Qutb Shahi dynasty: Difference between revisions
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{{Short description|Rulers of Golconda Fort}} | |||
{{use dmy dates|date=January 2016}} | {{use dmy dates|date=January 2016}} | ||
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}} | {{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}} | ||
{{Infobox Former Country | {{Infobox Former Country | ||
|conventional_long_name = Golconda Sultanate | | conventional_long_name = Golconda Sultanate | ||
|native_name = | | native_name = | ||
|common_name = Qutb Shahi | | common_name = Qutb Shahi | ||
|year_start = 1518 | | year_start = 1518 | ||
|year_end = 1687 | | year_end = 1687 | ||
|p1 = Bahmani Sultanate | | p1 = Bahmani Sultanate | ||
|flag_p1 = | | flag_p1 = | ||
|s1 = | | p2 = Qara Qoyunlu | ||
|flag_s1 = | | flag_p2 = Flag of Kara Koyunlu dynasty.png | ||
|image_flag = Qutbshahi Flag.svg | | s1 = Hyderabad Subah | ||
|flag_type = Flag of the Qutb Shahis | | flag_s1 = | ||
|image_map = | | image_flag = Qutbshahi Flag.svg | ||
|image_map_caption = | | flag_type = Flag of the Qutb Shahis | ||
|religion = [[Shia Islam]] | | image_map = A map of Golconda region from 1733, published by Homann Heirs Nuremberg.jpg | ||
|capital = [[Golconda]] (1519–1591) <br /> [[Hyderabad]] (1591–1687) | | image_map_caption = Golconda in 1733 AD.<ref>For a map of their territory see: {{cite book |last1=Schwartzberg |first1=Joseph E. |title=A Historical atlas of South Asia |date=1978 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |location=Chicago |page=147, map XIV.4 (l)|isbn=0226742210 |url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/schwartzberg/pager.html?object=186}}</ref> | ||
|common_languages = [[Persian language|Persian]] (<small>official</small>)<ref>Brian Spooner and William L. Hanaway, ''Literacy in the Persianate World: Writing and the Social Order'', (University of Pennsylvania Press, 2012), 317.</ref><br /> [[Telugu language|Telugu]]<ref>{{cite journal | | religion = [[Shia Islam]] | ||
| capital = [[Golconda]] (1519–1591) <br /> [[Hyderabad]] (1591–1687) | |||
| common_languages = [[Persian language|Persian]] (<small>official</small>)<ref>Brian Spooner and William L. Hanaway, ''Literacy in the Persianate World: Writing and the Social Order'', (University of Pennsylvania Press, 2012), 317.</ref><br /> [[Telugu language|Telugu]] (<small>official after 1600</small>)<ref>{{cite journal | |||
| last = Alam | | last = Alam | ||
| first = Muzaffar | | first = Muzaffar | ||
| Line 26: | Line 29: | ||
| issue = 2 | | issue = 2 | ||
| pages = 317–349 | | pages = 317–349 | ||
|quote = "Ibrahim Qutb Shah encouraged the growth of Telugu and his successor Muhammad Quli Qutb Shah patronized and himself wrote poetry in Telugu and in Dakhni. Abdullah Qutb Shah instituted a special office to prepare the royal edicts in Telugu (dabiri-ye faramin-i Hindavi). While administrative and revenue papers at local levels in the Qutb Shahi Sultanate were prepared largely in Telugu, the royal edicts were often bilingual.'06 The last Qutb Shahi Sultan, Abul Hasan Tana Shah, sometimes issued his orders only in Telugu, with a Persian summary given on the back of the farmans." | |quote = "Ibrahim Qutb Shah encouraged the growth of Telugu and his successor Muhammad Quli Qutb Shah patronized and himself wrote poetry in Telugu and in Dakhni. Abdullah Qutb Shah instituted a special office to prepare the royal edicts in Telugu (dabiri-ye faramin-i Hindavi). While administrative and revenue papers at local levels in the Qutb Shahi Sultanate were prepared largely in Telugu, the royal edicts were often bilingual. '06 The last Qutb Shahi Sultan, Abul Hasan Tana Shah, sometimes issued his orders only in Telugu, with a Persian summary given on the back of the farmans." | ||
| doi=10.1017/s0026749x98002947}}</ref><br />[[ | | doi=10.1017/s0026749x98002947| s2cid = 146630389 | ||
|government_type = Monarchy | }}</ref><br />[[Deccani Urdu]] | ||
|title_leader = Qutb Shah | | government_type = Monarchy | ||
|leader1 = [[Sultan Quli Qutb-ul-Mulk]] | | title_leader = Qutb Shah | ||
|year_leader1 = 1512–1543 | | leader1 = [[Sultan Quli Qutb-ul-Mulk]] | ||
|leader2 = [[Jamsheed Quli Qutb Shah]] | | year_leader1 = 1512–1543 | ||
|year_leader2 = 1543–1550 | | leader2 = [[Jamsheed Quli Qutb Shah]] | ||
|leader3 = [[Subhan Quli Qutb Shah]] | | year_leader2 = 1543–1550 | ||
|year_leader3 = 1550–1550 | | leader3 = [[Subhan Quli Qutb Shah]] | ||
|leader4 = [[Ibrahim Quli Qutb Shah]] | | year_leader3 = 1550–1550 | ||
|year_leader4 = 1550–1580 | | leader4 = [[Ibrahim Quli Qutb Shah]] | ||
|leader5 = [[Muhammad Quli Qutb Shah]] | | year_leader4 = 1550–1580 | ||
|year_leader5 = 1580-1612 | | leader5 = [[Muhammad Quli Qutb Shah]] | ||
|leader6 = [[Sultan Muhammad Qutb Shah]] | | year_leader5 = 1580-1612 | ||
|year_leader6 = 1612-1626 | | leader6 = [[Sultan Muhammad Qutb Shah]] | ||
|leader7 = [[Abdullah Qutb Shah]] | | year_leader6 = 1612-1626 | ||
|year_leader7 = 1626–1672 | | leader7 = [[Abdullah Qutb Shah]] | ||
|leader8 = [[Abul Hasan Qutb Shah]] | | year_leader7 = 1626–1672 | ||
|year_leader8 = 1672-1686 | | leader8 = [[Abul Hasan Qutb Shah]] | ||
|stat_year1 = | | year_leader8 = 1672-1686 | ||
|stat_pop1 = | | stat_year1 = | ||
|stat_area4 = <!--500,000sq/mi : this must be a number of square kilometers (no comma); can't see a source--> | | stat_pop1 = | ||
|population_density3 = | | stat_area4 = <!--500,000sq/mi : this must be a number of square kilometers (no comma); can't see a source--> | ||
|currency = Mohur | | population_density3 = | ||
| today = [[India]] | | currency = Mohur | ||
|demonym=|area_km2=|area_rank=|GDP_PPP=|GDP_PPP_year=|HDI=|HDI_year= | | today = [[India]] | ||
| demonym = | |||
| area_km2 = | |||
| area_rank = | |||
| GDP_PPP = | |||
| GDP_PPP_year = | |||
| HDI = | |||
| HDI_year = | |||
}} | }} | ||
The '''Qutb Shahi dynasty''' | The '''Qutb Shahi dynasty''' ([[Persian language|Persian]]: {{lang|fa|قطبشاهیان}} ''Qotb-Šâhiyân''; {{lang-ur|قطب شاہی خاندان}} {{transl|ur|Qutb Shāhī Khāndān}}) was a [[Persianate society|Persianate]]<ref>Christoph Marcinkowski, ''Shi'ite Identities: Community and Culture in Changing Social Contexts'', 169-170; "''The Qutb-Shahi kingdom could be considered 'highly Persianate' with a large number of Persian-speaking merchants, scholars, and artisans present at the royal capital.''"</ref> [[Shia Islam|Shia Islamic]] dynasty of [[Turkoman (ethnonym)|Turkoman]] origin<ref>{{cite book |last1=Syed |first1=Muzaffar Husain |title=Concise History of Islam |date=2011 |publisher=Vij Books India Private Limited |isbn=978-9-382-57347-0 |page=258 |quote=The Qutb Shahi dynasty was the ruling family of the sultanate of Golkonda in southern India. They were '''Shia Muslims''' and belonged to a '''Turkmen tribe'''.}}</ref><ref>Siddiq, Mohd Suleman. [https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9781315141664-12/da-irat-ul-ma-arif-unique-language-institute-hyderabad-mohd-suleman-siddiq "The Da’irat-ul-Ma’arif: A Unique Language Institute of Hyderabad."] In Languages and Literary Cultures in Hyderabad, pp. 203-216. Routledge, 2017.</ref> that ruled the '''Sultanate of [[Golconda Fort|Golkonda]]''' ({{lang-fa|سلطنت گلکنده}} {{transl|fa|Saltanat-e Golkonde}}; {{lang-ur|سلطنت گولکنڈہ}} {{transl|ur|Saltanat-e Golkunḍa}}) in [[South India|southern India]].<ref>{{cite book | last=Farooqui | first=Salma Ahmed | title=A comprehensive history of medieval India : twelfth to the mid-eighteenth century | publication-place=India | date=2011 | isbn=978-81-317-3202-1 | oclc=991819668 | pages = 177–179}}</ref><ref name="Chandra"/><ref>{{cite book | last1=Schimmel | first1=Annemarie | last2=Attwood | first2=Corinne | last3=Waghmar | first3=Burzine K. | last4=Robinson | first4=Francis | title=The empire of the great Mughals : history, art and culture | publication-place=London | date=2004 | isbn=1-86189-185-7 | oclc=61751123}}.</ref><ref>Peacock, Andrew CS, and Richard Piran McClary. Turkish History and Culture in India: Identity, Art and Transregional Connections. Brill, 2020.</ref> After the collapse of [[Bahmani Sultanate]], the Qutb Shahi dynasty was established in 1512 AD by Sultan-Quli Qutb-ul-Mulk, better known though less correctly referred to in [[English language|English]] as "[[Quli Qutb Shah]]". | ||
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In 1636, [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] emperor [[Shah Jahan]] forced the Qutb Shahis to recognize Mughal suzerainty and pay periodic tributes. The dynasty came to an end in 1687 during the reign of its seventh sultan [[Abul Hasan Qutb Shah]], when the Mughal ruler [[Aurangzeb]] arrested and jailed Abul Hasan for the rest of his life in [[Daulatabad Fort|Daulatabad]], incorporating Golconda into the Mughal empire.<ref>{{cite book|title=Iran and the Deccan: Persianate Art, Culture, and Talent in Circulation, 1400–1700|year=2020|isbn=9780253048943|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=_yHXDwAAQBAJ|author=Keelan Overton|page=82|publisher=Indiana University Press|access-date=1 July 2020}}</ref><ref name="Farooqi">{{cite book|title=A Comprehensive History of Medieval India: From Twelfth to the Mid-Eighteenth Century|author=Farooqui Salma Ahmed|pages=177–179|publisher=Pearson Education India|year=2011|isbn=9788131732021}}</ref><ref name="Bosworth" /> The kingdom extended from the parts of modern-day states of [[Karnataka]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[Odisha]] and [[Telangana]].<ref name="sen2">{{Cite book |last=Sen |first=Sailendra |title=A Textbook of Medieval Indian History |publisher=Primus Books |year=2013 |isbn=978-9-38060-734-4 |pages=118}}</ref> The Golconda sultanate was constantly in conflict with the [[Adilshahi sultanate|Adil Shahis]] and [[Nizam Shahi dynasty|Nizam Shahis]].<ref name="Bosworth">C.E. Bosworth, ''The New Islamic Dynasties'', (Columbia University Press, 1996), 328.</ref> | |||
The Qutb Shahis were patrons of [[Persianate]] Shia culture.<ref name="Farooqi"/><ref name="Chandra" /> The official and court language of the Golconda sultanate during the first 90 years of its existence (c. 1512 – 1600) was also Persian. In the early 17th century, however, the [[Telugu language]] was elevated to the status of the Persian language, while towards the end of the Qut Shahis' rule, it was the primary court language with Persian used occasionally in official documents. According to [[Indology|Indologist]] Richard Eaton, as Qutb Shahis adopted Telugu, they started seeing their polity as the Telugu speaking state, with the elites of the sultanate viewing their rulers as "Telugu Sultans".<ref name="Eaton" /> | |||
==History== | ==History== | ||
The dynasty's founder, [[Sultan Quli Qutb-ul-Mulk|Sultan Quli Khawas Khan Hamdani]] was born in [[Hamadan Province]], Iran. He belonged to the [[Kara Koyunlu|Qara Qoyunlu]], an [[Turkoman (ethnonym)|Iranian Turkmen]] Muslim tribe and therefore a descendant of [[Qara Yusuf]].<ref name="jstor1">{{cite journal|title=The Qara-qoyunlu and the Qutb-shāhs (Turkmenica, 10)|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/609229|volume=17|year=1955|pages=50–73|publisher=Cambridge University Press|jstor = 609229|access-date=20 November 2020|last1 = Minorsky|first1 = V.|journal = Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London|issue = 1|doi = 10.1017/S0041977X00106342|s2cid=162273460 }}</ref><ref name="Masud">{{cite book|title=Mohammad Quli Qutb Shah|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=v4UKJFLZVcEC|year=1996|page=2|first=Masud Husain|last=Khan|publisher=Sahitya Akademi|isbn=9788126002337|access-date=20 November 2020}}</ref> In the 16th century, he migrated to [[Delhi]] with his uncle, Allah-Quli, some of his relatives and friends. Later he migrated south, to the [[Deccan Plateau|Deccan]] and served the [[Bahmani Sultanate|Bahmani sultan]], [[Mahmood Shah Bahmani II]], who was of [[Deccanis|Deccani Muslim]] ethnicity.<ref>{{cite book |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=p159EAAAQBAJ&dq=Alauddin+Ahmad+II++Chand+Minar&pg=PT26 |title= Water and Historic Settlements:The Making of a Cultural Landscape |author= Yaaminey Mubayi |date= 2022 |isbn= 9781000641639 }}</ref><ref name="Michell">George Michell, Mark Zebrowski, ''Architecture and Art of the Deccan Sultanates'', (Cambridge University Press, 1999), 17.</ref> He declared the independence of Golconda, after the disintegration of the Bahmani Kingdom into the five [[Deccan sultanates]].<ref name="Michell" /> Soon after, he declared independence from the Bahmani Sultanate, took the title ''Qutub Shah'', and established the Qutb Shahi dynasty of Golconda. He was later assassinated in 1543 by his son, [[Jamsheed Quli Qutb Shah|Jamsheed]], who assumed the sultanate.<ref name="Michell" /> Jamsheed died in 1550 from cancer.<ref name="Khan">Masʻūd Ḥusain Khān, ''Mohammad Quli Qutb Shah'', Volume 216, (Sahitya Akademi, 1996), 2.</ref> Jamsheed's young son reigned for a year, at which time the nobility brought back and installed Ibrahim Quli as sultan.<ref name="Khan" /> | |||
The dynasty's founder, [[Sultan Quli Qutb-ul-Mulk]] was | The early Qutb Shahi sultans prohibited Hindus from observing their religious festivals, states [[Annemarie Schimmel]] – a scholar of Islamic studies. During the reign of Muhammad Quli Qutb Shah (1580–1611), who was a more tolerant ruler, the Hindus were allowed to observe their religious festivals like [[Diwali]] and [[Holi]] in open.<ref>Annemarie Schimmel, ''Classical Urdu Literature from the Beginning to Iqbāl'', (Otto Harrassowitz, 1975), 143; Quote: "[Muhammad Quli ... was an enlightened and tolerant ruler...] Hindus enjoyed good positions at court and were again allowed to celebrate some of their religious festivals, such as Holi and Diwali, prohibited by the previous Muslim kings" – Annemarie Schimmel</ref> Later Sultans such as Tana Shah, appointed Brahmin Hindus such as [[Madanna and Akkanna]] as ministers in charge of tax collection and exchequer. However, this led to significant factionalism between the Muslim elites and the rising power of the Brahmin Hindus. The Muslim faction reached out to Aurangzeb, who sent a regiment led by his son to attack Golconda. They beheaded Madanna and Akkanna, along with plundering the property and killing many more Hindus in administrative positions of the Qutb Shahi dynasty. Shortly thereafter, the last Sultan of dynasty was jailed in Daulatabad by Aurangzeb, and the Qutb Shahi dynasty came to an end. | ||
Golconda, and with the construction of the [[Charminar|Char Minar]], later [[Hyderabad, India|Hyderabad]], served as capitals of the sultanate,<ref name="Michell" /> and both cities were embellished by the Qutb Shahi sultans. The dynasty ruled Golconda for 171 years, until the [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] emperor [[Aurangzeb]] conquered the [[Deccan Plateau|Deccan]] in 1687.<ref name="Chandra2">Satish Chandra, ''Medieval India: From Sultanat to the Mughals'', Part II, (Har-Anand, 2009), 331.</ref> | Golconda, and with the construction of the [[Charminar|Char Minar]], later [[Hyderabad, India|Hyderabad]], served as capitals of the sultanate,<ref name="Michell" /> and both cities were embellished by the Qutb Shahi sultans. The dynasty ruled Golconda for 171 years, until the [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] emperor [[Aurangzeb]] conquered the [[Deccan Plateau|Deccan]] in 1687.<ref name="Chandra2">Satish Chandra, ''Medieval India: From Sultanat to the Mughals'', Part II, (Har-Anand, 2009), 331.</ref> The territory of the Golconda Sultanate was made into a Mughal imperial province, [[Hyderabad Subah]].<ref name=":02">{{Cite journal |last=Richards |first=J. F. |date=1975 |title=The Hyderabad Karnatik, 1687-1707 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/311962 |journal=Modern Asian Studies |volume=9 |issue=2 |pages=241–260 |doi=10.1017/S0026749X00004996 |jstor=311962 |s2cid=142989123 |issn=0026-749X}}</ref> | ||
== Economy == | == Economy == | ||
[[File:Tomb of Sultan Muhammad Qutb Shah 01.jpg|thumb|right|Tomb of [[Sultan Muhammad Qutb Shah]] in [[Hyderabad]].]] | |||
The Golconda Sultanate was notoriously wealthy. While its primary source of revenue was land tax,<ref>{{Citation|last=Eaton|first=R. M.|title=Ḳuṭb Shāhī|date=2012-04-24|url=https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-2/kutb-shahi-SIM_4584?s.num=47&s.f.s2_parent=s.f.book.encyclopaedia-of-islam-2&s.start=40&s.q=deccan|encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition|publisher=Brill|language=en|access-date=2021-12-26}}</ref> the sultanate greatly profited from its monopoly on diamond production from mines in the southern districts of the kingdom. The sultanate also had control over the [[Krishna Delta|Krishna]] and [[Godavari Delta|Godavari deltas]], giving it access to craft production in the villages of the area, where goods like textiles were produced. The town of [[Masulipatnam]] served as the Golconda Sultanate's primary seaport for the export of diamonds and textiles. The kingdom reached the peak of its financial prosperity in the 1620s and 1630s.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Eaton|first=Richard Maxwell|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/58431679|title=A social history of the Deccan, 1300-1761 : eight Indian lives|date=2005|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=0-521-25484-1|location=Cambridge, UK|pages=157|oclc=58431679}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Kanakarathnam|first=N.|title=Maritime Trade and Growth of Urban Infrastructure in Port Cities of Colonial Andhra: A Study of Masulipatnam |date=2014|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44158449|journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress|volume=75|pages=691|jstor=44158449 |issn=2249-1937}}</ref> | |||
=== Cotton-Weaving === | === Cotton-Weaving === | ||
During the early seventeenth century, a strong cotton-weaving industry existed in the Deccan region. Large quantities of cotton cloth were produced for domestic and exports consumption. High quality plain and patterned cloth made of muslin and calico was produced. Plain cloth was available as white or brown colour, in bleached or dyed variety. This cloth was exported to Persia and European countries. Patterned cloth was made of prints which were made indigenously with indigo for blue, chay-root for red coloured prints and vegetable yellow. Patterned cloth exports were mainly to Java, Sumatra and other eastern countries.<ref name=":2" /> | During the early seventeenth century, a strong cotton-weaving industry existed in the Deccan region. Large quantities of cotton cloth were produced for domestic and exports consumption. High quality plain and patterned cloth made of muslin and calico was produced. Plain cloth was available as white or brown colour, in bleached or dyed variety. This cloth was exported to Persia and European countries. Patterned cloth was made of prints which were made indigenously with indigo for blue, chay-root for red coloured prints and vegetable yellow. Patterned cloth exports were mainly to Java, Sumatra and other eastern countries.<ref name=":2" /> Golconda had a strong trading relationship with Ayutthaya Siam.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Marcinkowski |first=Christoph |title=Persians and Shi'ites in Thailand: From the Ayutthaya Period to the Present |url=https://www.iseas.edu.sg/images/pdf/nscwps15.pdf}}</ref> | ||
=== Diamonds === | === Diamonds === | ||
{{Main|Golconda diamonds}} | {{Main|Golconda diamonds}} | ||
The Golconda Sultanate was known for its diamonds which were dubbed the [[Golconda diamonds]]. | The Golconda Sultanate was known for its diamonds which were dubbed the [[Golconda diamonds]]. These diamonds were sought after diamonds long before the Qutb Shahi dynasty came to power, and they continued to supply this demand through the European traders.<ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/2011/03/18/fashion/18iht-acaj-diamonds-18.html The Market for Golconda Diamonds Has Mushroomed], New York Times</ref> | ||
Diamonds from mines (especially the [[Kollur Mine]] presently in [[Guntur district]], [[Andhra Pradesh]]) were transported to the city of [[Hyderabad]] to be cut, polished, evaluated and sold. [[Golconda]] established itself as a diamond trading centre and until the end of the 19th century, the Golconda market was the primary source of the finest and largest diamonds in the world.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2016-11-05|title=Delving into the rich and often bloody history of Golconda Fort|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/magazine/Delving-into-the-rich-and-often-bloody-history-of-Golconda-Fort/article16437577.ece|access-date=2021-07-26|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> | Diamonds from mines (especially the [[Kollur Mine]] presently in [[Guntur district]], [[Andhra Pradesh]]) were transported to the city of [[Hyderabad]] to be cut, polished, evaluated and sold. [[Golconda]] established itself as a diamond trading centre and until the end of the 19th century, the Golconda market was the primary source of the finest and largest diamonds in the world.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2016-11-05|title=Delving into the rich and often bloody history of Golconda Fort|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/magazine/Delving-into-the-rich-and-often-bloody-history-of-Golconda-Fort/article16437577.ece|access-date=2021-07-26|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> | ||
==Culture== | ==Culture== | ||
[[File: | [[File:Finch, Poppies, Dragonfly, and Bee India (Deccan, Golconda).jpg|thumb|left|Golkonda Painting, 1650-1670 Opaque watercolor and gold on paper Overall]] | ||
[[File:Barbed rubab (lute), 1660-1670 CE, Golkonda.png|thumb |Music in Golkonda, 1660–1670. Musician plays a form of [[rubab (instrument)|rubab]] | [[File:Barbed rubab (lute), 1660-1670 CE, Golkonda.png|thumb |Music in Golkonda, 1660–1670. Musician plays a form of [[rubab (instrument)|rubab]]. ]] | ||
The Qutb | The Qutb Shahis were patrons of [[Persianate]] Shia culture.<ref name="Farooqi"/><ref name="Chandra" /> Over the first 90 years of their rule (c. 1512 – 1600), they championed Persian culture. Their official edicts and court language was in Persian only.<ref name="Eaton" /> Quli Qutb Mulk's court became a haven for Persian culture and literature.<ref name="Bosworth" /> In early 17th-century, with Sultan [[Muhammad Quli Qutb Shah]] (1580–1612) a change began. He began to patronize the Telugu language and culture as well. Edicts began to be issued both in Persian and Telugu. Towards the end of the dynasty, these were primarily in Telugu with a summary in Persian. As they adopted Telugu, they saw their territory as the Telugu speaking region, states Indologist Richard Eaton, with their elites considering the rulers as "Telugu Sultans".<ref name="Eaton">Richard M. Eaton (2005), A Social History of the Deccan, 1300-1761: Eight Indian Lives, Vol. 1, Cambridge University Press, 142-143</ref> | ||
Sultan [[Muhammad Quli Qutb Shah]] (1580–1612) wrote poems in Dakhini Urdu, Persian and Telugu.<ref name="Chandra" /> Subsequent poets and writers, however wrote in Urdu, while using vocabulary from Persian, Hindi and Telugu languages.<ref name="Chandra" /> During the reign of [[Abdullah Qutb Shah]] in 1634 AD, an ancient Sanskrit text on love and sex ''[[Ratirahasya]]'' by Kokkoka was translated into [[Persian language|Persian]] and named ''Lazzat-un-Nisa'' (Flavors of the Woman).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/lazzat-un-nisa-hyderabads-own-kamasutra-back-in-focus/articleshow/67391978.cms|title=Lazzat-Un-Nisa: Hyderabad's own Kamasutra back in focus - Times of India|last=Akbar|first=Syed|date=2019-01-05|website=The Times of India|access-date=2019-01-05}}</ref> | |||
=== Architecture === | === Architecture === | ||
The Qutb Shahi architecture was [[Indo-Islamic architecture|Indo-Islamic]], a culmination of Indian and Persian architectural styles.<ref name="Farooqui1">Salma Ahmed Farooqui, ''A Comprehensive History of Medieval India: From Twelfth to the Mid-Eighteenth Century'', (Dorling Kindersley Pvt. Ltd, 2011), 181.</ref> Their style was very similar to that of the other [[Deccan sultanates|Deccan Sultanates]]. | The Qutb Shahi architecture was [[Indo-Islamic architecture|Indo-Islamic]], a culmination of Indian and Persian architectural styles.<ref name="Farooqui1">Salma Ahmed Farooqui, ''A Comprehensive History of Medieval India: From Twelfth to the Mid-Eighteenth Century'', (Dorling Kindersley Pvt. Ltd, 2011), 181.</ref> Their style was very similar to that of the other [[Deccan sultanates|Deccan Sultanates]]. The Qutb Shahi rulers built the [[Charminar|Char Minar]].<ref name="Chandra">Satish Chandra, ''Medieval India: From Sultanat to the Mughals'', Part II, (Har-Anand, 2009), 210.</ref> | ||
Some examples of Qutb Shahi Indo-Islamic architecture are the [[Golkonda|Golconda Fort]], [[Qutb Shahi Tombs|tombs of the Qutb Shahis]], [[Charminar|Char Minar]] and the [[Char Kaman]], [[Mecca Masjid]], [[Khairtabad Mosque]], [[Hayat Bakshi Mosque]], [[Taramati Baradari]] and the [[Toli Masjid|Toli Mosque]].<ref name="Farooqui1" /><ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/5573/|title=The Qutb Shahi Monuments of Hyderabad Golconda Fort, Qutb Shahi Tombs, Charminar - UNESCO World Heritage Centre|last=Centre|first=UNESCO World Heritage|website=whc.unesco.org|language=en|access-date=2018-09-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180201205635/https://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/5573/ |archive-date=1 February 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref> | Some examples of Qutb Shahi Indo-Islamic architecture are the [[Golkonda|Golconda Fort]], [[Qutb Shahi Tombs|tombs of the Qutb Shahis]], [[Charminar|Char Minar]] and the [[Char Kaman]], [[Mecca Masjid]], [[Khairtabad Mosque]], [[Hayat Bakshi Mosque]], [[Taramati Baradari]] and the [[Toli Masjid|Toli Mosque]].<ref name="Farooqui1" /><ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/5573/|title=The Qutb Shahi Monuments of Hyderabad Golconda Fort, Qutb Shahi Tombs, Charminar - UNESCO World Heritage Centre|last=Centre|first=UNESCO World Heritage|website=whc.unesco.org|language=en|access-date=2018-09-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180201205635/https://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/5573/ |archive-date=1 February 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref> | ||
== Administration == | == Administration == | ||
The Qutb Shahi Kingdom was | [[File:The Bahmani Kingdom, Kandesh, and the Five Sultanates.jpg|thumb|The Bahmani Kingdom, Kandesh, and the Five Sultanates]] | ||
The Qutb Shahi Kingdom was a highly centralized state. The sultan enjoyed absolute executive judicial and military powers. When he was away, a regent carried to carry on the administration on behalf of the king. The ''Peshwa'' (Prime Minister) was the highest official of the sultanate. He was assisted by a number of ministers, including ''Mir Jumla'' (finance minister), ''Kotwal'' (police commissioner), and ''Khazanadar'' (treasurer).{{citation needed|date=September 2021}} | |||
For most of their reign, the Qutb Shahi sultanate had a system of jagirs, who would provide troops as well as collect taxes. They were allowed to keep a portion of the taxes and give the sultan the rest. Tax collection was through auction farms, the highest bidder used to get the Governorship. While the Governors enjoyed luxurious life style, they had to bear the brunt of severe punishments for default, consequently they were harsh on the people.<ref name=":2" /> Tana Shah – the last Sultan, with advice from his Brahmin ministers responsible for tax collection, introduced a reform whereby all taxes were collected by civil professionals for a region. The soldiers, government workers, court officials and all the Muslim elites were paid allowances from the Sultan's treasury. These reforms brought a large increase in revenues. | |||
According to Moreland, in the earlier system, the Persian origin Muslims were paid the highest, then the other Indian Muslims. In early 17th century, the Persian origin Muslims became rich by lending money on high interest (usury) of 4-5% per ''mensem'' much to the despair of Hindus.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book|last=Moreland|first=W.H.|title=Relation of Golconda in the Early Seventeenth Century|publisher=Halyukt Society|year=1931|pages=78, 89}}</ref> | |||
In the Qutb Shahi | The Sultanate had 66 forts, and each fort was administered by a ''Nayak''.<ref>{{cite book|title=Prince;Poet;Lover;Builder: Mohd. Quli Qutb Shah - The founder of Hyderabad|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4B_iDQAAQBAJ|author=Narendra Luther|publisher=Publications Division Ministry of Information & Broadcasting|year=1991|isbn=9788123023151|access-date=13 January 2020}}</ref> In the second half of the 17th century, the Qutb Shahi Sultan hired many Hindu Nayaks. According to Kruijtzer, these were mainly Brahmins. According to another account, these were mainly from the [[Kamma (caste)|Kamma]], [[Velama]], [[Kapu (caste)|Kapu]], and [[Raju]] warrior castes.<ref name=":1">Chapter III: Economics, Political, Economic, and Social Background of Deccan 17th-18th Century, p.57 [https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/25652/10/10_chapter%203.pdf Deccan under late 17th-century Qutb Shahi]</ref> They served as civil revenue officers. After the Mughals dismissed the Qutb Shahi dynasty in 1687, these Hindu Nayaks were also dismissed and replaced with Muslim military commanders.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zdqxsas05NMC|title=Proceedings of Seminar on Industries and Crafts in Andhra Desa, 17th and 18th Centuries, A.D.|date=1996|publisher=Department of History, Osmania University|pages=57|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qJXXAAAAMAAJ|title=Readings In Society And Religion Of Medieval South India|last=Reddy|first=Pedarapu Chenna|date=2006-01-01|publisher=Research India Press|isbn=9788189131043|pages=163|language=en}}</ref> | ||
=== Administrative divisions === | |||
{{South Asia in 1525 CE|right|The Golconda Sultanate and main South Asian polities circa 1525 AD, on the eve of the establishment of the [[Mughal Empire]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Schwartzberg |first1=Joseph E. |title=A Historical atlas of South Asia |date=1978 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |location=Chicago |page=39, 147|isbn=0226742210 |url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/schwartzberg/pager.html?object=076}}</ref>|{{Annotation|130|168|[[File:Long Rectangle (plain).png|47px]]}}}} | |||
The sultanate in 1670 comprised 21 ''[[Sarkar (administrative division)|sarkars]]'' (provinces) which in turn were divided into 355 ''[[parganas]]'' (districts). | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
|- | |||
|+ Administrative divisions of Golconda sultanate<ref>{{Cite book |last=Nayeem |first=M. A. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=V48MAQAAMAAJ |title=The Heritage of the Qutb Shahis of Golconda and Hyderabad, Volume 1 |date=2016 |publisher=Hyderabad Publishers |isbn=9788185492230 |pages=22 |chapter=MARITIME TRADE AND GROWTH OF URBAN INFRASTRUCTURE IN PORT CITIES OF COLONIAL ANDHRA: A STUDY OF MASULIPATNAM}}</ref><ref name="golconda">{{Cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aoYgAAAAMAAJ|title=History of the Qutb Shāhī Dynasty|author=Haroon Khan Sherwani|publisher=Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers|date=1974|page=655}}</ref> | |||
!S.No. | |||
!Name of<br>[[Circar|Sarkar]] | |||
!Number of<br>[[Paragana|Paraganas]] | |||
|- | |||
| 1 | |||
| {{transliteration|ur|ISO|Muhammadnagar}}<br>(Golconda) | |||
| 22 | |||
|- | |||
| 2 | |||
| Medak | |||
| 16 | |||
|- | |||
| 3 | |||
| {{transliteration|ur|ISO|Melangūr}} | |||
| 3 | |||
|- | |||
| 4 | |||
| Elangandel | |||
| 21 | |||
|- | |||
| 5 | |||
| Warangal | |||
| 16 | |||
|- | |||
| 6 | |||
| {{transliteration|ur|ISO|Khammamēṭ}} | |||
| 11 | |||
|- | |||
| 7 | |||
| {{transliteration|ur|ISO|Dēvarkoṇḍa}} | |||
| 13 | |||
|- | |||
| 8 | |||
| Pangal | |||
| 5 | |||
|- | |||
| 9 | |||
| Mustafanagar | |||
| 24 | |||
|- | |||
| 10 | |||
| {{transliteration|ur|ISO|Bhoṇgīr}} | |||
| 11 | |||
|- | |||
| 11 | |||
| Akarkara | |||
| 6 | |||
|- | |||
| 12 | |||
| {{transliteration|ur|ISO|Kovilkoṇdā}} | |||
| 13 | |||
|- | |||
| 13 | |||
| Ghanpura | |||
| 8 | |||
|- | |||
| 14 | |||
| Murtaza Nagar<br>with three ''atrafs'' | |||
| 39 | |||
|- | |||
| 15 | |||
| Machilipatnam | |||
| 8 | |||
|- | |||
| 16 | |||
| Ellore | |||
| 12 | |||
|- | |||
| 17 | |||
| Rajahmundry | |||
| 24 | |||
|- | |||
| 18 | |||
| Chicacole <br>with 3 atrafs | |||
|115 | |||
|- | |||
| 19 | |||
| Kaulas | |||
| 5 | |||
|- | |||
| 20 | |||
| Nizampatnam ''Mahal'' | |||
|1 | |||
|- | |||
| 21 | |||
| Karnatak including Arcot ''taraf''<br> (It had 16 sarkars) | |||
| 162<ref name="golconda"/> | |||
|} | |||
==Religion== | ==Religion== | ||
The Qutb Shahi dynasty | The Qutb Shahi dynasty, like many Deccan Islamic dynasties, was a Shia Islam dynasty with roots in Persia (modern Iran). Initially they were very strict and they persecuted the Hindus who constituted the vast majority of the population. Open practice of Hindu festivals was forbidden in Golconda Sultanate. It was Muhammad Quli Qutb Shah who first reversed this policy, and allowed Hindus to practice their festivals and religion in open.<ref>Annemarie Schimmel, ''Classical Urdu Literature from the Beginning to Iqbāl'', (Otto Harrassowitz, 1975), pp. 141-152</ref><ref>''Islam in South Asia: Practicing tradition today'', Karen G. Ruffle, '''South Asian Religions: Tradition and Today''', ed. Karen Pechilis, Selva J. Raj, (Routledge, 2013), 210.</ref> | ||
In the final decades of their rule, the Qutb Shahi dynasty rulers patronized Shia, Sufi, Sunni Islamic traditions, as well as the Hindu traditions. Prior to their end, Tana Shah advised by Madanna and Akkanna –his Brahmin ministers, began the tradition of sending pearls to the [[Sita Ramachandraswamy temple, Bhadrachalam|Bhadrachalam Temple]] of Rama on [[Rama Navami]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IQtuAAAAMAAJ|title=Glimpses of our past--historical researches: festschrift in honour of Prof. Mukkamala Radhakrishna Sarma, former emeritus fellow|last1=Sarma|first1=Mukkamala Radhakrishna|last2=Committee|first2=Osmania University Dept of Ancient Indian History, Culture & Archaeology Felicitation|last3=History|first3=Osmania University Dept of|date=2004|publisher=Felicitation Committee, Dept. of Ancient Indian History, Culture, and Archaeology & Dept. of History, Osmania University|pages=326|language=en}}</ref> | |||
==Rulers== | ==Rulers== | ||
The eight [[sultan]]s in the [[dynasty]] were: | The eight [[sultan]]s in the [[dynasty]] were: | ||
{| class="wikitable | {| class="wikitable" | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Rowspan="2"|Personal Name | ! Rowspan="2"|Personal Name | ||
| Line 123: | Line 227: | ||
! Until | ! Until | ||
|- | |- | ||
| ''Quli | | ''Sultan Quli''<br />سلطان قلی | ||
| [[Sultan Quli Qutb-ul-Mulk]] | | [[Sultan Quli Qutb-ul-Mulk]] | ||
| 1512 | | 1512 | ||
| Line 137: | Line 241: | ||
| 1550 | | 1550 | ||
| | | | ||
* Second Son of [[Quli Qutb Mulk | * Second Son of [[Sultan Quli Qutb-ul-Mulk]] | ||
|- | |- | ||
| ''Subhan''<br />سبحان | | ''Subhan''<br />سبحان | ||
| Line 152: | Line 256: | ||
| 1580 | | 1580 | ||
| | | | ||
* Younger Son of [[Quli Qutb Mulk | * Younger Son of [[Sultan Quli Qutb-ul-Mulk]] | ||
* Fought the [[Battle of Talikota]] with the Alliance of [[Deccan Sultanates]] | * Fought the [[Battle of Talikota]] with the Alliance of [[Deccan Sultanates]] | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Line 186: | Line 290: | ||
| | | | ||
* Son in law of [[Abdullah Qutb Shah]] | * Son in law of [[Abdullah Qutb Shah]] | ||
* Defeated by Mughal Emperor [[Aurangzeb Alamgir]] in 1686 | * Defeated and jailed by Mughal Emperor [[Aurangzeb Alamgir]] in 1686 | ||
* He died in prison. | |||
|- | |- | ||
|} | |} | ||
| Line 192: | Line 297: | ||
==Tombs== | ==Tombs== | ||
{{main|Qutb Shahi Tombs}} | {{main|Qutb Shahi Tombs}} | ||
The [[Qutb Shahi Tombs|tombs of the Qutb Shahi sultans]] lie about one kilometer north of [[Golkonda|Golkonda's]] outer wall. These structures are made of beautifully carved stonework, and surrounded by landscaped gardens. They are open to the public and receive many visitors.<ref name=":0" /> | The [[Qutb Shahi Tombs|tombs of the Qutb Shahi sultans]] lie about one kilometer north of [[Golkonda|Golkonda's]] outer wall. These structures are made of beautifully carved stonework, and surrounded by landscaped gardens. They are open to the public and receive many visitors.<ref name=":0" /> | ||
==Family tree== | ==Family tree== | ||
{{Tree chart/start}} | {{Tree chart/start|align=center|style=font-size:90%}} | ||
{{Tree chart| | | | | | | | | {{Tree chart| | | | | | | | | | A01 | | | | | | | | | |A01='''[[Qara Yusuf]]''' <br>c. 1356-1420 <br>'''Sultan of [[Qara Qoyunlu]]''' <br>R.1389-1420 |boxstyle_ A01=border-color:#0097C4}} | ||
{{Tree chart| | | | | | |,|-|-|-|^|-|-|-|.| | | | | | |}} | |||
{{Tree chart| | | | {{Tree chart| | | | | | A01 | | | | | | A02 | | | | | |A01='''[[Qara Iskander]]''' <br>?-1436 <br>'''Sultan of [[Qara Qoyunlu]]''' <br>R.1421-1429, <br>1431-1436 |A02='''[[Jahan Shah]]''' <br>1397/1405-1467 <br>'''Sultan of [[Qara Qoyunlu]]''' <br>R.1438-1467 |boxstyle_ A01=border-color:#0097C4 |boxstyle_ A02=border-color:#0097C4}} | ||
{{Tree chart| | | {{Tree chart| | | | | | |!| | | | | | | |!| | | | | | |}} | ||
{{Tree chart| | | | {{Tree chart| | | | | | A01 | | | | | | A02 | | | | | |A01=[[Alvand Mirza (Qara Qoyunlu)|Alvand Mirza]] <br>?-1470 |A02='''[[Mirza Yusuf]]''' <br>?-1469 <br>'''Sultan of [[Qara Qoyunlu]]''' <br>R.1468-1469 |boxstyle_ A01=border-color:#0097C4 |boxstyle_ A02=border-color:#0097C4}} | ||
{{Tree chart| | | {{Tree chart| | | | | | |!| | | | | | | |!| | | | | | |}} | ||
{{Tree chart| | |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | {{Tree chart| | | | | | A01 |P|P|m|P|P| A02 | | | | | |A01=Pir Quli Beg |A02=Khadija Khatun |boxstyle_ A01=border-color:#0097C4 |boxstyle_ A02=border-color:#0097C4}} | ||
{{Tree chart| | | {{Tree chart| | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | |}} | ||
{{Tree chart| | | | {{Tree chart| | | | | | | | | | A01 | | | | | | | | | |A01=Uways Quli Beg |boxstyle_ A01=border-color:#0097C4}} | ||
{{Tree chart| | | | | | | | | {{Tree chart| | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | |}} | ||
{{Tree chart| | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | }} | {{Tree chart| | | | | | | | | | A01 | | | | | | | | | |A01=1. <br>'''[[Sultan Quli Qutb-ul-Mulk]]''' <br>1485-1543 <br>'''Sultan of [[Golconda Sultanate|Golconda]]''' <br>R.1518-1543 |boxstyle_ A01=border-color:#37C8AB}} | ||
{{Tree chart| | | | | | | | | {{Tree chart| | |dj|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|+|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|.| | |}} | ||
{{Tree chart| | | | {{Tree chart| | |:| | | | | | | A01 | | | | | | A02 | |A01=4. <br>'''[[Ibrahim Quli Qutb Shah Wali]]''' <br>1518-1580 <br>'''Sultan of [[Golconda Sultanate|Golconda]]''' <br>R.1550-1580 |A02=2. <br>'''[[Jamsheed Quli Qutb Shah]]''' <br>?-1550 <br>'''Sultan of [[Golconda Sultanate|Golconda]]''' <br>R.1543-1550 |boxstyle_ A01=border-color:#37C8AB |boxstyle_ A02=border-color:#37C8AB}} | ||
{{Tree chart| | |:| | | | | | {{Tree chart| | |:| | | |,|-|-|-|^|-|-|-|.| | | |!| | |}} | ||
{{Tree chart| | |:| | | |,|-| | {{Tree chart| | |:| | | A01 | | | | | | A02 | | A03 | |A01=Mirza Muhammad Amin |A02=5. <br>'''[[Muhammad Quli Qutb Shah]]''' <br>1565-1612 <br>'''Sultan of [[Golconda Sultanate|Golconda]]''' <br>R.1580-1612 |A03=3. <br>'''[[Subhan Quli Qutb Shah]]''' <br>1543-1550 <br>'''Sultan of [[Golconda Sultanate|Golconda]]''' <br>R.1550 |boxstyle_ A01=border-color:#37C8AB |boxstyle_ A02=border-color:#37C8AB |boxstyle_ A03=border-color:#37C8AB}} | ||
{{Tree chart| | |:| | | | {{Tree chart| | |:| | | |!| | | | | | | |!| | | | | | |}} | ||
{{Tree chart| | |: | {{Tree chart| | |:| | | A01 |P|P|m|P|P| A02 | | | | | |A01=6. <br>'''[[Sultan Muhammad Qutb Shah]]''' <br>1593-1626 <br>'''Sultan of [[Golconda Sultanate|Golconda]]''' <br>R.1612-1626 |A02=[[Hayat Bakshi Begum]] <br>?-1667 |boxstyle_ A01=border-color:#37C8AB |boxstyle_ A02=border-color:#37C8AB}} | ||
{{Tree chart| | |:| | | | {{Tree chart| | |:| | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | |}} | ||
| | {{Tree chart| | |:| | | | | | | A01 | | | | | | | | | |A01=7. <br>'''[[Abdullah Qutb Shah]]''' <br>1614-1672 <br>'''Sultan of [[Golconda Sultanate|Golconda]]''' <br>R.1626-1672 |boxstyle_ A01=border-color:#37C8AB}} | ||
| | {{Tree chart| | |:| | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | |}} | ||
{{Tree chart| | |:| | | | | {{Tree chart| | A01 |P|P|m|P|P| A02 | | | | | | | | | |A01=8. <br>'''[[Abul Hasan Qutb Shah]]''' <br>?-1699 <br>'''Sultan of [[Golconda Sultanate|Golconda]]''' <br>R.1672-1687 |A02=Badshah Bibi |boxstyle_ A01=border-color:#37C8AB |boxstyle_ A02=border-color:#37C8AB}} | ||
{{Tree chart| | |:| | | | | | {{Tree chart| | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | | |}} | ||
{{Tree chart| | |:| | | {{Tree chart| | | | | | A01 | | | | | | | | | | | | | |A01=Khuda Banda |boxstyle_ A01=border-color:#37C8AB}} | ||
{{Tree chart| | | |||
{{Tree chart| | | | |||
{{Tree chart/end}} | {{Tree chart/end}} | ||
==See also== | ==See also== | ||
*[[Hyderabad Deccan]] | *[[Hyderabad Deccan]] | ||
*[[Battle of Talikota]] | *[[Battle of Talikota]] | ||
| Line 240: | Line 342: | ||
==External links== | ==External links== | ||
{{Authority control}} | |||
{{Andhra Pradesh}} | |||
{{Telangana}} | {{Telangana}} | ||
| Line 254: | Line 356: | ||
[[Category:Dynasties of India]] | [[Category:Dynasties of India]] | ||
[[Category:History of Telangana]] | [[Category:History of Telangana]] | ||
[[Category:Former countries in South Asia]] | [[Category:Former countries in South Asia]] | ||
[[de:Golkonda]] | [[de:Golkonda]] | ||
Latest revision as of 19:43, 14 August 2023
The Qutb Shahi dynasty (Persian: قطبشاهیان Qotb-Šâhiyân; Urdu: قطب شاہی خاندان Qutb Shāhī Khāndān) was a Persianate[4] Shia Islamic dynasty of Turkoman origin[5][6] that ruled the Sultanate of Golkonda (Persian: سلطنت گلکنده Saltanat-e Golkonde; Urdu: سلطنت گولکنڈہ Saltanat-e Golkunḍa) in southern India.[7][8][9][10] After the collapse of Bahmani Sultanate, the Qutb Shahi dynasty was established in 1512 AD by Sultan-Quli Qutb-ul-Mulk, better known though less correctly referred to in English as "Quli Qutb Shah".
Golconda Sultanate | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1518–1687 | |||||||||||
 Flag of the Qutb Shahis | |||||||||||
![Golconda in 1733 AD.[1]](/wiki/File:A_map_of_Golconda_region_from_1733,_published_by_Homann_Heirs_Nuremberg.jpg) Golconda in 1733 AD.[1] | |||||||||||
| Capital | Golconda (1519–1591) Hyderabad (1591–1687) | ||||||||||
| Common languages | Persian (official)[2] Telugu (official after 1600)[3] Deccani Urdu | ||||||||||
| Religion | Shia Islam | ||||||||||
| Government | Monarchy | ||||||||||
| Qutb Shah | |||||||||||
• 1512–1543 | Sultan Quli Qutb-ul-Mulk | ||||||||||
• 1543–1550 | Jamsheed Quli Qutb Shah | ||||||||||
• 1550–1550 | Subhan Quli Qutb Shah | ||||||||||
• 1550–1580 | Ibrahim Quli Qutb Shah | ||||||||||
• 1580-1612 | Muhammad Quli Qutb Shah | ||||||||||
• 1612-1626 | Sultan Muhammad Qutb Shah | ||||||||||
• 1626–1672 | Abdullah Qutb Shah | ||||||||||
• 1672-1686 | Abul Hasan Qutb Shah | ||||||||||
| History | |||||||||||
• Established | 1518 | ||||||||||
• Disestablished | 1687 | ||||||||||
| Currency | Mohur | ||||||||||
| |||||||||||
| Today part of | India | ||||||||||
In 1636, Mughal emperor Shah Jahan forced the Qutb Shahis to recognize Mughal suzerainty and pay periodic tributes. The dynasty came to an end in 1687 during the reign of its seventh sultan Abul Hasan Qutb Shah, when the Mughal ruler Aurangzeb arrested and jailed Abul Hasan for the rest of his life in Daulatabad, incorporating Golconda into the Mughal empire.[11][12][13] The kingdom extended from the parts of modern-day states of Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Odisha and Telangana.[14] The Golconda sultanate was constantly in conflict with the Adil Shahis and Nizam Shahis.[13]
The Qutb Shahis were patrons of Persianate Shia culture.[12][8] The official and court language of the Golconda sultanate during the first 90 years of its existence (c. 1512 – 1600) was also Persian. In the early 17th century, however, the Telugu language was elevated to the status of the Persian language, while towards the end of the Qut Shahis' rule, it was the primary court language with Persian used occasionally in official documents. According to Indologist Richard Eaton, as Qutb Shahis adopted Telugu, they started seeing their polity as the Telugu speaking state, with the elites of the sultanate viewing their rulers as "Telugu Sultans".[15]
HistoryEdit
The dynasty's founder, Sultan Quli Khawas Khan Hamdani was born in Hamadan Province, Iran. He belonged to the Qara Qoyunlu, an Iranian Turkmen Muslim tribe and therefore a descendant of Qara Yusuf.[16][17] In the 16th century, he migrated to Delhi with his uncle, Allah-Quli, some of his relatives and friends. Later he migrated south, to the Deccan and served the Bahmani sultan, Mahmood Shah Bahmani II, who was of Deccani Muslim ethnicity.[18][19] He declared the independence of Golconda, after the disintegration of the Bahmani Kingdom into the five Deccan sultanates.[19] Soon after, he declared independence from the Bahmani Sultanate, took the title Qutub Shah, and established the Qutb Shahi dynasty of Golconda. He was later assassinated in 1543 by his son, Jamsheed, who assumed the sultanate.[19] Jamsheed died in 1550 from cancer.[20] Jamsheed's young son reigned for a year, at which time the nobility brought back and installed Ibrahim Quli as sultan.[20]
The early Qutb Shahi sultans prohibited Hindus from observing their religious festivals, states Annemarie Schimmel – a scholar of Islamic studies. During the reign of Muhammad Quli Qutb Shah (1580–1611), who was a more tolerant ruler, the Hindus were allowed to observe their religious festivals like Diwali and Holi in open.[21] Later Sultans such as Tana Shah, appointed Brahmin Hindus such as Madanna and Akkanna as ministers in charge of tax collection and exchequer. However, this led to significant factionalism between the Muslim elites and the rising power of the Brahmin Hindus. The Muslim faction reached out to Aurangzeb, who sent a regiment led by his son to attack Golconda. They beheaded Madanna and Akkanna, along with plundering the property and killing many more Hindus in administrative positions of the Qutb Shahi dynasty. Shortly thereafter, the last Sultan of dynasty was jailed in Daulatabad by Aurangzeb, and the Qutb Shahi dynasty came to an end.
Golconda, and with the construction of the Char Minar, later Hyderabad, served as capitals of the sultanate,[19] and both cities were embellished by the Qutb Shahi sultans. The dynasty ruled Golconda for 171 years, until the Mughal emperor Aurangzeb conquered the Deccan in 1687.[22] The territory of the Golconda Sultanate was made into a Mughal imperial province, Hyderabad Subah.[23]
EconomyEdit
The Golconda Sultanate was notoriously wealthy. While its primary source of revenue was land tax,[24] the sultanate greatly profited from its monopoly on diamond production from mines in the southern districts of the kingdom. The sultanate also had control over the Krishna and Godavari deltas, giving it access to craft production in the villages of the area, where goods like textiles were produced. The town of Masulipatnam served as the Golconda Sultanate's primary seaport for the export of diamonds and textiles. The kingdom reached the peak of its financial prosperity in the 1620s and 1630s.[25][26]
Cotton-WeavingEdit
During the early seventeenth century, a strong cotton-weaving industry existed in the Deccan region. Large quantities of cotton cloth were produced for domestic and exports consumption. High quality plain and patterned cloth made of muslin and calico was produced. Plain cloth was available as white or brown colour, in bleached or dyed variety. This cloth was exported to Persia and European countries. Patterned cloth was made of prints which were made indigenously with indigo for blue, chay-root for red coloured prints and vegetable yellow. Patterned cloth exports were mainly to Java, Sumatra and other eastern countries.[27] Golconda had a strong trading relationship with Ayutthaya Siam.[28]
DiamondsEdit
The Golconda Sultanate was known for its diamonds which were dubbed the Golconda diamonds. These diamonds were sought after diamonds long before the Qutb Shahi dynasty came to power, and they continued to supply this demand through the European traders.[29]
Diamonds from mines (especially the Kollur Mine presently in Guntur district, Andhra Pradesh) were transported to the city of Hyderabad to be cut, polished, evaluated and sold. Golconda established itself as a diamond trading centre and until the end of the 19th century, the Golconda market was the primary source of the finest and largest diamonds in the world.[30]
CultureEdit
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Music in Golkonda, 1660–1670. Musician plays a form of rubab.
The Qutb Shahis were patrons of Persianate Shia culture.[12][8] Over the first 90 years of their rule (c. 1512 – 1600), they championed Persian culture. Their official edicts and court language was in Persian only.[15] Quli Qutb Mulk's court became a haven for Persian culture and literature.[13] In early 17th-century, with Sultan Muhammad Quli Qutb Shah (1580–1612) a change began. He began to patronize the Telugu language and culture as well. Edicts began to be issued both in Persian and Telugu. Towards the end of the dynasty, these were primarily in Telugu with a summary in Persian. As they adopted Telugu, they saw their territory as the Telugu speaking region, states Indologist Richard Eaton, with their elites considering the rulers as "Telugu Sultans".[15]
Sultan Muhammad Quli Qutb Shah (1580–1612) wrote poems in Dakhini Urdu, Persian and Telugu.[8] Subsequent poets and writers, however wrote in Urdu, while using vocabulary from Persian, Hindi and Telugu languages.[8] During the reign of Abdullah Qutb Shah in 1634 AD, an ancient Sanskrit text on love and sex Ratirahasya by Kokkoka was translated into Persian and named Lazzat-un-Nisa (Flavors of the Woman).[31]
ArchitectureEdit
The Qutb Shahi architecture was Indo-Islamic, a culmination of Indian and Persian architectural styles.[32] Their style was very similar to that of the other Deccan Sultanates. The Qutb Shahi rulers built the Char Minar.[8]
Some examples of Qutb Shahi Indo-Islamic architecture are the Golconda Fort, tombs of the Qutb Shahis, Char Minar and the Char Kaman, Mecca Masjid, Khairtabad Mosque, Hayat Bakshi Mosque, Taramati Baradari and the Toli Mosque.[32][33]
AdministrationEdit
The Qutb Shahi Kingdom was a highly centralized state. The sultan enjoyed absolute executive judicial and military powers. When he was away, a regent carried to carry on the administration on behalf of the king. The Peshwa (Prime Minister) was the highest official of the sultanate. He was assisted by a number of ministers, including Mir Jumla (finance minister), Kotwal (police commissioner), and Khazanadar (treasurer).[citation needed]
For most of their reign, the Qutb Shahi sultanate had a system of jagirs, who would provide troops as well as collect taxes. They were allowed to keep a portion of the taxes and give the sultan the rest. Tax collection was through auction farms, the highest bidder used to get the Governorship. While the Governors enjoyed luxurious life style, they had to bear the brunt of severe punishments for default, consequently they were harsh on the people.[27] Tana Shah – the last Sultan, with advice from his Brahmin ministers responsible for tax collection, introduced a reform whereby all taxes were collected by civil professionals for a region. The soldiers, government workers, court officials and all the Muslim elites were paid allowances from the Sultan's treasury. These reforms brought a large increase in revenues.
According to Moreland, in the earlier system, the Persian origin Muslims were paid the highest, then the other Indian Muslims. In early 17th century, the Persian origin Muslims became rich by lending money on high interest (usury) of 4-5% per mensem much to the despair of Hindus.[27]
The Sultanate had 66 forts, and each fort was administered by a Nayak.[34] In the second half of the 17th century, the Qutb Shahi Sultan hired many Hindu Nayaks. According to Kruijtzer, these were mainly Brahmins. According to another account, these were mainly from the Kamma, Velama, Kapu, and Raju warrior castes.[35] They served as civil revenue officers. After the Mughals dismissed the Qutb Shahi dynasty in 1687, these Hindu Nayaks were also dismissed and replaced with Muslim military commanders.[36][35][37]
Administrative divisionsEdit
Template:South Asia in 1525 CE The sultanate in 1670 comprised 21 sarkars (provinces) which in turn were divided into 355 parganas (districts).
| S.No. | Name of Sarkar |
Number of Paraganas |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | Muhammadnagar (Golconda) |
22 |
| 2 | Medak | 16 |
| 3 | Melangūr | 3 |
| 4 | Elangandel | 21 |
| 5 | Warangal | 16 |
| 6 | Khammamēṭ | 11 |
| 7 | Dēvarkoṇḍa | 13 |
| 8 | Pangal | 5 |
| 9 | Mustafanagar | 24 |
| 10 | Bhoṇgīr | 11 |
| 11 | Akarkara | 6 |
| 12 | Kovilkoṇdā | 13 |
| 13 | Ghanpura | 8 |
| 14 | Murtaza Nagar with three atrafs |
39 |
| 15 | Machilipatnam | 8 |
| 16 | Ellore | 12 |
| 17 | Rajahmundry | 24 |
| 18 | Chicacole with 3 atrafs |
115 |
| 19 | Kaulas | 5 |
| 20 | Nizampatnam Mahal | 1 |
| 21 | Karnatak including Arcot taraf (It had 16 sarkars) |
162[39] |
ReligionEdit
The Qutb Shahi dynasty, like many Deccan Islamic dynasties, was a Shia Islam dynasty with roots in Persia (modern Iran). Initially they were very strict and they persecuted the Hindus who constituted the vast majority of the population. Open practice of Hindu festivals was forbidden in Golconda Sultanate. It was Muhammad Quli Qutb Shah who first reversed this policy, and allowed Hindus to practice their festivals and religion in open.[40][41]
In the final decades of their rule, the Qutb Shahi dynasty rulers patronized Shia, Sufi, Sunni Islamic traditions, as well as the Hindu traditions. Prior to their end, Tana Shah advised by Madanna and Akkanna –his Brahmin ministers, began the tradition of sending pearls to the Bhadrachalam Temple of Rama on Rama Navami.[42]
RulersEdit
The eight sultans in the dynasty were:
| Personal Name | Titular Name | Reign | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| From | Until | |||
| Sultan Quli سلطان قلی |
Sultan Quli Qutb-ul-Mulk | 1512 | 1543 |
|
| Jamsheed جمشید |
Jamsheed Quli Qutb Shah | 1543 | 1550 |
|
| Subhan سبحان |
Subhan Quli Qutb Shah | 1550 | 1550 |
|
| Ibrahim ابراہیم |
Ibrahim Quli Qutb Shah Wali | 1550 | 1580 |
|
| Muhammad Ali محمد علی |
Muhammad Quli Qutb Shah | 1580 | 1612 | |
| Sultan Muhammad محمد سلطان |
Sultan Muhammad Qutb Shah | 1612 | 1626 |
|
| Abdullah عبداللہ |
Abdullah Qutb Shah | 1626 | 1672 |
|
| Abul Hasan ابُل حسن |
Tana Shah | 1672 | 1686 |
|
TombsEdit
The tombs of the Qutb Shahi sultans lie about one kilometer north of Golkonda's outer wall. These structures are made of beautifully carved stonework, and surrounded by landscaped gardens. They are open to the public and receive many visitors.[33]
Family treeEdit
See alsoEdit
ReferencesEdit
- ↑ For a map of their territory see: Schwartzberg, Joseph E. (1978). A Historical atlas of South Asia. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. p. 147, map XIV.4 (l). ISBN 0226742210.
- ↑ Brian Spooner and William L. Hanaway, Literacy in the Persianate World: Writing and the Social Order, (University of Pennsylvania Press, 2012), 317.
- ↑ Alam, Muzaffar (1998). "The pursuit of Persian: Language in Mughal Politics". Modern Asian Studies. 32 (2): 317–349. doi:10.1017/s0026749x98002947. S2CID 146630389.
Ibrahim Qutb Shah encouraged the growth of Telugu and his successor Muhammad Quli Qutb Shah patronized and himself wrote poetry in Telugu and in Dakhni. Abdullah Qutb Shah instituted a special office to prepare the royal edicts in Telugu (dabiri-ye faramin-i Hindavi). While administrative and revenue papers at local levels in the Qutb Shahi Sultanate were prepared largely in Telugu, the royal edicts were often bilingual. '06 The last Qutb Shahi Sultan, Abul Hasan Tana Shah, sometimes issued his orders only in Telugu, with a Persian summary given on the back of the farmans.
- ↑ Christoph Marcinkowski, Shi'ite Identities: Community and Culture in Changing Social Contexts, 169-170; "The Qutb-Shahi kingdom could be considered 'highly Persianate' with a large number of Persian-speaking merchants, scholars, and artisans present at the royal capital."
- ↑ Syed, Muzaffar Husain (2011). Concise History of Islam. Vij Books India Private Limited. p. 258. ISBN 978-9-382-57347-0.
The Qutb Shahi dynasty was the ruling family of the sultanate of Golkonda in southern India. They were Shia Muslims and belonged to a Turkmen tribe.
- ↑ Siddiq, Mohd Suleman. "The Da’irat-ul-Ma’arif: A Unique Language Institute of Hyderabad." In Languages and Literary Cultures in Hyderabad, pp. 203-216. Routledge, 2017.
- ↑ Farooqui, Salma Ahmed (2011). A comprehensive history of medieval India : twelfth to the mid-eighteenth century. India. pp. 177–179. ISBN 978-81-317-3202-1. OCLC 991819668.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 8.3 8.4 8.5 Satish Chandra, Medieval India: From Sultanat to the Mughals, Part II, (Har-Anand, 2009), 210.
- ↑ Schimmel, Annemarie; Attwood, Corinne; Waghmar, Burzine K.; Robinson, Francis (2004). The empire of the great Mughals : history, art and culture. London. ISBN 1-86189-185-7. OCLC 61751123.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link). - ↑ Peacock, Andrew CS, and Richard Piran McClary. Turkish History and Culture in India: Identity, Art and Transregional Connections. Brill, 2020.
- ↑ Keelan Overton (2020). Iran and the Deccan: Persianate Art, Culture, and Talent in Circulation, 1400–1700. Indiana University Press. p. 82. ISBN 9780253048943. Retrieved 1 July 2020.
- ↑ 12.0 12.1 12.2 Farooqui Salma Ahmed (2011). A Comprehensive History of Medieval India: From Twelfth to the Mid-Eighteenth Century. Pearson Education India. pp. 177–179. ISBN 9788131732021.
- ↑ 13.0 13.1 13.2 C.E. Bosworth, The New Islamic Dynasties, (Columbia University Press, 1996), 328.
- ↑ 14.0 14.1 Sen, Sailendra (2013). A Textbook of Medieval Indian History. Primus Books. p. 118. ISBN 978-9-38060-734-4.
- ↑ 15.0 15.1 15.2 Richard M. Eaton (2005), A Social History of the Deccan, 1300-1761: Eight Indian Lives, Vol. 1, Cambridge University Press, 142-143
- ↑ Minorsky, V. (1955). "The Qara-qoyunlu and the Qutb-shāhs (Turkmenica, 10)". Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London. Cambridge University Press. 17 (1): 50–73. doi:10.1017/S0041977X00106342. JSTOR 609229. S2CID 162273460. Retrieved 20 November 2020.
- ↑ Khan, Masud Husain (1996). Mohammad Quli Qutb Shah. Sahitya Akademi. p. 2. ISBN 9788126002337. Retrieved 20 November 2020.
- ↑ Yaaminey Mubayi (2022). Water and Historic Settlements:The Making of a Cultural Landscape. ISBN 9781000641639.
- ↑ 19.0 19.1 19.2 19.3 George Michell, Mark Zebrowski, Architecture and Art of the Deccan Sultanates, (Cambridge University Press, 1999), 17.
- ↑ 20.0 20.1 Masʻūd Ḥusain Khān, Mohammad Quli Qutb Shah, Volume 216, (Sahitya Akademi, 1996), 2.
- ↑ Annemarie Schimmel, Classical Urdu Literature from the Beginning to Iqbāl, (Otto Harrassowitz, 1975), 143; Quote: "[Muhammad Quli ... was an enlightened and tolerant ruler...] Hindus enjoyed good positions at court and were again allowed to celebrate some of their religious festivals, such as Holi and Diwali, prohibited by the previous Muslim kings" – Annemarie Schimmel
- ↑ Satish Chandra, Medieval India: From Sultanat to the Mughals, Part II, (Har-Anand, 2009), 331.
- ↑ Richards, J. F. (1975). "The Hyderabad Karnatik, 1687-1707". Modern Asian Studies. 9 (2): 241–260. doi:10.1017/S0026749X00004996. ISSN 0026-749X. JSTOR 311962. S2CID 142989123.
- ↑ Eaton, R. M. (24 April 2012), "Ḳuṭb Shāhī", Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition, Brill, retrieved 26 December 2021
- ↑ Eaton, Richard Maxwell (2005). A social history of the Deccan, 1300-1761 : eight Indian lives. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. p. 157. ISBN 0-521-25484-1. OCLC 58431679.
- ↑ Kanakarathnam, N. (2014). "Maritime Trade and Growth of Urban Infrastructure in Port Cities of Colonial Andhra: A Study of Masulipatnam". Proceedings of the Indian History Congress. 75: 691. ISSN 2249-1937. JSTOR 44158449.
- ↑ 27.0 27.1 27.2 Moreland, W.H. (1931). Relation of Golconda in the Early Seventeenth Century. Halyukt Society. pp. 78, 89.
- ↑ Marcinkowski, Christoph. "Persians and Shi'ites in Thailand: From the Ayutthaya Period to the Present" (PDF).
- ↑ The Market for Golconda Diamonds Has Mushroomed, New York Times
- ↑ "Delving into the rich and often bloody history of Golconda Fort". The Hindu. 5 November 2016. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 26 July 2021.
- ↑ Akbar, Syed (5 January 2019). "Lazzat-Un-Nisa: Hyderabad's own Kamasutra back in focus - Times of India". The Times of India. Retrieved 5 January 2019.
- ↑ 32.0 32.1 Salma Ahmed Farooqui, A Comprehensive History of Medieval India: From Twelfth to the Mid-Eighteenth Century, (Dorling Kindersley Pvt. Ltd, 2011), 181.
- ↑ 33.0 33.1 Centre, UNESCO World Heritage. "The Qutb Shahi Monuments of Hyderabad Golconda Fort, Qutb Shahi Tombs, Charminar - UNESCO World Heritage Centre". whc.unesco.org. Archived from the original on 1 February 2018. Retrieved 28 September 2018.
- ↑ Narendra Luther (1991). Prince;Poet;Lover;Builder: Mohd. Quli Qutb Shah - The founder of Hyderabad. Publications Division Ministry of Information & Broadcasting. ISBN 9788123023151. Retrieved 13 January 2020.
- ↑ 35.0 35.1 Chapter III: Economics, Political, Economic, and Social Background of Deccan 17th-18th Century, p.57 Deccan under late 17th-century Qutb Shahi
- ↑ Proceedings of Seminar on Industries and Crafts in Andhra Desa, 17th and 18th Centuries, A.D. Department of History, Osmania University. 1996. p. 57.
- ↑ Reddy, Pedarapu Chenna (1 January 2006). Readings In Society And Religion Of Medieval South India. Research India Press. p. 163. ISBN 9788189131043.
- ↑ Nayeem, M. A. (2016). "MARITIME TRADE AND GROWTH OF URBAN INFRASTRUCTURE IN PORT CITIES OF COLONIAL ANDHRA: A STUDY OF MASULIPATNAM". The Heritage of the Qutb Shahis of Golconda and Hyderabad, Volume 1. Hyderabad Publishers. p. 22. ISBN 9788185492230.
- ↑ 39.0 39.1 Haroon Khan Sherwani (1974). "History of the Qutb Shāhī Dynasty". Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers. p. 655.
- ↑ Annemarie Schimmel, Classical Urdu Literature from the Beginning to Iqbāl, (Otto Harrassowitz, 1975), pp. 141-152
- ↑ Islam in South Asia: Practicing tradition today, Karen G. Ruffle, South Asian Religions: Tradition and Today, ed. Karen Pechilis, Selva J. Raj, (Routledge, 2013), 210.
- ↑ Sarma, Mukkamala Radhakrishna; Committee, Osmania University Dept of Ancient Indian History, Culture & Archaeology Felicitation; History, Osmania University Dept of (2004). Glimpses of our past--historical researches: festschrift in honour of Prof. Mukkamala Radhakrishna Sarma, former emeritus fellow. Felicitation Committee, Dept. of Ancient Indian History, Culture, and Archaeology & Dept. of History, Osmania University. p. 326.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
Further readingEdit
- Chopra, R. M., The Rise, Growth And Decline of Indo-Persian Literature, 2012, Iran Culture House, New Delhi.
- Jawed Vashisht, Ghizal-e Raana (A selection of Quli Qutab Shah's ghazals)
- Jawed Vashisht, Roop Ras (Romantic poems of Quli Qutab Shah)
- Jawed Vashisht, Mohammed Quli aur Nabi ka Sadka
- Jawed Vashisht, Dakhni Darpan