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{{short description|Loose soil or sediment that is eroded and redeposited in a non-marine setting}} | {{short description|Loose soil or sediment that is eroded and redeposited in a non-marine setting}} | ||
{{redirect|Alluvial | {{redirect-distinguish|Alluvial|Alluvial (horse)|Alluvial diagram}} | ||
[[File: | [[File:Riogranderift sanluisbasin.png|thumb|Alluvium and adjacent constituents]] | ||
[[File:South Africa-Eastern Cape-Gamtoos Valley-Alluvial Gravel01.jpg|thumb|Alluvium deposits in the [[Gamtoos River|Gamtoos Valley]] in [[South Africa]]]] | [[File:South Africa-Eastern Cape-Gamtoos Valley-Alluvial Gravel01.jpg|thumb|Alluvium deposits in the [[Gamtoos River|Gamtoos Valley]] in [[South Africa]]]] | ||
[[File:AlluvialPlain.JPG|thumb|An [[alluvial plain]] in [[Red Rock Canyon State Park (California)]]]] | [[File:AlluvialPlain.JPG|thumb|An [[alluvial plain]] in [[Red Rock Canyon State Park (California)]]]] | ||
[[File:Amazon alluvium deposit - autazes.jpg|thumb|Alluvial river deposits in the [[Amazon | [[File:Amazon alluvium deposit - autazes.jpg|thumb|Alluvial river deposits in the [[Amazon basin]], near Autazes, AM, [[Brazil]]. The seasonal deposits are extremely fertile and crucial to [[subsistence farming]] in the Amazon Basin along the river banks.]] | ||
'''Alluvium''' ({{etymology|la|{{wikt-lang|la|alluvius}}|}}, {{etymology||{{wikt-lang|la|alluere}}|to wash against}}) is loose [[clay]], [[silt]], [[sand]], or [[gravel]] that has been deposited by running water in a stream bed, on a [[floodplain]], in an [[alluvial fan]] or [[beach]], or in similar settings.<ref name=dictalluvium>{{cite book |editor1-last=Jackson |editor1-first=Julia A. |title=Glossary of geology. |date=1997 |publisher=American Geological Institute |location=Alexandria, Virginia |isbn=0922152349 |edition=Fourth |chapter=alluvium}}</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20110501155938/http://www.geotech.org/survey/geotech/dictiona.html Glossary of Geological Terms]. Geotech.org. Retrieved on 2012-02-12.</ref><ref>[http://geology.com/dictionary/glossary-a.shtml Geology Dictionary – Alluvial, Aquiclude, Arkose]. Geology.Com. Retrieved on 2012-02-12.</ref> Alluvium is also sometimes called '''alluvial deposit'''.<ref>{{cite book |editor1-last=Jackson |editor1-first=Julia A. |title=Glossary of geology. |date=1997 |publisher=American Geological Institute |location=Alexandria, Virginia |isbn=0922152349 |edition=Fourth |chapter=alluvial deposit}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Allaby |first1=Michael |title=A dictionary of geology and earth sciences |date=2013 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford |isbn=9780199653065 |edition=Fourth |chapter=alluvium}}</ref> Alluvium is typically geologically young and is not [[Consolidation (geology)|consolidated]] into solid rock. [[Sediments]] deposited underwater, in seas, [[estuaries]], lakes, or ponds, are not described as alluvium.<ref name=dictalluvium/> | '''Alluvium''' ({{etymology|la|{{wikt-lang|la|alluvius}}|}}, {{etymology||{{wikt-lang|la|alluere}}|to wash against}}) is loose [[clay]], [[silt]], [[sand]], or [[gravel]] that has been deposited by running water in a stream bed, on a [[floodplain]], in an [[alluvial fan]] or [[beach]], or in similar settings.<ref name=dictalluvium>{{cite book |editor1-last=Jackson |editor1-first=Julia A. |title=Glossary of geology. |date=1997 |publisher=American Geological Institute |location=Alexandria, Virginia |isbn=0922152349 |edition=Fourth |chapter=alluvium}}</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20110501155938/http://www.geotech.org/survey/geotech/dictiona.html Glossary of Geological Terms]. Geotech.org. Retrieved on 2012-02-12.</ref><ref>[http://geology.com/dictionary/glossary-a.shtml Geology Dictionary – Alluvial, Aquiclude, Arkose]. Geology.Com. Retrieved on 2012-02-12.</ref> Alluvium is also sometimes called '''alluvial deposit'''.<ref>{{cite book |editor1-last=Jackson |editor1-first=Julia A. |title=Glossary of geology. |date=1997 |publisher=American Geological Institute |location=Alexandria, Virginia |isbn=0922152349 |edition=Fourth |chapter=alluvial deposit}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Allaby |first1=Michael |title=A dictionary of geology and earth sciences |date=2013 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford |isbn=9780199653065 |edition=Fourth |chapter=alluvium}}</ref> Alluvium is typically geologically young and is not [[Consolidation (geology)|consolidated]] into solid rock. [[Sediments]] deposited underwater, in seas, [[estuaries]], lakes, or ponds, are not described as alluvium.<ref name=dictalluvium/> | ||
Floodplain alluvium can be highly fertile, and supported some of the earliest human civilizations.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kidder |first1=Tristram |last2=Liu |first2=Haiwang |last3=Xu |first3=Qinghai |last4=Li |first4=Minglin |title=The Alluvial Geoarchaeology of the Sanyangzhuang Site on the Yellow River Floodplain, Henan Province, China: THE YELLOW RIVER FLOODPLAIN, HENAN PROVINCE |journal=Geoarchaeology |date=July 2012 |volume=27 |issue=4 |pages=324–343 |doi=10.1002/gea.21411|s2cid=140587757 }}</ref> | Floodplain alluvium can be highly fertile, and supported some of the earliest human civilizations.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kidder |first1=Tristram |last2=Liu |first2=Haiwang |last3=Xu |first3=Qinghai |last4=Li |first4=Minglin |title=The Alluvial Geoarchaeology of the Sanyangzhuang Site on the Yellow River Floodplain, Henan Province, China: THE YELLOW RIVER FLOODPLAIN, HENAN PROVINCE |journal=Geoarchaeology |date=July 2012 |volume=27 |issue=4 |pages=324–343 |doi=10.1002/gea.21411|s2cid=140587757 }}</ref> | ||
==Definitions== | ==Definitions== | ||
The present [[Scientific consensus|consensus]] is that "alluvium" refers to loose [[sediments]] of all types deposited by running water in [[floodplains]] or in [[alluvial fans]] or related [[landforms]].<ref name=dictalluvium/>{{sfn|Allaby|2013|loc="alluvial"}}<ref name=Miller2020>{{cite journal |last1=Miller |first1=Bradley A. |last2=Juilleret |first2=Jérôme |title=The colluvium and alluvium problem: Historical review and current state of definitions |journal=Earth-Science Reviews |date=October 2020 |volume=209 | | The present [[Scientific consensus|consensus]] is that "alluvium" refers to loose [[sediments]] of all types deposited by running water in [[floodplains]] or in [[alluvial fans]] or related [[landforms]].<ref name=dictalluvium/>{{sfn|Allaby|2013|loc="alluvial"}}<ref name=Miller2020>{{cite journal |last1=Miller |first1=Bradley A. |last2=Juilleret |first2=Jérôme |title=The colluvium and alluvium problem: Historical review and current state of definitions |journal=Earth-Science Reviews |date=October 2020 |volume=209 |article-number=103316 |doi=10.1016/j.earscirev.2020.103316|bibcode=2020ESRv..20903316M |doi-access=free }}</ref> However, the meaning of the term has varied considerably since it was first defined in the French dictionary of [[Antoine Furetière]], posthumously published in 1690. Drawing upon concepts from [[Roman law]], Furetière defined ''[[alluvion]]'' (the French term for alluvium) as new land formed by deposition of sediments along rivers and seas.<ref name=Miller2020/> | ||
By the 19th century, the term had come to mean recent sediments deposited by rivers on top of older ''[[diluvium]]'', which was similar in character but interpreted as sediments deposited by [[Noah's flood]]. With the rejection by geologists of the concept of a primordial universal flood, the term "diluvium" fell into disfavor and was replaced with "older alluvium". At the same time, the term "alluvium" came to mean all sediment deposits due to running water on plains. The definition gradually expanded to include deposits in estuaries, coasts, and young rock of marine and [[fluvial]] origin.<ref name=Miller2020/> | |||
Alluvium and diluvium were grouped | Alluvium and diluvium were grouped as ''[[colluvium]]'' in the late 19th century. "Colluvium" is now generally understood as sediments produced by [[gravity]]-driven transport on steep slopes. At the same time, the definition of "alluvium" has switched back to an emphasis on sediments deposited by river action. There continues to be disagreement over what other sediment deposits should be included under the term "alluvium".<ref name=Miller2020/> | ||
==Age== | ==Age== | ||
Most alluvium is [[Quaternary]] in age and is often referred to as "cover" because these sediments obscure the underlying [[bedrock]]. Most sedimentary material that fills a [[Sedimentary basin|basin]] ("basin fill") that is not [[Lithification|lithified]] is typically lumped together as "alluvial".<ref name=EB>{{Cite EB1911|wstitle=Alluvium}}</ref> Alluvium of [[Pliocene]] age occurs, for example, in parts of Idaho.<ref>{{Citation | last = Ames | first = Dan | contribution = Formation of the Soils | year = 1998 | title = Soil Survey of Jerome County and Part of Twin Falls County, Idaho | pages = 238 | publisher = Natural Resources Conservation Service, [[United States Department of Agriculture]] | contribution-url = https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/idaho/ID704/0/id704_text.pdf}}</ref> Alluvium of late [[Miocene]] age occurs, for example, in the valley of the [[San Joaquin River]], California.<ref>{{cite book | url= | Most alluvium is [[Quaternary]] in age and is often referred to as "cover" because these sediments obscure the underlying [[bedrock]]. Most sedimentary material that fills a [[Sedimentary basin|basin]] ("basin fill") that is not [[Lithification|lithified]] is typically lumped together as "alluvial".<ref name=EB>{{Cite EB1911|wstitle=Alluvium}}</ref> Alluvium of [[Pliocene]] age occurs, for example, in parts of [[Idaho]].<ref>{{Citation | last = Ames | first = Dan | contribution = Formation of the Soils | year = 1998 | title = Soil Survey of Jerome County and Part of Twin Falls County, Idaho | url = https://archive.org/details/usda-contents/page/238/mode/1up | pages = 238 | publisher = Natural Resources Conservation Service, [[United States Department of Agriculture]] | contribution-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220223221606/https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/idaho/ID704/0/id704_text.pdf}}</ref> Alluvium of late [[Miocene]] age occurs, for example, in the valley of the [[San Joaquin River]], [[California]].<ref>{{cite book | url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1197/report.pdf | title=Amount and Timing of Late Cenozoic Uplift and Tilt of the Central Sierra Nevada, California—Evidence from the Upper San Joaquin River Basin (USGS Professional Paper 1197) | publisher=[[USGS]] | author=Huber, N. King | year=1981 | location=Washington D.C. | pages=13}}</ref> | ||
== See also == | == See also == | ||
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== External links == | == External links == | ||
* | * {{Commons category-inline}} | ||
{{authority control}} | {{authority control}} | ||
[[Category:Sedimentology]] | [[Category:Sedimentology]] | ||
Latest revision as of 20:10, 3 November 2025
Alluvium (Template:Etymology, Template:Etymology) is loose clay, silt, sand, or gravel that has been deposited by running water in a stream bed, on a floodplain, in an alluvial fan or beach, or in similar settings.[1][2][3] Alluvium is also sometimes called alluvial deposit.[4][5] Alluvium is typically geologically young and is not consolidated into solid rock. Sediments deposited underwater, in seas, estuaries, lakes, or ponds, are not described as alluvium.[1] Floodplain alluvium can be highly fertile, and supported some of the earliest human civilizations.[6]
Definitions[edit | edit source]
The present consensus is that "alluvium" refers to loose sediments of all types deposited by running water in floodplains or in alluvial fans or related landforms.[1][7][8] However, the meaning of the term has varied considerably since it was first defined in the French dictionary of Antoine Furetière, posthumously published in 1690. Drawing upon concepts from Roman law, Furetière defined alluvion (the French term for alluvium) as new land formed by deposition of sediments along rivers and seas.[8]
By the 19th century, the term had come to mean recent sediments deposited by rivers on top of older diluvium, which was similar in character but interpreted as sediments deposited by Noah's flood. With the rejection by geologists of the concept of a primordial universal flood, the term "diluvium" fell into disfavor and was replaced with "older alluvium". At the same time, the term "alluvium" came to mean all sediment deposits due to running water on plains. The definition gradually expanded to include deposits in estuaries, coasts, and young rock of marine and fluvial origin.[8]
Alluvium and diluvium were grouped as colluvium in the late 19th century. "Colluvium" is now generally understood as sediments produced by gravity-driven transport on steep slopes. At the same time, the definition of "alluvium" has switched back to an emphasis on sediments deposited by river action. There continues to be disagreement over what other sediment deposits should be included under the term "alluvium".[8]
Age[edit | edit source]
Most alluvium is Quaternary in age and is often referred to as "cover" because these sediments obscure the underlying bedrock. Most sedimentary material that fills a basin ("basin fill") that is not lithified is typically lumped together as "alluvial".[9] Alluvium of Pliocene age occurs, for example, in parts of Idaho.[10] Alluvium of late Miocene age occurs, for example, in the valley of the San Joaquin River, California.[11]
See also[edit | edit source]
References[edit | edit source]
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Jackson, Julia A., ed. (1997). "alluvium". Glossary of geology (Fourth ed.). Alexandria, Virginia: American Geological Institute. ISBN 0922152349.
- ↑ Glossary of Geological Terms. Geotech.org. Retrieved on 2012-02-12.
- ↑ Geology Dictionary – Alluvial, Aquiclude, Arkose. Geology.Com. Retrieved on 2012-02-12.
- ↑ Jackson, Julia A., ed. (1997). "alluvial deposit". Glossary of geology (Fourth ed.). Alexandria, Virginia: American Geological Institute. ISBN 0922152349.
- ↑ Allaby, Michael (2013). "alluvium". A dictionary of geology and earth sciences (Fourth ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780199653065.
- ↑ Kidder, Tristram; Liu, Haiwang; Xu, Qinghai; Li, Minglin (July 2012). "The Alluvial Geoarchaeology of the Sanyangzhuang Site on the Yellow River Floodplain, Henan Province, China: THE YELLOW RIVER FLOODPLAIN, HENAN PROVINCE". Geoarchaeology. 27 (4): 324–343. doi:10.1002/gea.21411. S2CID 140587757.
- ↑ Allaby 2013, "alluvial".
- ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 8.3 Miller, Bradley A.; Juilleret, Jérôme (October 2020). "The colluvium and alluvium problem: Historical review and current state of definitions". Earth-Science Reviews. 209 103316. Bibcode:2020ESRv..20903316M. doi:10.1016/j.earscirev.2020.103316.
- ↑ Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). . Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
- ↑ Ames, Dan (1998), "Formation of the Soils" (PDF), Soil Survey of Jerome County and Part of Twin Falls County, Idaho, Natural Resources Conservation Service, United States Department of Agriculture, p. 238
- ↑ Huber, N. King (1981). Amount and Timing of Late Cenozoic Uplift and Tilt of the Central Sierra Nevada, California—Evidence from the Upper San Joaquin River Basin (USGS Professional Paper 1197) (PDF). Washington D.C.: USGS. p. 13.