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{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Infobox ancient site|name=Manda|event=|built=400BC <ref>{{Cite web |title=Akhnoor and Indus Valley Civilization |url=http://www.dailyexcelsior.com/akhnoor-and-indus-valley-civilization/ |last=Kumar |first=Sudershan |year=2012 |publisher=Daily Excelsior |language=English |access-date=2020-11-08 |archive-date=2019-10-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191008172514/https://www.dailyexcelsior.com/akhnoor-and-indus-valley-civilization/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Kushana"/>|abandoned=300A.D <ref name="Kushana">{{Cite book |url=http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/26499/11/11_chapter%204.pdf |title=KUSHANA SETTLEMENTS AND THEI R MATERIAL CULTURE |page=162 |access-date=2020-11-08 |archive-date=2018-04-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180415063512/http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/26499/11/11_chapter%204.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>|epochs=2350-1750 BC (''Indus Valley Civilisation'')
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}
{{Infobox ancient site
| name = Manda
| alternate_name =
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| map_type = India Jammu and Kashmir
| map_alt = India
| map_size = 270
| relief =
| coordinates = {{coord|32|56|00|N|74|48|00|E|display=inline,title}}
| location = Manda, [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]], [[India]]
| region = India
| type = Settlement
| part_of = [[Indus Valley Civilisation]], [[Mauryan Empire]] and [[Kushan Empire]]
| length =
| width =
| area =
| height =
| builder =
| material =  
| built = 400BC <ref>{{Cite web |title=Akhnoor and Indus Valley Civilization|url=http://www.dailyexcelsior.com/akhnoor-and-indus-valley-civilization/ |last=Kumar |first=Sudershan |year=2012|publisher=Daily Excelsior |language=English}}</ref><ref name="Kushana"/>
| abandoned = 300A.D <ref name="Kushana">{{Cite book |url=http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/26499/11/11_chapter%204.pdf |title=KUSHANA SETTLEMENTS AND THEI R MATERIAL CULTURE |page=162}}</ref>
| epochs = 2350-1750 BC (''Indus Valley Civilisation'')


(Mauryan Empire)<ref name="Kushana"/>
(Mauryan Empire)<ref name="Kushana"/>


78-200 C.E (''Kushan Empire'')<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H1c1UIEVH9gC&pg=PA212 |title=Encyclopedia of Ancient Asian Civilizations |last=Higham |first=Charles |date=2014-05-14 |publisher=Infobase Publishing |isbn=9781438109961 |pages=212 |language=en}}</ref>
78-200 C.E (''Kushan Empire'')<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H1c1UIEVH9gC&pg=PA212 |title=Encyclopedia of Ancient Asian Civilizations |last=Higham |first=Charles |date=2014-05-14 |publisher=Infobase Publishing |isbn=9781438109961 |pages=212 |language=en |access-date=2020-11-08 |archive-date=2020-11-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108180437/https://books.google.com/books?id=H1c1UIEVH9gC&pg=PA212 |url-status=live }}</ref>|cultures=|dependency_of=|occupants=|excavations=1976-77|builder=|archaeologists=[[J. P. Joshi]]|condition=Abandoned|ownership=|management=|public_access=|website=<!-- {{URL|example.com}} -->|material=|height=|alternate_name=|relief=|image=|alt=|caption=|map_type=India Jammu and Kashmir|map_alt=India|map_size=270|coordinates={{coord|32|56|00|N|74|48|00|E|display=inline,title}}|area=|location=Manda, [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]], [[India]]|region=India|type=Town|part_of=[[Indus Valley Civilisation]], [[Mauryan Empire]] and [[Kushan Empire]]|length=|width=|notes=}}'''Manda''' is a village and an [[archaeological]] site in [[Jammu]]. Jammu is in the [[India]]n [[union territory]] of [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]. It was excavated by Archaeological Survey of India during 1976-77. The survey was done by [[J. P. Joshi]]. The site contains the [[ruins]] of an ancient [[Indus Valley civilization|Indus Valley Civilization]].<ref name="archaeology">Indian Archaeology 1976-77, A Review. Archeologival Survey of India, New Delhi.1980. Page 19-21. [http://asi.nic.in/nmma_reviews/Indian%20Archaeology%201976-77%20A%20Review.pdf ASI] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120508073039/http://asi.nic.in/nmma_reviews/Indian%20Archaeology%201976-77%20A%20Review.pdf|date=8 May 2012}}</ref>
| cultures =  
| dependency_of =  
| occupants =  
| event =
| excavations = 1976-77
| archaeologists = [[J. P. Joshi]]
| condition = Abandoned
| ownership =  
| management =  
| public_access =  
| website = <!-- {{URL|example.com}} -->
| notes =  
}}


'''Manda''' is a village and an archaeological site in [[Jammu (city)|Jammu]] in the Indian union territory of [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]. It was excavated by [[Archaeological Survey of India]] during 1976-77 by J. P. Joshi. The site contains ruins of an ancient [[Indus Valley Civilization]].<ref name="archaeology">Indian Archaeology 1976-77, A Review. Archeologival Survey of India, New Delhi.1980. Page 19-21. [http://asi.nic.in/nmma_reviews/Indian%20Archaeology%201976-77%20A%20Review.pdf ASI] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120508073039/http://asi.nic.in/nmma_reviews/Indian%20Archaeology%201976-77%20A%20Review.pdf |date=8 May 2012 }}</ref>
== Excavation ==
The [[:wikt:excavation|excavation]] found 9.20 meters deep of ruins. These consists of items found in 3 different periods of time. The first period contain two sub periods. The second period has early historical [[pottery]]. They are from North India. These pottery  are similar to the those discovered elsewhere in North India. The third period consists of antiquities from the Kushan period. There are also house walls and a 3 meters wide street found in the ruins.<ref name="archaeology1">{{Cite web|title=Archaeological Survey of India|url=http://asi.nic.in/asi_exca_imp_jammukashmir.asp|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402160644/http://asi.nic.in/asi_exca_imp_jammukashmir.asp|archive-date=2 April 2015|access-date=22 June 2012}}</ref> The site seems to have been deserted after that.<ref name="archaeology">Indian Archaeology 1976-77, A Review. Archeologival Survey of India, New Delhi.1980. Page 19-21. [http://asi.nic.in/nmma_reviews/Indian%20Archaeology%201976-77%20A%20Review.pdf ASI] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120508073039/http://asi.nic.in/nmma_reviews/Indian%20Archaeology%201976-77%20A%20Review.pdf|date=8 May 2012}}</ref>


==Excavation==
== Historical significance ==
Excavation at Manda revealed a 9.20&nbsp;m deposit with threefold sequence with two sub periods in Period I. Period II has early historical pottery of types comparable with those of same period from Northern part of India and period III is represented by Kushan antiquities and house walls with 3&nbsp;m wide street.<ref name=archaeology1>{{Cite web |url=http://asi.nic.in/asi_exca_imp_jammukashmir.asp |title=Archaeological Survey of India |access-date=22 June 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402160644/http://asi.nic.in/asi_exca_imp_jammukashmir.asp |archive-date=2 April 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref> After the Kushan period, the site seems to have been deserted.<ref name=archaeology/>
Manda is on the right river bank of Chenab River. The river is at the foot of Pir Panjal mountain range. Manda is 28&nbsp;km northwest of Jammu. It was thought to be the northernmost limit of the [[Indus Valley civilization|Harappan Civilisation]].<ref name="archaeology1">{{Cite web|title=Archaeological Survey of India|url=http://asi.nic.in/asi_exca_imp_jammukashmir.asp|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402160644/http://asi.nic.in/asi_exca_imp_jammukashmir.asp|archive-date=2 April 2015|access-date=22 June 2012}}</ref> It is also considered the northmost site of [[Indus Valley civilization|Indus Valley Civilisation]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Kumar|first=Sudershan|year=2012|title=Akhnoor and Indus Valley Civilization|url=http://www.dailyexcelsior.com/akhnoor-and-indus-valley-civilization/|publisher=Daily Excelsior|language=English|access-date=2020-11-08|archive-date=2019-10-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191008172514/https://www.dailyexcelsior.com/akhnoor-and-indus-valley-civilization/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H1c1UIEVH9gC&pg=PA212|title=Encyclopedia of Ancient Asian Civilizations|last=Higham|first=Charles|date=2014-05-14|publisher=Infobase Publishing|isbn=9781438109961|pages=212|language=en|access-date=2020-11-08|archive-date=2020-11-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108180443/https://books.google.com/books?id=H1c1UIEVH9gC&pg=PA212|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Shinde|first=Vasant|date=Feb 1, 2016|title=Harappan Civilization: Current Perspective and its Contribution – By Dr. Vasant Shinde|url=http://www.sindhulogy.org/cdn/articles/harappan-civilization-current-perspective-and-its-contribution-vasant-shinde/|at=Origin and Extent|access-date=November 8, 2020|archive-date=August 5, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200805100348/https://www.sindhulogy.org/cdn/articles/harappan-civilization-current-perspective-and-its-contribution-vasant-shinde/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=The Concept, Provenance and Chronology of Painted Grey Ware|last=Roy|first=T.N|publisher=Istituto Italiano per l'Africa e l'Oriente (IsIAO)|year=1984|volume=34|pages=127–137|language=English}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/259513969|title=Archaeobotanical evidence of millets in the Indian subcontinent with some observations on their role in the Indus civilization|last=Pokharia, Anil K,Jeewan Singh Kharakwal,Alka Srivastava|publisher=Journal of Archaeological Science 42 (2014)|pages=442–455|access-date=2020-11-08|archive-date=2020-11-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108180439/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/259513969_Archaeobotanical_evidence_of_millets_in_the_Indian_subcontinent_with_some_observations_on_their_role_in_the_Indus_civilization|url-status=live}}</ref>


==Historical significance==
Manda is likely a town that is set up by people of the Indus Valley Civilisation. They likely use it to do [[logging]] to get wood from Himalayan Sub mountains. They use the river near the town to send the wood to other towns of the Indus Valley Civilization.<ref>McIntosh, Jane.(2008) The Ancient Indus Valley, New Perspectives. ABC-CLIO.Page 209,412</ref>
Manda is situated on the right bank of Chenab River in the foothills of Pir Panjal range, 28&nbsp;km northwest of Jammu, and was considered the northernmost limit of the [[Harappan Civilisation]].<ref name="archaeology1"/> It is considered the northmost site of [[Indus Valley Civilisation]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Akhnoor and Indus Valley Civilization|url=http://www.dailyexcelsior.com/akhnoor-and-indus-valley-civilization/ |last=Kumar |first=Sudershan |year=2012|publisher=Daily Excelsior |language=English}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H1c1UIEVH9gC&pg=PA212 |title=Encyclopedia of Ancient Asian Civilizations |last=Higham |first=Charles |date=2014-05-14 |publisher=Infobase Publishing  |isbn=9781438109961 |pages=212 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.sindhulogy.org/cdn/articles/harappan-civilization-current-perspective-and-its-contribution-vasant-shinde/ |title=Harappan Civilization: Current Perspective and its Contribution – By Dr. Vasant Shinde |last=Shinde |first=Vasant |date=Feb 1, 2016 |at=Origin and Extent}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |title=The Concept, Provenance and Chronology of Painted Grey Ware |last=Roy |first=T.N |year=1984 |volume=34 |pages=127–137 |language=English|publisher=Istituto Italiano per l'Africa e l'Oriente (IsIAO)}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/259513969|author=Pokharia, Anil K,Jeewan Singh Kharakwal,Alka Srivastava|title=Archaeobotanical evidence of millets in the Indian subcontinent with some observations on their role in the Indus civilization|publisher=Journal of Archaeological Science 42 (2014)|page=442-455}}</ref>


It is considered a site established to procure wood from Himalayan Sub hills and send it downriver to other towns of the Indus Valley Civilisation.<ref>McIntosh, Jane.(2008) The Ancient Indus Valley, New Perspectives. ABC-CLIO.Page 209,412</ref>
== Artefacts ==
There are several [[:wikt:artefacts|artefacts]] found in the site. They include [[redware]] from the Pre Harappan era. These redware are [[terracotta]] jar, plates, racks for plates and others. These made up of 15% to 25% of total artefacts found.<ref name="archaeology">Indian Archaeology 1976-77, A Review. Archeologival Survey of India, New Delhi.1980. Page 19-21. [http://asi.nic.in/nmma_reviews/Indian%20Archaeology%201976-77%20A%20Review.pdf ASI] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120508073039/http://asi.nic.in/nmma_reviews/Indian%20Archaeology%201976-77%20A%20Review.pdf|date=8 May 2012}}</ref>


==Artefacts==
Important artefacts found are broken fragments of pots having the [[writing system]] of Harappan people craved into them. There is also one unfinished [[Seal (device)|seal]] of the Harappan government found in the ruins.<ref name="archaeology">Indian Archaeology 1976-77, A Review. Archeologival Survey of India, New Delhi.1980. Page 19-21. [http://asi.nic.in/nmma_reviews/Indian%20Archaeology%201976-77%20A%20Review.pdf ASI] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120508073039/http://asi.nic.in/nmma_reviews/Indian%20Archaeology%201976-77%20A%20Review.pdf|date=8 May 2012}}</ref>
Pre Harappan Red ware (15%-25%) Harappan Red ware, including jars, dishes, dishes-on-stand, beakers, goblets etc. and copper double spiral headed spin (having west Asian affinity), tangled bone arrow-heads, terracotta bangles, cakes, chert blade etc.<ref name=archaeology/>


Significant finds include potsherds bearing incised Harappan Script and one unfinished seal.<ref name="archaeology" />
== Limitations of excavation ==
The dig is done on a small, restricted scale. There are no specific structures that could be exposed. One exception is a collapsed rubble wall-like structure.<ref name="archaeology">Indian Archaeology 1976-77, A Review. Archeologival Survey of India, New Delhi.1980. Page 19-21. [http://asi.nic.in/nmma_reviews/Indian%20Archaeology%201976-77%20A%20Review.pdf ASI] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120508073039/http://asi.nic.in/nmma_reviews/Indian%20Archaeology%201976-77%20A%20Review.pdf|date=8 May 2012}}</ref>


==Further scope==
== Related pages ==
Due to the restricted nature of the dig undertaken, no specific structures could be exposed, except a collapsed rubble wall-like structure.<ref name=archaeology/>


==See also==
* [[Indus Valley civilization|Indus Valley Civilization]]
* [[Indus Valley Civilization]]
* [[List of Indus Valley Civilization sites]]
* [[List of Indus Valley Civilization sites]]
*[[Bhagatrav]]
* [[Bhagatrav]]
*[[Alamgirpur]]
* [[Alamgirpur]]


==References==
== References ==
{{reflist|2}}
{{Reflist|2}}


==External links==
== External links ==
Map of Indus Valley Civilisation sites [https://books.google.com/books?id=1AJO2A-CbccC&q=alamgirpur#v=onepage&q=Manda&f=false]
* [https://books.google.com/books?id=1AJO2A-CbccC&q=alamgirpur#v=onepage&q=Manda&f=false Map of Indus Valley Civilisation sites]


[[Category:Archaeological sites in Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Archaeological sites]]
[[Category:Archaeological sites in India]]
[[Category:History of India]]
[[Category:Indus Valley Civilisation sites]]
[[Category:Cities in Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Cities and towns in Jammu district]]

Latest revision as of 18:06, 23 April 2021

Manda is a village and an archaeological site in Jammu. Jammu is in the Indian union territory of Jammu and Kashmir. It was excavated by Archaeological Survey of India during 1976-77. The survey was done by J. P. Joshi. The site contains the ruins of an ancient Indus Valley Civilization.[4]

Manda
India
India
Shown within Jammu and Kashmir
LocationManda, Jammu and Kashmir, India
RegionIndia
Coordinates32°56′00″N 74°48′00″E / 32.93333°N 74.80000°E / 32.93333; 74.80000Coordinates: 32°56′00″N 74°48′00″E / 32.93333°N 74.80000°E / 32.93333; 74.80000
TypeTown
Part ofIndus Valley Civilisation, Mauryan Empire and Kushan Empire
History
Founded400BC [1][2]
Abandoned300A.D [2]
Periods2350-1750 BC (Indus Valley Civilisation)

(Mauryan Empire)[2]

78-200 C.E (Kushan Empire)[3]
Site notes
Excavation dates1976-77
ArchaeologistsJ. P. Joshi
ConditionAbandoned

ExcavationEdit

The excavation found 9.20 meters deep of ruins. These consists of items found in 3 different periods of time. The first period contain two sub periods. The second period has early historical pottery. They are from North India. These pottery are similar to the those discovered elsewhere in North India. The third period consists of antiquities from the Kushan period. There are also house walls and a 3 meters wide street found in the ruins.[5] The site seems to have been deserted after that.[4]

Historical significanceEdit

Manda is on the right river bank of Chenab River. The river is at the foot of Pir Panjal mountain range. Manda is 28 km northwest of Jammu. It was thought to be the northernmost limit of the Harappan Civilisation.[5] It is also considered the northmost site of Indus Valley Civilisation.[6][7][8][9][10]

Manda is likely a town that is set up by people of the Indus Valley Civilisation. They likely use it to do logging to get wood from Himalayan Sub mountains. They use the river near the town to send the wood to other towns of the Indus Valley Civilization.[11]

ArtefactsEdit

There are several artefacts found in the site. They include redware from the Pre Harappan era. These redware are terracotta jar, plates, racks for plates and others. These made up of 15% to 25% of total artefacts found.[4]

Important artefacts found are broken fragments of pots having the writing system of Harappan people craved into them. There is also one unfinished seal of the Harappan government found in the ruins.[4]

Limitations of excavationEdit

The dig is done on a small, restricted scale. There are no specific structures that could be exposed. One exception is a collapsed rubble wall-like structure.[4]

Related pagesEdit

ReferencesEdit

  1. ↑ Kumar, Sudershan (2012). "Akhnoor and Indus Valley Civilization". Daily Excelsior. Archived from the original on 2019-10-08. Retrieved 2020-11-08.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 KUSHANA SETTLEMENTS AND THEI R MATERIAL CULTURE (PDF). p. 162. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2018-04-15. Retrieved 2020-11-08.
  3. ↑ Higham, Charles (2014-05-14). Encyclopedia of Ancient Asian Civilizations. Infobase Publishing. p. 212. ISBN 9781438109961. Archived from the original on 2020-11-08. Retrieved 2020-11-08.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 Indian Archaeology 1976-77, A Review. Archeologival Survey of India, New Delhi.1980. Page 19-21. ASI Archived 8 May 2012 at the Wayback Machine
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 "Archaeological Survey of India". Archived from the original on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 22 June 2012.
  6. ↑ Kumar, Sudershan (2012). "Akhnoor and Indus Valley Civilization". Daily Excelsior. Archived from the original on 2019-10-08. Retrieved 2020-11-08.
  7. ↑ Higham, Charles (2014-05-14). Encyclopedia of Ancient Asian Civilizations. Infobase Publishing. p. 212. ISBN 9781438109961. Archived from the original on 2020-11-08. Retrieved 2020-11-08.
  8. ↑ Shinde, Vasant (Feb 1, 2016). "Harappan Civilization: Current Perspective and its Contribution – By Dr. Vasant Shinde". Origin and Extent. Archived from the original on August 5, 2020. Retrieved November 8, 2020.
  9. ↑ Roy, T.N (1984). The Concept, Provenance and Chronology of Painted Grey Ware. Vol. 34. Istituto Italiano per l'Africa e l'Oriente (IsIAO). pp. 127–137.
  10. ↑ Pokharia, Anil K,Jeewan Singh Kharakwal,Alka Srivastava. Archaeobotanical evidence of millets in the Indian subcontinent with some observations on their role in the Indus civilization. Journal of Archaeological Science 42 (2014). pp. 442–455. Archived from the original on 2020-11-08. Retrieved 2020-11-08.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  11. ↑ McIntosh, Jane.(2008) The Ancient Indus Valley, New Perspectives. ABC-CLIO.Page 209,412

External linksEdit

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