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{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2020}}
{{Infobox treaty
{{Infobox treaty
| name                =Simla/Shimla Agreement
| name                =Simla/Shimla Agreement <br /> शिमला समझौता
| long_name          =Agreement on Bilateral Relations Between The Government of India and The Government of Pakistan<ref>{{Cite web|date=24 July 2012|title=Public Diplomacy – Simla Agreement July 2, 1972|url=https://mea.gov.in/in-focus-article.htm?19005/Simla+Agreement+July+2+1972|url-status=live|access-date=1 August 2021|website=Ministry of External Affairs (Government of India)}}</ref>   
| long_name          =Agreement on Bilateral Relations Between The Government of India and The Government of Pakistan<ref>{{Cite web|date=24 July 2012|title=Public Diplomacy – Simla Agreement July 2, 1972|url=https://mea.gov.in/in-focus-article.htm?19005/Simla+Agreement+July+2+1972|url-status=live|access-date=1 August 2021|website=Ministry of External Affairs (Government of India)}}</ref>   
| image              =
| image              =
Line 11: Line 11:
| type                =[[Peace treaty]]
| type                =[[Peace treaty]]
| context            =[[Indo-Pakistani War of 1971]]  
| context            =[[Indo-Pakistani War of 1971]]  
| date_drafted        =28 June 1972  
| date_drafted        =28 June 1972 ([[Indian National Calendar|INC]]: 07 saura Āṣāḍha 1894)
| date_signed        ={{Start date and age|df=yes|1972|07|02}}
| date_signed        ={{Start date and age|df=yes|1972|07|02}} ([[Indian National Calendar|INC]]: 11 saura Āṣāḍha 1894)
| location_signed    =Barnes' Court ([[Raj Bhavan, Shimla|Raj Bhavan]]),<ref name="HPRajBhavan">{{cite web|title=History of Raj Bhavan Building (Barnes Court) Emergence of an Edifice|url=http://himachalrajbhavan.nic.in/history.html|publisher=Government of India|access-date=20 July 2020}}</ref> [[Shimla]], [[Himachal Pradesh]], India
| location_signed    =Barnes' Court ([[Raj Bhavan, Shimla|Raj Bhavan]]),<ref name="HPRajBhavan">{{cite web|title=History of Raj Bhavan Building (Barnes Court) Emergence of an Edifice|url=http://himachalrajbhavan.nic.in/history.html|publisher=Government of India|access-date=20 July 2020}}</ref> [[Shimla]], [[Himachal Pradesh]], India
                        
                        
| date_sealed        =7 August 1972  
| date_sealed        =7 August 1972 ([[Indian National Calendar|INC]]: 16 saura Śrāvaṇa 1894)
| date_effective      =4 August 1972
| date_effective      =4 August 1972 ([[Indian National Calendar|INC]]: 13 saura Śrāvaṇa 1894)
| condition_effective =Ratification by both parties
| condition_effective =Ratification by both parties
| date_expiry        =  
| date_expiry        =  
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The '''Simla Agreement''', also spelled '''Shimla Agreement''', was a [[peace treaty]] signed between [[India]] and [[Pakistan]] on {{Date|Jul 2, 1972|dmy}} in [[Shimla]], the capital city of the Indian state of [[Himachal Pradesh]].<ref name=MEA_site>{{cite web|title=Simla Agreement|url=http://www.mea.gov.in/bilateral-documents.htm?dtl/5541/Simla+Agreement|work=Bilateral/Multilateral Documents|publisher=Ministry of External Affairs, Government of India|access-date=20 July 2020}}</ref> It followed the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1971]], which began after India intervened in [[East Pakistan]] as an ally of [[Mukti Bahini|Bengali rebels]] who were fighting against [[Pakistan Armed Forces|Pakistani state forces]] in the [[Bangladesh Liberation War]].<ref name=ZEE>{{cite news |url=https://zeenews.india.com/india/what-is-shimla-agreement-2221323.html |title=What is Shimla Agreement |work=Zee News |author=Tanweer Azam |date=23 July 2019|access-date=25 July 2020}}</ref> The Indian intervention proved decisive in the war and led to East Pakistan's breakaway from its union with [[West Pakistan]] and the emergence of the independent state of [[Bangladesh]].
The '''Simla Agreement''', also spelled '''Shimla Agreement''', was a [[peace treaty]] signed between [[India]] and [[Pakistan]] on {{Date|Jul 2, 1972|dmy}} in [[Shimla]], the capital city of the Indian state of [[Himachal Pradesh]].<ref name=MEA_site>{{cite web|title=Simla Agreement|url=http://www.mea.gov.in/bilateral-documents.htm?dtl/5541/Simla+Agreement|work=Bilateral/Multilateral Documents|publisher=Ministry of External Affairs, Government of India|access-date=20 July 2020}}</ref> It followed the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1971]], which began after India intervened in [[East Pakistan]] as an ally of [[Mukti Bahini|Bengali rebels]] who were fighting against [[Pakistan Armed Forces|Pakistani state forces]] in the [[Bangladesh Liberation War]].<ref name=ZEE>{{cite news |url=https://zeenews.india.com/india/what-is-shimla-agreement-2221323.html |title=What is Shimla Agreement |work=Zee News |author=Tanweer Azam |date=23 July 2019|access-date=25 July 2020}}</ref> The Indian intervention proved decisive in the war and led to East Pakistan's breakaway from its union with [[West Pakistan]] and the emergence of the independent state of [[Bangladesh]].


The treaty's official purpose was stated to serve as a way for both countries to "put an end to the conflict and confrontation that have hitherto marred their relations" and to conceive the steps to be taken for further normalization of [[India–Pakistan relations]] while also laying down the principles that should govern their future interactions.<ref name=Dawn>{{cite news|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/751253 |title=A leaf from history: Simla Agreement, at last|newspaper=Dawn (newspaper)|date=23 September 2012|access-date=20 July 2020}}</ref><ref name=IBN_40>{{cite news |title=Indo-Pak Shimla Agreement: 40 years later |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/indopak-shimla-agreement-40-years-later/268913-3.html|work=IBN Live|access-date=27 September 2013|date=2 July 2012|url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130927205707/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/indopak-shimla-agreement-40-years-later/268913-3.html |archive-date=27 September 2013}}</ref><ref name=ZEE/>
The treaty's official purpose was stated to serve as a way for both countries to "put an end to the conflict and confrontation that have hitherto marred their relations" and to conceive the steps to be taken for further normalization of [[India–Pakistan relations]] while also laying down the principles that should govern their future interactions.<ref name=ZEE/><ref name=Dawn>{{cite news|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/751253 |title=A leaf from history: Simla Agreement, at last|newspaper=Dawn (newspaper)|date=23 September 2012|access-date=20 July 2020}}</ref><ref name=IBN_40>{{cite news |title=Indo-Pak Shimla Agreement: 40 years later |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/indopak-shimla-agreement-40-years-later/268913-3.html|work=IBN Live|access-date=27 September 2013|date=2 July 2012|url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130927205707/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/indopak-shimla-agreement-40-years-later/268913-3.html |archive-date=27 September 2013}}</ref>


== Details of the Simla agreement ==
== Details of the Simla agreement ==
The treaty was signed in [[Shimla|Simla]] (also spelt "Shimla") in India by [[Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto]], the [[President of Pakistan]], and [[Indira Gandhi]], the [[Prime Minister of India]].<ref name=Dawn/> The agreement also paved the way for diplomatic recognition of [[Bangladesh]] by [[Pakistan]]. Technically the document was signed at 0040 hours in the night of 3 July; despite this official documents are dated 2 July 1972.<ref name=Dawn/><ref name=IBN_40 /><ref name=KSG>{{cite web|title=Relevance of Simla Agreement|url=http://ksgindia.com/study-material/editorial-series/3885-relevance-of-simla-agreement.html|work=Editorial Series|publisher=Khan Study Group|access-date=20 July 2020|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131002132702/http://ksgindia.com/study-material/editorial-series/3885-relevance-of-simla-agreement.html|archive-date=2 October 2013}}</ref> Some of the major outcomes of the Simla Agreement are:
The treaty was signed in [[Shimla|Simla]] (also spelt "Shimla") in India by [[Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto]], the [[President of Pakistan]], and [[Indira Gandhi]], the [[Prime Minister of India]].<ref name=Dawn/> The agreement also paved the way for diplomatic recognition of [[Bangladesh]] by [[Pakistan]]. Technically the document was signed at 0040 hours in the night of 3 July; despite this official documents are dated 2 July 1972.<ref name=Dawn/><ref name=IBN_40 /><ref name=KSG>{{cite web|title=Relevance of Simla Agreement|url=http://ksgindia.com/study-material/editorial-series/3885-relevance-of-simla-agreement.html|work=Editorial Series|publisher=Khan Study Group|access-date=20 July 2020|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131002132702/http://ksgindia.com/study-material/editorial-series/3885-relevance-of-simla-agreement.html|archive-date=2 October 2013}}</ref> Some of the major outcomes of the Simla Agreement are:
* Both countries will "settle their differences by peaceful means through bilateral negotiations".<ref name=Dawn/><ref name=MEA_site /><ref name=Pradhanmantri>{{cite episode |title=1971 Indo-Pak War |series=Pradhanmantri |date=21 September 2013 |url=http://www.newsbullet.in/video/india/45558-watch-pradhanmantri-episode-11-about-1971-indo-pak-war |network=ABP News |season=1 |number=11 |last=Kapur |first=Shekhar (Narrator)}}</ref> India has, many a times, maintained that Kashmir dispute is a bilateral issue and must be settled through bilateral negotiations as per Simla Agreement, 1972 and thus, had denied any third party intervention even that of United Nations.<ref name=IE>{{cite news |title=India spikes Pak call for third party mediation, says Simla Agreement tops all agendas|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/india-spikes-pak-call-for-third-party-mediation-says-simla-agreement-tops-all-agendas/1063018/0|newspaper=The Indian Express|access-date=20 July 2020|date=22 January 2013}}</ref>
* Both countries will "settle their differences by peaceful means through bilateral negotiations".<ref name=MEA_site /><ref name=Dawn/><ref name=Pradhanmantri>{{cite episode |title=1971 Indo-Pak War |series=Pradhanmantri |date=21 September 2013 |url=http://www.newsbullet.in/video/india/45558-watch-pradhanmantri-episode-11-about-1971-indo-pak-war |network=ABP News |season=1 |number=11 |last=Kapur |first=Shekhar (Narrator)}}</ref> India has, many a times, maintained that Kashmir dispute is a bilateral issue and must be settled through bilateral negotiations as per Simla Agreement, 1972 and thus, had denied any third party intervention even that of United Nations.<ref name=IE>{{cite news |title=India spikes Pak call for third party mediation, says Simla Agreement tops all agendas|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/india-spikes-pak-call-for-third-party-mediation-says-simla-agreement-tops-all-agendas/1063018/0|newspaper=The Indian Express|access-date=20 July 2020|date=22 January 2013}}</ref>
* The agreement converted the cease-fire line of 17 December 1971 into the [[Line of Control]] (LOC) between India and Pakistan and it was agreed that "neither side shall seek to alter it unilaterally, irrespective of mutual differences and legal interpretations".<ref name=Dawn/><ref name=MEA_site /><ref name=KSG /> Many Indian bureaucrats have later argued that a tacit agreement, to convert this LOC into international border, was reached during a one-on-one meeting between the two heads of government. However, Pakistani bureaucrats have denied any such thing.<ref name=IBN_40/><ref name=KSG/> This identification of a new "cease-fire line" by both the states has been argued by India as making [[United Nations Military Observer Group in India and Pakistan]] insignificant. As according to India, the purpose of UNMOGIP was to monitor the cease-fire line as identified in [[Karachi Agreement|Karachi agreement of 1949]] which no longer exists. However, Pakistan have a different take on this issue and both countries still host the UN mission.<ref name=IE/>
* The agreement converted the cease-fire line of 17 December 1971 into the [[Line of Control]] (LOC) between India and Pakistan and it was agreed that "neither side shall seek to alter it unilaterally, irrespective of mutual differences and legal interpretations".<ref name=MEA_site /><ref name=Dawn/><ref name=KSG /> Many Indian bureaucrats have later argued that a tacit agreement, to convert this LOC into international border, was reached during a one-on-one meeting between the two heads of government. However, Pakistani bureaucrats have denied any such thing.<ref name=IBN_40/><ref name=KSG/> This identification of a new "cease-fire line" by both the states has been argued by India as making [[United Nations Military Observer Group in India and Pakistan]] insignificant. As according to India, the purpose of UNMOGIP was to monitor the cease-fire line as identified in [[Karachi Agreement|Karachi agreement of 1949]] which no longer exists. However, Pakistan have a different take on this issue and both countries still host the UN mission.<ref name=IE/>


The agreement has not prevented the relationship between the two countries from deteriorating to the point of armed conflict, most recently in the [[Kargil War]] of 1999. In [[Operation Meghdoot]] of 1984 India seized all of the inhospitable [[Siachen Glacier]] region where the frontier had been clearly not defined in the agreement (possibly as the area was thought too barren to be controversial); this was considered as a violation of the Simla Agreement by Pakistan. Most of the subsequent deaths in the [[Siachen Conflict]] have been from natural disasters, e.g. avalanches in 2010, [[2012 Siachen Glacier avalanche|2012]], and [[2016 Siachen Glacier avalanche|2016]].
The agreement has not prevented the relationship between the two countries from deteriorating to the point of armed conflict, most recently in the [[Kargil War]] of 1999. In [[Operation Meghdoot]] of 1984 India seized all of the inhospitable [[Siachen Glacier]] region where the frontier had been clearly not defined in the agreement (possibly as the area was thought too barren to be controversial); this was considered as a violation of the Simla Agreement by Pakistan. Most of the subsequent deaths in the [[Siachen Conflict]] have been from natural disasters, e.g. avalanches in 2010, [[2012 Siachen Glacier avalanche|2012]], and [[2016 Siachen Glacier avalanche|2016]].
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(i) That the principles and purposes of the [[Charter of the United Nations]] shall govern the relations between the two countries.<ref name=ZEE/>
(i) That the principles and purposes of the [[Charter of the United Nations]] shall govern the relations between the two countries.<ref name=ZEE/>


(ii) That the two countries are resolved to settle their differences by peaceful means through bilateral negotiations or by any other peaceful means mutually agreed upon between them. Pending the final settlement of any of the problems between the two countries, neither side shall unilaterally alter the situation and both shall prevent the organization, assistance or encouragement of any acts detrimental to the maintenance of peace and harmonious relations.<ref name=Dawn/><ref name=ZEE/>
(ii) That the two countries are resolved to settle their differences by peaceful means through bilateral negotiations or by any other peaceful means mutually agreed upon between them. Pending the final settlement of any of the problems between the two countries, neither side shall unilaterally alter the situation and both shall prevent the organization, assistance or encouragement of any acts detrimental to the maintenance of peace and harmonious relations.<ref name=ZEE/><ref name=Dawn/>


(iii) That the prerequisite for reconciliation, good neighborliness and durable peace between them is a commitment by both the countries to peaceful coexistence respect for each others territorial integrity and sovereignty and noninterference in each others internal affairs, on the basis of equality and mutual benefit. That the basic issues and causes of conflict which have bedeviled the relations between the two countries for the last 25 years shall be resolved by peaceful means.<ref name=Dawn/>
(iii) That the prerequisite for reconciliation, good neighborliness and durable peace between them is a commitment by both the countries to peaceful coexistence respect for each others territorial integrity and sovereignty and noninterference in each others internal affairs, on the basis of equality and mutual benefit. That the basic issues and causes of conflict which have bedeviled the relations between the two countries for the last 25 years shall be resolved by peaceful means.<ref name=Dawn/>
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In order progressively to restore and normalize relations between the two countries step by step, it was agreed that:
In order progressively to restore and normalize relations between the two countries step by step, it was agreed that:


(i) Steps shall be taken to resume communications, postal, telegraphic, sea, land, including border posts, and air links, including over flights.<ref name=Dawn/><ref name=ZEE/>
(i) Steps shall be taken to resume communications, postal, telegraphic, sea, land, including border posts, and air links, including over flights.<ref name=ZEE/><ref name=Dawn/>


(ii) Appropriate steps shall be taken to promote travel facilities for the nationals of the other country.<ref name=Dawn/>
(ii) Appropriate steps shall be taken to promote travel facilities for the nationals of the other country.<ref name=Dawn/>
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(i) [[Indian Armed Forces|Indian]] and [[Pakistan Armed Forces|Pakistani]] forces shall be withdrawn to their side of the [[international border]].<ref name=Dawn/>
(i) [[Indian Armed Forces|Indian]] and [[Pakistan Armed Forces|Pakistani]] forces shall be withdrawn to their side of the [[international border]].<ref name=Dawn/>


(ii) In [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]], the [[Line of Control|line of control]] resulting from the ceasefire of 17 December 1971, shall be respected by both sides without prejudice to the recognized position of either side. Neither side shall seek to alter it unilaterally, irrespective of mutual differences and legal interpretations. Both sides further undertake to refrain from the threat or the use of force in violation of this line.<ref name=Dawn/><ref name=ZEE/>
(ii) In [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]], the [[Line of Control|line of control]] resulting from the ceasefire of 17 December 1971, shall be respected by both sides without prejudice to the recognized position of either side. Neither side shall seek to alter it unilaterally, irrespective of mutual differences and legal interpretations. Both sides further undertake to refrain from the threat or the use of force in violation of this line.<ref name=ZEE/><ref name=Dawn/>


(iii) The withdrawals shall commence upon entry into force of this agreement and shall be completed within a period of 30 days thereof.<ref name=Dawn/>
(iii) The withdrawals shall commence upon entry into force of this agreement and shall be completed within a period of 30 days thereof.<ref name=Dawn/>
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{{Main|Delhi Agreement}}
{{Main|Delhi Agreement}}
The Delhi Agreement on the Repatriation of War and Civilian Internees is a tripartite agreement among the aforementioned states, signed on 28 August 1973. The agreement was signed by [[Kamal Hossain]], the Foreign Minister of the Government of Bangladesh, [[Sardar Swaran Singh]], Minister of External Affairs of India and [[Aziz Ahmed]], the Minister of State for Defense and Foreign Affairs of the Government of Pakistan.<ref name="CuttsRefugees2000">{{cite book|author1=Mark Cutts|author2=Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees|title=The State of the World's Refugees, 2000: Fifty Years of Humanitarian Action|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=54Oe1WTfBfAC&pg=PA73|access-date=20 July 2020|year=2000|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-924104-0|pages=73–}}</ref><ref name="Singh2009">{{cite book|author=Sukhwant Singh|title=India's Wars Since Independence|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=j1VawuyUS-cC&pg=PA538|access-date=20 July 2020|date=19 July 2009|publisher=Lancer Publishers|isbn=978-1-935501-13-8|pages=538–}}</ref><ref name="Delhi_agreement1974">{{cite web|url=http://www.virtualbangladesh.com/history/tri.html|title=The text of the Tripartite agreement at Delhi|publisher=Virtualbangladesh|access-date=20 July 2020|author=The office of the Foreign Minister, Government of Bangladesh|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120514224550/http://virtualbangladesh.com/history/tri.html|archive-date=14 May 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref>
The Delhi Agreement on the Repatriation of War and Civilian Internees is a tripartite agreement among the aforementioned states, signed on 28 August 1973. The agreement was signed by [[Kamal Hossain]], the Foreign Minister of the Government of Bangladesh, [[Sardar Swaran Singh]], Minister of External Affairs of India and [[Aziz Ahmed]], the Minister of State for Defense and Foreign Affairs of the Government of Pakistan.<ref name="CuttsRefugees2000">{{cite book|author1=Mark Cutts|author2=Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees|title=The State of the World's Refugees, 2000: Fifty Years of Humanitarian Action|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=54Oe1WTfBfAC&pg=PA73|access-date=20 July 2020|year=2000|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-924104-0|pages=73–}}</ref><ref name="Singh2009">{{cite book|author=Sukhwant Singh|title=India's Wars Since Independence|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=j1VawuyUS-cC&pg=PA538|access-date=20 July 2020|date=19 July 2009|publisher=Lancer Publishers|isbn=978-1-935501-13-8|pages=538–}}</ref><ref name="Delhi_agreement1974">{{cite web|url=http://www.virtualbangladesh.com/history/tri.html|title=The text of the Tripartite agreement at Delhi|publisher=Virtualbangladesh|access-date=20 July 2020|author=The office of the Foreign Minister, Government of Bangladesh|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120514224550/http://virtualbangladesh.com/history/tri.html|archive-date=14 May 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref>
== suspension of agreement ==
{{main|2025 India–Pakistan diplomatic crisis}}
Following the escalating tensions between the republic of India and the Islamic republic of Pakistan after the [[2025 Pahalgam attack]], India suspended the long-standing Indus Water Treaty. In response, Pakistan announced the suspension of the Simla Agreement on 24 April 2025 ([[Indian National calendar|INC]]: 04 saura vaiśākha 1947). This move was accompanied by the suspension of trade with India, leading to the closure of land and air routes between the two countries. The situation has significantly strained diplomatic relations and heightened regional instability.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-04-24 |title=Pakistan suspends 1972 Simla Agreement, shuts airspace to Indian airlines |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/pakistan-suspends-1972-simla-agreement-shuts-airspace-to-indian-airlines/articleshow/120583029.cms |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-04-24 |title=Pakistan shuts Wagah border, suspends Simla Accord, expels Indians |url=https://www.samaa.tv/index.php/2087332275-pakistan-shuts-wagah-border-suspends-simla-accord-expels-indians |website=www.samaa.tv}}</ref>


==See also==
==See also==

Latest revision as of 21:27, 25 April 2025


Not to be confused with Simla Conference or Simla Convention.

Simla/Shimla Agreement
शिमला समझौता
Agreement on Bilateral Relations Between The Government of India and The Government of Pakistan[1]
TypePeace treaty
ContextIndo-Pakistani War of 1971
Drafted28 June 1972 (INC: 07 saura Āṣāḍha 1894)
Signed2 July 1972; 52 years ago (1972-07-02) (INC: 11 saura Āṣāḍha 1894)
LocationBarnes' Court (Raj Bhavan),[2] Shimla, Himachal Pradesh, India
Sealed7 August 1972 (INC: 16 saura Śrāvaṇa 1894)
Ratified15 July 1972 (by Pakistan)
3 August 1972 (by India)
Effective4 August 1972 (INC: 13 saura Śrāvaṇa 1894)
ConditionRatification by both parties
NegotiatorsMinistry of External Affairs of India
Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Pakistan
SignatoriesIndira Gandhi (Prime Minister of India)
Zulfikar Ali Bhutto (President of Pakistan)
Parties Republic of India
Islamic Republic of Pakistan
RatifiersParliament of India
Parliament of Pakistan
Languages
Pakistan ranger stands near the flags of India and Pakistan at zero line international border

The Simla Agreement, also spelled Shimla Agreement, was a peace treaty signed between India and Pakistan on 2 July 1972 in Shimla, the capital city of the Indian state of Himachal Pradesh.[3] It followed the Indo-Pakistani War of 1971, which began after India intervened in East Pakistan as an ally of Bengali rebels who were fighting against Pakistani state forces in the Bangladesh Liberation War.[4] The Indian intervention proved decisive in the war and led to East Pakistan's breakaway from its union with West Pakistan and the emergence of the independent state of Bangladesh.

The treaty's official purpose was stated to serve as a way for both countries to "put an end to the conflict and confrontation that have hitherto marred their relations" and to conceive the steps to be taken for further normalization of India–Pakistan relations while also laying down the principles that should govern their future interactions.[4][5][6]

Details of the Simla agreement[edit]

The treaty was signed in Simla (also spelt "Shimla") in India by Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto, the President of Pakistan, and Indira Gandhi, the Prime Minister of India.[5] The agreement also paved the way for diplomatic recognition of Bangladesh by Pakistan. Technically the document was signed at 0040 hours in the night of 3 July; despite this official documents are dated 2 July 1972.[5][6][7] Some of the major outcomes of the Simla Agreement are:

  • Both countries will "settle their differences by peaceful means through bilateral negotiations".[3][5][8] India has, many a times, maintained that Kashmir dispute is a bilateral issue and must be settled through bilateral negotiations as per Simla Agreement, 1972 and thus, had denied any third party intervention even that of United Nations.[9]
  • The agreement converted the cease-fire line of 17 December 1971 into the Line of Control (LOC) between India and Pakistan and it was agreed that "neither side shall seek to alter it unilaterally, irrespective of mutual differences and legal interpretations".[3][5][7] Many Indian bureaucrats have later argued that a tacit agreement, to convert this LOC into international border, was reached during a one-on-one meeting between the two heads of government. However, Pakistani bureaucrats have denied any such thing.[6][7] This identification of a new "cease-fire line" by both the states has been argued by India as making United Nations Military Observer Group in India and Pakistan insignificant. As according to India, the purpose of UNMOGIP was to monitor the cease-fire line as identified in Karachi agreement of 1949 which no longer exists. However, Pakistan have a different take on this issue and both countries still host the UN mission.[9]

The agreement has not prevented the relationship between the two countries from deteriorating to the point of armed conflict, most recently in the Kargil War of 1999. In Operation Meghdoot of 1984 India seized all of the inhospitable Siachen Glacier region where the frontier had been clearly not defined in the agreement (possibly as the area was thought too barren to be controversial); this was considered as a violation of the Simla Agreement by Pakistan. Most of the subsequent deaths in the Siachen Conflict have been from natural disasters, e.g. avalanches in 2010, 2012, and 2016.

Text[edit]

Simla Agreement on Bilateral Relations between India and Pakistan signed by Prime Minister Indira Gandhi, and President of Pakistan, Z. A. Bhutto, in Simla on 2 July 1972.

The Government of India and the Government of Pakistan are resolved that the two countries put an end to the conflict and confrontation that have hitherto marred their relations and work for the promotion of a friendly and harmonious relationship and the establishment of durable peace in the subcontinent so that both countries may henceforth devote their resources and energies to the pressing task of advancing the welfare of their people.[4]

In order to achieve this objective, the Government of India and the Government of Pakistan have agreed as follows:

(i) That the principles and purposes of the Charter of the United Nations shall govern the relations between the two countries.[4]

(ii) That the two countries are resolved to settle their differences by peaceful means through bilateral negotiations or by any other peaceful means mutually agreed upon between them. Pending the final settlement of any of the problems between the two countries, neither side shall unilaterally alter the situation and both shall prevent the organization, assistance or encouragement of any acts detrimental to the maintenance of peace and harmonious relations.[4][5]

(iii) That the prerequisite for reconciliation, good neighborliness and durable peace between them is a commitment by both the countries to peaceful coexistence respect for each others territorial integrity and sovereignty and noninterference in each others internal affairs, on the basis of equality and mutual benefit. That the basic issues and causes of conflict which have bedeviled the relations between the two countries for the last 25 years shall be resolved by peaceful means.[5]

(iv) That they shall always respect each others national unity, territorial integrity, political independence and sovereign equality.[4]

(v) That in accordance with the Charter of the United Nations, they will refrain from the threat or use of force against the territorial integrity or political independence of each other.

Both governments will take all steps within their power to prevent hostile propaganda directed against each other. Both countries will encourage the dissemination of such information as would promote the development of friendly relations between them.

In order progressively to restore and normalize relations between the two countries step by step, it was agreed that:

(i) Steps shall be taken to resume communications, postal, telegraphic, sea, land, including border posts, and air links, including over flights.[4][5]

(ii) Appropriate steps shall be taken to promote travel facilities for the nationals of the other country.[5]

(iii) Trade and cooperation in economic and other agreed fields will be resumed as far as possible.[5]

(iv) Exchange in the fields of science and culture will be promoted.[4]

In this connection delegations from the two countries will meet from time to time to work out the necessary details.

In order to initiate the process of the establishment of durable peace, both the governments agree that:

(i) Indian and Pakistani forces shall be withdrawn to their side of the international border.[5]

(ii) In Jammu and Kashmir, the line of control resulting from the ceasefire of 17 December 1971, shall be respected by both sides without prejudice to the recognized position of either side. Neither side shall seek to alter it unilaterally, irrespective of mutual differences and legal interpretations. Both sides further undertake to refrain from the threat or the use of force in violation of this line.[4][5]

(iii) The withdrawals shall commence upon entry into force of this agreement and shall be completed within a period of 30 days thereof.[5]

This agreement will be subject to ratification by both countries in accordance with their respective constitutional procedures, and will come into force with effect from the date on which the instruments of ratification are exchanged.[5]

Both governments agree that their respective heads will meet again at a mutually convenient time in the future and that in the meanwhile the representatives of the two sides will meet to discuss further the modalities and arrangements for the establishment of durable peace and normalization of relations, including the questions of repatriation of prisoners of war and civilian internees, a final settlement of Jammu and Kashmir and the resumption of diplomatic relations.[5]

Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto
President
Islamic Republic of Pakistan

Indira Gandhi
Prime Minister
Republic of India

Simla, 2 July 1972.

— Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto, Indira Gandhi.[3]

Delhi Agreement[edit]

Main article: Delhi Agreement

The Delhi Agreement on the Repatriation of War and Civilian Internees is a tripartite agreement among the aforementioned states, signed on 28 August 1973. The agreement was signed by Kamal Hossain, the Foreign Minister of the Government of Bangladesh, Sardar Swaran Singh, Minister of External Affairs of India and Aziz Ahmed, the Minister of State for Defense and Foreign Affairs of the Government of Pakistan.[10][11][12]

suspension of agreement[edit]

Main article: 2025 India–Pakistan diplomatic crisis

Following the escalating tensions between the republic of India and the Islamic republic of Pakistan after the 2025 Pahalgam attack, India suspended the long-standing Indus Water Treaty. In response, Pakistan announced the suspension of the Simla Agreement on 24 April 2025 (INC: 04 saura vaiśākha 1947). This move was accompanied by the suspension of trade with India, leading to the closure of land and air routes between the two countries. The situation has significantly strained diplomatic relations and heightened regional instability.[13][14]

See also[edit]

References[edit]

  1. ↑ "Public Diplomacy – Simla Agreement July 2, 1972". Ministry of External Affairs (Government of India). 24 July 2012. Retrieved 1 August 2021.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  2. ↑ "History of Raj Bhavan Building (Barnes Court) Emergence of an Edifice". Government of India. Retrieved 20 July 2020.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 "Simla Agreement". Bilateral/Multilateral Documents. Ministry of External Affairs, Government of India. Retrieved 20 July 2020.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 4.7 4.8 Tanweer Azam (23 July 2019). "What is Shimla Agreement". Zee News. Retrieved 25 July 2020.
  5. ↑ 5.00 5.01 5.02 5.03 5.04 5.05 5.06 5.07 5.08 5.09 5.10 5.11 5.12 5.13 5.14 "A leaf from history: Simla Agreement, at last". Dawn (newspaper). 23 September 2012. Retrieved 20 July 2020.
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 "Indo-Pak Shimla Agreement: 40 years later". IBN Live. 2 July 2012. Archived from the original on 27 September 2013. Retrieved 27 September 2013.
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 "Relevance of Simla Agreement". Editorial Series. Khan Study Group. Archived from the original on 2 October 2013. Retrieved 20 July 2020.
  8. ↑ "1971 Indo-Pak War". Pradhanmantri. ABP News. No. 11, season 1.
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 "India spikes Pak call for third party mediation, says Simla Agreement tops all agendas". The Indian Express. 22 January 2013. Retrieved 20 July 2020.
  10. ↑ Mark Cutts; Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (2000). The State of the World's Refugees, 2000: Fifty Years of Humanitarian Action. Oxford University Press. pp. 73–. ISBN 978-0-19-924104-0. Retrieved 20 July 2020.
  11. ↑ Sukhwant Singh (19 July 2009). India's Wars Since Independence. Lancer Publishers. pp. 538–. ISBN 978-1-935501-13-8. Retrieved 20 July 2020.
  12. ↑ The office of the Foreign Minister, Government of Bangladesh. "The text of the Tripartite agreement at Delhi". Virtualbangladesh. Archived from the original on 14 May 2012. Retrieved 20 July 2020.
  13. ↑ "Pakistan suspends 1972 Simla Agreement, shuts airspace to Indian airlines". The Economic Times. 24 April 2025. ISSN 0013-0389.
  14. ↑ "Pakistan shuts Wagah border, suspends Simla Accord, expels Indians". www.samaa.tv. 24 April 2025.

External links[edit]

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