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{{Short description|Village in Uttar Pradesh, India}} | |||
{{use Indian English|date=January 2018}} | {{use Indian English|date=January 2018}} | ||
{{use dmy dates|date=January 2018}} | {{use dmy dates|date=January 2018}} | ||
{{Infobox settlement | |||
| name = Ahar | |||
| native_name = | |||
| native_name_lang = | |||
| other_name = | |||
| nickname = | |||
| settlement_type = Village | |||
| image_skyline = | |||
| image_alt = | |||
| image_caption = | |||
| image_map = | |||
| map_caption = | |||
| pushpin_map = India Uttar Pradesh | |||
| pushpin_label_position = right | |||
| pushpin_map_alt = | |||
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Uttar Pradesh, India | |||
| coordinates = {{coord|28.464301|N|78.247828|E|display=inline,title}} | |||
| subdivision_type = Country | |||
| subdivision_name = [[India]] | |||
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]] | |||
| subdivision_name1 = [[Uttar Pradesh]] | |||
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]] | |||
| subdivision_name2 = [[Bulandshahr district|Bulandshahr]] | |||
| subdivision_type3 = [[Tehsil]] | |||
| subdivision_name3 = [[Anupshahr]] | |||
| established_title = <!-- Established --> | |||
| established_date = | |||
| founder = | |||
| named_for = | |||
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| governing_body = | |||
| unit_pref = Metric | |||
| area_footnotes = | |||
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| area_total_km2 = | |||
| elevation_footnotes = | |||
| elevation_m = | |||
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| population_as_of = 2011 | |||
| population_rank = | |||
| population_density_km2 = auto | |||
| population_demonym = | |||
| population_footnotes = | |||
| demographics_type1 = | |||
| demographics1_title1 = | |||
| demographics1_info1 = | |||
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]] | |||
| utc_offset1 = +5:30 | |||
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]] | |||
| postal_code = | |||
| registration_plate = | |||
| website = | |||
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}} | |||
'''Ahar''' ('''Ahar Mahadev''') is a village situated in the [[Anupshahr]] Tehsil of the [[Bulandshahr district]] in [[Uttar Pradesh]], India. It is located 11.98 kilometres from the Mandal headquarters in Anupshahr and is 39.09 kilometres from the district headquarters in [[Bulandshahar]]. | '''Ahar''' ('''Ahar Mahadev''') is a village situated in the [[Anupshahr]] Tehsil of the [[Bulandshahr district]] in [[Uttar Pradesh]], India. It is located 11.98 kilometres from the Mandal headquarters in Anupshahr and is 39.09 kilometres from the district headquarters in [[Bulandshahar]]. | ||
Villages nearby include Mohammadpur Bangar (2.4 km), Bamanpur (2.9 km), [[Aurangabad, Bulandshahr|Aurangabad Tahapur Bager]] (3.5 km), Mauharsa (3.6 km), Daravar (4.0 km), Hasanpur Bangar (4.1 km), and Pachdevra (4.7 km). Ahar is located on the | There is a dargah in Ahar which is very famous since ancient times, Dargah Syed Ali Hussain Shah, and Syed Ajaj Hussain Shah, in whose memory Urs is celebrated with great pomp every year. | ||
Villages nearby include Mohammadpur Bangar (2.4 km), Bamanpur (2.9 km), [[Aurangabad, Bulandshahr|Aurangabad Tahapur Bager]] (3.5 km), Mauharsa (3.6 km), Daravar (4.0 km), Hasanpur Bangar (4.1 km), and Pachdevra (4.7 km). Ahar is located on the west bank of the [[Ganges]] and is known for its temples dedicated to [[Shiva]] and Avantika. | |||
== History == | == History == | ||
The | Ahar is identified with the early medieval city of '''Tattānandapura''', which is described in 10 different inscriptions ranging between 867 and 904 CE.<!-- Chattopadhyaya 1994, p. 134 --> Most of these deal with the purchase of houses and house sites in the city, mostly by the local temple of Kāñcanaśrīdevī.<!-- Chattopadhyaya 1994, p. 144 --> Although fragmentary, evidence from the Ahar inscriptions provides a picture of what Tattānandapura was like at the time.<!-- Thakur says something similar, but honestly this sentence probably doesn't need a reference --><ref name="Chattopadhyaya 1994"/>{{rp|134, 44}} | ||
The inscriptions show that Tattānandapura belonged to the [[Gurjara-Pratihara dynasty|Gurjara-Pratihāra empire]] during this period.<!-- Chattopadhyaya 1994, p. 134 --> They also refer to Tattānandapura as a ''[https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/पट्टन#Sanskrit paṭṭana]'', referring to a larger town as opposed to a village (''grāma'', ''pallī'', ''agrahāra''), so it must have been a decently large settlement.<!-- Chattopadhyaya 1994, p. 134 --><ref name="Chattopadhyaya 1994"/>{{rp|134}} | |||
The eastern market area (''purvahaṭṭa pradeśa'') seems to have been "one of the nerve centres of the town".<!-- Chattopadhyaya 1994, p. 135 --> It was lined with shops and residential buildings.<!-- Chattopadhyaya 1994, p. 135 --> Its description as specifically the "eastern" market area implies that others existed.<!-- Chattopadhyaya 1994, p. 135 --><ref name="Chattopadhyaya 1994"/>{{rp|135}} | |||
Six temples are mentioned in the inscriptions: one of Kāñcanaśrīdevī, or Kanakadevī; one of Nandabhagavatidevī; one of Vāmanasvāmin; one of Gandhadevī; one of [[Dashavatara|Daśāvatāra]]; and one of Sarvamaṅgalā.<!-- Chattopadhyaya 1994, p. 135 --> Those of Kāñcanaśrīdevī and Nandabhagavatidevī, at least, are described as being somewhat away from the town proper.<!-- Chattopadhyaya 1994, p. 135 --> Both of these temples also owned property in the eastern market area.<!-- Chattopadhyaya 1994, p. 135 --><ref name="Chattopadhyaya 1994"/>{{rp|135}} | |||
Several different types of streets are mentioned in the inscriptions: ''kurathyā'' (small, narrow streets), ''bṛhadrathyā'' (large streets), and ''haṭṭamārga'' (streets leading to the marketplace).<!-- Chattopadhyaya 1994, p. 134 --> These terms are also used in other contemporary sources, so they were probably considered functionally distinct types of streets, but their exact definitions are unknown.<!-- Chattopadhyaya 1994, p. 134-5 --><ref name="Chattopadhyaya 1994"/>{{rp|134-5}} | |||
Two basic types of building are referred to in the inscriptions: the ''āvāri'' (shops and enclosures) and the ''gṛha'' (residential buildings).<!-- Chattopadhyaya 1994, p. 135 --> In some cases, the ''āvāri''s seem to have been combined shops and houses, with some having inner apartments.<!-- Chattopadhyaya 1994, p. 135 --><ref name="Chattopadhyaya 1994"/>{{rp|135}} Both kinds of buildings were made of burnt brick and had wooden doors with [[padlock]]s.<!-- Thakur 1998, p. 295 --> Their typical size, according to inscriptions, was about 27 [[cubit]]s long.<!-- Thakur 1998, p. 295 --><ref name="Thakur 1998"/>{{rp|295}} Frequently, inscriptions describe contiguous groups of houses (''gṛhabhūmi''s) inhabited by people from different caste groups.<!-- Chattopadhyaya 1994, p. 135 --><ref name="Chattopadhyaya 1994"/>{{rp|135}} | |||
The city had an active merchant community, with commercial ties to various places.<!-- Chattopadhyaya 1994, p. 140 --> These included the Varkkaṭavaṇik community from Bhillamāla (present-day [[Bhinmal]] in Rajasthan), the Gandhikavaṇik community from [[Mathura|Mathurā]], and also merchants from an unidentified place called Apāpura.<!-- Chattopadhyaya 1994, p. 140 --> Another important community, and possibly the most prominent at Tattānandapura, was the Sauvarṇikavaṇikmahājana.<!-- Chattopadhyaya 1994, p. 141 --><ref name="Chattopadhyaya 1994"/>{{rp|140-1}} There were also [[kshatriya|kṣatriya]] merchants at Tattānandapura.<ref name="Thakur 1998">{{cite journal |last1=Thakur |first1=Renu |title=The Nature and Role of the "Pattana" in Early Medieval India |journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |date=1998 |volume=59 |pages=293-300 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44147000 |access-date=8 May 2023}}</ref>{{rp|295}} | |||
According to [[Brajadulal Chattopadhyaya]], Tattānandapura evolved as an urban centre because it had already served as a local commercial centre, leading to the clustering of multiple ''haṭṭa''s in a close area.<!-- Chattopadhyaya 1994, p. 139 --> The city was formed as an agglomeration of these ''haṭṭa''s along with residential areas.<!-- Chattopadhyaya 1994, p. 139 --><ref name="Chattopadhyaya 1994"/>{{rp|139}} | |||
Archaeological mounds at Ahar cover an area of 3800 acres and span almost a mile and a half in length.<!-- Chattopadhyaya 1994, p. 135-6 --> Site B, which is dated to the 9th century, contained such finds as burnt-brick residences, high-quality pottery samples, hand-powered [[mill (grinding)|grinding mill]]s, a [[mortar and pestle|mortar]], an iron scythe, and at least three different varieties of coins.<!-- Chattopadhyaya 1994, p. 136 --><ref name="Chattopadhyaya 1994">{{cite book |last1=Chattopadhyaya |first1=Brajadulal |author-link=Brajadulal Chattopadhyaya |title=The Making of Early Medieval India |date=1994 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=New Delhi |isbn=0-19-564076-4 |url=https://ia801503.us.archive.org/28/items/in.ernet.dli.2015.117938/2015.117938.The-Making-Of-Early-Medieval-India.pdf |access-date=17 July 2023}}</ref>{{rp|135-6}} | |||
== See also == | == See also == | ||
| Line 14: | Line 87: | ||
{{reflist}} | {{reflist}} | ||
[[Category:Villages in Bulandshahr district]] | [[Category:Villages in Bulandshahr district]] | ||
[[Category:Archaeological sites in Uttar Pradesh]] | |||
Latest revision as of 09:48, 22 August 2025
Ahar | |
|---|---|
Village | |
  Ahar Location in Uttar Pradesh, India | |
| Coordinates: 28°27′51″N 78°14′52″E / 28.464301°N 78.247828°E | |
| Country | India |
| State | Uttar Pradesh |
| District | Bulandshahr |
| Tehsil | Anupshahr |
| Time zone | UTC+5:30 (IST) |
Ahar (Ahar Mahadev) is a village situated in the Anupshahr Tehsil of the Bulandshahr district in Uttar Pradesh, India. It is located 11.98 kilometres from the Mandal headquarters in Anupshahr and is 39.09 kilometres from the district headquarters in Bulandshahar.
There is a dargah in Ahar which is very famous since ancient times, Dargah Syed Ali Hussain Shah, and Syed Ajaj Hussain Shah, in whose memory Urs is celebrated with great pomp every year.
Villages nearby include Mohammadpur Bangar (2.4 km), Bamanpur (2.9 km), Aurangabad Tahapur Bager (3.5 km), Mauharsa (3.6 km), Daravar (4.0 km), Hasanpur Bangar (4.1 km), and Pachdevra (4.7 km). Ahar is located on the west bank of the Ganges and is known for its temples dedicated to Shiva and Avantika.
History[edit | edit source]
Ahar is identified with the early medieval city of Tattānandapura, which is described in 10 different inscriptions ranging between 867 and 904 CE. Most of these deal with the purchase of houses and house sites in the city, mostly by the local temple of Kāñcanaśrīdevī. Although fragmentary, evidence from the Ahar inscriptions provides a picture of what Tattānandapura was like at the time.[1]:134, 44
The inscriptions show that Tattānandapura belonged to the Gurjara-Pratihāra empire during this period. They also refer to Tattānandapura as a paṭṭana, referring to a larger town as opposed to a village (grāma, pallī, agrahāra), so it must have been a decently large settlement.[1]:134
The eastern market area (purvahaṭṭa pradeśa) seems to have been "one of the nerve centres of the town". It was lined with shops and residential buildings. Its description as specifically the "eastern" market area implies that others existed.[1]:135
Six temples are mentioned in the inscriptions: one of Kāñcanaśrīdevī, or Kanakadevī; one of Nandabhagavatidevī; one of Vāmanasvāmin; one of Gandhadevī; one of Daśāvatāra; and one of Sarvamaṅgalā. Those of Kāñcanaśrīdevī and Nandabhagavatidevī, at least, are described as being somewhat away from the town proper. Both of these temples also owned property in the eastern market area.[1]:135
Several different types of streets are mentioned in the inscriptions: kurathyā (small, narrow streets), bṛhadrathyā (large streets), and haṭṭamārga (streets leading to the marketplace). These terms are also used in other contemporary sources, so they were probably considered functionally distinct types of streets, but their exact definitions are unknown.[1]:134–5
Two basic types of building are referred to in the inscriptions: the āvāri (shops and enclosures) and the gṛha (residential buildings). In some cases, the āvāris seem to have been combined shops and houses, with some having inner apartments.[1]:135 Both kinds of buildings were made of burnt brick and had wooden doors with padlocks. Their typical size, according to inscriptions, was about 27 cubits long.[2]:295 Frequently, inscriptions describe contiguous groups of houses (gṛhabhūmis) inhabited by people from different caste groups.[1]:135
The city had an active merchant community, with commercial ties to various places. These included the Varkkaṭavaṇik community from Bhillamāla (present-day Bhinmal in Rajasthan), the Gandhikavaṇik community from Mathurā, and also merchants from an unidentified place called Apāpura. Another important community, and possibly the most prominent at Tattānandapura, was the Sauvarṇikavaṇikmahājana.[1]:140–1 There were also kṣatriya merchants at Tattānandapura.[2]:295
According to Brajadulal Chattopadhyaya, Tattānandapura evolved as an urban centre because it had already served as a local commercial centre, leading to the clustering of multiple haṭṭas in a close area. The city was formed as an agglomeration of these haṭṭas along with residential areas.[1]:139
Archaeological mounds at Ahar cover an area of 3800 acres and span almost a mile and a half in length. Site B, which is dated to the 9th century, contained such finds as burnt-brick residences, high-quality pottery samples, hand-powered grinding mills, a mortar, an iron scythe, and at least three different varieties of coins.[1]:135–6
See also[edit | edit source]
References[edit | edit source]
- ↑ 1.00 1.01 1.02 1.03 1.04 1.05 1.06 1.07 1.08 1.09 Chattopadhyaya, Brajadulal (1994). The Making of Early Medieval India (PDF). New Delhi: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-564076-4. Retrieved 17 July 2023.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 Thakur, Renu (1998). "The Nature and Role of the "Pattana" in Early Medieval India". Proceedings of the Indian History Congress. 59: 293–300. Retrieved 8 May 2023.