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{{Short description|River in Uttarakhand and Uttar Pradesh, India}} | |||
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2026}} | |||
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2026}} | |||
{{Infobox river | {{Infobox river | ||
| name = Malini River | | name = Malini River | ||
}} | | native_name = मालिनी नदी | ||
| image = | |||
| image_size = | |||
| image_caption = | |||
| source1_location = [[Sivalik Hills]], [[Pauri Garhwal district]], [[Uttarakhand]] | |||
| mouth_location = [[Ganges]] at Ravalli Ghat, [[Bijnor district]], [[Uttar Pradesh]] | |||
| mouth_coordinates = | |||
| length = {{convert|111|km|mi|abbr=on}} | |||
| discharge1_avg = | |||
|other_name=Malan, Malin|native_name_lang=sa|etymology=माला (Garland) + इनिः ङीप्|country=[[India]]|state=[[Uttarakhand]]|cities=[[Bijnor]]}} | |||
The '''Malini River''', also locally known as the '''Malan''' or '''Malin''', is a non-perennial river in northern [[India]] that flows through the states of [[Uttarakhand]] and [[Uttar Pradesh]]. Originating in the [[Sivalik Hills|Shivalik range]] of the lower [[Himalayas]], the river holds immense historical, cultural, and mythological significance in ancient Hindu epics, including the ''[[Mahabharata]]'' and the ''[[Ramayana]]''. It is most famously associated with Kanvashram, the hermitage of Sage Kanva, and the legend of [[Shakuntala]] and King [[Dushyanta]]. | |||
==Etymology== | |||
The name ''Mālinī'' (Sanskrit: मालिनी) is of ancient [[Sanskrit]] origin, derived from the root word ''mālā'' (माला), which translates to "garland", "wreath", or "rosary". In classical Sanskrit, ''Malini'' translates to "one who wears a garland" or "fragrant".<ref>{{cite web |title=Malini, Mālinī: 39 definitions |url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/definition/malini |website=Wisdom Library |access-date=25 September 2026}}</ref> In Hindu mythology, the name is also an epithet for several goddesses, including [[Durga]], and signifies purity and natural elegance. | |||
==Course== | |||
The Malini originates in the Chanda hills of the Shivalik range in the [[Pauri Garhwal district]] of Uttarakhand.<ref name="nmcg">{{cite report |title=Site Visit Report: Malan River in Najibabad, Bijnor, Uttar Pradesh |publisher=National Mission for Clean Ganga (NMCG), Ministry of Jal Shakti |date=5 January 2026}}</ref> It flows downwards into the plains, passing near the town of [[Kotdwar]], where the ancient site of Kanvashram is situated. The river then enters the [[Bijnor district]] of Uttar Pradesh, flowing past [[Najibabad]] and Mandawar. It ultimately merges with the [[Ganges]] (Ganga) at Ravalli Ghat in Bijnor.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Sharma |first1=Kavita |last2=Kumar |first2=Satyendra |title=Water Quality of Malini River in Kotdwar Uttarakhand |journal=International Journal of Innovative Research and Creative Technology |date=17 July 2021 |volume=7 |issue=4 |pages=8–19}}</ref> | |||
The total length of the river is approximately {{convert|111|km|mi|abbr=on}}, of which about {{convert|6|km|mi|abbr=on}} lies in Uttarakhand and {{convert|105|km|mi|abbr=on}} in Uttar Pradesh.<ref name="nmcg"/> It is a rain-fed, seasonal river that swells significantly during the monsoon but experiences reduced water levels during the dry summer and winter months. | |||
==Mythological and literary significance== | |||
===Valmiki Ramayana=== | |||
The Malini River is explicitly mentioned in the ''[[Ramayana|Valmiki Ramayana]]''. In the ''Ayodhya Kanda'' (Book 2), Sarga 68, Verse 12, the river is described as a geographical landmark crossed by the royal messengers dispatched by Sage [[Vasishtha]] to fetch [[Bharata (Ramayana)|Bharata]] from the Kekaya kingdom after the death of King [[Dasharatha]].<ref>{{cite book |title=Valmiki Ramayana |volume=Ayodhya Kanda |chapter=Sarga 68 |quote=न्यन्तेनापरतालस्य प्रलम्बस्योत्तरं प्रति । निषेवमाणास्ते जग्मुर्नदीं मध्येन मालिनीम् ॥ (nyantenāparatālasya pralambasyottaraṃ prati, niṣevamāṇāste jagmurnadīṃ madhyena mālinīm)}}</ref> | |||
The verse notes that the messengers rode swiftly, tracing the Malini river which flowed between the skirts of Mount Aparatāla and the north of Mount Pralamba, before they crossed the Ganga at [[Hastinapura]]. | |||
===Mahabharata and Kalidasa=== | |||
The Malini River is deeply intertwined with the origins of the Indian subcontinent's traditional name, ''Bharatvarsha''. According to the ''[[Mahabharata]]'' (Sambhava Parva), the hermitage of Sage Kanva (Kanvashram) was located on the serene banks of the Malini River.<ref>{{cite web |title=About Kanvashram |url=http://kanvashram.org/about/ |website=Kanvashram |access-date=25 September 2026}}</ref> | |||
It was on the banks of this river that the celestial nymph [[Menaka]] abandoned her newborn daughter. The infant was protected by birds (''shakuntas'') until she was discovered and adopted by Sage Kanva, who named her [[Shakuntala]]. Years later, King [[Dushyanta]] of Hastinapura encountered Shakuntala at the ashram along the Malini river, leading to their Gandharva marriage. Their son, [[Bharata (Mahabharata)|Bharata]], who spent his childhood playing with lion cubs on the banks of the Malini, grew up to become the Chakravartin emperor after whom India is traditionally named ''Bharat''.<ref>{{cite web |title=Kanvashram – The Birthplace Of Emperor Bharat |url=https://www.inditales.com/kanvashram-birthplace-of-bharat/ |website=Inditales |date=19 July 2018 |access-date=25 September 2026}}</ref> | |||
The river's beauty and tranquil environment were later immortalized by the classical Sanskrit poet [[Kālidāsa]] in his magnum opus, ''[[Abhijñānaśākuntalam]]''.<ref name="nmcg"/> | |||
==Environmental concerns== | |||
In modern times, the Malini (Malan) River faces severe ecological threats. Due to rapid urbanization, deforestation in the Shivalik catchment area, and unregulated sand and boulder mining, the river's natural flow and geomorphology have been drastically affected. The discharge of untreated domestic sewage and industrial effluents from towns like Najibabad and Kotdwar has severely degraded the water quality, leading to mass fish die-offs and the conversion of parts of the river into a drainage channel.<ref>{{cite news |title=Thousands Of Fish Found Dead Due To Chemical Pollution In Malan River In Bijnor |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/meerut/thousands-of-fish-found-dead-due-to-chemical-pollution-in-malan-river-in-bijnor/articleshow/105608981.cms |work=The Times of India |date=30 November 2023 |access-date=25 September 2026}}</ref> | |||
Efforts for rejuvenation have been initiated under the National Green Tribunal (NGT) and the [[National Mission for Clean Ganga]] (NMCG), which have conducted site assessments to map pollution sources and clear encroachments along the riverbed in Bijnor and Pauri Garhwal.<ref name="nmcg"/> | |||
==See also== | |||
* [[Kanvashram]] | |||
* [[Kotdwar]] | |||
* [[Bijnor]] | |||
==References== | |||
{{Reflist}} | {{Reflist}} | ||
[[Category:Rivers of Uttarakhand]] | |||
[[Category:Rivers of Uttar Pradesh]] | |||
[[Category:Geography of Bijnor district]] | |||
[[Category:Rivers of the Ramayana]] | |||
[[Category:Rivers of the Mahabharata]] | |||
{{hydrography of Uttarakhand}} | |||
{{hydrography of Uttar Pradesh}} | |||
Latest revision as of 17:22, 19 October 2026
| Malini River Malan, Malin | |
|---|---|
| Etymology | माला (Garland) + इनिः ङीप् |
| Native name | मालिनी नदी (Sanskrit) |
| Location | |
| Country | India |
| State | Uttarakhand |
| Physical characteristics | |
| Source | |
| • location | Sivalik Hills, Pauri Garhwal district, Uttarakhand |
| Mouth | |
• location | Ganges at Ravalli Ghat, Bijnor district, Uttar Pradesh |
| Length | 111 km (69 mi) |
| Basin features | |
| Cities | Bijnor |
The Malini River, also locally known as the Malan or Malin, is a non-perennial river in northern India that flows through the states of Uttarakhand and Uttar Pradesh. Originating in the Shivalik range of the lower Himalayas, the river holds immense historical, cultural, and mythological significance in ancient Hindu epics, including the Mahabharata and the Ramayana. It is most famously associated with Kanvashram, the hermitage of Sage Kanva, and the legend of Shakuntala and King Dushyanta.
Etymology[edit | edit source]
The name Mālinī (Sanskrit: मालिनी) is of ancient Sanskrit origin, derived from the root word mālā (माला), which translates to "garland", "wreath", or "rosary". In classical Sanskrit, Malini translates to "one who wears a garland" or "fragrant".[1] In Hindu mythology, the name is also an epithet for several goddesses, including Durga, and signifies purity and natural elegance.
Course[edit | edit source]
The Malini originates in the Chanda hills of the Shivalik range in the Pauri Garhwal district of Uttarakhand.[2] It flows downwards into the plains, passing near the town of Kotdwar, where the ancient site of Kanvashram is situated. The river then enters the Bijnor district of Uttar Pradesh, flowing past Najibabad and Mandawar. It ultimately merges with the Ganges (Ganga) at Ravalli Ghat in Bijnor.[3]
The total length of the river is approximately 111 km (69 mi), of which about 6 km (3.7 mi) lies in Uttarakhand and 105 km (65 mi) in Uttar Pradesh.[2] It is a rain-fed, seasonal river that swells significantly during the monsoon but experiences reduced water levels during the dry summer and winter months.
Mythological and literary significance[edit | edit source]
Valmiki Ramayana[edit | edit source]
The Malini River is explicitly mentioned in the Valmiki Ramayana. In the Ayodhya Kanda (Book 2), Sarga 68, Verse 12, the river is described as a geographical landmark crossed by the royal messengers dispatched by Sage Vasishtha to fetch Bharata from the Kekaya kingdom after the death of King Dasharatha.[4]
The verse notes that the messengers rode swiftly, tracing the Malini river which flowed between the skirts of Mount Aparatāla and the north of Mount Pralamba, before they crossed the Ganga at Hastinapura.
Mahabharata and Kalidasa[edit | edit source]
The Malini River is deeply intertwined with the origins of the Indian subcontinent's traditional name, Bharatvarsha. According to the Mahabharata (Sambhava Parva), the hermitage of Sage Kanva (Kanvashram) was located on the serene banks of the Malini River.[5]
It was on the banks of this river that the celestial nymph Menaka abandoned her newborn daughter. The infant was protected by birds (shakuntas) until she was discovered and adopted by Sage Kanva, who named her Shakuntala. Years later, King Dushyanta of Hastinapura encountered Shakuntala at the ashram along the Malini river, leading to their Gandharva marriage. Their son, Bharata, who spent his childhood playing with lion cubs on the banks of the Malini, grew up to become the Chakravartin emperor after whom India is traditionally named Bharat.[6]
The river's beauty and tranquil environment were later immortalized by the classical Sanskrit poet Kālidāsa in his magnum opus, Abhijñānaśākuntalam.[2]
Environmental concerns[edit | edit source]
In modern times, the Malini (Malan) River faces severe ecological threats. Due to rapid urbanization, deforestation in the Shivalik catchment area, and unregulated sand and boulder mining, the river's natural flow and geomorphology have been drastically affected. The discharge of untreated domestic sewage and industrial effluents from towns like Najibabad and Kotdwar has severely degraded the water quality, leading to mass fish die-offs and the conversion of parts of the river into a drainage channel.[7]
Efforts for rejuvenation have been initiated under the National Green Tribunal (NGT) and the National Mission for Clean Ganga (NMCG), which have conducted site assessments to map pollution sources and clear encroachments along the riverbed in Bijnor and Pauri Garhwal.[2]
See also[edit | edit source]
References[edit | edit source]
- ↑ "Malini, Mālinī: 39 definitions". Wisdom Library. Retrieved 25 September 2026.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 Site Visit Report: Malan River in Najibabad, Bijnor, Uttar Pradesh (Report). National Mission for Clean Ganga (NMCG), Ministry of Jal Shakti. 5 January 2026.
- ↑ Sharma, Kavita; Kumar, Satyendra (17 July 2021). "Water Quality of Malini River in Kotdwar Uttarakhand". International Journal of Innovative Research and Creative Technology. 7 (4): 8–19.
- ↑ "Sarga 68". Valmiki Ramayana. Vol. Ayodhya Kanda.
न्यन्तेनापरतालस्य प्रलम्बस्योत्तरं प्रति । निषेवमाणास्ते जग्मुर्नदीं मध्येन मालिनीम् ॥ (nyantenāparatālasya pralambasyottaraṃ prati, niṣevamāṇāste jagmurnadīṃ madhyena mālinīm)
- ↑ "About Kanvashram". Kanvashram. Retrieved 25 September 2026.
- ↑ "Kanvashram – The Birthplace Of Emperor Bharat". Inditales. 19 July 2018. Retrieved 25 September 2026.
- ↑ "Thousands Of Fish Found Dead Due To Chemical Pollution In Malan River In Bijnor". The Times of India. 30 November 2023. Retrieved 25 September 2026.