colspan="6" style="text-align:center;" |'''Afshar Dynasty'''
| 1587–1594
|-
|
| style="text-align:center;"|[[File:Allavardi Xán.jpg|90px]]
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|''Husam ud-Daula''
| [[Man Singh I|Raja Man Singh I]]
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Alivardi Khan|Muhammad Alivardi Khan Bahadur]]
| 1597 – 1606
| style="text-align:center;"|10 May 1671
|
| style="text-align:center;"|29 April 1740 – 16 April 1756
|}
| style="text-align:center;"|16 April 1756
 
===During the reign of [[Jahangir]]===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! width="180" | Name
! width="80" | Reign
! width="400" | Notes
|-
| [[Qutubuddin Koka]]
| 2 Sep 1606 – 1607
| killed in a battle against [[Sher Afghan]]. (Local history of Burdwan, West Bengal, India says that Qutub-ud-din Kokah died in a battle against Ali Quli Istajlu alias Sher Afgan in 1610 CE. The tomb where both of them were buried is presently under the surveillance of Archaeological Survey of India.)
|-
| [[Jahangir Quli Beg]]
| 1607–1608
| In early life, a slave of [[Akbar]]'s brother, Mirza Muhammad Hakim
|-
| [[Islam Khan I|Islam Khan Chishti]]
| 1608–1613
| first governor to transfer the [[Bengal]] capital to [[Dhaka]] in April 1612
|-
| [[Qasim Khan Chishti]]
| 1613–1617
| younger brother of [[Islam Khan I|Islam Khan Chishti]]
|-
| [[Ibrahim Khan Fath-i-Jang]]
|1617–1624
| died in an attack by Prince [[Shahjahan]]
|-
|Darab Khan
|1624–1625
| while Shahjahan occupied Bengal. Killed by Mahabbat Khan.<ref>{{cite Banglapedia|article=Mahabbat_Khan}}</ref>
|-
| [[Mahabat Khan]]
| 1625–1626
|
|-
| [[Muqarram Khan|Mukarram Khan]]
| 1626–1627
|
|-
| [[Fidai Khan]]
| 1627–1628
|
|}
 
===During the reign of [[Shah Jahan]]===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! width="180" | Name
! width="80" | Reign
! width="400" | Notes
|-
| [[Qasim Khan Juvayni]]
| 1628–1632
|
|-
| [[Mir Muhammad Baqir]]
| 1632–1635
| Known as ''Azam Khan''
|-
| [[Islam Khan II|Mir Abdus Salam]]
| 1635–1639
| Known as ''Islam Khan Mashadi''
|-
| [[Shah Shuja (Mughal)|Prince Shah Shuja]]
| 1639–1647 again 1652–1660
|
|}
 
===During the reign of [[Aurangzeb]]===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! width="180" | Name
! width="80" | Reign
! width="400" | Notes
|-
| [[Mir Jumla II]]
| 1660–1663
|
|-
| [[Shaista Khan]]
| 1664–1678
|
|-
| [[Azam Khan Koka]]
| 1678–1678
| Known as ''Fidai Khan II''
|
|-
| [[Muhammad Azam Shah|Prince Muhammad Azam]]
| 20 July 1678 – 6 October 1679<ref>{{cite book |last=Karim |first=Abdul |year=2012 |chapter=Muhammad Azam, Prince |chapter-url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Muhammad_Azam,_Prince |editor1-last=Islam |editor1-first=Sirajul |editor1-link=Sirajul Islam |editor2-last=Jamal |editor2-first=Ahmed A. |title=Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh |edition=Second |publisher=[[Asiatic Society of Bangladesh]]}}</ref>
|
|-
| [[Shaista Khan]]
| 1680–1688
|
|-
| [[Ibrahim Khan II]]
| 1689–1697
|
|-
| [[Azim-us-Shan|Prince Azim-us-Shan]]
| 1697–1712
|
|}
 
== Medieval Hindu dynasties of Bengal ==
{{see also|List of Hindu empires and dynasties}}
 
=== Koch dynasty (c. 1515 – 1949 CE) ===
{{main|Koch dynasty}}
 
==== Rulers of undivided Koch dynasty (c. 1515 – 1586 CE) ====
* [[Biswa Singha]] (1515–1540 CE)
* [[Nara Narayan]] (1540–1586 CE)
 
==== Rulers of Koch Bihar (c. 1586 – 1949) ====
{{further|Cooch Behar State}}
 
* Lakshmi Narayan
* Bir Narayan
* Pran Narayan
* Basudev Narayan
* Mahindra Narayan
* Roop Narayan
* Upendra Narayan
* Devendra Narayan
* Dhairjendra Narayan
* Rajendra Narayan
* Dharendra Narayan
* Harendra Narayan
* Shivendra Narayan
* [[Narendra Narayan]]
* [[Nripendra Narayan]]
* [[Rajendra Narayan|Rajendra Narayan II]]
* [[Jitendra Narayan]] (father of [[Gayatri Devi]])
* [[Jagaddipendra Narayan]] (ruled till 1949)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rvondeh.dircon.co.uk/cooch1.html |title=Princess Daisy of Pless: The Happy Years. An exhibition at Castle Pless |website=www.rvondeh.dircon.co.uk}}</ref>
 
=== Kingdom of Bhurshut (c. 16th–18th century) ===
{{Main|Bhurshut}}
 
* Maharaja Shivanarayan
*[[Rudranarayan|Maharaja Rudranarayan]], Maharaja (16th century)
*[[Bhavashankari]], Maharani (16th century)
*[[Pratapnarayan]], Maharaja (17th century)
*[[Naranarayan of Bhurishrestha|Naranarayan]], Maharaja (17th century)
*[[Lakshminarayan of Bhurishrestha|Lakshminarayan]], Maharaja (c. 1695–1712)
 
=== Nadia dynasty ===
{{Main|Nadia Raj}}
* [[Raja Bhabananda]]
* [[Raja Sri Krishna Ray]]
* [[Raja Gopal Ray]]
* [[Raja Raghab Ray]]
* [[Maharaja Rudra Ray]]
* [[Raja Ramjiban Ray]]
* [[Raja Ramjiban Ray II]]
* [[Raja Raghuram Ray]]
* [[Raja Krishnachandra|Raja Krishnachandra Ray]] (1727–1772 CE)
 
=== Kingdom of Chandradwip ===
Many illustrious Maharajas ruled much of East Bengal and the Sundarbans and conquered Jessore. Their surname was Basu – they came to Bengal during the [[Sena dynasty]] to conquer the [[Pala Empire|Palas]] and take over from them.
 
=== Maharajas of Jessore region ===
;Known rulers are-
* [[Pratapaditya]]
 
=== Maharaja of Lower Bengal region ===
;Known rulers are:
* [[Raja Sitaram Ray]] (1688–1714 CE)
 
=== Maharaja of Bhawal region ===
{{main|Bhawal Estate}}
Rulers of Gazipur and Madhupur forest are in central Bangladesh.
 
==Nawabs of Bengal==
 
=== Independent Nawabs of Bengal (1717–1757 CE) ===
 
{| style="width:100%;" class="wikitable"
!  style="background:#b0dc58; width:10%;"| Portrait
!  style="background:#b0dc58; width:12%;"| Titular Name
!  style="background:#f0dc88; width:22%;"| Personal Name
 
!  style="background:#b0dc88; width:9%;"| Birth
!  style="background:#b0dc88; width:9%;"| Reign
!  style="background:#b0dc28; width:9%;"| Death
|-
| colspan="6" style="text-align:center;" |'''Nasiri Dynasty'''
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|[[File:Murshid Quli Jafar Khan.jpg|90px]]
| style="text-align:center;"|''Ala ud-Daula''
| style="text-align:center;"|[[Murshid Quli Khan|Murshid Quli Jafar Khan]]
| style="text-align:center;"|1665
| style="text-align:center;"|1717– 1727
| style="text-align:center;"|30 June 1727
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|[[File:Sarfaraz Khan.jpg|90px]]
| style="text-align:center;"|'' Mirza Asadullah''
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Sarfaraz Khan|Sarfaraz Khan Bahadur]]
| style="text-align:center;"|?
| style="text-align:center;"|1727–1727
| style="text-align:center;"|April 1740
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|[[File:Shuja-ud-Din Muhammad Khan.jpg|90px]]
| style="text-align:center;"|''Shuja ud-Daula''
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Shuja-ud-Din Muhammad Khan]]
| style="text-align:center;"|1670
| style="text-align:center;"|July 1727 – 26 August 1739
| style="text-align:center;"|26 August 1739
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|[[File:Sarfaraz Khan.jpg|90px]]
| style="text-align:center;"|'' Mirza Asadullah''
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Sarfaraz Khan|Sarfaraz Khan Bahadur]]
| style="text-align:center;"|?
| style="text-align:center;"|13 March 1739 – April 1740
| style="text-align:center;"|April 1740
|-
| colspan="6" style="text-align:center;" |'''Afshar Dynasty'''
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|[[File:Allavardi Xán.jpg|90px]]
| style="text-align:center;"|''Husam ud-Daula''
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Alivardi Khan|Muhammad Alivardi Khan Bahadur]]
| style="text-align:center;"|10 May 1671
| style="text-align:center;"|29 April 1740 – 16 April 1756
| style="text-align:center;"|16 April 1756
|-
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|[[File:Siraj ud-Daulah.jpg|90px]]
| style="text-align:center;"|[[File:Siraj ud-Daulah.jpg|90px]]
Line 1,751: Line 1,958:
| 25 August 1846
| 25 August 1846
| 17 February 1882 – 25 December 1906
| 17 February 1882 – 25 December 1906
| 25 December 1906<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://murshidabad.net/history/history-topic-hassan-ali.htm|title=Murshidabad History – Hassan Ali|last=Paul|first=Gautam|website=murshidabad.net|access-date=9 October 2016|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160901085703/http://murshidabad.net/history/history-topic-hassan-ali.htm|archive-date=1 September 2016}}</ref>
| 25 December 1906<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://murshidabad.net/history/history-topic-hassan-ali.htm |title=Murshidabad History – Hassan Ali |last=Paul |first=Gautam |website=murshidabad.net |access-date=9 October 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160901085703/http://murshidabad.net/history/history-topic-hassan-ali.htm |archive-date=1 September 2016}}</ref>
|-
|-
| [[File:Wasif Ali Mirza Khan Bahadur.jpg|90px]]
| [[File:Wasif Ali Mirza Khan Bahadur.jpg|90px]]
Line 1,758: Line 1,965:
| 7 January 1875
| 7 January 1875
| December 1906 – 23 October 1959
| December 1906 – 23 October 1959
| 23 October 1959<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A39FAQAAMAAJ&q=Amir+ul-Omrah&pg=PA118|title=Papers Presented to the House of Commons Concerning the Late Nabob of the Carnatic|last=Company|first=East India|date=1807|pages=118|language=en}}</ref>
| 23 October 1959<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A39FAQAAMAAJ&q=Amir+ul-Omrah&pg=PA118 |title=Papers Presented to the House of Commons Concerning the Late Nabob of the Carnatic |last=Company |first=East India |date=1807 |pages=118 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|-
| [[File:Waris Ali.jpg|90px]]
| [[File:Waris Ali.jpg|90px]]
Line 1,765: Line 1,972:
| 14 November 1901
| 14 November 1901
| 23 October 1959 – 20 November 1969
| 23 October 1959 – 20 November 1969
| 20 November 1969<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://murshidabad.net/history/history-topic-waresh-ali.htm|title=Murshidabad History – Waresh Ali|last=Paul|first=Gautam|website=murshidabad.net|access-date=9 October 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170322124629/http://murshidabad.net/history/history-topic-waresh-ali.htm|archive-date=22 March 2017}}</ref>
| 20 November 1969<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://murshidabad.net/history/history-topic-waresh-ali.htm |title=Murshidabad History – Waresh Ali |last=Paul |first=Gautam |website=murshidabad.net |access-date=9 October 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170322124629/http://murshidabad.net/history/history-topic-waresh-ali.htm |archive-date=22 March 2017}}</ref>
|-
|-
| {{n/a}}
| {{n/a}}
| {{n/a}}
| {{n/a}}
| Disputed/In [[abeyance]]<ref name="againnawab">{{cite web
| Disputed/In [[abeyance]]<ref name="againnawab">{{cite web |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/Murshidabad-gets-a-Nawab-again-but-fight-for-assets-ahead/articleshow/40434802.cms |title=Murshidabad gets a Nawab again, but fight for assets ahead |work=The Times of India |date=20 August 2014 |access-date=14 June 2015 |author=Mahato, Sukumar |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150426161645/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/Murshidabad-gets-a-Nawab-again-but-fight-for-assets-ahead/articleshow/40434802.cms |archive-date=26 April 2015}}</ref><ref name="againnawabtwo">{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/Portrait-of-an-accidental-Nawab/articleshow/40618038.cms |title=Portrait of an accidental Nawab |work=The Times of India |date=22 August 2014 |access-date=14 June 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140823192242/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/Portrait-of-an-accidental-Nawab/articleshow/40618038.cms |archive-date=23 August 2014}}</ref>
|url         = http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/Murshidabad-gets-a-Nawab-again-but-fight-for-assets-ahead/articleshow/40434802.cms
|title       = Murshidabad gets a Nawab again, but fight for assets ahead
|work       = The Times of India
|date       = 20 August 2014
|access-date = 14 June 2015
|author     = Mahato, Sukumar
|url-status     = live
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150426161645/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/Murshidabad-gets-a-Nawab-again-but-fight-for-assets-ahead/articleshow/40434802.cms
|archive-date = 26 April 2015
}}</ref><ref name="againnawabtwo">{{cite news
|url         = http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/Portrait-of-an-accidental-Nawab/articleshow/40618038.cms
|title       = Portrait of an accidental Nawab
|work       = The Times of India
|date       = 22 August 2014
|access-date = 14 June 2015
|url-status     = live
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140823192242/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/Portrait-of-an-accidental-Nawab/articleshow/40618038.cms
|archive-date = 23 August 2014
}}</ref>
| {{n/a}}
| {{n/a}}
| 20 November 1969 – 13 August 2014
| 20 November 1969 – 13 August 2014
Line 1,797: Line 1,985:
| [[Abbas Ali Mirza|Syed Mohammed Abbas Ali Mirza Khan Bahadur]]
| [[Abbas Ali Mirza|Syed Mohammed Abbas Ali Mirza Khan Bahadur]]
| Circa 1942
| Circa 1942
| 13 August 2014 – Present''([[Pretender|titular]])''<ref name="againnawab" /><ref name="againnawabtwo" />
| 13 August 2014 – ''Incumbent'' ([[Pretender|titular]])<ref name="againnawab" /><ref name="againnawabtwo" />
| {{n/a}}
| {{n/a}}
|}
|}
Line 1,818: Line 2,006:


=== Governors-General of British East India Company in Bengal (1793–1854) ===
=== Governors-General of British East India Company in Bengal (1793–1854) ===
In 1793, the British East India Company abolished [[Nizamat]], i.e. local rule by Mughal emperor- appointed Nawabs and annexed Bengal.
In 1793, the British East India Company abolished Nizamat, i.e. local rule by Mughal emperor- appointed Nawabs and annexed Bengal.
* [[Sir John Shore]] 1793 – 1798
* [[Sir John Shore]] 1793 – 1798
* [[Richard Wellesley, 1st Marquess Wellesley|Richard Wellesley]] 1798 – 1805
* [[Richard Wellesley, 1st Marquess Wellesley|Richard Wellesley]] 1798 – 1805
Line 1,856: Line 2,044:
* [[Steuart Bayley]] 1879–1882
* [[Steuart Bayley]] 1879–1882
* [[Sir Augustus Thompson]] 1882–1885
* [[Sir Augustus Thompson]] 1882–1885
* [[Horace Cockerell]] 1885–1887
* Horace Cockerell 1885–1887
* [[Sir Steuart Bayley]] 1887–1890
* [[Sir Steuart Bayley]] 1887–1890
* [[Charles Alfred Elliott|Charles Eliott]] 1890–1893
* [[Charles Alfred Elliott|Charles Eliott]] 1890–1893
Line 1,916: Line 2,104:
|}
|}


===[[Prime Minister of Bengal]] (1937–1947)===
===Prime Minister of Bengal (1937–1947)===
{{main|Prime Minister of Bengal}}
 
The [[Government of India Act 1935]] introduced provincial autonomy in India and the position of Chief Minister or Premier of Bengal became very prominent.
The [[Government of India Act 1935]] introduced provincial autonomy in India and the position of Chief Minister or Premier of Bengal became very prominent.


Line 1,930: Line 2,120:
| 2 || [[Khawaja Nazimuddin|Sir Khawaja Nazimuddin]] || [[File:Khawaja Nazimuddin of Pakistan.JPG|120px]] || 29 April 1943 – 31 March 1945|| [[Bengal Provincial Muslim League]] || [[John Arthur Herbert|Sir John Arthur Herbert]] (−1944)<br />[[Richard Casey, Baron Casey|Sir Richard Casey]] (1944–) ||  [[The Marquess of Linlithgow]]<br /> [[The Viscount Wavell]]
| 2 || [[Khawaja Nazimuddin|Sir Khawaja Nazimuddin]] || [[File:Khawaja Nazimuddin of Pakistan.JPG|120px]] || 29 April 1943 – 31 March 1945|| [[Bengal Provincial Muslim League]] || [[John Arthur Herbert|Sir John Arthur Herbert]] (−1944)<br />[[Richard Casey, Baron Casey|Sir Richard Casey]] (1944–) ||  [[The Marquess of Linlithgow]]<br /> [[The Viscount Wavell]]
|-
|-
| 3 || [[H. S. Suhrawardy]] || [[File:Suhrawardy of Bengal.jpg|120px]] || 23 April 1946 – 14 August 1947 || [[Bengal Provincial Muslim League]] || [[Richard Casey, Baron Casey|Sir Richard Casey]] (−1946)<br />[[Frederick Burrows|Sir Frederick Burrows]] || [[The Viscount Wavell]]<br /> [[Earl Mountbatten]]
| 3 || [[H. S. Suhrawardy]] || || 23 April 1946 – 14 August 1947 || [[Bengal Provincial Muslim League]] || [[Richard Casey, Baron Casey|Sir Richard Casey]] (−1946)<br />[[Frederick Burrows|Sir Frederick Burrows]] || [[The Viscount Wavell]]<br /> [[Earl Mountbatten]]
|}
|}


Line 1,938: Line 2,128:
British colonial period ended when [[India]] and [[Pakistan]] became independent nations in 1947. [[Bengal]] fell into two parts – one in India, named [[West Bengal]] and the other part in [[Pakistan]] as [[East Bengal]], later renamed to [[East Pakistan]] in 1955.
British colonial period ended when [[India]] and [[Pakistan]] became independent nations in 1947. [[Bengal]] fell into two parts – one in India, named [[West Bengal]] and the other part in [[Pakistan]] as [[East Bengal]], later renamed to [[East Pakistan]] in 1955.


===Pakistani (east) Bengal (1947–1971)===
===Pakistani (East) Bengal (1947–1971)===
====Governors of East Bengal (1947–1955)====
====Governors of East Bengal (1947–1955)====
{|class="wikitable"
{|class="wikitable"
Line 1,952: Line 2,142:
|29 May 1954 – May 1955||[[Iskandar Ali Mirza]]
|29 May 1954 – May 1955||[[Iskandar Ali Mirza]]
|-
|-
|May 1955 – June 1955||[[Muhammad Shahabuddin]] (acting)
|May 1955 – June 1955||[[Muhammad Shahabuddin]] ''(acting)''
|-
|-
|June 1955 – 14 October 1955||[[Amiruddin Ahmad]]
|June 1955 – 14 October 1955||[[Amiruddin Ahmad]]
Line 1,981: Line 2,171:
|March 1956 – 13 April 1958||[[A. K. Fazlul Huq]] || [[Muslim League (Pakistan)|Muslim League]]
|March 1956 – 13 April 1958||[[A. K. Fazlul Huq]] || [[Muslim League (Pakistan)|Muslim League]]
|-
|-
|13 April 1958 – 3 May 1958||Hamid Ali (acting) || [[Awami League]]
|13 April 1958 – 3 May 1958||Hamid Ali ''(acting)'' || [[Awami League]]
|-
|-
|3 May 1958 – 10 October 1958||[[Sultanuddin Ahmad]] || [[Awami League]]
|3 May 1958 – 10 October 1958||[[Sultanuddin Ahmad]] || [[Awami League]]
Line 2,121: Line 2,311:
| 7 February 1990     
| 7 February 1990     
|-
|-
| 17
|(15)
| [[Saiyid Nurul Hasan]]
| [[Saiyid Nurul Hasan]]
| 7 February 1990
| 7 February 1990
| 12 July 1993     
| 12 July 1993     
|-
|-
| 18
| 17
| [[B. Satyanarayan Reddy]] ''(additional charge)''
| [[B. Satyanarayan Reddy]] ''(additional charge)''
| 13 July 1993
| 13 July 1993
Line 2,136: Line 2,326:
| 27 April 1998     
| 27 April 1998     
|-
|-
| 20
| 19
| [[Akhlaqur Rahman Kidwai]]
| [[Akhlaqur Rahman Kidwai]]
| 27 April 1998
| 27 April 1998
| 18 May 1999     
| 18 May 1999     
|-
|-
| 21
| 20
| [[Shyamal Kumar Sen]]
| [[Shyamal Kumar Sen]]
| 18 May 1999
| 18 May 1999
| 4 December 1999     
| 4 December 1999     
|-
|-
| 22
| 21
| [[Viren J. Shah]]
| [[Viren J. Shah]]
| 4 December 1999
| 4 December 1999
| 14 December 2004     
| 14 December 2004     
|-
|-
| 23
| 22
| [[Gopalkrishna Gandhi]]
| [[Gopalkrishna Gandhi]]
| 14 December 2004
| 14 December 2004
| 14 December 2009
| 14 December 2009
|-
|-
| 24
| 23
| [[Devanand Konwar]] ''(additional charge)''
| [[Devanand Konwar]] ''(additional charge)''
| 14 December 2009
| 14 December 2009
| 23 January 2010
| 23 January 2010
|-
|-
| 25
| 24
| [[M.K. Narayanan]]
| [[M.K. Narayanan]]
| 24 January 2010
| 24 January 2010
| 30 June 2014
| 30 June 2014
|-
|-
| 26
| 25
| [[D. Y. Patil]] ''(additional charge)''<ref>{{Cite news | url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/dr-d-y-patil-appointed-west-bengals-acting-governor/articleshow/37718348.cms |title = Dr D y Patil appointed West Bengal's acting Governor|newspaper = The Economic Times|date = 3 July 2014}}</ref>
| [[D. Y. Patil]] ''(additional charge)''<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/dr-d-y-patil-appointed-west-bengals-acting-governor/articleshow/37718348.cms |title=Dr D y Patil appointed West Bengal's acting Governor |newspaper=The Economic Times |date=3 July 2014}}</ref>
| 3 July 2014   
| 3 July 2014   
| 17 July 2014
| 17 July 2014
|-
|-
| 27
| 26
| [[Keshari Nath Tripathi]]
| [[Keshari Nath Tripathi]]
| 24 July 2014  
| 24 July 2014  
| 29 July 2019
| 29 July 2019
|-
|-
| 28
| 27
| [[Jagdeep Dhankhar|Jagdeep Dhankhar]]<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.livelaw.in/news-updates/senior-advocate-jagdeep-dhankhar-made-west-bengal-governor-146538 |title = Senior Advocate Jagdeep Dhankhar Made West Bengal Governor|date = 20 July 2019}}</ref>
| [[Jagdeep Dhankhar]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.livelaw.in/news-updates/senior-advocate-jagdeep-dhankhar-made-west-bengal-governor-146538 |title=Senior Advocate Jagdeep Dhankhar Made West Bengal Governor |date=20 July 2019}}</ref>
| 30 July 2019
| 30 July 2019
| ''Incumbent''
| ''Incumbent''
Line 2,187: Line 2,377:
|- style="text-align:center;"
|- style="text-align:center;"
! style="background:#d3d3d3;"| Key:
! style="background:#d3d3d3;"| Key:
| style="background:#a5ebef;"| ''INC'' <br> [[Indian National Congress]]
| style="background:#a5ebef;"| ''INC'' <br /> [[Indian National Congress]]
| style="background:#00bfff;"| ''BC (UF)'' <br> [[Bangla Congress]] ([[United Front]])
| style="background:#00bfff;"| ''BC (UF)'' <br /> [[Bangla Congress]] ([[United Front]])
| style="background:#db8ea0;"| ''CPI(M)''  <br> [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
| style="background:#db8ea0;"| ''CPI(M)''  <br /> [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
| style="background:#a0d6a0;"| ''AITC''  <br> [[All India Trinamool Congress]]
| style="background:#a0d6a0;"| ''AITC''  <br /> [[All India Trinamool Congress]]
|}
|}
{| border=0 cellpadding=2 cellspacing=2
{| border=0 cellpadding=2 cellspacing=2
Line 2,299: Line 2,489:
===Key===
===Key===
;''Political parties''
;''Political parties''
*{{legend|{{Bangladesh Awami League/meta/color}}|[[Bangladesh Awami League]] / [[Bangladesh Krishak Sramik Awami League|BAKSAL]]|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}
*{{legend|{{party color|Bangladesh Awami League}}|[[Bangladesh Awami League]] / [[Bangladesh Krishak Sramik Awami League|BAKSAL]]|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}
*{{legend|{{Bangladesh Nationalist Party/meta/color}}|[[Bangladesh Nationalist Party]]|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}
*{{legend|{{party color|Bangladesh Nationalist Party}}|[[Bangladesh Nationalist Party]]|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}
*{{legend|{{Jatiya Party (Ershad)/meta/color}}|[[Jatiya Party (Ershad)|Jatiya Party]]|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}
*{{legend|{{party color|Jatiya Party (Ershad)}}|[[Jatiya Party (Ershad)|Jatiya Party]]|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}


;''Other factions''
;''Other factions''
*{{legend|{{Military Rule/meta/color}}|[[Bangladesh Armed Forces|Military]]|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}
*{{legend|{{party color|Military Rule}}|[[Bangladesh Armed Forces|Military]]|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}
*{{legend|{{Independent (politician)/meta/color}}|[[Independent politician|Independent]]|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}
*{{legend|{{party color|Independent (politician)}}|[[Independent politician|Independent]]|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}


;''Status''
;''Status''
*{{legend|#E6E6AA|Acting President|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}
*{{legend|#E6E6AA|Acting President|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}


===Prime Ministers===
===Presidents of Bangladesh===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
!  
!  
! Name<br />{{small|(Birth–Death)}}
! Name<br />{{small|(Birth–Death)}}
! Portrait
! Elected
! Elected
! colspan=2|Term of office
! colspan=2|Term of office
! Time in office
! Party
! Party
|-
|-
! style="background:{{Bangladesh Awami League/meta/color}};" |
! style="background:{{party color|Bangladesh Awami League}};" |
| [[Sheikh Mujibur Rahman]]<br />{{small|(1920–[[Assassination of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman|1975]])}}{{efn|[[Pakistan]]i prisoner to 8 January 1972.}}
| [[Sheikh Mujibur Rahman]]<br />{{small|(1920–[[Assassination of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman|1975]])}}{{efn|[[Pakistan]]i prisoner to 8 January 1972.}}
| [[File:Sheikh Mujibur Rahman in 1950.jpg|60px]]
| —
| —
| 17 April 1971
| 17 April 1971
| 12 January 1972
| 12 January 1972
| {{ayd|1971|4|17|1972|1|12}}
| [[Bangladesh Awami League]]
| [[Bangladesh Awami League]]
|- style="background:#e6e6aa;"
|- style="background:#e6e6aa;"
! style="background:{{Bangladesh Awami League/meta/color}};" |
! style="background:{{party color|Bangladesh Awami League}};" |
| [[Syed Nazrul Islam]]<br />{{small|(1925–[[3 November 1975 Bangladesh coup d'état|1975]])}}{{efn|Acting for Sheikh Mujibur Rahman.}}
| [[Syed Nazrul Islam]]<br />{{small|(1925–[[3 November 1975 Bangladesh coup d'état|1975]])}}{{efn|Acting for Sheikh Mujibur Rahman.}}
| [[File:Sayed nazrul islam.jpg|60px]]
| —
| —
| 17 April 1971
| 17 April 1971
| 12 January 1972
| 12 January 1972
| {{ayd|1971|4|17|1972|1|12}}
| [[Bangladesh Awami League]]
| [[Bangladesh Awami League]]
|-
|-
! style="background:{{Bangladesh Awami League/meta/color}};" |
! style="background:{{party color|Bangladesh Awami League}};" |
| [[Abu Sayeed Chowdhury]]<br />{{small|(1921–1987)}}
| [[Abu Sayeed Chowdhury]]<br />{{small|(1921–1987)}}
|
| —
| —
| 12 January 1972
| 12 January 1972
| 24 December 1973
| 24 December 1973
| {{ayd|1972|1|12|1973|12|24}}
| [[Bangladesh Awami League]]
| [[Bangladesh Awami League]]
|-
|-
! rowspan=2 style="background:{{Bangladesh Awami League/meta/color}};" |
! rowspan=2 style="background:{{party color|Bangladesh Awami League}};" |
| rowspan=2| [[Mohammad Mohammadullah]]<br />{{small|(1921–1999)}}
| rowspan=2| [[Mohammad Mohammadullah]]<br />{{small|(1921–1999)}}
| rowspan=2| [[File:No image.png|60px]]<!-- DO NOT ADD A NON-FREE IMAGE FOR THIS PERSON - ONLY FREELY LICENCED IMAGES ARE ALLOWED FOR LISTS. SEE BP:NFLISTS -->
| —
| —
| style="background:#e6e6aa;"| 24 December 1973
| style="background:#e6e6aa;"| 24 December 1973
| style="background:#e6e6aa;"| 27 January 1974
| style="background:#e6e6aa;"| 27 January 1974
| rowspan=2| {{ayd|1973|12|24|1975|1|25}}
| rowspan=2| [[Bangladesh Awami League]]
| rowspan=2| [[Bangladesh Awami League]]
|-
|-
Line 2,360: Line 2,540:
| 25 January 1975
| 25 January 1975
|-
|-
! style="background:{{Bangladesh Awami League/meta/color}};" |
! style="background:{{party color|Bangladesh Awami League}};" |
| [[Sheikh Mujibur Rahman]]<br />{{small|(1920–[[Assassination of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman|1975]])}}
| [[Sheikh Mujibur Rahman]]<br />{{small|(1920–[[Assassination of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman|1975]])}}
| [[File:Sheikh Mujibur Rahman in 1950.jpg|60px]]
| —
| —
| 25 January 1975
| 25 January 1975
| 15 August 1975<br />{{small|(''[[Assassination of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman|assassinated]] in a [[15 August 1975 Bangladesh coup d'état|coup d'état]].'')}}
| 15 August 1975<br />{{small|(''[[Assassination of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman|assassinated]] in a [[15 August 1975 Bangladesh coup d'état|coup d'état]].'')}}
| {{ayd|1975|1|25|1975|8|15}}
| [[Bangladesh Krishak Sramik Awami League|BAKSAL]]
| [[Bangladesh Krishak Sramik Awami League|BAKSAL]]
|-
|-
! style="background:{{Bangladesh Awami League/meta/color}};" |
! style="background:{{party color|Bangladesh Awami League}};" |
| [[Khondaker Mostaq Ahmad]]<br />{{small|(1918–1996)}}
| [[Khondaker Mostaq Ahmad]]<br />{{small|(1918–1996)}}
|
| —
| —
| 15 August 1975
| 15 August 1975
| 6 November 1975<br />{{small|(''[[3 November 1975 Bangladesh coup d'état|deposed]].'')}}
| 6 November 1975<br />{{small|(''[[3 November 1975 Bangladesh coup d'état|deposed]].'')}}
| {{ayd|1975|8|15|1975|11|6}}
| [[Bangladesh Awami League]]
| [[Bangladesh Awami League]]
|-
|-
! style="background:{{Bangladesh Awami League/meta/color}};" |
! style="background:{{party color|Bangladesh Awami League}};" |
| [[Abu Sadat Mohammad Sayem]]<br />{{small|(1916–1997)}}{{efn|Also [[Chief Martial Law Administrator]] (24 August 1975 – 4 November 1975 and 7 November 1975 – 29 November 1976).}}
| [[Abu Sadat Mohammad Sayem]]<br />{{small|(1916–1997)}}{{efn|Also [[Chief Martial Law Administrator]] (24 August 1975 – 4 November 1975 and 7 November 1975 – 29 November 1976).}}
| [[File:No image.png|60px]]<!-- DO NOT ADD A NON-FREE IMAGE FOR THIS PERSON - ONLY FREELY LICENCED IMAGES ARE ALLOWED FOR LISTS. SEE BP:NFLISTS -->
| —
| —
| 6 November 1975
| 6 November 1975
| 21 April 1977
| 21 April 1977
| {{ayd|1975|11|6|1977|4|21}}
| [[Bangladesh Awami League]]
| [[Bangladesh Awami League]]
|-
|-
! style="background:{{Bangladesh Nationalist Party/meta/color}};" |
! style="background:{{party color|Bangladesh Nationalist Party}};" |
| [[Ziaur Rahman]]<br />{{small|(1936–1981)}}{{efn|Also Chief Martial Law Administrator (29 November 1976 – 6 April 1979).}}
| [[Ziaur Rahman]]<br />{{small|(1936–1981)}}{{efn|Also Chief Martial Law Administrator (29 November 1976 – 6 April 1979).}}
| [[File:Ziaur Rahman 1979.jpg|60px]]
| [[1977 Bangladeshi presidential confidence referendum|1977]]{{efn|name=Referendum|Referendum.}}<br />[[1978 Bangladeshi presidential election|1978]]{{efn|name=Direct election|Direct election.}}
| [[1977 Bangladeshi presidential confidence referendum|1977]]{{efn|name=Referendum|Referendum.}}<br>[[1978 Bangladeshi presidential election|1978]]{{efn|name=Direct election|Direct election.}}
| 21 April 1977
| 21 April 1977
| 30 May 1981<br />{{small|(''[[Assassination of Ziaur Rahman|assassinated]].'')}}
| 30 May 1981<br />{{small|(''[[Assassination of Ziaur Rahman|assassinated]].'')}}
| {{ayd|1977|4|21|1981|5|30}}
| [[Bangladesh Armed Forces|Military]] / <br /> [[Bangladesh Nationalist Party]]
| [[Bangladesh Armed Forces|Military]] / <br /> [[Bangladesh Nationalist Party]]
|-
|-
! rowspan=2 style="background:{{Bangladesh Nationalist Party/meta/color}};" |
! rowspan=2 style="background:{{party color|Bangladesh Nationalist Party}};" |
| rowspan=2| [[Abdus Sattar (president)|Abdus Sattar]]<br />{{small|(1906–1985)}}
| rowspan=2| [[Abdus Sattar (president)|Abdus Sattar]]<br />{{small|(1906–1985)}}
| rowspan=2| [[File:No image.png|60px]]<!-- DO NOT ADD A NON-FREE IMAGE FOR THIS PERSON - ONLY FREELY LICENCED IMAGES ARE ALLOWED FOR LISTS. SEE BP:NFLISTS -->
| —
| —
| style="background:#e6e6aa;"| 30 May 1981
| style="background:#e6e6aa;"| 30 May 1981
| style="background:#e6e6aa;"| 20 November 1981
| style="background:#e6e6aa;"| 20 November 1981
| rowspan=2| {{ayd|1981|5|30|1982|3|24}}
| rowspan=2| [[Bangladesh Nationalist Party]]
| rowspan=2| [[Bangladesh Nationalist Party]]
|-
|-
Line 2,409: Line 2,579:
| 24 March 1982<br />{{small|(''[[1982 Bangladesh coup d'état|deposed]].'')}}
| 24 March 1982<br />{{small|(''[[1982 Bangladesh coup d'état|deposed]].'')}}
|-
|-
| colspan="8" |''Post vacant (24 – 27 March 1982)''{{efn|During this period, [[Chief of Army Staff (Bangladesh)|Chief of Army Staff]] [[Lieutenant general (Bangladesh)|Lt. Gen.]] [[Hussain Muhammad Ershad]] served as Chief Martial Law Administrator and ''de facto'' head of state.}}
!
|[[Hussain Muhammad Ershad]]
{{small|(1930–2019)}}{{efn|Served as Chief Martial Law Administrator until 30 March 1984.}}
|
|24 March 1982
|27 March 1982
|[[Bangladesh Armed Forces|Military]]
|-
|-
! style="background:{{Independent (politician)/meta/color}};" |
! style="background:{{party color|Independent (politician)}};" |
| [[A. F. M. Ahsanuddin Chowdhury|Ahsanuddin Chowdhury]]<br />{{small|(1915–2001)}}
| [[A. F. M. Ahsanuddin Chowdhury|Ahsanuddin Chowdhury]]<br />{{small|(1915–2001)}}
|
| —
| —
| 27 March 1982
| 27 March 1982
| 10 December 1983
| 10 December 1983
| {{ayd|1982|3|27|1983|12|10}}
| [[Independent politician|Independent]]
| [[Independent politician|Independent]]
|-
|-
! style="background:{{Jatiya Party (Ershad)/meta/color}};" |
! style="background:{{party color|Jatiya Party (Ershad)}};" |
| [[Hussain Muhammad Ershad]]<br />{{small|(1930–2019)}}{{efn|Served as Chief Martial Law Administrator until 30 March 1984.}}
| [[Hussain Muhammad Ershad]]<br />{{small|(1930–2019)}}{{efn|Served as Chief Martial Law Administrator until 30 March 1984.}}
| [[File:Hussain Muhammad Ershad.jpg|60px]]
| [[1985 Bangladeshi military rule referendum|1985]]{{efn|name=Referendum}}<br />[[1986 Bangladeshi presidential election|1986]]{{efn|name=Direct election}}
| [[1985 Bangladeshi military rule referendum|1985]]{{efn|name=Referendum}}<br>[[1986 Bangladeshi presidential election|1986]]{{efn|name=Direct election}}
| 11 December 1983
| 11 December 1983
| 6 December 1990
| 6 December 1990
| {{ayd|1983|12|11|1990|12|6}}
| [[Bangladesh Armed Forces|Military]] / <br /> [[Jatiya Party (Ershad)|Jatiya Party]]
| [[Bangladesh Armed Forces|Military]] / <br /> [[Jatiya Party (Ershad)|Jatiya Party]]
|- style="background:#e6e6aa;"
|- style="background:#e6e6aa;"
! style="background:{{Independent (politician)/meta/color}};" |
! style="background:{{party color|Independent (politician)}};" |
| [[Shahabuddin Ahmed]]<br />{{small|(born 1930)}}
| [[Shahabuddin Ahmed]]<br />{{small|(born 1930)}}
| [[File:No image.png|60px]]<!-- DO NOT ADD A NON-FREE IMAGE FOR THIS PERSON - ONLY FREELY LICENCED IMAGES ARE ALLOWED FOR LISTS. SEE BP:NFLISTS -->
| —
| —
| 6 December 1990
| 6 December 1990
| 10 October 1991
| 10 October 1991
| {{ayd|1990|12|6|1991|10|10}}
| [[Independent politician|Independent]]
| [[Independent politician|Independent]]
|-
|-
! style="background:{{Bangladesh Nationalist Party/meta/color}};" |
! style="background:{{party color|Bangladesh Nationalist Party}};" |
| [[Abdur Rahman Biswas]]<br />{{small|(1926–2017)}}
| [[Abdur Rahman Biswas]]<br />{{small|(1926–2017)}}
|
| [[1991 Bangladeshi presidential election|1991]]
| [[1991 Bangladeshi presidential election|1991]]
| 10 October 1991
| 10 October 1991
| 9 October 1996
| 9 October 1996
| {{ayd|1991|10|10|1996|10|9}}
| [[Bangladesh Nationalist Party]]
| [[Bangladesh Nationalist Party]]
|-
|-
! style="background:{{Independent (politician)/meta/color}};" |
! style="background:{{party color|Independent (politician)}};" |
| [[Shahabuddin Ahmed]]<br />{{small|(born 1930)}}
| [[Shahabuddin Ahmed]]<br />{{small|(born 1930)}}
| [[File:No image.png|60px]]<!-- DO NOT ADD A NON-FREE IMAGE FOR THIS PERSON - ONLY FREELY LICENCED IMAGES ARE ALLOWED FOR LISTS. SEE BP:NFLISTS -->
| [[1996 Bangladeshi presidential election|1996]]
| [[1996 Bangladeshi presidential election|1996]]
| 9 October 1996
| 9 October 1996
| 14 November 2001
| 14 November 2001
| {{ayd|1996|10|9|2001|11|14}}
| [[Independent politician|Independent]]
| [[Independent politician|Independent]]
|-
|-
! style="background:{{Bangladesh Nationalist Party/meta/color}};" |
! style="background:{{party color|Bangladesh Nationalist Party}};" |
| [[A. Q. M. Badruddoza Chowdhury|Badruddoza Chowdhury]]<br />{{small|(born 1932)}}
| [[A. Q. M. Badruddoza Chowdhury|Badruddoza Chowdhury]]<br />{{small|(born 1932)}}
| [[File:No image.png|60px]]<!-- DO NOT ADD A NON-FREE IMAGE FOR THIS PERSON - ONLY FREELY LICENCED IMAGES ARE ALLOWED FOR LISTS. SEE BP:NFLISTS -->
| [[2001 Bangladeshi presidential election|2001]]
| [[2001 Bangladeshi presidential election|2001]]
| 14 November 2001
| 14 November 2001
| 21 June 2002
| 21 June 2002
| {{ayd|2001|11|14|2002|6|21}}
| [[Bangladesh Nationalist Party]]
| [[Bangladesh Nationalist Party]]
|- style="background:#e6e6aa;"
|- style="background:#e6e6aa;"
! style="background:{{Bangladesh Nationalist Party/meta/color}};" |
! style="background:{{party color|Bangladesh Nationalist Party}};" |
| [[Muhammad Jamiruddin Sircar]]<br />{{small|(born 1931)}}
| [[Muhammad Jamiruddin Sircar]]<br />{{small|(born 1931)}}
| [[File:No image.png|60px]]<!-- DO NOT ADD A NON-FREE IMAGE FOR THIS PERSON - ONLY FREELY LICENCED IMAGES ARE ALLOWED FOR LISTS. SEE BP:NFLISTS -->
| —
| —
| 21 June 2002
| 21 June 2002
| 6 September 2002
| 6 September 2002
| {{ayd|2002|6|21|2002|9|6}}
| [[Bangladesh Nationalist Party]]
| [[Bangladesh Nationalist Party]]
|-  
|-  
! style="background:{{Independent (politician)/meta/color}};" |
! style="background:{{party color|Independent (politician)}};" |
| [[Iajuddin Ahmed]]<br />{{small|(1931–2012)}}
| [[Iajuddin Ahmed]]<br />{{small|(1931–2012)}}
| [[File:No image.png|60px]]<!-- DO NOT ADD A NON-FREE IMAGE FOR THIS PERSON - ONLY FREELY LICENCED IMAGES ARE ALLOWED FOR LISTS. SEE BP:NFLISTS -->
| [[2002 Bangladeshi presidential election|2002]]
| [[2002 Bangladeshi presidential election|2002]]
| 6 September 2002
| 6 September 2002
| 12 February 2009
| 12 February 2009
| {{ayd|2002|9|6|2009|2|12}}
| [[Independent politician|Independent]]
| [[Independent politician|Independent]]
|-
|-
! style="background:{{Bangladesh Awami League/meta/color}};" |
!
|[[Moeen U Ahmed]]
|
|11 January 2007
|12 January 2007
|[[Bangladesh Armed Forces|Military]]
|-
! style="background:{{party color|Bangladesh Awami League}};" |
| [[Zillur Rahman]]<br />{{small|(1929–2013)}}
| [[Zillur Rahman]]<br />{{small|(1929–2013)}}
| [[File:Zillur Rahman in Neubrandenburg, Germany in 1973.jpg|60px]]
| [[2009 Bangladeshi presidential election|2009]]
| [[2009 Bangladeshi presidential election|2009]]
| 12 February 2009
| 12 February 2009
| 20 March 2013<br />{{small|(''died in office.'')}}
| 20 March 2013<br />{{small|(''died in office.'')}}
| {{ayd|2009|2|12|2013|3|20}}
| [[Bangladesh Awami League]]
| [[Bangladesh Awami League]]
|-
|-
! rowspan=3 style="background:{{Bangladesh Awami League/meta/color}};" |
! rowspan=3 style="background:{{party color|Bangladesh Awami League}};" |
| rowspan=3| [[Abdul Hamid (politician)|Abdul Hamid]]<br />{{small|(born 1944)}}{{efn|Acting for Zillur Rahman until 20 March 2013.}}
| rowspan=3| [[Abdul Hamid (politician)|Abdul Hamid]]<br />{{small|(born 1944)}}{{efn|Acting for Zillur Rahman until 20 March 2013.}}
| rowspan=3| [[File:Abdul Hamid (politician).jpg|60px]]
| —
| —
| style="background:#e6e6aa;"| 14 March 2013
| style="background:#e6e6aa;"| 14 March 2013
| style="background:#e6e6aa;"| 24 April 2013
| style="background:#e6e6aa;"| 24 April 2013
| rowspan=3| {{ayd|2013|3|14}}
| rowspan=3| [[Bangladesh Awami League]]
| rowspan=3| [[Bangladesh Awami League]]
|-
|-
Line 2,521: Line 2,684:
! Party
! Party
|-
|-
! style="background:{{Bangladesh Awami League/meta/color}};" |
! style="background:{{party color|Bangladesh Awami League}};" |
| [[Tajuddin Ahmad]]<br />{{small|(1925–[[3 November 1975 Bangladesh coup d'état|1975]])}}
| [[Tajuddin Ahmad]]<br />{{small|(1925–[[3 November 1975 Bangladesh coup d'état|1975]])}}
| [[File:No image.png|60px]]<!-- DO NOT ADD A NON-FREE IMAGE FOR THIS PERSON - ONLY FREELY LICENCED IMAGES ARE ALLOWED FOR LISTS. SEE BP:NFLISTS -->
| [[File:No image.png|60px]]<!-- DO NOT ADD A NON-FREE IMAGE FOR THIS PERSON - ONLY FREELY LICENCED IMAGES ARE ALLOWED FOR LISTS. SEE WP:NFLISTS -->
| —
| —
| 11 April 1971
| 11 April 1971
Line 2,530: Line 2,693:
| [[Bangladesh Awami League]]
| [[Bangladesh Awami League]]
|-
|-
! style="background:{{Bangladesh Awami League/meta/color}};" |
! style="background:{{party color|Bangladesh Awami League}};" |
| [[Sheikh Mujibur Rahman]]<br />{{small|(1920–[[Assassination of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman|1975]])}}
| [[Sheikh Mujibur Rahman]]<br />{{small|(1920–[[Assassination of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman|1975]])}}
| [[File:Sheikh Mujibur Rahman in 1950.jpg|60px]]
| [[File:Sheikh Mujibur Rahman in 1950.jpg|60px]]
Line 2,539: Line 2,702:
| [[Bangladesh Awami League]]
| [[Bangladesh Awami League]]
|-
|-
! style="background:{{Bangladesh Awami League/meta/color}};" |
! style="background:{{party color|Bangladesh Awami League}};" |
| [[Muhammad Mansur Ali]]<br />{{small|(1919–[[3 November 1975 Bangladesh coup d'état|1975]])}}
| [[Muhammad Mansur Ali]]<br />{{small|(1919–[[3 November 1975 Bangladesh coup d'état|1975]])}}
| [[File:No image.png|60px]]<!-- DO NOT ADD A NON-FREE IMAGE FOR THIS PERSON - ONLY FREELY LICENCED IMAGES ARE ALLOWED FOR LISTS. SEE BP:NFLISTS -->
| [[File:No image.png|60px]]<!-- DO NOT ADD A NON-FREE IMAGE FOR THIS PERSON - ONLY FREELY LICENCED IMAGES ARE ALLOWED FOR LISTS. SEE WP:NFLISTS -->
| —
| —
| 25 January 1975
| 25 January 1975
Line 2,550: Line 2,713:
| colspan="8" |''Post abolished (15 August 1975 – 29 June 1978)''
| colspan="8" |''Post abolished (15 August 1975 – 29 June 1978)''
|-
|-
! style="background:{{Bangladesh Nationalist Party/meta/color}};" |
! style="background:{{party color|Bangladesh Nationalist Party}};" |
| [[Mashiur Rahman (politician from Rangpur)|Mashiur Rahman]]<br />{{small|(1924–1979)}}{{efn|Senior Minister.}}
| [[Mashiur Rahman (politician from Rangpur)|Mashiur Rahman]]<br />{{small|(1924–1979)}}{{efn|Senior Minister.}}
| [[File:No image.png|60px]]<!-- DO NOT ADD A NON-FREE IMAGE FOR THIS PERSON - ONLY FREELY LICENCED IMAGES ARE ALLOWED FOR LISTS. SEE BP:NFLISTS -->
| [[File:No image.png|60px]]<!-- DO NOT ADD A NON-FREE IMAGE FOR THIS PERSON - ONLY FREELY LICENCED IMAGES ARE ALLOWED FOR LISTS. SEE WP:NFLISTS -->
| —
| —
| 29 June 1978
| 29 June 1978
Line 2,559: Line 2,722:
| [[Bangladesh Nationalist Party]]
| [[Bangladesh Nationalist Party]]
|-
|-
! style="background:{{Bangladesh Nationalist Party/meta/color}};" |
! style="background:{{party color|Bangladesh Nationalist Party}};" |
| [[Shah Azizur Rahman]]<br />{{small|(1925–1988)}}
| [[Shah Azizur Rahman]]<br />{{small|(1925–1988)}}
| [[File:No image.png|60px]]<!-- DO NOT ADD A NON-FREE IMAGE FOR THIS PERSON - ONLY FREELY LICENCED IMAGES ARE ALLOWED FOR LISTS. SEE BP:NFLISTS -->
| [[File:No image.png|60px]]<!-- DO NOT ADD A NON-FREE IMAGE FOR THIS PERSON - ONLY FREELY LICENCED IMAGES ARE ALLOWED FOR LISTS. SEE WP:NFLISTS -->
| [[1979 Bangladeshi general election|1979]]
| [[1979 Bangladeshi general election|1979]]
| 15 April 1979
| 15 April 1979
Line 2,570: Line 2,733:
| colspan="8" |''Post abolished (24 March 1982 – 30 March 1984)''
| colspan="8" |''Post abolished (24 March 1982 – 30 March 1984)''
|-
|-
! style="background:{{Jatiya Party (Ershad)/meta/color}};" |
! style="background:{{party color|Jatiya Party (Ershad)}};" |
| [[Ataur Rahman Khan]]<br />{{small|(1907–1991)}}
| [[Ataur Rahman Khan]]<br />{{small|(1907–1991)}}
| [[File:No image.png|60px]]<!-- DO NOT ADD A NON-FREE IMAGE FOR THIS PERSON - ONLY FREELY LICENCED IMAGES ARE ALLOWED FOR LISTS. SEE BP:NFLISTS -->
| [[File:No image.png|60px]]<!-- DO NOT ADD A NON-FREE IMAGE FOR THIS PERSON - ONLY FREELY LICENCED IMAGES ARE ALLOWED FOR LISTS. SEE WP:NFLISTS -->
| —
| —
| 30 March 1984
| 30 March 1984
Line 2,579: Line 2,742:
| [[Jatiya Party (Ershad)|Jatiya Party]]
| [[Jatiya Party (Ershad)|Jatiya Party]]
|-
|-
! style="background:{{Jatiya Party (Ershad)/meta/color}};" |
! style="background:{{party color|Jatiya Party (Ershad)}};" |
| [[Mizanur Rahman Chowdhury]]<br />{{small|(1928–2006)}}
| [[Mizanur Rahman Chowdhury]]<br />{{small|(1928–2006)}}
| [[File:Picture of Mizanur Rahman Chowdhury.jpeg|60px]]
| [[File:Picture of Mizanur Rahman Chowdhury.jpeg|60px]]
Line 2,588: Line 2,751:
| [[Jatiya Party (Ershad)|Jatiya Party]]
| [[Jatiya Party (Ershad)|Jatiya Party]]
|-
|-
! style="background:{{Jatiya Party (Ershad)/meta/color}};" |
! style="background:{{party color|Jatiya Party (Ershad)}};" |
| [[Moudud Ahmed]]<br />{{small|(born 1940)}}
| [[Moudud Ahmed]]<br />{{small|(born 1940)}}
| [[File:No image.png|60px]]<!-- DO NOT ADD A NON-FREE IMAGE FOR THIS PERSON - ONLY FREELY LICENCED IMAGES ARE ALLOWED FOR LISTS. SEE BP:NFLISTS -->
| [[File:No image.png|60px]]<!-- DO NOT ADD A NON-FREE IMAGE FOR THIS PERSON - ONLY FREELY LICENCED IMAGES ARE ALLOWED FOR LISTS. SEE WP:NFLISTS -->
| [[1988 Bangladeshi general election|1988]]
| [[1988 Bangladeshi general election|1988]]
| 27 March 1988
| 27 March 1988
Line 2,597: Line 2,760:
| [[Jatiya Party (Ershad)|Jatiya Party]]
| [[Jatiya Party (Ershad)|Jatiya Party]]
|-
|-
! style="background:{{Jatiya Party (Ershad)/meta/color}};" |
! style="background:{{party color|Jatiya Party (Ershad)}};" |
| [[Kazi Zafar Ahmed]]<br />{{small|(1939–2015)}}
| [[Kazi Zafar Ahmed]]<br />{{small|(1939–2015)}}
| [[File:No image.png|60px]]<!-- DO NOT ADD A NON-FREE IMAGE FOR THIS PERSON - ONLY FREELY LICENCED IMAGES ARE ALLOWED FOR LISTS. SEE BP:NFLISTS -->
| [[File:No image.png|60px]]<!-- DO NOT ADD A NON-FREE IMAGE FOR THIS PERSON - ONLY FREELY LICENCED IMAGES ARE ALLOWED FOR LISTS. SEE WP:NFLISTS -->
| —
| —
| 12 August 1989
| 12 August 1989
Line 2,608: Line 2,771:
| colspan="8" |''Post abolished (6 December 1990 – 20 March 1991)''
| colspan="8" |''Post abolished (6 December 1990 – 20 March 1991)''
|-
|-
! style="background:{{Bangladesh Nationalist Party/meta/color}};" |
! style="background:{{party color|Bangladesh Nationalist Party}};" |
| [[Khaleda Zia]]<br />{{small|(born 1945)}}
| [[Khaleda Zia]]<br />{{small|(born 1945)}}
| [[File:Begum Zia Book-opening Ceremony, 1 Mar, 2010.jpg|60px]]
| [[File:Begum Zia Book-opening Ceremony, 1 Mar, 2010.jpg|60px]]
| [[1991 Bangladeshi general election|1991]]<br>[[February 1996 Bangladeshi general election|1996 (Feb)]]
| [[1991 Bangladeshi general election|1991]]<br />[[February 1996 Bangladeshi general election|1996 (Feb)]]
| 20 March 1991
| 20 March 1991
| 30 March 1996
| 30 March 1996
Line 2,617: Line 2,780:
| [[Bangladesh Nationalist Party]]
| [[Bangladesh Nationalist Party]]
|- style="background:#c0c0c0;"
|- style="background:#c0c0c0;"
! style="background:{{Independent (politician)/meta/color}};" |
! style="background:{{party color|Independent (politician)}};" |
| [[Muhammad Habibur Rahman]]<br />{{small|(1928–2014)}}
| [[Muhammad Habibur Rahman]]<br />{{small|(1928–2014)}}
| [[File:Habibur Rahman.jpg|60px]]
| [[File:Habibur Rahman.jpg|60px]]
Line 2,626: Line 2,789:
| [[Independent politician|Independent]]
| [[Independent politician|Independent]]
|-
|-
! style="background:{{Bangladesh Awami League/meta/color}};" |
! style="background:{{party color|Bangladesh Awami League}};" |
| [[Sheikh Hasina]]<br />{{small|(born 1947)}}
| [[Sheikh Hasina]]<br />{{small|(born 1947)}}
| [[File:Sheikh Hasina in New York - 2018 (44057292035) (cropped).jpg|60px]]
| [[File:Sheikh Hasina in New York - 2018 (44057292035) (cropped).jpg|60px]]
Line 2,635: Line 2,798:
| [[Bangladesh Awami League]]
| [[Bangladesh Awami League]]
|- style="background:#c0c0c0;"
|- style="background:#c0c0c0;"
! style="background:{{Independent (politician)/meta/color}};" |
! style="background:{{party color|Independent (politician)}};" |
| [[Latifur Rahman]]<br />{{small|(1936–2017)}}
| [[Latifur Rahman]]<br />{{small|(1936–2017)}}
| [[File:No image.png|60px]]<!-- DO NOT ADD A NON-FREE IMAGE FOR THIS PERSON - ONLY FREELY LICENCED IMAGES ARE ALLOWED FOR LISTS. SEE BP:NFLISTS -->
| [[File:No image.png|60px]]<!-- DO NOT ADD A NON-FREE IMAGE FOR THIS PERSON - ONLY FREELY LICENCED IMAGES ARE ALLOWED FOR LISTS. SEE WP:NFLISTS -->
| —
| —
| 15 July 2001
| 15 July 2001
Line 2,644: Line 2,807:
| [[Independent politician|Independent]]
| [[Independent politician|Independent]]
|-
|-
! style="background:{{Bangladesh Nationalist Party/meta/color}};" |
! style="background:{{party color|Bangladesh Nationalist Party}};" |
| [[Khaleda Zia]]<br />{{small|(born 1945)}}
| [[Khaleda Zia]]<br />{{small|(born 1945)}}
| [[File:Begum Zia Book-opening Ceremony, 1 Mar, 2010.jpg|60px]]
| [[File:Begum Zia Book-opening Ceremony, 1 Mar, 2010.jpg|60px]]
Line 2,653: Line 2,816:
| [[Bangladesh Nationalist Party]]
| [[Bangladesh Nationalist Party]]
|- style="background:#c0c0c0;"
|- style="background:#c0c0c0;"
! style="background:{{Independent (politician)/meta/color}};" |
! style="background:{{party color|Independent (politician)}};" |
| [[Iajuddin Ahmed]]<br />{{small|(1931–2012)}}{{efn|Simultaneously served as [[President of Bangladesh|President]].}}
| [[Iajuddin Ahmed]]<br />{{small|(1931–2012)}}{{efn|Simultaneously served as [[President of Bangladesh|President]].}}
| [[File:No image.png|60px]]<!-- DO NOT ADD A NON-FREE IMAGE FOR THIS PERSON - ONLY FREELY LICENCED IMAGES ARE ALLOWED FOR LISTS. SEE BP:NFLISTS -->
| [[File:No image.png|60px]]<!-- DO NOT ADD A NON-FREE IMAGE FOR THIS PERSON - ONLY FREELY LICENCED IMAGES ARE ALLOWED FOR LISTS. SEE WP:NFLISTS -->
| —
| —
| 29 October 2006
| 29 October 2006
Line 2,662: Line 2,825:
| [[Independent politician|Independent]]
| [[Independent politician|Independent]]
|- style="background:#c0c0c0;"
|- style="background:#c0c0c0;"
! style="background:{{Independent (politician)/meta/color}};" |
! style="background:{{party color|Independent (politician)}};" |
| [[Fazlul Haque (judge)|Fazlul Haque]]<br />{{small|(born 1938)}}{{efn|Acting Chief Adviser.}}
| [[Fazlul Haque (judge)|Fazlul Haque]]<br />{{small|(born 1938)}}{{efn|Acting Chief Adviser.}}
| [[File:No image.png|60px]]<!-- DO NOT ADD A NON-FREE IMAGE FOR THIS PERSON - ONLY FREELY LICENCED IMAGES ARE ALLOWED FOR LISTS. SEE BP:NFLISTS -->
| [[File:No image.png|60px]]<!-- DO NOT ADD A NON-FREE IMAGE FOR THIS PERSON - ONLY FREELY LICENCED IMAGES ARE ALLOWED FOR LISTS. SEE WP:NFLISTS -->
| —
| —
| 11 January 2007
| 11 January 2007
Line 2,671: Line 2,834:
| [[Independent politician|Independent]]
| [[Independent politician|Independent]]
|- style="background:#c0c0c0;"
|- style="background:#c0c0c0;"
! style="background:{{Independent (politician)/meta/color}};" |
! style="background:{{party color|Independent (politician)}};" |
| [[Fakhruddin Ahmed]]<br />{{small|(born 1940)}}
| [[Fakhruddin Ahmed]]<br />{{small|(born 1940)}}
| [[File:Fakhruddin Ahmed - WEF Annual Meeting Davos 2008.jpg|60px]]
| [[File:Fakhruddin Ahmed - WEF Annual Meeting Davos 2008.jpg|60px]]
Line 2,680: Line 2,843:
| [[Independent politician|Independent]]
| [[Independent politician|Independent]]
|-
|-
! style="background:{{Bangladesh Awami League/meta/color}};" |
! style="background:{{party color|Bangladesh Awami League}};" |
| [[Sheikh Hasina]]<br />{{small|(born 1947)}}
| [[Sheikh Hasina]]<br />{{small|(born 1947)}}
| [[File:Sheikh Hasina in New York - 2018 (44057292035) (cropped).jpg|60px]]
| [[File:Sheikh Hasina in New York - 2018 (44057292035) (cropped).jpg|60px]]
| [[2008 Bangladeshi general election|2008]]<br>[[2014 Bangladeshi general election|2014]]<br>[[2018 Bangladeshi general election|2018]]
| [[2008 Bangladeshi general election|2008]]<br />[[2014 Bangladeshi general election|2014]]<br />[[2018 Bangladeshi general election|2018]]
| 6 January 2009
| 6 January 2009
| ''Incumbent''
| ''Incumbent''
Line 2,700: Line 2,863:


== Sources ==
== Sources ==
* {{cite book |last1=Dasgupta |first1=Gautam Kumar |last2=Biswas |first2=Samira |last3=Mallik |first3=Rabiranjan |year=2009|title=Heritage Tourism: An Anthropological Journey to Bishnupur |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_0_o9Qj1LOEC&pg=PA18 |publisher=A Mittal Publication |page=21 |isbn=978-8183242943}}
* {{cite book |last1=Dasgupta |first1=Gautam Kumar |last2=Biswas |first2=Samira |last3=Mallik |first3=Rabiranjan |year=2009 |title=Heritage Tourism: An Anthropological Journey to Bishnupur |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_0_o9Qj1LOEC&pg=PA18 |publisher=A Mittal Publication |page=21 |isbn=978-8183242943}}
* {{cite book |last=Islam |first=Sirajul |year=2012 |chapter=Subahdar |editor1-last=Islam |editor1-first=Sirajul |editor1-link=Sirajul Islam |editor2-last=Jamal |editor2-first=Ahmed A. |title=Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh |edition=Second |publisher=[[Asiatic Society of Bangladesh]]}}
* {{cite Banglapedia |article=Subahdar}}
* {{cite book |editor-last=Barpujari |editor-first=H. K. |year=1990 |title=The Comprehensive History of Assam: From the Pre-historic Times to the Twelfth Century A.D. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-NZHAAAAMAAJ |volume=1 |location=Guwahati |publisher=Publication Board, Assam}}
* {{cite book |editor-last=Barpujari |editor-first=H. K. |year=1990 |title=The Comprehensive History of Assam: From the Pre-historic Times to the Twelfth Century A.D. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-NZHAAAAMAAJ |volume=1 |location=Guwahati |publisher=Publication Board, Assam}}


Line 2,710: Line 2,873:
[[Category:Lists of Indian monarchs|Bengal]]
[[Category:Lists of Indian monarchs|Bengal]]
[[Category:Rulers of Bengal|*]]
[[Category:Rulers of Bengal|*]]
[[Category:History of Bengal]]
[[Category:History of West Bengal]]
[[Category:History of Bangladesh]]
[[Category:History of Kolkata]]

Latest revision as of 22:58, 25 July 2023



Template:Bengalis This is a list of rulers of Bengal. For much of its history, Bengal was split up into several independent kingdoms, completely unifying only several times. In ancient times, Bengal consisted of the kingdoms of Pundra, Suhma, Vanga, Samatata and Harikela.

In the 4th century BCE, during the reign of the Nanda Empire, the powerful rulers of Gangaridai sent their forces with the war elephants which led the withdrawal of Alexander the Great from the Indian subcontinent.

As a province of the Mauryan Empire, much of Bengal was part of it except for the far eastern Bengali kingdoms which maintained friendly relationships with Ashoka. The kingdoms of Bengal continued to exist as tributary states before succumbing to the Guptas. With the fall of the Gupta Empire, Bengal was united under a single local ruler, King Shashanka, for the first time. With the collapse of his kingdom, Bengal split up into petty kingdoms once more.

With the rise of Gopala in 750 AD, Bengal was united once more under the Hindu Buddhist Pala Empire until the 12th century than being succeeded by the Hindu Chandra dynasty, Sena dynasty and deva dynasty. After them, Bengal was ruled by the Hindu Maharajas of kingdoms such as Chandradwip and Cooch Behar.

In the early 13th century, Muhammad bin Bakhtiyar Khalji conquered Western and part of Northern Bengal,[1] and established the first Muslim kingdom in Bengal.[2] The Islamic Mamluk Sultanate, the Khalji dynasty, the Turko-Indian Tughlaq dynasty, the Sayyid dynasty and the Lodi dynasty ruled Bengal for over 320 years.[3] Notable was Malik Altunia's reign with his wife Razia Sultana, the only female sovereign ruler.

Following Delhi Sultanate's reign, the Bengal Sultanate, a major trading nation in the world,[4] was founded by Shamsuddin Ilyas Shah, and ruled by the Ilyas Shahi dynasty, succeeded by the Hussain Shahi dynasty founded by Alauddin Husain Shah, which saw the extension of the sultanate to the port of Chittagong, witnessing the arrival of the earliest Portuguese merchants.

After being absorbed to the Bengal Subah by Babur in the 16th century during the defeat of Sultan Nasiruddin Nasrat Shah in the Battle of Ghaghra, Bengal became the most economically advanced region in the world,[5][6][7] and started to be ruled by the Subahdars of the Mughal Empire. Emperor Akbar began to preach the newly invented religion of Din-i Ilahi, which was declared by the Qadi of Bengal to be a blasphemy. Islam Khan I declared Dhaka as the capital of Bengal, which was then known as Jahangir Nagar, renamed after emperor Jahangir. The reign of prince Shah Shuja under emperor Shah Jahan's orders represented the height of Mughal architecture. During the period of proto-industrialization, when Bengal was ruled by emperor Aurangzeb's relatives such as Subedar Shaista Khan, Muhammad Azam Shah, and Azim-ush-Shan, the region was fully ruled through Fatwa Alamgiri, a hybrid body of Hanafi law based on sharia and was controversially described as the Paradise of the Nations.[8]

After the decline of the Mughal Empire, the Nawabs of Bengal and Murshidabad ruled over Bengal and Odisha. Nawab Alivardi Khan came victorious against the Maratha Empire in the Battle of Burdwan. Following the Battle of Plassey and the execution of Siraj ud-Daulah, the East India Company formally established control over Bengal, and the Bengal Presidency was established by Robert Clive, with the subdivision remaining the economic, cultural and educational hub of the Company and the Raj.

The position of the Prime Minister of Bengal was established in 1937, being held by A. K. Fazlul Huq and Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy. After the Indian independence movement and Partition of Bengal (1947), the West Bengal became a major state of the Republic of India, while the Muslim majority East Bengal became known as East Pakistan. In 1971 East Bengal became an independent nation, Bangladesh, following the Bangladesh Liberation War, governed by Sheikh Mujibur Rahman, Ziaur Rahman and Hussain Muhammad Ershad.

Ancient kingdoms of BengalEdit

Main article: Bengal
Ancient region Modern region
Pundravardhana Rajshahi Division and Rangpur Division in Bangladesh; Malda division of West Bengal in India
Vanga Khulna Division and Barisal Division in Bangladesh; Presidency division and Medinipur division of West Bengal in India
Tirabhukti Mithila area of India and Nepal
Suhma Burdwan division, Medinipur division and Presidency division of West Bengal in India
Rarh Location unclear; probable location in West Bengal of India
Samatata Dhaka Division, Barisal Division and Chittagong Division in Bangladesh
Harikela Sylhet Division, Chittagong Division, Dhaka Division and Barisal Division in Bangladesh
Pragjyotisa Karimganj district of Barak Valley region of Assam in India; Sylhet Division and Dhaka Division in Bangladesh
 
Ancient Political Divisions

Six kingdoms of Maharaja BaliEdit

The founders of Angas, Vangas, Kalingas, Pundras, Odras and Suhmas shared a common ancestry. They were all adopted sons of a king named Bali (Chandravanshi), born by a sage named Gautama Dirghatamas, who lived in Magadha close to the city of Girivraja.[9]

Anga kingdom (c. 1500–550 BCE)Edit

Main article: Anga

The earliest mention occurs in the Atharvaveda (V.22.14) where they are listed alongside the Magadhas, Gandharis and the Mujavatas, all apparently as a despised people. Puranic texts place the janapadas of the Angas, Kalingas, Vangas, Pundras (or Pundra Kingdom – now some part of Eastern Bihar, West Bengal and Bangladesh), Vidarbhas, and Vindhya-vasis in the Purva-Dakshina division.[10]

It was also a great center of trade and commerce and its merchants regularly sailed to distant Suwanabhumi. Anga was annexed by Magadha in the time of Bimbisara. This was the one and only conquest of Bimbisara [11]

Known Anga rulers are:

  • Maharaja Anga – (founder of the kingdom and son of King Vali)
  • Karna
  • Brihadratha
  • Vrishaketu – Son & 'Chief of the Angas'.
  • Samudrasena
  • Chandrasena
  • Tamralipta
  • Lomapada
  • Chitraratha
  • Vrihadratha
  • Vasuhoma
  • Dhatarattha (noted in the Mahabharata).
  • Dhadivahana (also noted in the Mahabharata).
  • Brahmadatta – Last king of Anga.

Vanga kingdom (c. 1500–550 BCE)Edit

Main article: Vanga

Vanga was an ancient kingdom and geopolitical division on the Ganges delta in the Indian subcontinent. The kingdom is one of the namesakes of the Bengal region.[12] It was located in southern Bengal, with the core region including present-day southwestern Bangladesh and southern West Bengal (India). The religious traditions of the kingdom afflicted with Hinduism.[13]

Known rulers of Vanga are: At (2:29) two rulers Samudrasena and Chadrasena were mentioned.

Pundra kingdom (c. 1500–550 BCE)Edit

Main article: Pundravardhana

Pundravardhana or Pundra Kingdom, was an ancient kingdom during the Iron Age period in South Asia with a territory that included parts of present-day Rajshahi and Rangpur Divisions of Bangladesh as well as the West Dinajpur district of West Bengal, India. The capital of the kingdom, then known as Pundranagara (Pundra city), was located at Mahasthangarh in Bogra District in northern Bangladesh.[14][15][16] Known rulers of Pundra are: Paundraka Vasudeva

Suhama kingdom (c. 1500–550 BCE)Edit

Main article: Suhma

Suhma Kingdom was an ancient state during the Vedic period on the eastern part of the Bengal.This kingdom was mentioned in the epic Mahabharata along with its neighbouring kingdom Prasuhma. Bhima vanquished in battle the Suhmas and the Prasuhmas.[17]

Tirabhukti kingdom (c. 1200–510 BCE)Edit

Main article: Tirabhukti

Tirabhukti region is bounded by the Mahananda River in the east, the Ganges in the south, the Gandaki River in the west and by the foothills of the Himalayas in the north.[18]

Gangaridai kingdom (c. 450–250 BCE)Edit

Main article: Gangaridai

Gangaridae is a term used by the ancient Greco-Roman writers to describe a people or a geographical region of the ancient Indian subcontinent. Some of these writers state that Alexander the Great withdrew from the Indian subcontinent because of the strong war elephant force of the Gangaridai. However, the geographical region was annexed and governed by the Nanda Empire at the time.

A number of modern scholars locate Gangaridai in the Ganges Delta of the Bengal region, although alternative theories also exist. Gange or Ganges, the capital of the Gangaridai (according to Ptolemy), has been identified with several sites in the region, including Chandraketugarh and Wari-Bateshwar.[19]

Samatata kingdom (c. 300 BCE–400 CE)Edit

Main article: Samatata

Samatata was an ancient kingdom of Bengal. The Greco-Roman account of Sounagoura is linked to the kingdom of Samatata. Its territory corresponded to much of present-day eastern Bangladesh and Myanmar (particularly Dhaka Division, Sylhet Division, Barisal Division, Rakhine State and Chittagong Division). The area covers the trans-Meghna part of the Bengal delta. Archaeological evidence in the Wari-Bateshwar ruins, particularly punch-marked coins, indicate that Samatata was a province of the Mauryan Empire. The Allahabad pillar inscriptions of the Indian emperor Samudragupta describe Samatata as a tributary state.

Harikela kingdom (c. 300 BCE–202 CE)Edit

Main article: Harikela

Harikela was a kingdom in Bengal encompassing much of the eastern regions. There are numerous references to the kingdom in historical texts of Hindu and Buddhist records as well as archeological artifacts including silver coinage.[20] Harikela kingdom overthrowed by Chandra dynasty.

Magadha dynasties of BengalEdit

Main article: Magadha
 
Expansion of Magadha dynesties and Empires

Brihadratha dynasty (c. 1700 – 682 BCE)Edit

Main article: Brihadratha dynasty
Rulers-
List of Brihadratha dynasty rulers
Ruler Reign (BCE)
Brihadratha - BCE
Jarasandha - BCE
Sahadeva of Magadha - BCE
Somadhi 1661–1603 BCE
Srutasravas 1603–1539 BCE
Ayutayus 1539–1503 BCE
Niramitra 1503–1463 BCE
Sukshatra 1463–1405 BCE
Brihatkarman 1405–1382 BCE
Senajit 1382–1332 BCE
Srutanjaya 1332–1292 BCE
Vipra 1292–1257 BCE
Suchi 1257–1199 BCE
Kshemya 1199–1171 BCE
Subrata 1171–1107 BCE
Dharma 1107–1043 BCE
Susuma 1043–970 BCE
Dridhasena 970–912 BCE
Sumati 912–879 BCE
Subala 879–857 BCE
Sunita 857–817 BCE
Satyajit 817–767 BCE
Viswajit 767–732 BCE
Ripunjaya 732–682 BCE

(Ripunjaya was the last ruler of dynasty, dethorned by Pradyota in 682 BCE)

Pradyota dynasty (c. 682 – 544 BCE)Edit

Main article: Pradyota dynasty
Rulers-
List of Pradyota dynasty Rulers
Ruler Reign (BCE) Period
Pradyota Mahasena 682–659 BCE 23
Palaka 659–635 BCE 24
Visakhayupa 635–585 BCE 50
Ajaka 585–564 BCE 21
Varttivarddhana 564–544 BCE 20

(Varttivarddhana was last ruler of dynasty dethroned by Bimbisara in 544 BCE)

Haryanka dynasty (c. 544 – 413 BCE)Edit

Main article: Haryanka dynasty
Rulers-
List of Haryanka dynasty rulers
Ruler Reign (BCE)
Bimbisara 544–491 BCE
Ajatashatru 491–461 BCE
Udayin 461–428 BCE
Anirudha 428–419 BCE
Munda 419–417 BCE
Darshaka 417–415 BCE
Nāgadāsaka 415–413 BCE

(Nāgadāsaka was last ruler of dynasty overthrowed by Shishunaga in 413 BCE)

Shishunaga dynasty (c. 413 – 345 BCE)Edit

Main article: Shaishunaga dynasty
Rulers-
List of Shishunga dynasty rulers
Ruler Reign (BCE)
Shishunaga 413–395 BCE
Kalashoka 395–377 BCE
Kshemadharman 377–365 BCE
Kshatraujas 365–355 BCE
Nandivardhana 355–349 BCE
Mahanandin 349–345 BCE

(Mahanandin lost his empire by his illegitimate son Mahapadma Nanda in 345 BCE)

Nanda Empire (c. 345 – 322 BCE)Edit

Main article: Nanda Empire
See also: Conquest of the Nanda Empire
Rulers-
List of Nanda dynasty rulers
Ruler Reign (BCE)
Mahapadma Nanda 345–340 BCE
Pandhukananda 340–339 BCE
Panghupatinanda 339–338 BCE
Bhutapalananda 338–337 BCE
Rashtrapalananada 337–336 BCE
Govishanakananda 336–335 BCE
Dashasidkhakananda 335–334 BCE
Kaivartananda 334–333 BCE
Karvinathanand 333–330 BCE
Dhana Nanda 330–322 BCE

(Dhana Nanda lost his empire to Chandragupta Maurya after being defeated by him in 322 BCE)

Maurya Empire (c. 322 – 184 BCE)Edit

Main article: Maurya Empire
Rulers-
Ruler Reign Notes
Chandragupta Maurya File:Chandragupta Maurya and Bhadrabahu.png 322–297 BCE Founder of first Indian united empire.
Bindusara Amitraghata   297–273 BCE Known for his foreign diplomacy and crushed of Vidarbh revolt.
Ashoka   268–232 BCE Greatest emperor of dynasty. His son Kunala was blinded and died before his father. Ashoka was succeeded by his grandson. Also known for Kalinga war victory.
Dasharatha Maurya   232–224 BCE Grandson of Ashoka.
Samprati 224–215 BCE Brother of Dasharatha.
Shalishuka   215–202 BCE
Devavarman 202–195 BCE
Shatadhanvan 195–187 BCE Mauryan Empire had shrunk by the time of his reign
Brihadratha 187–184 BCE Assassinated by his Commander-in-chief Pushyamitra Shunga in 185 BCE.

(Brihadratha was the last ruler of dynasty, dethroned by Pushyamitra Shunga in 185 BCE)

Shunga Empire (c. 185 – 73 BCE)Edit

Main article: Shunga Empire
Rulers-
List of Shunga dynasty rulers
Ruler Reign (BCE)
Pushyamitra Shunga 185–149 BCE
Agnimitra 149–141 BCE
Vasujyeshtha 141–131 BCE
Vasumitra 131–124 BCE
Bhadraka 124–122 BCE
Pulindaka 122–119 BCE
Ghosha 119–108 BCE
Vajramitra 108–94 BCE
Bhagabhadra 94–83 BCE
Devabhuti 83–73 BCE

(Devabhuti was the last ruler of dynasty dethroned by, dethroned Vasudeva Kanva in 73 BCE)

Kanva dynasty (c. 73 – 28 BCE)Edit

Main article: Kanva dynasty
Rulers-
List of Kanava dynasty rulers
Ruler Reign Period
Vasudeva Kanva 73–64 BCE 9
Bhumimitra 64–50 BCE 14
Narayana 50–38 BCE 12
Susarman 38–28 BCE 10

(Susarman was the last ruler of dynasty, dethroned by Simuka of Satavahana Empire)

Classical EraEdit

Main article: Bengal

Chandra Kingdom (c. 202–1050 CE)Edit

Main articles: Chandra dynasty and Harikela

The Chandra Kingdom was a Kayastha kingdom, originating from the Indian subcontinent, which ruled the Samatata region of Bengal, as well as northern Arakan. Later it was a neighbor to the Pala Empire to the north. Rulers of Chandra kingdom were followers of Hinduism.

List of Chandra dynasty Rulers
# King Period Reign (CE)
1 Chandrodaya 27 202-229
2 Annaveta 5 229-234
3 ?? 77 234-311
4 Rimbhiappa 23 311-334
5 Kuverami (Queen) 7 334-341
6 Umavira (Queen) 20 341-361
7 Jugna 7 361-368
8 Lanki 2 368-370
9 Dvenchandra 55 370-425
10 Rajachandra 20 425-445
11 Kalachandra 9 445-454
12 Devachandra 22 454-476
13 Yajnachandra 7 476-483
14 Chandrabandu 6 483-489
15 Bhumichandra 7 489-496
16 Bhutichandra 24 496-520
17 Nitichandra (Queen) 55 520-575
18 Virachandra 3 575-578
19 Pritichandra (Queen) 12 578-90
20 Prithvichandra 7 590-597
21 Dhirtichandra 3 597-600
22 Mahavira 12 600-12
23 Virayajap 12 612-24
24 Sevinren 12 624-36
25 Dharmasura 13 636-49
26 Vajrashakti 16 649-65
27 Dharmavijaya 36 665-701
28 Narendravijaya 2 yr 9 months 701-703
29 Dharmachandra 16 703-720
30 Anandachandra 9+ 720-729+
Harikela Dynasty
1 Traillokyachandra 30 900–930
2 Srichandra 45 930–975
3 Kalyanachandra 25 975–1000
4 Ladahachandra 20 1000–1020
5 Govindachandra 30 1020–1050

[21][22]

Gupta Empire (c. 240–550 CE)Edit

Main article: Gupta Empire

Jaintia Kingdom (c. 515–1835 CE)Edit

Main article: Jaintia Kingdom

Old dynastyEdit

  1. Urmi Rani (?-550)
  2. Krishak Pator (550-570)
  3. Hatak (570-600)
  4. Guhak (600-630)

Partitioned JaintiaEdit

  1. Jayanta (630-660)
  2. Joymalla (660-?)
  3. Mahabal (?)
  4. Bancharu (?-1100)
  5. Kamadeva (1100-1120)
  6. Bhimbal (1120)

Brahmin dynastyEdit

  1. Kedareshwar Rai (1120-1130)
  2. Dhaneshwar Rai (1130-1150)
  3. Kandarpa Rai (1150-1170)
  4. Manik Rai (1170-1193)
  5. Jayanta Rai (1193-1210)
  6. Jayanti Devi
  7. Bara Gossain

New dynastyEdit

  1. Prabhat Ray Syiem Sutnga (1500–1516)
  2. Majha Gosain Syiem Sutnga (1516–1532)
  3. Burha Parbat Ray Syiem Sutnga (1532–1548)
  4. Bar Gosain Syiem Sutnga I (1548–1564)
  5. Bijay Manik Syiem Sutnga (1564–1580)
  6. Pratap Ray Syiem Sutnga (1580–1596)
  7. Dhan Manik Syiem Sutnga (1596–1612)
  8. Jasa Manik Syiem Sutnga (1612–1625)
  9. Sundar Ray Syiem Sutnga (1625–1636)
  10. Chota Parbat Ray Syiem Sutnga (1636–1647)
  11. Jasamanta Ray Syiem Sutnga (1647–1660)
  12. Ban Singh Syiem Sutnga (1660–1669)
  13. Pratap Singh Syiem Sutnga (1669–1678)
  14. Lakshmi Narayan Syiem Sutnga (1678–1694)
  15. Ram Singh Syiem Sutnga I (1694–1708)
  16. Jay Narayan Syiem Sutnga (1708–1731)
  17. Bar Gosain Syiem Sutnga II (1731–1770)
  18. Chattra Singh Syiem Sutnga (1770–1780)
  19. Yatra Narayan Syiem Sutnga (1780-1785)
  20. Bijay Narayan Syiem Sutnga (1785–1786)
  21. Lakshmi Singh Syiem Sutnga (1786-1790)
  22. Ram Singh Syiem Sutnga II (1790–1832)
  23. Rajendra Singh Syiem Sutnga (1832–1835)[23][24]

Gauda Kingdom (c. 550–626 CE)Edit

Main article: Gauda Kingdom
  • Shashanka (590–625), first recorded independent king of Bengal, created the first unified political entity in Bengal
  • Manava (625–626), ruled for 8 months before being conquered by Harshavardana and Bhaskarvarmana

Pushyabhuti dynasty (c. 606–647 CE)Edit

Main article: Pushyabhuti dynasty
  • Harshavardhana (606–647), unified Northern India and ruled it for over 40 years, he was the last non-Muslim emperor to rule a unified Northern India

Khadga dynasty (c. 625–730 CE)Edit

Main article: Khadga dynasty
Titular Name Reign Notes
Khadgodyama (খড়্গদ্যোম) 625-640 Father of Jatakhadga
Jatakhadga (জাতখড়্গ) 640-658 Father of Devakhadga
Devakhadga (দেবখড়্গ) 658-673 Queen Prabhavati (প্রভাবতী)
Rajabhatta (রাজভট্ট) 673-707 Son of Devakhadga
Balabhata (বলভট্ট) 707-716 Son of Devakhadga
Udirnakhadga (উদীর্ণখড়্গ) ??

Bhadra dynasty (6th–7th century)Edit

Main article: Bhadra dynasty

The Bhadra dynasty was a South Asian royal house of Brahmin origin, their rule flourished during the first half of the 7th century, though little is known about their history. The kings of the dynasty bore names with the suffix "Bhadra".

List of rulersEdit

  • Narayanabhadra
  • Jyeshthabhadra

A princess of Bhadra dynasty, Deddadevi was married to the first Pala Emperor Gopala I. She was the mother of Emperor Dharmapala.

Mallabhum Kingdom (c. 694–1947 CE)Edit

Main article: Mallabhum
Name of the king[25][26] Reign Notes
Adi Malla 694–710
Jay Malla 710–720
Benu Malla 720–733
Kinu Malla 733–742
Indra Malla 742–757
Kanu Malla 757–764
Dha (Jhau) Malla 764–775
Shur Malla 775–795
Kanak Malla 795–807
Kandarpa Malla 807–828
Sanatan Malla 828–841
Kharga Malla 841–862
Durjan (Durjay) Malla 862–906
Yadav Malla 906–919
Jagannath Malla 919–931
Birat Malla 931–946
Mahadev Malla 946–977
Durgadas Malla 977–994
Jagat Malla 994–1007
Ananta Malla 1007–1015
Rup Malla 1015=1029
Sundar Malla 1029–1053
Kumud Malla 1053–1074
Krishna Malla 1074–1084
Rup II (Jhap) Malla 1084–1097
Prakash Malla 1097–1102
Pratap Malla 1102–1113
Sindur Malla 1113–1129
Sukhomoy(Shuk) Malla 1129–1142
Banamali Malla 1142–1156
Yadu/Jadu Malla 1156–1167
Jiban Malla 1167–1185
Ram Malla 1185=1209
Gobinda Malla 1209–1240
Bhim Malla 1240–1263
Katar(Khattar) Malla 1263–1295
Prithwi Malla 1295 -1319
Tapa Malla 1319–1334
Dinabandhu Malla 1334–1345
Kinu/Kanu II Malla 1345–1358
Shur Malla II 1358–1370
Shiv Singh Malla 1370–1407
Madan Malla 1407–1420
Durjan II (Durjay) Malla 1420–1437
Uday Malla 1437–1460
Chandra Malla 1460–1501
Bir Malla 1501–1554
Dhari Malla 1554–1565
Hambir Malla Dev (Bir Hambir) 1565–1620
Dhari Hambir Malla Dev 1620–1626
Raghunath Singha Dev 1626–1656
Bir Singha Dev 1656–1682
Durjan Singha Dev 1682–1702
Raghunath Singha Dev II 1702–1712
Gopal Singha Dev 1712–1748
Chaitanya Singha Dev 1748–1801
Madhav Singha Dev 1801–1809
Gopal Singha Dev II 1809–1876
Ramkrishna Singha Dev 1876–1885
Dwhaja Moni Devi 1885–1889
Nilmoni Singha Dev 1889–1903
Churamoni Devi (Regency) 1903–1930
Kalipada Singha Thakur 1930–1947

Post-Classical eraEdit

Pala Empire (750–1161 CE)Edit

Main article: Pala Empire

Most of the Pala inscriptions mention only the regnal year as the date of issue, without any well-known calendar era. Because of this, the chronology of the Pala kings is hard to determine.[27] Based on their different interpretations of the various epigraphs and historical records, different historians estimate the Pala chronology as follows:[28]

RC Majumdar (1971)[29] AM Chowdhury (1967)[30] BP Sinha (1977)[31][failed verification] DC Sircar (1975–76)[32] D. K. Ganguly (1994)[27]
Gopala I 750–770 756–781 755–783 750–775 750–774
Dharmapala 770–810 781–821 783–820 775–812 774–806
Devapala 810–c. 850 821–861 820–860 812–850 806–845
Mahendrapala NA (Mahendrapala's existence was conclusively established through a copper-plate charter discovered later.) 845–860
Shurapala I Deemed to be alternate name of Vigrahapala I 850–858 860–872
Gopala II NA (copper-plate charter discovered in 1995. Text of inscription published in 2009.)
Vigrahapala I 850–853 861–866 860–865 858–60 872–873
Narayanapala 854–908 866–920 865–920 860–917 873–927
Rajyapala 908–940 920–952 920–952 917–952 927–959
Gopala III 940–957 952–969 952–967 952–972 959–976
Vigrahapala II 960–c. 986 969–995 967–980 972–977 976–977
Mahipala I 988–c. 1036 995–1043 980–1035 977–1027 977–1027
Nayapala 1038–1053 1043–1058 1035–1050 1027–1043 1027–1043
Vigrahapala III 1054–1072 1058–1075 1050–1076 1043–1070 1043–1070
Mahipala II 1072–1075 1075–1080 1076–1078/9 1070–1071 1070–1071
Shurapala II 1075–1077 1080–1082 1071–1072 1071–1072
Ramapala 1077–1130 1082–1124 1078/9–1132 1072–1126 1072–1126
Kumarapala 1130–1140 1124–1129 1132–1136 1126–1128 1126–1128
Gopala IV 1140–1144 1129–1143 1136–1144 1128–1143 1128–1143
Madanapala 1144–1162 1143–1162 1144–1161/62 1143–1161 1143–1161
Govindapala 1158–1162 NA 1162–1176 or 1158–1162 1161–1165 1161–1165
Palapala NA NA NA 1165–1199 1165–1200

Note:[28]

  • Earlier historians believed that Vigrahapala I and Shurapala I were the two names of the same person. Now, it is known that these two were cousins; they either ruled simultaneously (perhaps over different territories) or in rapid succession.
  • AM Chowdhury rejects Govindapala and his successor Palapala as the members of the imperial Pala dynasty.
  • According to BP Sinha, the Gaya inscription can be read as either the "14th year of Govindapala's reign" or "14th year after Govindapala's reign". Thus, two sets of dates are possible.
  • D.K. Ganguly mentions another ruler named Indradumnyapala, who is solely known from local tradition. There is no source of his existence yet.[33]
  • A king, Bhimapala also finds a mention in the Sabdapradipa. Rajat Sanyal argues that if Govindapala and Palapala are indeed accepted as Pala kings, Bhimapala also should be, provided that he was chronologically close to Ramapala according to the wording of the text. However, both need more historical evidence.[34]
  • A king named Gomindrapala finds mention in a manuscript, dated his fourth regnal year. R.C. Majumdar identifies him with Govindapala, while S.K. Saraswati suggests he is a later Pala king.[33]

Chola dynasty (ruled part of southwestern Bengal from 1019-24 CE)Edit

Main article: Chola Dynasty

Sena dynastyEdit

Sena dynasty ruled southwestern Bengal from 1070. Vijaya Sena conquered Bengal by 1154. The dynasty ruled East Bengal until 1230.

Main article: Sena dynasty

Deva dynasty (1150–1281)Edit

Main article: Deva dynasty

Delhi Sultanate eraEdit

The Khalji dynasty of Bengal (c.1203–27) were at times independent, and at times subordinate to the Delhi Sultanate.

Name Reign Notes
Khalji rulers of Bengal (1203–1227)
Muhammad bin Bakhtiyar Khalji c.1203–1206 Began the Khalji dynasty in Bengal
Muhammad Shiran Khalji 1206–1208
Husamuddin Iwaz Khalji 1208–1210
Ali Mardan Khalji 1210–1212
Ghiyasuddin Iwaz Shah 1212–1227 Second term, killed for gaining independence from Sultan of Delhi Iltutmish
Governors of Bengal under Mamluk dynasty (1227–1229)
Nasiruddin Mahmud 1227–1229 Not from the Khalji tribe, appointed by his father Iltutmish
Khalji rulers of Bengal (1229–1231)
Alauddin Daulat Shah Khalji 1229–1230[35]
Balka Khalji 1230–1231 Last Khalji ruler
Governors of Bengal under Mamluk dynasty (1231–1287)
Alauddin Jani 1232–1233
Saifuddin Aibak 1233–1236
Awar Khan Aibak 1236 Usurper
Tughral Tughan Khan 1236–1246 Restored Mamluk governor
Tughlaq Tamar Khan 1246–1247
Jalaluddin Masud Jani 1247–1251
Malik Ikhtiyaruddin Iuzbak 1251–1257 Claimed independence.
Ijjauddin Balban Iuzbaki 1257–1259
Tatar Khan 1259–1268 Claimed independence.
Sher Khan 1268–1272
Amin Khan 1272–1272
Tughral Tughan Khan 1272–1281 Second term as Mughisuddin Tughral
Nasiruddin Bughra Khan 1281–1287 Governor of Lakhnauti
Independent Balban dynasty of Lakhnauti (1287–1324)
Nasiruddin Bughra Khan 1287–1291 Declared independence
Rukunuddin Kaikaus 1291–1300 First Muslim ruler to conquer Satgaon kingdom, expanding Lakhnauti.
Shamsuddin Firoz Shah 1300–1322 First Muslim ruler to conquer Sonargaon, Mymensingh and Srihatta. Completed Kaikaus' Conquest of Satgaon.
Ghiyasuddin Bahadur Shah 1322–1324 Lost independence of Bengal to Delhi Sultan Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq.

Governors of Bengal under Tughlaq dynasty (1324–1338)Edit

Name Region Reign Notes
Ghiyasuddin Bahadur Shah Sonargaon 1324–1328 Appointed as governor by Sultan of Delhi Muhammad bin Tughluq, but later declared independence
Bahram Khan Sonargaon 1328–1338
Qadar Khan Lakhnauti 1328–1336
Mukhlis Lakhnauti 1336–1339
Azam Khan Satgaon 1324–1328
Izzuddin Yahya Satgaon 1328–1338

Bengal Sultanate eraEdit

Independent Sultans of Bengal during Tughlaq dynasty (1338–1352)Edit

Name Region Reign Notes
Fakhruddin Mubarak Shah Sonargaon 1338–1349 First independent ruler of Sonargaon
Ikhtiyaruddin Ghazi Shah Sonargaon 1349–1352
Ilyas Shah Satgaon 1339–1342
Alauddin Ali Shah Lakhnauti 1339–1342
Ilyas Shah Lakhnauti and Satgaon 1342–1352

Ilyas Shahi dynasty (1352–1414)Edit

Main article: Ilyas Shahi dynasty
Name Reign Notes
Shamsuddin Ilyas Shah 1352–1358 Became the first sole ruler of whole Bengal comprising Sonargaon, Satgaon and Lakhnauti.
Sikandar Shah 1358–1390 Killed in battle with his son and successor, Ghiyasuddin Azam Shah
Ghiyasuddin Azam Shah 1390–1411
Saifuddin Hamza Shah 1411–1412
Shihabuddin Bayazid Shah 1412–1414

House of Raja Ganesha (1414–1435)Edit

Name Reign Notes
Raja Ganesha 1414–1415
Jalaluddin Muhammad Shah 1415–1416 Son of Raja Ganesha and converted into Islam
Raja Ganesha 1416–1418 Second Phase
Jalaluddin Muhammad Shah 1418–1433 Second Phase
Shamsuddin Ahmad Shah 1433–1435

Restored Ilyas Shahi dynasty (1435–1487)Edit

Name Reign Notes
Nasiruddin Mahmud Shah 1435–1459
Rukunuddin Barbak Shah 1459–1474 Son of Mahmud Shah
Shamsuddin Yusuf Shah 1474–1481 Son of Barbak Shah
Nuruddin Sikandar Shah 1481 Son of Mahmud Shah
Jalaluddin Fateh Shah 1481–1487 Son of Mahmud Shah

Habshi rule (1487–1494)Edit

Name Reign Notes
Shahzada Barbak 1487
Saifuddin Firuz Shah 1487–1489
Mahmud Shah II 1489–1490
Shamsuddin Muzaffar Shah 1490–1494

Hussain Shahi dynasty (1494–1538)Edit

Name Reign Notes
Alauddin Hussain Shah 1494–1518 considered greatest of all sultans of Bengal for bringing cultural renaissance during his reign.
Nasiruddin Nasrat Shah 1518–1533
Alauddin Firuz Shah 1533
Ghiyasuddin Mahmud Shah 1533–1538

Governors of Bengal under Sur Empire (1532–1556)Edit

Name Reign Notes
Sher Shah Suri 1532–1538 Defeated Mughals and became the ruler of Delhi in 1540.
Khidr Khan 1538–1541
Qazi Fazilat 1541–1545
Muhammad Khan Sur 1545–1554
Shahbaz Khan 1555

Muhammad Shah dynasty (1554–1564)Edit

Name Reign Notes
Muhammad Khan Sur 1554–1555 Declared independence and styled himself as Shamsuddin Muhammad Shah
Khizr Khan Suri 1555–1561
Ghiyasuddin Jalal Shah 1561–1563
Ghiyasuddin Bahadur Shah III 1563–1564[36]

Karrani dynasty (1564–1576)Edit

Name Reign Notes
Taj Khan Karrani 1564–1566
Sulaiman Khan Karrani 1566–1572
Bayazid Khan Karrani 1572
Daud Khan Karrani 1572–1576

Mughal Subahdars of Bengal Subah (1574–1717)Edit

During the reign of AkbarEdit

Name Reign Notes
Munim Khan 1574–1575 Khan-i-Khanan
Hussain Quli Khan 1575–1578
Muzaffar Khan Turbati 1579–1580
Mirza Aziz Koka 1582–1583
Wazir Khan Tajik 1583–1583
Shahbaz Khan Kamboh 1583–1585
Sadiq Khan 1585–1586
Shahbaz Khan Kamboh 1586–1587
Sa'id Khan 1587–1594
Raja Man Singh I 1597 – 1606

During the reign of JahangirEdit

Name Reign Notes
Qutubuddin Koka 2 Sep 1606 – 1607 killed in a battle against Sher Afghan. (Local history of Burdwan, West Bengal, India says that Qutub-ud-din Kokah died in a battle against Ali Quli Istajlu alias Sher Afgan in 1610 CE. The tomb where both of them were buried is presently under the surveillance of Archaeological Survey of India.)
Jahangir Quli Beg 1607–1608 In early life, a slave of Akbar's brother, Mirza Muhammad Hakim
Islam Khan Chishti 1608–1613 first governor to transfer the Bengal capital to Dhaka in April 1612
Qasim Khan Chishti 1613–1617 younger brother of Islam Khan Chishti
Ibrahim Khan Fath-i-Jang 1617–1624 died in an attack by Prince Shahjahan
Darab Khan 1624–1625 while Shahjahan occupied Bengal. Killed by Mahabbat Khan.[37]
Mahabat Khan 1625–1626
Mukarram Khan 1626–1627
Fidai Khan 1627–1628

During the reign of Shah JahanEdit

Name Reign Notes
Qasim Khan Juvayni 1628–1632
Mir Muhammad Baqir 1632–1635 Known as Azam Khan
Mir Abdus Salam 1635–1639 Known as Islam Khan Mashadi
Prince Shah Shuja 1639–1647 again 1652–1660

During the reign of AurangzebEdit

Name Reign Notes
Mir Jumla II 1660–1663
Shaista Khan 1664–1678
Azam Khan Koka 1678–1678 Known as Fidai Khan II
Prince Muhammad Azam 20 July 1678 – 6 October 1679[38]
Shaista Khan 1680–1688
Ibrahim Khan II 1689–1697
Prince Azim-us-Shan 1697–1712

Medieval Hindu dynasties of BengalEdit

See also: List of Hindu empires and dynasties

Koch dynasty (c. 1515 – 1949 CE)Edit

Main article: Koch dynasty

Rulers of undivided Koch dynasty (c. 1515 – 1586 CE)Edit

Rulers of Koch Bihar (c. 1586 – 1949)Edit

Further information: Cooch Behar State

Kingdom of Bhurshut (c. 16th–18th century)Edit

Main article: Bhurshut

Nadia dynastyEdit

Main article: Nadia Raj

Kingdom of ChandradwipEdit

Many illustrious Maharajas ruled much of East Bengal and the Sundarbans and conquered Jessore. Their surname was Basu – they came to Bengal during the Sena dynasty to conquer the Palas and take over from them.

Maharajas of Jessore regionEdit

Known rulers are-

Maharaja of Lower Bengal regionEdit

Known rulers are

Maharaja of Bhawal regionEdit

Main article: Bhawal Estate

Rulers of Gazipur and Madhupur forest are in central Bangladesh.

Nawabs of BengalEdit

Independent Nawabs of Bengal (1717–1757 CE)Edit

Portrait Titular Name Personal Name Birth Reign Death
Nasiri Dynasty
  Ala ud-Daula Murshid Quli Jafar Khan 1665 1717– 1727 30 June 1727
  Mirza Asadullah Sarfaraz Khan Bahadur ? 1727–1727 April 1740
  Shuja ud-Daula Shuja-ud-Din Muhammad Khan 1670 July 1727 – 26 August 1739 26 August 1739
  Mirza Asadullah Sarfaraz Khan Bahadur ? 13 March 1739 – April 1740 April 1740
Afshar Dynasty
  Husam ud-Daula Muhammad Alivardi Khan Bahadur 10 May 1671 29 April 1740 – 16 April 1756 16 April 1756
  Siraj ud-Daulah Mîrzâ Muhammad Sirâj-ud-Daulah 1733 April 1756 – 2 June 1757 June 1757

Nawabs of Bengal under East India Company (1757–1838 CE)Edit

Portrait Titular Name Personal Name Birth Reign Death
Najafi Dynasty
  Ja'afar 'Ali Khan Bahadur Mir Muhammed Jafar Ali Khan 1691 June 1757 – October 1760 17 January 1765
  Itimad ud-Daulah Mir Kasim Ali Khan Bahadur ? 1760–1763 1777
  Ja'afar 'Ali Khan Bahadur Mir Muhammed Jafar Ali Khan 1691 25 July 1763 – 17 January 1765 17 January 1765
  Nazam-ud-Daulah Najimuddin Ali Khan 1750 5 February 1765 – 8 May 1766 8 May 1766
  Saif ud-Daulah Najabut Ali Khan 1749 22 May 1766 – 10 March 1770 10 March 1770
  Ashraf Ali Khan Before 1759 10 March 1770 – 24 March 1770 24 March 1770
  Mubarak ud-Daulah Mubarak Ali Khan 1759 21 March 1770 – 6 September 1793 6 September 1793
  Azud ud-Daulah Babar Ali Khan Bahadur ? 1793 – 28 April 1810 28 April 1810
  Ali Jah Zain-ud-Din Ali Khan ? 5 June 1810 – 6 August 1821 6 August 1821
  Walla Jah Ahmad Ali Khan ? 1810 – 30 October 1824 30 October 1824
  Humayun Jah Mubarak Ali Khan II 29 September 1810 1824 – 3 October 1838 3 October 1838
  Feradun Jah Mansur Ali Khan 29 October 1830 29 October 1838 –1881 (abdicated) 5 November 1884

Nawabs of MurshidabadEdit

Picture Titular Name Personal Name Birth Reign Death
Najafi Dynasty
  Ali Kadir Syed Hassan Ali Mirza Khan Bahadur 25 August 1846 17 February 1882 – 25 December 1906 25 December 1906[40]
  Amir ul-Omrah Syed Wasif Ali Mirza Khan Bahadur 7 January 1875 December 1906 – 23 October 1959 23 October 1959[41]
  Raes ud-Daulah Syed Waris Ali Mirza Khan Bahadur 14 November 1901 23 October 1959 – 20 November 1969 20 November 1969[42]
N/A N/A Disputed/In abeyance[43][44] N/A 20 November 1969 – 13 August 2014 N/A
  N/A Syed Mohammed Abbas Ali Mirza Khan Bahadur Circa 1942 13 August 2014 – Incumbent (titular)[43][44] N/A

East India Company governors in BengalEdit

Governors of British East India Company in Bengal (1757–1793)Edit

As per the treaty of Allahabad in 1765, the British East India Company (BEIC) was given the right to collect revenue (Diwani right). From 1769, the company collected revenue from Bengal.

Governors-General of British East India Company in Bengal – Dual government (1773–1774)Edit

Following the Regulating Act of 1773, the Governor of Bengal was officially called Governor-General of Fort William.

Governors-General of British East India Company in Bengal (1793–1854)Edit

In 1793, the British East India Company abolished Nizamat, i.e. local rule by Mughal emperor- appointed Nawabs and annexed Bengal.

Governor-Generals of British East India Company (1833–1858)Edit

As per Charter Act of 1833, the Governor-General of Bengal would be called Governor-General of India

British Raj eraEdit

 
1855 British Bengal missions
 
1880 British Bengal province

With the establishment of the Empire of India in 1858, the position of Governor-General was replaced with Governor-General and Viceroy of India. Calcutta, the capital of Bengal also became the capital of India. As a result, the position of Lieutenant-Governor of Bengal was established to look after provincial matters.

Lieutenant-Governors (1858–1912)Edit

Governors (1912–1947)Edit

In late 1911, the Indian Government decided to move the capital to New Delhi. As a result, the Governorship of Bengal Presidency was now necessary.

Name Took office Left office
Thomas Gibson-Carmichael, 1st Baron Carmichael 1912 1917
Lawrence Dundas, Earl of Ronaldshay 1917 1922
Victor Bulwer-Lytton, 2nd Earl of Lytton 1922 1927
Sir Stanley Jackson 1927 1932
Sir John Anderson 1932 1937
Michael Knatchbull, 5th Baron Brabourne 1937 1938
Sir John Arthur Herbert 1939 1943
Richard Casey 1944 1946
Sir Frederick Burrows 1946 1947

Prime Minister of Bengal (1937–1947)Edit

Main article: Prime Minister of Bengal

The Government of India Act 1935 introduced provincial autonomy in India and the position of Chief Minister or Premier of Bengal became very prominent.

Office holdersEdit

 
Writer's Building in Kolkata, the former seat of the Government of undivided Bengal
 
The mausoleum of Huq, Nazimuddin and Suhrawardy in Dhaka
No Name Image Term(s)[45] Party Governor Viceroy
1 Sher-e-Bangla
A. K. Fazlul Huq		   1 April 1937 – 1 December 1941
12 December 1941 – 29 March 1943		 Krishak Praja Party Sir John Arthur Herbert The Marquess of Linlithgow
2 Sir Khawaja Nazimuddin   29 April 1943 – 31 March 1945 Bengal Provincial Muslim League Sir John Arthur Herbert (−1944)
Sir Richard Casey (1944–)		 The Marquess of Linlithgow
The Viscount Wavell
3 H. S. Suhrawardy 23 April 1946 – 14 August 1947 Bengal Provincial Muslim League Sir Richard Casey (−1946)
Sir Frederick Burrows		 The Viscount Wavell
Earl Mountbatten

Subsequently, all three Bengali chief ministers moved to East Pakistan, where they continued to be influential statesmen. Nazimuddin and Suhrawardy became Prime Ministers of Pakistan, while Huq served as the Chief Minister and Governor of East Pakistan.

After Independence of India and PakistanEdit

British colonial period ended when India and Pakistan became independent nations in 1947. Bengal fell into two parts – one in India, named West Bengal and the other part in Pakistan as East Bengal, later renamed to East Pakistan in 1955.

Pakistani (East) Bengal (1947–1971)Edit

Governors of East Bengal (1947–1955)Edit

Tenure Governor of East Bengal[citation needed]
15 August 1947 – 31 March 1950 Sir Frederick Chalmers Bourne
31 March 1950 – 31 March 1953 Sir Feroz Khan Noon
31 March 1953 – 29 May 1954 Chaudhry Khaliquzzaman
29 May 1954 – May 1955 Iskandar Ali Mirza
May 1955 – June 1955 Muhammad Shahabuddin (acting)
June 1955 – 14 October 1955 Amiruddin Ahmad

Chief Minister of East Bengal (1947–1955)Edit

Tenure Chief Minister of East Bengal Political Party
August 1947 – September 1948 Sir Khwaja Nazimuddin Muslim League
September 1948 – April 1954 Nurul Amin Muslim League
April 1954 – 1955 Abul Kasem Fazlul Huq United Front

Governors of East Pakistan (1955–1971)Edit

In late 1954, the prime minister Muhammad Ali Bogra initiated the One Unit policy which resulted in East Bengal province being renamed to East Pakistan.

Tenure Governor of East Pakistan[citation needed] Political Affiliation
14 October 1955 – March 1956 Amiruddin Ahmad Muslim League
March 1956 – 13 April 1958 A. K. Fazlul Huq Muslim League
13 April 1958 – 3 May 1958 Hamid Ali (acting) Awami League
3 May 1958 – 10 October 1958 Sultanuddin Ahmad Awami League
10 October 1958 – 11 April 1960 Zakir Husain Muslim League
11 April 1960 – 11 May 1962 Lieutenant-General Azam Khan, PA Military Administration
11 May 1962 – 25 October 1962 Ghulam Faruque Independent
25 October 1962 – 23 March 1969 Abdul Monem Khan Civil Administration
23 March 1969 – 25 March 1969 Mirza Nurul Huda Civil Administration
25 March 1969 – 23 August 1969 Major-General Muzaffaruddin,[46] PA Military Administration
23 August 1969 – 1 September 1969 Lieutenant-General Sahabzada Yaqub Khan, PA Military Administration
1 September 1969 – 7 March 1971 Vice-Admiral Syed Mohammad Ahsan, PN Military Administration
7 March 1971 – 6 April 1971 Lieutenant-General Sahabzada Yaqub Khan, PA Military Administration
6 April 1971 – 31 August 1971 Lieutenant-General Tikka Khan, PA Military Administration
31 August 1971 – 14 December 1971 Abdul Motaleb Malik Independent
14 December 1971 – 16 December 1971 Lieutenant-General Amir Abdullah Khan Niazi, PA Military Administration

Chief Minister of East Pakistan (1955–1971)Edit

Tenure Chief Minister of East Pakistan Political Party
August 1955 – September 1956 Abu Hussain Sarkar Krishan Sramik Party
September 1956 – March 1958 Ataur Rahman Khan Awami League
March 1958 Abu Hussain Sarkar Krishan Sramik Party
March 1958 – 18 June 1958 Ataur Rahman Khan Awami League
18 June 1958 – 22 June 1958 Abu Hussain Sarkar Krishan Sramik Party
22 June 1958 – 25 August 1958 Governor's Rule
25 August 1958 – 7 October 1958 Ataur Rahman Khan Awami League

On 7 October 1958, the post of Chief Minister of East Pakistan was abolished. And after the independence of Bangladesh on 16 December 1971, the Province of East Pakistan was dissolved.

Indian (West) Bengal (1947–present)Edit

Governors of West BengalEdit

Sl. No. Name Took office Left office
1 Chakravarthi Rajagopalachari 15 August 1947 21 June 1948
2 Kailash Nath Katju 21 June 1948 1 November 1951
3 Harendra Coomar Mookerjee 1 November 1951 8 August 1956
4 Phani Bhusan Chakravartti 8 August 1956 3 November 1956
5 Padmaja Naidu 3 November 1956 1 June 1967
6 Dharma Vira 1 June 1967 1 April 1969
7 Deep Narayan Sinha (acting) 1 April 1969 19 September 1969
8 Shanti Swaroop Dhavan 19 September 1969 21 August 1971
9 Anthony Lancelot Dias 21 August 1971 6 November 1979
10 Tribhuvana Narayana Singh 6 November 1979 12 September 1981
11 Bhairab Dutt Pande 12 September 1981 10 October 1983
12 Anant Prasad Sharma 10 October 1983 16 August 1984
13 Satish Chandra (acting) 16 August 1984 1 October 1984
14 Uma Shankar Dikshit 1 October 1984 12 August 1986
15 Saiyid Nurul Hasan 12 August 1986 20 March 1989
16 T. V. Rajeswar 20 March 1989 7 February 1990
(15) Saiyid Nurul Hasan 7 February 1990 12 July 1993
17 B. Satyanarayan Reddy (additional charge) 13 July 1993 14 August 1993
18 K. V. Raghunatha Reddy 14 August 1993 27 April 1998
19 Akhlaqur Rahman Kidwai 27 April 1998 18 May 1999
20 Shyamal Kumar Sen 18 May 1999 4 December 1999
21 Viren J. Shah 4 December 1999 14 December 2004
22 Gopalkrishna Gandhi 14 December 2004 14 December 2009
23 Devanand Konwar (additional charge) 14 December 2009 23 January 2010
24 M.K. Narayanan 24 January 2010 30 June 2014
25 D. Y. Patil (additional charge)[47] 3 July 2014 17 July 2014
26 Keshari Nath Tripathi 24 July 2014 29 July 2019
27 Jagdeep Dhankhar[48] 30 July 2019 Incumbent

Chief Ministers of West BengalEdit

Key: INC
Indian National Congress 		BC (UF)
Bangla Congress (United Front) 		CPI(M)
Communist Party of India (Marxist) 		AITC
All India Trinamool Congress
# Name Took Office Left Office Political Party
1 Prafulla Chandra Ghosh 15 August 1947 14 January 1948 INC
2 Bidhan Chandra Roy 14 January 1948 1 July 1962 INC
President's rule 1 July 1962 8 July 1962
3 Prafulla Chandra Sen 8 July 1962 15 March 1967 INC
4 Ajoy Kumar Mukherjee 15 March 1967 2 November 1967 BC (UF)
(1) Prafulla Chandra Ghosh 2 November 1967 20 February 1968 Independent (Progressive Democratic Alliance)
President's rule 20 February 1968 25 February 1969
(4) Ajoy Kumar Mukherjee 25 February 1969 19 March 1970 BC (UF)
President's rule 19 March 1970 2 April 1971
(4) Ajoy Kumar Mukherjee 2 April 1971 28 June 1971 INC
President's rule 28 June 1971 19 March 1972
5 Siddhartha Shankar Ray 19 March 1972 21 June 1977 INC
6 Jyoti Basu 21 June 1977 6 November 2000 CPI(M) (Left Front)
7 Buddhadeb Bhattacharya 6 November 2000 13 May 2011 CPI(M) (Left Front)
8 Mamata Banerjee 20 May 2011 Incumbent AITC

After independence of BangladeshEdit

East Pakistan seceded from West Pakistan on 16 December 1971 after the end of Bangladesh Liberation War and was named Bangladesh as an independent nation.

The President was the executive Head of state of Bangladesh during Presidential system of government from 1975 to 1991. Thereafter, the Prime Minister is the executive head of government of this parliamentary republic while the President is the ceremonial Head of state, elected by the parliament.

KeyEdit

Political parties
  •   Bangladesh Awami League / BAKSAL
  •   Bangladesh Nationalist Party
  •   Jatiya Party
Other factions
Status
  •   Acting President

Presidents of BangladeshEdit

Name
(Birth–Death) 		Elected Term of office Party
Sheikh Mujibur Rahman
(1920–1975)[lower-alpha 1]		 — 17 April 1971 12 January 1972 Bangladesh Awami League
Syed Nazrul Islam
(1925–1975)[lower-alpha 2]		 — 17 April 1971 12 January 1972 Bangladesh Awami League
Abu Sayeed Chowdhury
(1921–1987) 		— 12 January 1972 24 December 1973 Bangladesh Awami League
Mohammad Mohammadullah
(1921–1999) 		— 24 December 1973 27 January 1974 Bangladesh Awami League
1974 27 January 1974 25 January 1975
Sheikh Mujibur Rahman
(1920–1975) 		— 25 January 1975 15 August 1975
(assassinated in a coup d'état.) 		BAKSAL
Khondaker Mostaq Ahmad
(1918–1996) 		— 15 August 1975 6 November 1975
(deposed.) 		Bangladesh Awami League
Abu Sadat Mohammad Sayem
(1916–1997)[lower-alpha 3]		 — 6 November 1975 21 April 1977 Bangladesh Awami League
Ziaur Rahman
(1936–1981)[lower-alpha 4]		 1977[lower-alpha 5]
1978[lower-alpha 6]		 21 April 1977 30 May 1981
(assassinated.) 		Military /
Bangladesh Nationalist Party
Abdus Sattar
(1906–1985) 		— 30 May 1981 20 November 1981 Bangladesh Nationalist Party
1981[lower-alpha 6] 20 November 1981 24 March 1982
(deposed.)
Hussain Muhammad Ershad

(1930–2019)[lower-alpha 7]

 24 March 1982 27 March 1982 Military
Ahsanuddin Chowdhury
(1915–2001) 		— 27 March 1982 10 December 1983 Independent
Hussain Muhammad Ershad
(1930–2019)[lower-alpha 8]		 1985[lower-alpha 5]
1986[lower-alpha 6]		 11 December 1983 6 December 1990 Military /
Jatiya Party
Shahabuddin Ahmed
(born 1930) 		— 6 December 1990 10 October 1991 Independent
Abdur Rahman Biswas
(1926–2017) 		1991 10 October 1991 9 October 1996 Bangladesh Nationalist Party
Shahabuddin Ahmed
(born 1930) 		1996 9 October 1996 14 November 2001 Independent
Badruddoza Chowdhury
(born 1932) 		2001 14 November 2001 21 June 2002 Bangladesh Nationalist Party
Muhammad Jamiruddin Sircar
(born 1931) 		— 21 June 2002 6 September 2002 Bangladesh Nationalist Party
Iajuddin Ahmed
(1931–2012) 		2002 6 September 2002 12 February 2009 Independent
Moeen U Ahmed 11 January 2007 12 January 2007 Military
Zillur Rahman
(1929–2013) 		2009 12 February 2009 20 March 2013
(died in office.) 		Bangladesh Awami League
Abdul Hamid
(born 1944)[lower-alpha 9]		 — 14 March 2013 24 April 2013 Bangladesh Awami League
2013 24 April 2013 24 April 2018
2018 24 April 2018 Incumbent

Prime Ministers of BangladeshEdit

Name
(Birth–Death) 		Portrait Election Term of office Tenure Party
Tajuddin Ahmad
(1925–1975) 		  — 11 April 1971 12 January 1972 276 days Bangladesh Awami League
Sheikh Mujibur Rahman
(1920–1975) 		  1973 12 January 1972 25 January 1975 3 years, 13 days Bangladesh Awami League
Muhammad Mansur Ali
(1919–1975) 		  — 25 January 1975 15 August 1975
(deposed.) 		202 days BAKSAL
Post abolished (15 August 1975 – 29 June 1978)
Mashiur Rahman
(1924–1979)[lower-alpha 10]		   — 29 June 1978 12 March 1979
(died in office.) 		256 days Bangladesh Nationalist Party
Shah Azizur Rahman
(1925–1988) 		  1979 15 April 1979 24 March 1982
(deposed.) 		2 years, 343 days Bangladesh Nationalist Party
Post abolished (24 March 1982 – 30 March 1984)
Ataur Rahman Khan
(1907–1991) 		  — 30 March 1984 9 July 1986 2 years, 101 days Jatiya Party
Mizanur Rahman Chowdhury
(1928–2006) 		File:Picture of Mizanur Rahman Chowdhury.jpeg 1986 9 July 1986 27 March 1988 1 year, 262 days Jatiya Party
Moudud Ahmed
(born 1940) 		  1988 27 March 1988 12 August 1989 1 year, 138 days Jatiya Party
Kazi Zafar Ahmed
(1939–2015) 		  — 12 August 1989 6 December 1990 1 year, 116 days Jatiya Party
Post abolished (6 December 1990 – 20 March 1991)
Khaleda Zia
(born 1945) 		  1991
1996 (Feb) 		20 March 1991 30 March 1996 5 years, 10 days Bangladesh Nationalist Party
Muhammad Habibur Rahman
(1928–2014) 		  — 30 March 1996 23 June 1996 85 days Independent
Sheikh Hasina
(born 1947) 		  1996 (Jun) 23 June 1996 15 July 2001 5 years, 22 days Bangladesh Awami League
Latifur Rahman
(1936–2017) 		  — 15 July 2001 10 October 2001 87 days Independent
Khaleda Zia
(born 1945) 		  2001 10 October 2001 29 October 2006 5 years, 19 days Bangladesh Nationalist Party
Iajuddin Ahmed
(1931–2012)[lower-alpha 11]		   — 29 October 2006 11 January 2007 74 days Independent
Fazlul Haque
(born 1938)[lower-alpha 12]		   — 11 January 2007 12 January 2007 1 day Independent
Fakhruddin Ahmed
(born 1940) 		  — 12 January 2007 6 January 2009 1 year, 360 days Independent
Sheikh Hasina
(born 1947) 		  2008
2014
2018 		6 January 2009 Incumbent 16 years, 173 days Bangladesh Awami League

See moreEdit

NotesEdit

  1. ↑ Pakistani prisoner to 8 January 1972.
  2. ↑ Acting for Sheikh Mujibur Rahman.
  3. ↑ Also Chief Martial Law Administrator (24 August 1975 – 4 November 1975 and 7 November 1975 – 29 November 1976).
  4. ↑ Also Chief Martial Law Administrator (29 November 1976 – 6 April 1979).
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Referendum.
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 Direct election.
  7. ↑ Served as Chief Martial Law Administrator until 30 March 1984.
  8. ↑ Served as Chief Martial Law Administrator until 30 March 1984.
  9. ↑ Acting for Zillur Rahman until 20 March 2013.
  10. ↑ Senior Minister.
  11. ↑ Simultaneously served as President.
  12. ↑ Acting Chief Adviser.

ReferencesEdit

  1. ↑ Majumdar, R. C. (1973). History of Mediaeval Bengal. Calcutta: G. Bharadwaj & Co. pp. 1–2. OCLC 1031074. Tradition gives him credit for the conquest of Bengal but as a matter of fact he could not subjugate the greater part of Bengal ... All that Bakhtyār can justly take credit for is that by his conquest of Western and a part of Northern Bengal he laid the foundation of the Muslim State in Bengal. The historians of the 13th century never attributed the conquest of the whole of Bengal to Bakhtyār.
  2. ↑ Arnold, Thomas Walker (1913) [First published 1896]. The Preaching of Islam: A History of the Propagation of the Muslim Faith (2nd ed.). London: Constable & Company. p. 227.
  3. ↑ Sen, Sailendra (2013). A Textbook of Medieval Indian History. Primus Books. pp. 68–102. ISBN 978-9-38060-734-4.
  4. ↑ Nanda, J. N (2005). Bengal: the unique state. Concept Publishing Company. p. 10. 2005. ISBN 978-81-8069-149-2. Bengal [...] was rich in the production and export of grain, salt, fruit, liquors and wines, precious metals, and ornaments besides the output of its handlooms in silk and cotton. Europe referred to Bengal as the richest country to trade with.
  5. ↑ "The paradise of nations | Dhaka Tribune". Archive.dhakatribune.com. 20 December 2014. Archived from the original on 16 December 2017. Retrieved 7 November 2016.
  6. ↑ M. Shahid Alam (2016). Poverty From The Wealth of Nations: Integration and Polarization in the Global Economy since 1760. Springer Science+Business Media. p. 32. ISBN 978-0-333-98564-9.
  7. ↑ Khandker, Hissam (31 July 2015). "Which India is claiming to have been colonised?". The Daily Star (Op-ed).
  8. ↑ Lex Heerma van Voss; Els Hiemstra-Kuperus; Elise van Nederveen Meerkerk (2010). "The Long Globalization and Textile Producers in India". The Ashgate Companion to the History of Textile Workers, 1650–2000. Ashgate Publishing. p. 255. ISBN 9780754664284.
  9. ↑ "The Mahabharata of Krishna-Dwaipayana Vyasa" Translated into English Prose, Bharata Press, Calcutta (1883–1896)
  10. ↑ Digha Nikaya
  11. ↑ The Garuda Purana 55.12; V.D. I.9.4; the Markendeya Purana 56.16–18
  12. ↑ "West Bengal | History, Culture, Map, Capital, & Population | Britannica".
  13. ↑ Malaẏaśaṅkara Bhaṭṭācārya (2008). Glimpses of Buddhist Bengal. Indian Institute of Oriental Studies & Research. ISBN 978-81-901371-7-1.
  14. ↑ Hossain, Md. Mosharraf, Mahasthan: Anecdote to History, 2006, pp. 69–73, Dibyaprakash, 38/2 ka Bangla Bazar, Dhaka, ISBN 984-483-245-4
  15. ↑ Ghosh, Suchandra. "Pundravardhana". Banglapedia. Asiatic Society of Bangladesh. Retrieved 10 November 2007.
  16. ↑ Majumdar, R. C. (1971). History of Ancient Bengal. Calcutta: G. Bhardwaj & Co. pp. 5, 13. OCLC 961157849. Karatoya still flows by the ruins of this ancient city [Punḍravardhana] at Mahasthangarh in the Bogra district ... the Punḍra-nagara of an old Brāhmī inscription ... Indian literature and inscriptions proves that it included considerable portions of the present Bogra, Rajshahi and Dinajpur districts.
  17. ↑ Klidsa; Mallinatha. Sajvan; Kle, M. R. (Moreshvar Ramchandra) (1922). The Raghuvamsa of Kalidasa : with the commentary (the Samjivani) of Mallinatha ; Cantos I-X ; edited with a literal English translation, copious notes in Sanskrit and English, and various readings &c. &c. by M.R. Kale. Robarts - University of Toronto. Bombay : P.S. Rege.
  18. ↑ Jha, M. (1997). "Hindu Kingdoms at contextual level". Anthropology of Ancient Hindu Kingdoms: A Study in Civilizational Perspective. New Delhi: M.D. Publications Pvt. Ltd. pp. 27–42. ISBN 9788175330344.
  19. ↑ "History". Banglapedia. Archived from the original on 29 September 2017. Retrieved 23 September 2017. Shah-i-Bangalah, Shah-i-Bangaliyan and Sultan-i-Bangalah
  20. ↑ Ray, Niharranjan (1994). History of the Bengali People. Calcutta: Orient Longman Ltd. p. 84.
  21. ↑ Wicks, Robert S. (31 May 2018). Money, Markets, and Trade in Early Southeast Asia: The Development of Indigenous Monetary Systems to AD 1400. Cornell University Press. p. 87. ISBN 978-1-5017-1947-9.
  22. ↑ Johnston, E. H. (1944). "Some Sanskrit Inscriptions of Arakan". Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London. 11 (2): 357–385. doi:10.1017/S0041977X00072529. ISSN 0041-977X. JSTOR 609320. S2CID 191758063.
  23. ↑ Laloo, Betty (20 July 2016). "III: Early Jaintia State Formation". Reconstructing the early Jaintia state through oral traditions (PDF) (PhD). North-Eastern Hill University.
  24. ↑ "Jaintia Hills-Land of Myths and Legends". Mesmerizing Meghalaya. Archived from the original on 12 August 2020.
  25. ↑ Dasgupta, Biswas & Mallik 2009, p. 31-43.
  26. ↑ Mallik, Abhaya Pada (1921). History of Bishnupur-Raj: An Ancient Kingdom of West Bengal (the University of Michigan ed.). Calcutta. pp. 128–130. Retrieved 11 March 2016.
  27. ↑ 27.0 27.1 Dilip Kumar Ganguly (1994). Ancient India, History and Archaeology. Abhinav. pp. 33–41. ISBN 978-81-7017-304-5.
  28. ↑ 28.0 28.1 Susan L. Huntington (1984). The "Påala-Sena" Schools of Sculpture. Brill Archive. pp. 32–39. ISBN 90-04-06856-2.
  29. ↑ R. C. Majumdar (1971). History of Ancient Bengal. G. Bharadwaj. pp. 161–162.
  30. ↑ Abdul Momin Chowdhury (1967). Dynastic history of Bengal, c. 750-1200 CE. Asiatic Society of Pakistan. pp. 272–273.
  31. ↑ Bindeshwari Prasad Sinha (1977). Dynastic History of Magadha, Cir. 450–1200 A.D. Abhinav Publications. pp. 253–. ISBN 978-81-7017-059-4.
  32. ↑ Dineshchandra Sircar (1975–76). "Indological Notes - R.C. Majumdar's Chronology of the Pala Kings". Journal of Ancient Indian History. IX: 209–10.
  33. ↑ 33.0 33.1 Ganguly, Dilip Kumar (1994). Ancient India, History and Archaeology. ISBN 9788170173045.
  34. ↑ Sanyal, Rajat (1 January 2014). The Pala-Sena and Others. Vol. 5.
  35. ↑ Ahmed, ABM Shamsuddin (2012). "Iltutmish". In Islam, Sirajul; Jamal, Ahmed A. (eds.). Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh (Second ed.). Asiatic Society of Bangladesh.
  36. ↑ Encyclopedia Of Bangladesh (Set Of 30 Vols.) By Nagendra Kr. Singh
  37. ↑ Islam, Sirajul; Miah, Sajahan; Khanam, Mahfuza; Ahmed, Sabbir, eds. (2012). "Mahabbat Khan". Banglapedia: the National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh (Online ed.). Dhaka, Bangladesh: Banglapedia Trust, Asiatic Society of Bangladesh. ISBN 984-32-0576-6. OCLC 52727562. Retrieved 28 June 2025.
  38. ↑ Karim, Abdul (2012). "Muhammad Azam, Prince". In Islam, Sirajul; Jamal, Ahmed A. (eds.). Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh (Second ed.). Asiatic Society of Bangladesh.
  39. ↑ "Princess Daisy of Pless: The Happy Years. An exhibition at Castle Pless". www.rvondeh.dircon.co.uk.
  40. ↑ Paul, Gautam. "Murshidabad History – Hassan Ali". murshidabad.net. Archived from the original on 1 September 2016. Retrieved 9 October 2016.
  41. ↑ Company, East India (1807). Papers Presented to the House of Commons Concerning the Late Nabob of the Carnatic. p. 118.
  42. ↑ Paul, Gautam. "Murshidabad History – Waresh Ali". murshidabad.net. Archived from the original on 22 March 2017. Retrieved 9 October 2016.
  43. ↑ 43.0 43.1 Mahato, Sukumar (20 August 2014). "Murshidabad gets a Nawab again, but fight for assets ahead". The Times of India. Archived from the original on 26 April 2015. Retrieved 14 June 2015.
  44. ↑ 44.0 44.1 "Portrait of an accidental Nawab". The Times of India. 22 August 2014. Archived from the original on 23 August 2014. Retrieved 14 June 2015.
  45. ↑ "Premier of Bengal". West Bengal Legislative Assembly. Archived from the original on 14 July 2014.
  46. ↑ (acting martial law administrator and governor as he was the GOC 14th Infantry Division)
  47. ↑ "Dr D y Patil appointed West Bengal's acting Governor". The Economic Times. 3 July 2014.
  48. ↑ "Senior Advocate Jagdeep Dhankhar Made West Bengal Governor". 20 July 2019.

SourcesEdit

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