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| {{Infobox military conflict
| | #REDIRECT [[India–Pakistan war of 1971]] |
| | conflict = Indo-Pakistani War of 1971
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| | partof = the [[Indo-Pakistani wars and conflicts]] and [[Bangladesh Liberation War]]
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| | campaign =
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| | image = 1971 Instrument of Surrender.jpg
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| | image_size = 350px
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| | caption = {{small|First Row: [[Lieutenant-General|Lt-Gen.]] [[Amir Abdullah Khan Niazi|A.A.K. Niazi]], the Cdr. of [[Eastern Military Command of Pakistan|Pakistani Eastern Comnd.]], signing the [[Pakistani Instrument of Surrender|documented instrument]] in [[Dhaka|Dacca]] in the presence of [[Lieutenant General|Lt. Gen.]] [[Jagjit Singh Aurora]] ([[General Officer Commanding-in-Chief|GOC-in-C]] of Indian [[Eastern Command (India)|Eastern Comnd.]]). Surojit Sen of [[All India Radio]] is seen holding a microphone on the right.<br />Second Row (left to right): [[Vice Admiral|Vice Adm.]] [[Nilakanta Krishnan|N. Krishnan]] ([[Flag Officer Commanding|FOC-in-C]] [[Eastern Naval Command|Eastern Naval Comnd.]]), [[Air Marshal|Air Mshl.]] [[Hari Chand Dewan|H.C. Dewan]], ([[Air Officer Commanding|AOC-in-C]] [[Eastern Air Command (India)|Eastern Air Comnd.]], Lt Gen. [[Sagat Singh]] (Cdr. [[IV Corps (India)|IV Corps]]), Maj Gen. [[J. F. R. Jacob|JFR Jacob]] ([[Chief of Staff|COS]] Eastern Comnd.) and [[Flight lieutenant|Flt Lt]] Krishnamurthy (peering over Jacob‘s shoulder).}}
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| | date = 3–16 December 1971 (13 days)
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| | place = Eastern Front:
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| * [[India–East Pakistan border]]
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| ** [[Bay of Bengal]]
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| ** [[India–Bangladesh enclaves|Pasha enclaves]]
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| Western Front:
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| * [[Indo-Pakistani border|India–Pakistan border]]
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| ** [[Line of Control]]
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| ** [[Zero Point railway station|Zero Point]]
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| * [[Indian Ocean]]
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| ** [[Arabian Sea]]
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| | result = Decisive Indian victory<ref name=Lyon>{{cite book|last=Lyon|first=Peter|title=Conflict between India and Pakistan: An Encyclopedia|url=https://archive.org/details/conflictbetweeni00lyon|url-access=limited|year=2008|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-1-57607-712-2|page=[https://archive.org/details/conflictbetweeni00lyon/page/n182 166]|quote=India's decisive victory over Pakistan in the 1971 war and emergence of independent Bangladesh dramatically transformed the power balance of South Asia}}</ref><ref name=Kemp>{{cite book|last=Kemp|first=Geoffrey|title=The East Moves West India, China, and Asia's Growing Presence in the Middle East|url=https://archive.org/details/eastmoveswestind00kemp|url-access=limited|year=2010|publisher=Brookings Institution Press|isbn=978-0-8157-0388-4|page=[https://archive.org/details/eastmoveswestind00kemp/page/n60 52]|quote=However, India's decisive victory over Pakistan in 1971 led the Shah to pursue closer relations with India}}</ref><ref name=Byman>{{cite book|last=Byman|first=Daniel|title=Deadly connections: States that Sponsor Terrorism|url=https://archive.org/details/deadlyconnection00byma_576|url-access=limited|year=2005|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-83973-0|page=[https://archive.org/details/deadlyconnection00byma_576/page/n170 159]|quote=India's decisive victory in 1971 led to the signing of the Simla Agreement in 1972}}</ref><br />'''Eastern front:'''<br /> [[Instrument of Surrender (1971)|Surrender of East Pakistan military command]]<br />'''Western front:'''<br />Unilateral ceasefire
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| | territory = Eastern Front:
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| * Independence of East Pakistan as [[Bangladesh]]
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| Western Front:
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| * Indian forces captured around {{convert|5795|sqmi|km2|order=flip|abbr=on}} of land in the West but returned it in the 1972 [[Simla Agreement]] as a gesture of goodwill.<ref name="Shuja Nawaz 2008">{{cite book |last=Nawaz |first=Shuja |title=Crossed Swords: Pakistan, Its Army, and the Wars Within |date=2008 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-547697-2 |page=329}}</ref><ref name="books.google.com">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LCaAQCnO3QQC&q=5000%20miles%20square%20indian%20army%201971&pg=PA81|title=Benazir, a Profile – M. G. Chitkara|accessdate=27 July 2012|isbn=9788170247524|last1=Chitkara|first1=M. G|year=1996}}</ref><ref name="https">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ek00fuXVz1wC&q=5000%20miles%20indian%20army%201971&pg=PA117|title=Kashmir in Conflict: India, Pakistan and the Unending War – Victoria Schofield|date=18 January 2003|accessdate=27 July 2012|isbn=9781860648984|last1=Schofield|first1=Victoria}}</ref>
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| | combatant1 = {{IND}}
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| ----
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| {{flagicon|Bangladesh|1971}} [[Provisional Government of Bangladesh]]
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| {{flagicon|Soviet Union|1971}} [[Soviet Union]]
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| | combatant2 = {{PAK}}
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| ----
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| {{flagicon|Pakistan|1971}} [[East Pakistan]]
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|
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| {{flagicon|United States|1971}} [[United States]] | | {{Redirect category shell| |
| | | {{R from move}} |
| {{flagicon|United Kingdom|1971}} [[United Kingdom]]
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| {{flagicon|Sri Lanka|1971}} [[Sri Lanka]]
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| {{flagicon|Iran|1971}} [[ Pahlavi Iran]]
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| {{flagicon|France|1971}} [[ France ]]
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| {{flagicon|Turkey|1971}} [[ Turkey ]]
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| {{flagicon|China|1971}} [[China]]
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| {{flagicon|Israel|1971}} [[Israel]] | |
| | commander1 = {{flagicon|IND}} [[Indira Gandhi]]<br />{{small|([[Prime Minister of India]])}}<br />{{flagicon|IND}} [[Varahagiri Venkata Giri|V. V. Giri]]<br />{{small|([[President of India]])}}<br />{{flagicon|IND}} [[Swaran Singh]]<br />{{small|([[Minister of External Affairs (India)|External Minister of India]])}}<br />{{flagicon|IND}} [[Jagjivan Ram]]<br />{{small|([[Minister of Defence (India)|Defence Minister of India]])}}<br />[[File:Flag of Indian Army.svg|20px]] [[General officer|Gen]] [[Sam Manekshaw]]<br />{{small|([[Chief of Army Staff (India)|Chief of Army Staff]])}}<br />[[File:Flag of Indian Army.svg|20px]] [[Lieutenant-General|Lt.Gen]] [[Jagjit Singh Arora|J.S. Arora]]<br />{{small|([[General Officer Commanding-in-Chief|GOC-in-C]], [[Eastern Command (India)|Eastern Command]])}}<br />[[File:Flag of Indian Army.svg|20px]] [[Lieutenant-General|Lt.Gen]] [[G.G Bewoor|G.G. Bewoor]]<br />{{small|(GOC-in-C, [[Southern Command (India)|Southern Command]])}}<br />[[File:Flag of Indian Army.svg|20px]] [[Lieutenant-General|Lt.Gen]] [[K. P. Candeth]]<br />{{small|(GOC-in-C, [[Western Command (India)|Western Command]])}}<br />[[File:Flag of Indian Army.svg|20px]] [[Lieutenant-General|Lt.Gen]] [[Premindra Singh Bhagat|Premindra Bhagat]]<br />{{small|(GOC-in-C, [[Central Command (India)|Central Command]])}}<br />[[File:Flag of Indian Army.svg|20px]] [[Lieutenant-General|Lt.Gen]] [[Sagat Singh]]<br />{{small|(GOC-in-C, [[IV Corps (India)|IV Corps]])}}<br />[[File:Flag of Indian Army.svg|20px]] [[Lieutenant-General|Lt.Gen]] [[Tapishwar Narain Raina|T. N. Raina]]<br />{{small|(GOC-in-C, [[II Corps (India)|II Corps]])}}<br />[[File:Flag of Indian Army.svg|20px]] [[Lieutenant-General|Lt.Gen]] [[Sartaj Singh (general)|Sartaj Singh]]<br />{{small|(GOC-in-C, [[XV Corps (India)|XV Corps]])}}<br />[[File:Flag of Indian Army.svg|20px]] [[Lieutenant-General|Lt.Gen]] [[Khem Karan Singh|Karan Singh]]<br />{{small|(GOC-in-C, [[I Corps (India)|I Corps]])}}<br />[[File:Flag of Indian Army.svg|20px]] [[Major General|MajGen]] [[J. F. R. Jacob|Farj R. Jacob]]<br />{{small|([[Chief of Staff|COS]], Eastern Command)}}<br />[[File:Flag of Indian Army.svg|20px]] [[Major General|MajGen]] [[Om Prakash Malhotra|Om Malhotra]]<br />{{small|(COS, IV Corps)}}<br />[[File:Flag of Indian Army.svg|20px]] [[Major General|MajGen]] [[Inderjit Singh Gill]]<br />{{small|(Dir, [[Military operation|Military Operations]])}}<br />[[File:Naval Ensign of India.svg|20px]] [[Admiral|Adm]] [[S. M. Nanda]]<br />{{small|([[Chief of Naval Staff (India)|Chief of Naval Staff]])}}<br />[[File:Naval Ensign of India.svg|20px]] [[Vice Admiral|VAdm]] [[Sourendra Nath Kohli|S. N. Kohli]]<br />{{small|(Cdr. [[Western Naval Command]])}}<br />[[File:Naval Ensign of India.svg|20px]] [[Vice Admiral|VAdm]] [[Nilakanta Krishnan|N. Krishnan]]<br />{{small|(Cdr. [[Eastern Naval Command]])}}<br />[[File:Naval Ensign of India.svg|20px]] [[Rear Admiral|RAdm]] [[S H Sarma]]<br />{{small|(Cdr. [[Eastern Fleet (India)|Eastern Fleet]])}}<br />[[File:Air Force Ensign of India.svg|20px]] [[Air Chief Marshal|ACM]] [[Pratap Chandra Lal|Pratap C. Lal]]<br />{{small|([[Chief of Air Staff (India)|Chief of Air Staff]])}}<br />[[File:RAW India.jpg|15px]] [[R. N. Kao|Rameshwar Kao]]<br />{{small|(Director of [[Research and Analysis Wing|RAW]])}}<br />{{flagicon|Bangladesh|1971}} [[Tajuddin Ahmad]] <br />{{small|([[Prime Minister of Bangladesh|PM]] [[Provisional Government of Bangladesh|Provisional Government]])}}<br />{{flagicon|Bangladesh|1971}} [[Colonel|Col.]] [[M. A. G. Osmani|M.A.G. Osmani]]<br />{{small|(Commander, [[Mukti Bahini]])}}
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| | commander2 = {{flagicon|PAK}} [[Yahya Khan]]<br />{{small|([[President of Pakistan]])}}<br />{{flagicon|PAK}} [[Nurul Amin]]<br />{{small|([[Prime Minister of Pakistan]])}}<br />[[File:Flag of the Pakistani Army.svg|20px]] [[General officer|Gen.]] [[Abdul Hamid Khan (general)|A.H. Khan]]<br />{{small|([[Army Chief of Staff (Pakistan)|Chief of Staff]], [[GHQ (Pakistan Army)|Army GHQ]])}}<br />[[File:Flag of the Pakistani Army.svg|20px]] [[Lieutenant-General|Lt.Gen]] [[A. A. K. Niazi|A.A.K. Niazi]]{{Surrendered}}<br />{{small|(Commander, [[Pakistan Eastern Command|Eastern Command]])}}<br />[[File:Flag of the Pakistani Army.svg|20px]] [[Lieutenant-General|Lt.Gen]] [[Gul Hassan Khan]]<br />{{small|([[Chief of General Staff (Pakistan)|Chief of General Staff]])}}<br />[[File:Flag of the Pakistani Army.svg|20px]] [[Lieutenant-General|Lt.Gen]] [[Abdul Ali Malik]]<br />{{small|(Commander, [[I Corps (Pakistan)|I Corps]])}}<br />[[File:Flag of the Pakistani Army.svg|20px]] [[Lieutenant-General|Lt.Gen]] [[Tikka Khan]]<br />{{small|(Commander, [[II Corps (Pakistan)|II Corps]])}}<br />[[File:Flag of the Pakistani Army.svg|20px]] [[Lieutenant-General|Lt.Gen]] [[Bahadur Sher Khan|Sher Khan]]<br />{{small|(Commander, [[IV Corps (Pakistan)|IV Corps]])}}<br />[[File:Flag of the Pakistani Army.svg|20px]] [[Major General|MGen]] [[Iftikhar Janjua]] [[Killed in action|†]]<br />{{small|([[General Officer Commanding|GOC]], [[Structure of the Pakistan Army|23rd Infantry Division]])}}<br />{{flagicon image|Flag of the Pakistani Army.svg}} [[Major General|MGen]] [[Khadim Hussain Raja|Khadim Hussain]]<br />{{small|(GOC, [[Structure of the Pakistan Army|14th Infantry Division]])}}<br />[[File:Naval Jack of Pakistan.svg|20px]] [[Vice-Admiral|VAdm]] [[Muzaffar Hassan]]<br />{{small|([[Commander in Chief (Pakistan Navy)|Cdr-in-Chief, Navy]])}}<br />[[File:Naval Jack of Pakistan.svg|20px]] [[Rear-Admiral|RAdm]] [[Rashid Ahmed]]<br />{{small|([[Chief of Staff of the Pakistan Navy|COS]], [[NHQ (PN)|Navy NHQ]])}}<br />[[File:Naval Jack of Pakistan.svg|20px]] [[Rear-Admiral|RAdm]] [[Mohammad Shariff|Moh'd Shariff]] {{Surrendered}}<br />{{small|([[Commander (rank)|Cdr]], Eastern Naval Command)}}<br />[[File:Naval Jack of Pakistan.svg|20px]] [[Rear-Admiral|RAdm]] [[Mujeeb Ahmad Khan Lodhi|M.A.K. Lodhi]]<br />{{small|([[Commander (rank)|Cdr]], Western Naval Command)}}<br />[[File:Naval Jack of Pakistan.svg|20px]] [[Rear-Admiral|RAdm]] [[Leslie Mungavin|Leslie Norman]]<br />{{small|(Commander, [[Pakistan Marines]])}}<br />[[File:Pakistani Air Force Ensign.svg|20px]] [[Air Marshal|AM]] [[Abdul Rahim Khan]]<br />{{small|([[Commander in Chief (Pakistan Air Force)|Cdr-in-Chief, Air Force]])}}<br />[[File:Pakistani Air Force Ensign.svg|20px]] [[Air Vice Marshal|AVM]] [[Patrick Desmond Callaghan|P.D. Callaghan]]<br />{{small|([[Chief Inspector|Chief Ins]], Pakistan Air Force)}}<br />[[File:Pakistani Air Force Ensign.svg|20px]] [[Air Commodore|Air Cdre]] [[Inamul Haque Khan|Inamul Haq]]{{Surrendered}}<br />{{small|(Cdr Eastern Air Command)}}<br />[[File:Pakistani Air Force Ensign.svg|20px]] [[Group Captain|Gp.Capt.]] [[Zulfiqar Ali Khan|Z.A. Khan]]{{Surrendered}}<br />{{small|([[Chief of Staff|COS]], [[AHQ (Pakistan Air Force)|Air AHQ Dhaka]])}}<br />[[Abdul Motaleb Malik]] {{Surrendered}}<br />{{small|([[Governor of East Pakistan]])}}
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| | strength1 = [[Indian Armed Forces]]: 1,000,000<ref name="Dixit">{{cite book |first=J.N.|last=Dixit|title=India-Pakistan in War and Peace|date=2 September 2003|publisher=Routledge|isbn=1134407572|quote=while the size of the Indian armed forces remained static at one million men and Pakistan's at around 350,000.}}</ref> <br /> [[Mukti Bahini]]: 180,000<ref>{{cite journal |last=Rashiduzzaman |first=M. |date=March 1972 |title=Leadership, Organization, Strategies and Tactics of the Bangla Desh Movement |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_asian-survey_1972-03_12_3/page/191 |journal=Asian Survey |volume=12 |issue=3 |page=191 |doi=10.2307/2642872 |jstor=2642872 |quote=The Pakistan Government, however, claimed [in June 1971] that the combined fighting strength of the 'secessionists' amounted to about 180,000 armed personnel.}}</ref><br /> Total: '''1,180,000'''
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| | strength2 = [[Pakistan Armed Forces]]: '''350,000<ref name="Dixit"/>'''
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| | casualties1 = {{IND}}<br />2,500<ref name="Leonard2006p806" />–3,843 killed<ref name="injuredsoldiers">{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/blogs/inside-politics/this-vijay-diwas-remember-the-sacrifices-and-do-good-by-our-disabled-soldiers/|title=This Vijay Diwas, remember the sacrifices and do good by our disabled soldiers|work=Times of India|quote=About 3,843 Indian soldiers died in this war that resulted in the unilateral surrender of the Pakistan Army and led to the creation of Bangladesh. Among the soldiers who returned home triumphant were also 9,851 injured; many of them disabled.|date=16 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181217134312/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/blogs/inside-politics/this-vijay-diwas-remember-the-sacrifices-and-do-good-by-our-disabled-soldiers/|archive-date=17 December 2018|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=DeeGAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA11#v=onepage&q=3843%201971%20war%20india%20deaths Vulnerable India: A Geographical Study of Disaster By Anu Kapur]</ref><br />9,851<ref name="injuredsoldiers"/>–12,000<ref name="Century Air Warfare 1997, pages 384">''The Encyclopedia of 20th Century Air Warfare'', edited by Chris Bishop (Amber publishing 1997, republished 2004 pages 384–387 {{ISBN|1-904687-26-1}})</ref> injured
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| * 1 [[Breguet Alizé|Naval aircraft]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://indiannavy.nic.in/t2t2e/Trans2Trimph/chapters/10_1971%20wnc1.htm |title=Chapter 10: Naval Operations In The Western Naval Command |website=Indian Navy |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120223133540/http://indiannavy.nic.in/t2t2e/Trans2Trimph/chapters/10_1971%20wnc1.htm |archive-date=23 February 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://orbat.com/site/cimh/navy/navy_1971_kills.html |title=Damage Assessment– 1971 Indo Pak Naval War |publisher=Orbat.com |accessdate=27 July 2012 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120319212243/http://orbat.com/site/cimh/navy/navy_1971_kills.html |archivedate=19 March 2012 }}</ref>
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| * 1 [[INS Khukri (F149)|Frigate]]
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| *Okha harbour damaged/fuel tanks destroyed<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/pakistan/air-force-combat.htm|title=Pakistan Air Force Combat Expirence|quote=Pakistan retaliated by causing extensive damage through a single B-57 attack on Indian naval base Okha. The bombs scored direct hits on fuel dumps, ammunition dump and the missile boats jetty.|work=Global Security|date=9 July 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Dr. He Hemant Kumar Pandey & Manish Raj Singh|title=INDIA'S MAJOR MILITARY & RESCUE OPERATIONS|page=117|publisher=Horizon Books ( A Division of Ignited Minds Edutech P Ltd), 2017|date=1 August 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Col Y Udaya Chandar (Retd)|title=Independent India's All the Seven Wars|publisher=Notion Press, 2018|date=2 January 2018}}</ref>
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| * Damage to several western Indian airfields<ref name=Lal>{{cite book|author=Air Chief Marshal P C Lal|title=My Days with the IAF|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vvTM-xbW41MC|year=1986|publisher=Lancer|isbn=978-81-7062-008-2|page=286}}</ref><ref name="indiadefenceupdate.com">{{cite web |url=http://www.indiadefenceupdate.com/news94.html |title=The Battle of Longewala—The Truth |website=India Defence Update |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110608050522/http://www.indiadefenceupdate.com/news94.html |archive-date=8 June 2011}}</ref>
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| '''Pakistani claims'''
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| * 130 [[Indian Air Force|IAF Aircraft]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.paf.gov.pk/history.html|title=Pakistan Air Force – Official website|publisher=Paf.gov.pk|accessdate=27 July 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111215075643/http://www.paf.gov.pk/history.html|archive-date=15 December 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref>
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| '''Indian claims'''
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| * 45 [[Indian Air Force|IAF Aircraft]]<ref name="Combat Kills">{{cite web |url=http://orbat.com/site/cimh/iaf/IAF_1971_kills_rev1.pdf |title=IAF Combat Kills – 1971 Indo-Pak Air War |publisher=orbat.com |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140113013008/http://orbat.com/site/cimh/iaf/IAF_1971_kills_rev1.pdf |archive-date=13 January 2014 |access-date=20 December 2011}}</ref>
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| '''Neutral claims'''
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| * 45 [[Indian Air Force|IAF Aircraft]]<ref name="Leonard2006p806">{{cite book |last1=Leonard |first1=Thomas M. |year=2006 |title=Encyclopedia of the Developing World |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gc2NAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA806 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |page=806 |isbn=978-0-415-97664-0}}</ref>
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| | casualties2 = {{PAK}}<br />9,000 killed<ref name=Pradhan>{{cite book |last=Leonard |year=2006 |first=Thomas M. |title=Encyclopedia of the developing world, Volume 1 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-0-415-97662-6}}</ref><br /> 25,000 wounded<ref name="Century Air Warfare 1997, pages 384">''The Encyclopedia of 20th Century Air Warfare'', edited by Chris Bishop (Amber publishing 1997, republished 2004 pages 384–387 {{ISBN|1-904687-26-1}})</ref>
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| <br /> 93,000 captured<br /> 2 [[Destroyer]]s<br /> 1 [[Minesweeper (ship)|Minesweeper]]<br /> 1 [[PNS Ghazi|Submarine]]<ref name="BR">{{cite web|url=http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/MONITOR/ISSUE4-2/harry.html |title=The Sinking of the Ghazi |website=Bharat Rakshak Monitor, 4(2) |accessdate=20 October 2009 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111128104709/http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/MONITOR/ISSUE4-2/harry.html |archivedate=28 November 2011 }}</ref><br /> 3 [[Patrol vessel]]s<br /> 7 [[Gunboat]]s
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| * Pakistani main port Karachi facilities damaged/fuel tanks destroyed<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2004/20040111/spectrum/book1.htm|title=How west was won...on the waterfront|newspaper=The Tribune|accessdate=24 December 2011}}</ref>
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| * Pakistani airfields damaged and cratered<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.acig.org/artman/publish/article_330.shtml|title=India – Pakistan War, 1971; Western Front, Part I|publisher=acig.com|accessdate=22 December 2011|archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/69aZfN64R?url=http://www.acig.org/artman/publish/article_330.shtml|archive-date=1 August 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref>
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| '''Pakistani claims'''
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| * 42 [[Pakistan Air Force|PAF Aircraft]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/History/1971War/Appendix3.html |title=Aircraft Losses in Pakistan - 1971 War |accessdate=24 April 2010 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090501082102/http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/History/1971War/Appendix3.html |archivedate=1 May 2009 }}</ref>
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| '''Indian claims'''
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| * 94 [[Pakistan Air Force|PAF Aircraft]]<ref name="Combat Kills" />
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| '''Neutral claims'''
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| * 75 [[Pakistan Air Force|PAF Aircraft]]<ref name="Leonard2006p806" />
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| }} | | }} |
| The '''Indo-Pakistani War of 1971''' was a military conflict between India and Pakistan. Lasting just 13 days, it is considered one of the shortest wars in history.<ref>[http://www.time.com/time/printout/0,8816,905593,00.html The World: India: Easy Victory, Uneasy Peace] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130110032215/http://www.time.com/time/printout/0,8816,905593,00.html |date=2013-01-10 }}, [[Time (magazine)]], 1971-12-27</ref><ref>[http://english.pravda.ru/society/stories/98112-world_shortest_war-0 World’s shortest war lasted for only 45 minutes], [[Pravda]], 2007-03-10</ref>
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| During the war, Indian and Pakistani forces fought on the eastern and western fronts. The war effectively came to an end after the Eastern Command of the [[Pakistani Armed Forces]] signed the [[Instrument of Surrender|Instrument of Surrender (1971)]] on December 16, 1971.<ref>[http://www.subcontinent.com/1971war/surrender.html],</ref><ref>[http://sify.com/news/1971-war-i-will-give-you-30-minutes-news-columns-jmqlV0fcjja.html 1971 War: 'I will give you 30 minutes']. Sify.com. Retrieved on 2011-04-14.</ref> After the surrender, [[Bangladesh#History|East Pakistan]] seceded as the independent state of [[Bangladesh]]. Around 97,368 West Pakistanis who were in East Pakistan at the time of its independence, including some 79,700 Pakistan Army soldiers and paramilitary personnel<ref name="mosq-mill">{{cite book|last = Haqqani|first = Hussain|title = Pakistan: Between Mosque and Military|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nYppZ_dEjdIC&pg=PP1|year=2005|publisher = United Book Press|isbn = 0-87003-223-2}}, Chapter 3, pp 87.</ref> and 12,500 civilians,<ref name="mosq-mill" /> were taken as [[prisoner of war|prisoners of war]] by India.
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| ==Western and Soviet involvement==
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| [[File:Blood telegram.png|right|The [[Blood Telegram]]|thumb]]
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| The Soviet Union sided with the Bangladeshis, and supported the Indian Army and Mukti Bahini during the war. The Soviets thought that the independence of Bangladesh would weaken the position of its rivals—the United States and China. The USSR gave assurances to India that if a confrontation with the United States or China developed, it would take counter-measures. This assurance was enshrined in the [[Indo-Soviet Treaty of Friendship and Cooperation|Indo-Soviet friendship treaty]] signed in August 1971.<ref name="theworldreporter.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.theworldreporter.com/2011/10/1971-india-pakistan-war-role-of-russia.html|title=1971 India Pakistan War: Role of Russia, China, America and Britain|work=The World Reporter|date=30 October 2011|publisher=|accessdate=2011-10-30}}</ref>
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| The United States supported Pakistan politically and with supplies. President [[Richard Nixon]] and his [[United States Secretary of State|Secretary of State]] [[Henry Kissinger]] feared Soviet expansion into South and Southeast Asia.<ref>{{cite web|title = Foreign Relations, 1969–1976, Volume E-7, Documents on South Asia, 1969–1972|url = http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ho/frus/nixon/e7/48213.htm|publisher = [[US State Department]]|accessdate = 2009-10-20}}</ref> Pakistan was a close ally of the [[People's Republic of China]], with whom Nixon had been negotiating a [[Sino-American relations#Rapprochement|''rapprochement'']]. Nixon was planning to visit China in February 1972. Nixon feared that an Indian invasion of [[West Pakistan]] would give the Soviets control over the region. It would seriously undermine the global position of the United States and the regional position of America's new tacit ally, China. In order to demonstrate to China the ''bona fides'' of the United States as an ally, Nixon sent military supplies to Pakistan, routing them through [[Jordan]] and [[Iran]],<ref name="Shalom">{{cite web|url=http://coat.ncf.ca/our_magazine/links/issue47/articles/a07.htm|title=The Men Behind Yahya in the Indo-Pak War of 1971|author=Stephen R Shalom |publisher=|accessdate=2009-10-20}}</ref> while also encouraging China to increase its arms supplies to Pakistan. The Nixon administration also ignored reports it received of the "genocidal" activities of the Pakistani Army in East Pakistan, most notably the [[Blood telegram]]. This prompted widespread criticism and condemnation both by Congress and in the international press.<ref name="uspol">{{cite news|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,878970,00.html|title=The U.S.: A Policy in Shambles|work=Time Magazine, 20 December 1971|publisher=|accessdate=2009-10-20|date=20 December 1971|archive-date=24 August 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130824114059/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,878970,00.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=pPjrpGUe7CEC|title = The flawed architect: Henry Kissinger and American foreign policy|last = Hanhimäki|first = Jussi|year = 2004|publisher = Oxford University Press|isbn = 978-0-19-517221-8}}</ref><ref name="lewisnyt">
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| "The Nixon Administration's South Asia policy... is beyond redemption.", wrote former USAID director John Lewis.
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| {{cite news
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| | url = http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F30915FB3D5A137A93CBA91789D95F458785F9
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| | author = John P. Lewis
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| | work = New York Times
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| | date = 9 Dec 1971
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| | title = Mr. Nixon and South Asia}}</ref>
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| The United States introduced a resolution in the [[UN Security Council]] calling for a cease-fire and the withdrawal of armed forces by India and Pakistan. It was vetoed by the Soviet Union. In the following days Nixon and Kissinger tried to get India to withdraw, but they did not succeed.<ref>[http://www.rediff.com/news/2006/dec/26claude.htm 1971 War: How the US tried to corner India]. Rediff.com. Retrieved on 2011-04-14.</ref>
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| President Nixon requested Iran and Jordan to send their F-86, F-104 and F-5 fighter jets in aid of Pakistan.<ref name=Santosh>{{cite book
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| |last = Burne
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| |first = Lester H.
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| |title = Chronological History of U.S. Foreign Relations: 1932–1988
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| |publisher = Routledge, 2003
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| |isbn = 041593916X}}</ref>
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| When Pakistan's defeat in the eastern sector seemed certain, Nixon deployed a [[carrier battle group]] led by the aircraft carrier [[USS Enterprise (CVN-65)|USS ''Enterprise'']] into the [[Bay of Bengal]]. The ''Enterprise'' and its escort ships arrived on station on 11 December 1971. According to a Russian documentary, the United Kingdom deployed a carrier battle group led by the aircraft carrier [[HMS Eagle (R05)|HMS ''Eagle'']] to the Bay.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.frontierindia.net/british-aircraft-carrier-hms-eagle-tried-to-intervene-in-1971-india-pakistan-war |title=British aircraft carrier 'HMS Eagle' tried to intervene in 1971 India - Pakistan war |access-date=2011-11-18 |archive-date=2016-01-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160110154941/http://frontierindia.net/british-aircraft-carrier-hms-eagle-tried-to-intervene-in-1971-india-pakistan-war/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>
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| On 6 December and 13 December, the [[Soviet Navy]] dispatched two groups of cruisers and destroyers and a submarine armed with nuclear missiles from [[Vladivostok]];<ref name="theworldreporter.com"/> they trailed U.S. Task Force 74 into the [[Indian Ocean]] from 18 December 1971 until 7 January 1972. The Soviets also had a nuclear submarine to help ward off the threat posed by USS ''Enterprise'' task force in the [[Indian Ocean]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/NAVY/History/1971War/Games.html|title=Cold war games|work=Bharat Rakshak|publisher=|accessdate=2009-10-20|archive-date=2006-09-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060915093344/http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/NAVY/History/1971War/Games.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>[http://www.indianexpress.com/news/birth-of-a-nation/552795/3 Birth of a nation]. Indianexpress.com (2009-12-11). Retrieved on 2011-04-14.</ref>
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| ==References==
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| <references/>
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| {{authority control}}
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| [[Category:Wars involving India]]
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| [[Category:1971 in Pakistan]]
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| [[Category:Wars involving Pakistan]]
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| [[Category:1971 in Bangladesh]]
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| [[Category:1970s in India]]
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| [[Category:1970s conflicts]]
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