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| {{Short description|Human settlement with high population density and infrastructure of built environment}}
| | #REDIRECT [[Urban area]] |
| {{Redirect|Built up area|the Highway Code|Built-up area (Highway Code)}}
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| [[File:Ginza area at dusk from Tokyo Tower.jpg|thumb|upright=1.5|[[Greater Tokyo Area]], Japan, the world's most populated urban area, with about 38 million inhabitants]]
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| [[File:Melbourne Area at night, 2011.jpg|thumb|upright=1.5|right|[[Melbourne|Greater Melbourne]], Australia at night, seen from the [[International Space Station]]]]
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| An '''urban area''', or '''built-up area''', is a [[human settlement]] with a high [[population density]] and [[infrastructure]] of [[built environment]]. Urban areas are created through [[urbanization]] and are categorized by [[urban morphology]] as [[city|cities]], [[town]]s, [[conurbation]]s or [[suburbs]]. In [[urbanism]], the term contrasts to [[rural area]]s such as [[village]]s and [[hamlet (place)|hamlets]]; in [[urban sociology]] or [[urban anthropology]] it contrasts with [[natural environment]]. The creation of early predecessors of urban areas during the [[urban revolution]] led to the creation of human [[civilization]] with modern [[urban planning]], which along with other human activities such as [[exploitation of natural resources]] led to a [[human impact on the environment]]. "Agglomeration effects" are in the list of the main consequences of increased rates of firm creation since. This is due to conditions created by a greater level of industrial activity in a given region. However, a favorable environment for human capital development would also be generated simultaneously.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Baten|first=Joerg|date=2003|title=Creating Firms for a New Century: Determinants of Firm Creation around 1900|url=https://academic.oup.com/ereh/issue.|journal=European Review of Economic History|volume=7|issue=3|pages=301–329|via=EBSCO|doi=10.1017/S136149160300011X|hdl=10419/76463|s2cid=51520898|hdl-access=free}}</ref>
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| The world's urban population in 1950 of just 746 million has increased to 3.9 billion in the decades since.<ref name="UrbanPopulation">{{cite news|title=City population to reach 6.4bn by 2050|url=http://www.heraldglobe.com/index.php/sid/223727231/scat/2411cd3571b4f088/ht/City-population-to-reach-64bn-by-2050|access-date=11 July 2014|work=Herald Globe|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714211145/http://www.heraldglobe.com/index.php/sid/223727231/scat/2411cd3571b4f088/ht/City-population-to-reach-64bn-by-2050|archive-date=2014-07-14|url-status=dead}}</ref> In 2009, the number of people living in urban areas (3.42 billion) surpassed the number living in rural areas (3.41 billion), and since then the world has become more urban than rural.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/publications/urbanization/urban-rural.shtml|title=United Nations Population Division – Department of Economic and Social Affairs}}</ref> This was the first time that the majority of the world's population lived in a city.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.who.int/gho/urban_health/situation_trends/urban_population_growth_text/en/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120308235946/http://www.who.int/gho/urban_health/situation_trends/urban_population_growth_text/en/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=March 8, 2012 |title= Urban population growth |publisher= World Health Organization}}</ref> In 2014 there were 7.3 billion people living on the planet,<ref name="WorldPopulation">{{cite news |title= Current world population |url= http://www.geohive.com/earth/population_now.aspx |access-date= 11 July 2014 |publisher= United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs |url-status= dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20140702055710/http://www.geohive.com/earth/population_now.aspx |archive-date= 2 July 2014 }}</ref> of which the global urban population comprised 3.9 billion. The Population Division of the [[United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs]] at that time predicted the urban population would grow to 6.4 billion by 2050, with 37% of that growth to come from three countries: [[China]], [[India]] and [[Nigeria]].<ref name="UrbanPopulation"/>
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| {{Quote|The UN publishes data on cities, urban areas and rural areas, but relies almost entirely on national definitions of these areas. The UN principles and recommendations state that due to different characteristics of urban and rural areas across the globe, a global definition is not possible.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ec.europa.eu/regional_policy/sources/docgener/work/2014_01_new_urban.pdf |title=A harmonised definition of cities and rural areas: the new degree of urbanisation |last1=Dijkstra |first1=Lewis |last2=Poelman |first2=Hugo |series=Regional Working Paper |publisher=Europa Commission |date=2014 |access-date=16 August 2021 }}</ref>}} | | {{Authority control}} |
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| Urban areas are created and further developed by the process of urbanization. Urban areas are measured for various purposes, including analyzing [[population density]] and [[urban sprawl]].
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| Unlike an urban area, a [[metropolitan area]] includes not only the urban area, but also [[Satellite town|satellite]] cities plus intervening rural land that is socio-economically connected to the [[urban core]] city, typically by [[employment]] ties through [[commuting]], with the urban core city being the primary labor market.
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| The concept of an "urban area" as used in economic statistics should not be confused with the concept of the "urban area" used in road safety statistics. The last concept is also known as "[[Built-up area (Highway Code)|built-up area in road safety]]". According to the definition by the [[Office for National Statistics]], "Built-up areas are defined as land which is 'irreversibly urban in character', meaning that they are characteristic of a town or city. They include areas of built-up land with a minimum of {{convert|20|ha|sqm acre}}. Any areas [separated by] less than 200 metres [of non-urban space] are linked to become a single built-up area.<ref>{{cite web| url=https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/housing/articles/characteristicsofbuiltupareas/2013-06-28|title=2011 Census: Characteristics of Built-Up Areas (4. Introduction)|publisher=Office for National Statistics|date=28 June 2013|access-date=20 October 2019}}</ref>
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| [[File:Urban land area (km²), OWID.svg|thumb|upright=1.5|Urban land area (km<sup>2</sup>), 2010<ref>{{cite web |title=Urban land area (km²) |url=https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/urban-land-area |website=Our World in Data |access-date=6 March 2020}}</ref>]]
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| [[File:2006megacities.svg|thumb|right|upright=1.5|Urban areas with at least one million inhabitants in 2006]]
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| == Largest urban areas in the world<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/major-urban-areas-population|title=CIA The World Factbook - Major urban areas: population}}</ref> ==
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| # {{flagicon|Japan}} [[Tokyo]] (Japan) - 37,274,000
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| # {{flagicon|India}} [[New Delhi]] (India) - 32,066,000
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| # {{flagicon|China}} [[Shanghai]] (China) - 28,517,000
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| # {{flagicon|Bangladesh}} [[Dhaka]] (Bangladesh) - 22,478,000
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| # {{flagicon|Brazil}} [[Sao Paulo]] (Brazil) - 22,430,000
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| # {{flagicon|Mexico}} [[Mexico City]] (Mexico) - 22,085,000
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| # {{flagicon|Egypt}} [[Cairo]] (Egypt) - 21,750,000
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| # {{flagicon|India}} [[Mumbai]] (India) - 20,961,000
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| # {{flagicon|China}} [[Beijing]] (China) - 20,133,000
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| # {{flagicon|Japan}} [[Osaka]] (Japan) - 19,060,000
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| == Largest urban areas, by continent<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/major-urban-areas-population|title=CIA The World Factbook - Major urban areas: population}}</ref> ==
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| === Africa ===
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| # {{flagicon|Egypt}} [[Cairo]] (Egypt) - 20,485,000
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| # {{flagicon|Nigeria}} [[Lagos]] (Nigeria) - 13,904,000
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| # {{flagicon|DR Congo}} [[Kinshasa]] (DR Congo) - 13,743,000
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| # {{flagicon|Angola}} [[Luanda]] (Angola) - 8,045,000
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| # {{flagicon|Tanzania}} [[Dar es Salaam|Dar es Salaam]] (Tanzania) - 6,368,000
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| # {{flagicon|Sudan}} [[Khartoum]] (Sudan) - 5,678,000
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| # {{flagicon|South Africa}} [[Johannesburg]] (South Africa) - 5,635,000
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| # {{flagicon|Egypt}} [[Alexandria]] (Egypt) - 5,182,000
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| # {{flagicon|Ivory Coast}} [[Abidjan]] (Ivory Coast) - 5,059,000
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| # {{flagicon|Ethiopia}} [[Addis Ababa|Addis Ababa]] (Ethiopia) - 4,592,000
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| === Asia ===
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| # {{flagicon|Japan}} [[Tokyo]] (Japan) - 37,435,000
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| # {{flagicon|India}} [[New Delhi]] (India) - 29,399,000
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| # {{flagicon|China}} [[Shanghai]] (China) - 26,317,000
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| # {{flagicon|Bangladesh}} [[Dhaka]] (Bangladesh) - 20,284,000
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| # {{flagicon|India}} [[Mumbai]] (India) - 20,185,000
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| # {{flagicon|China}} [[Beijing]] (China) - 20,035,000
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| # {{flagicon|Japan}} [[Osaka]] (Japan) - 19,223,000
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| # {{flagicon|Pakistan}} [[Karachi]] (Pakistan) - 15,741,000
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| # {{flagicon|China}} [[Chongqing]] (China) - 15,354,000
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| # {{flagicon|Turkey}} [[Istanbul]] (Turkey) - 14,968,000
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| === Europe ===
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| # {{flagicon|Russia}} [[Moscow]] (Russia) - 12,476,000
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| # {{flagicon|France}} [[Paris]] (France) - 10,958,000
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| # {{flagicon|United Kingdom}} [[London]] (United Kingdom) - 9,177,000
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| # {{flagicon|Spain}} [[Madrid]] (Spain) - 6,559,000
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| # {{flagicon|Spain}} [[Barcelona]] (Spain) - 5,541,000
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| # {{flagicon|Russia}} [[Saint Petersburg]] (Russia) - 5,427,000
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| # {{flagicon|Italy}} [[Rome]] (Italy) - 4,234,000
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| # {{flagicon|Germany}} [[Berlin]] (Germany) - 3,557,000
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| # {{flagicon|Greece}} [[Athens]] (Greece) - 3,154,000
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| # {{flagicon|Italy}} [[Milan]] (Italy) - 3,136,000
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| === North America ===
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| # {{flagicon|Mexico}} [[Mexico City]] (Mexico) - 21,672,000
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| # {{flagicon|United States}} [[New York City|New York]] - [[Newark, New Jersey|Newark]] (United States) - 18,805,000
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| # {{flagicon|United States}} [[Los Angeles]] - [[Long Beach, California|Long Beach]] - [[Santa Ana, California|Santa Ana]] (United States) - 12,448,000
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| # {{flagicon|United States}} [[Chicago]] (United States) - 8,862,000
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| # {{flagicon|United States}} [[Houston]] (United States) - 6,245,000
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| # {{flagicon|United States}} [[Dallas]] - [[Fort Worth, Texas|Fort Worth]] (United States) - 6,201,000
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| # {{flagicon|Canada}} [[Toronto]] (Canada) - 6,139,000
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| # {{flagicon|United States}} [[Miami]] (United States) - 6,079,000
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| # {{flagicon|United States}} [[Philadelphia]] (United States) - 5,705,000
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| # {{flagicon|United States}} [[Atlanta]] (United States) - 5,689,000
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| === Oceania ===
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| # {{flagicon|Australia}} [[Melbourne]] (Australia) - 4,870,000
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| # {{flagicon|Australia}} [[Sydney]] (Australia) - 4,859,000
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| # {{flagicon|Australia}} [[Brisbane]] (Australia) - 2,372,000
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| # {{flagicon|Australia}} [[Perth]] (Australia) - 2,016,000
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| # {{flagicon|New Zealand}} [[Auckland]] (New Zealand) - 1,582,000
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| # {{flagicon|Australia}} [[Adelaide]] (Australia) - 1,328,000
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| # {{flagicon|Australia}} [[Gold Coast (Australia)|Gold Coast]] (Australia) - 687,000
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| # {{flagicon|Australia}} [[Canberra]] (Australia) - 452,000
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| # {{flagicon|Australia}} [[Newcastle, New South Wales|Newcastle]] (Australia) - 447,000
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| # {{flagicon|New Zealand}} [[Wellington]] (New Zealand) - 413,000
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| === South America ===
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| # {{flagicon|Brazil}} [[Sao Paulo|Sao Paulo]] (Brazil) - 21,847,000
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| # {{flagicon|Argentina}} [[Buenos Aires]] (Argentina) - 15,057,000
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| # {{flagicon|Brazil}} [[Rio de Janeiro]] (Brazil) - 13,374,000
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| # {{flagicon|Colombia}} [[Bogota]] (Colombia) - 10,779,000
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| # {{flagicon|Peru}} [[Lima]] (Peru) - 10,555,000
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| # {{flagicon|Chile}} [[Santiago de Chile|Santiago]] (Chile) - 6,724,000
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| # {{flagicon|Brazil}} [[Belo Horizonte]] (Brazil) - 6,028,000
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| # {{flagicon|Brazil}} [[Brasilia]] (Brazil) - 4,559,000
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| # {{flagicon|Brazil}} [[Porto Alegre]] (Brazil) - 4,115,000
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| # {{flagicon|Brazil}} [[Recife]] (Brazil) - 4,078,000
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| == References ==
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