Sindhi language: Difference between revisions

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→‎Consonants

Adarshatva

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 === Medieval Sindhi (16th–19th centuries) ===
+Medieval Sindhi literature is predominantly religious, featuring a blend of Sufi and Advaita Vedanta poetry within the devotional bhakti tradition. This poetry typically follows the bayt format, showcasing significant influences from Arabic and Persian literary traditions. The earliest known Sindhi poet associated with the Sufi tradition is Qazi Qadan (1493–1551), followed by notable poets such as Shah Inat Rizvi (c. 1613–1701) and Shah Abdul Karim Bulri (1538–1623). These poets exhibited a mystical inclination that deeply impacted Sindhi poetry throughout this period.
+Additionally, Medieval Sindhi literature is rich in folktales, which were adapted into verse by numerous bards over time, likely existing in oral form long before their first literary records. Notable romantic epics among these tales include Sassui Punnhun, Sohni Mahiwal, Momal Rano, Noori Jam Tamachi, and Lilan Chanesar, among others.
+The most celebrated poet in Sindhi history is Shah Abdul Latif Bhittai (1689/1690–1752). His verses, which reflect primarily Sufi themes, also narrate traditional Sindhi folktales and explore aspects of the cultural history of Sindh. His works were compiled into the Shah Jo Risalo by his followers.
+The first documented Sindhi translation of the Quran was completed by Akhund Azaz Allah Muttalawi (1747–1824) and published in Gujarat in 1870. The earliest printed version was produced by Muhammad Siddiq in 1867.
+=== British India (1843–1947) ===
 ==Phonology==
@@ Line 129: / Line 139: @@
 |-
 ! <small>[[Nasal consonant|Nasal]]</small>
-|  style="width:20px; border-right:0;"| ||  style="width:20px; border-left:0;"|{{nobreak|{{IPAlink|m}} {{lang|sd|م}}}}<br />{{nobreak|{{IPA|mʱ}} {{lang|sd|مھ}}}}
+|  style="width:20px; border-right:0;"| ||  style="width:20px; border-left:0;"|{{nobreak|{{IPAlink|m}} {{lang|sd|म}}}}<br />{{nobreak|{{IPA|mʱ}} {{lang|sd|म्ह}}}}
-|  style="width:20px; border-right:0;"| ||  style="width:20px; border-left:0;"|{{nobreak|{{IPAlink|n}} {{lang|sd|ن}}}}<br />{{nobreak|{{IPA|nʱ}} {{lang|sd|نھ}}}}
+|  style="width:20px; border-right:0;"| ||  style="width:20px; border-left:0;"|{{nobreak|{{IPAlink|n}} {{lang|sd|न}}}}<br />{{nobreak|{{IPA|nʱ}} {{lang|sd|न्ह}}}}
-|  style="width:20px; border-right:0;"| ||  style="width:20px; border-left:0;"|{{nobreak|{{IPAlink|ɳ}} {{lang|sd|ڻ}}}}<br />{{nobreak|{{IPA|ɳʱ}} {{lang|sd|ڻھ}}}}
+|  style="width:20px; border-right:0;"| ||  style="width:20px; border-left:0;"|{{nobreak|{{IPAlink|ɳ}} {{lang|sd|ण}}}}<br />{{nobreak|{{IPA|ɳʱ}} {{lang|sd|ڻھ}}}}
-|  style="width:20px; border-right:0;"| ||  style="width:20px; border-left:0;"|{{nobreak|{{IPAlink|ɲ}} {{lang|sd|ڃ}}}}<br />&nbsp;
+|  style="width:20px; border-right:0;"| ||  style="width:20px; border-left:0;"|{{nobreak|{{IPAlink|ɲ}} {{lang|sd|ञ}}}}<br />&nbsp;
-|  style="width:20px; border-right:0;"| ||  style="width:20px; border-left:0;"|{{nobreak|{{IPAlink|ŋ}} {{lang|sd|ڱ}}}}<br />&nbsp;
+|  style="width:20px; border-right:0;"| ||  style="width:20px; border-left:0;"|{{nobreak|{{IPAlink|ŋ}} {{lang|sd|ङ}}}}<br />&nbsp;
 |colspan=2|
 |-
 ! <small>[[Stop consonant|Stop]]/<br/>[[Affricate consonant|Affricate]]</small>
-|style="border-right: 0;"|{{nobreak|{{IPAlink|p}} {{lang|sd|پ}}}}<br />{{nobreak|{{IPA|pʰ}} {{lang|sd|ڦ}}}}||style="border-left: 0;"|{{nobreak|{{IPAlink|b}} {{lang|sd|ب}}}}<br />{{nobreak|{{IPA|bʱ}} {{lang|sd|ڀ}}}}
+|style="border-right: 0;"|{{nobreak|{{IPAlink|p}} {{lang|sd|پ प}}}}<br />{{nobreak|{{IPA|pʰ}} {{lang|sd|फ}}}}||style="border-left: 0;"|{{nobreak|{{IPAlink|b}} {{lang|sd|ब}}}}<br />{{nobreak|{{IPA|bʱ}} {{lang|sd|भ}}}}
-|style="border-right: 0;"|{{nobreak|{{IPAlink|t̪|t}} {{lang|sd|ت}}}}<br />{{nobreak|{{IPA|tʰ}} {{lang|sd|ٿ}}}}||style="border-left: 0;"|{{nobreak|{{IPAlink|d̪|d}} {{lang|sd|د}}}}<br />{{nobreak|{{IPA|dʱ}} {{lang|sd|ڌ}}}}
+|style="border-right: 0;"|{{nobreak|{{IPAlink|t̪|t}} {{lang|sd|त}}}}<br />{{nobreak|{{IPA|tʰ}} {{lang|sd|थ}}}}||style="border-left: 0;"|{{nobreak|{{IPAlink|d̪|d}} {{lang|sd|द}}}}<br />{{nobreak|{{IPA|dʱ}} {{lang|sd|ध}}}}
-|style="border-right: 0;"|{{nobreak|{{IPAlink|ʈ}} {{lang|sd|ٽ}}}}<br />{{nobreak|{{IPA|ʈʰ}} {{lang|sd|ٺ}}}}||style="border-left: 0;"|{{nobreak|{{IPAlink|ɖ}} {{lang|sd|ڊ}}}}<br />{{nobreak|{{IPA|ɖʱ}} {{lang|sd|ڍ}}}}
+|style="border-right: 0;"|{{nobreak|{{IPAlink|ʈ}} {{lang|sd|ट}}}}<br />{{nobreak|{{IPA|ʈʰ}} {{lang|sd|ठ}}}}||style="border-left: 0;"|{{nobreak|{{IPAlink|ɖ}} {{lang|sd|ڊ ड}}}}<br />{{nobreak|{{IPA|ɖʱ}} {{lang|sd|ढ}}}}
-|style="border-right: 0;"|{{nobreak|{{IPAlink|tɕ}} {{lang|sd|چ}}}}<br />{{nobreak|{{IPA|tɕʰ}} {{lang|sd|ڇ}}}}||style="border-left: 0;"|{{nobreak|{{IPAlink|dʑ}} {{lang|sd|ج}}}}<br />{{nobreak|{{IPA|dʑʱ}} {{lang|sd|جھ}}}}
+|style="border-right: 0;"|{{nobreak|{{IPAlink|tɕ}} {{lang|sd|च}}}}<br />{{nobreak|{{IPA|tɕʰ}} {{lang|sd|छ}}}}||style="border-left: 0;"|{{nobreak|{{IPAlink|dʑ}} {{lang|sd|ज}}}}<br />{{nobreak|{{IPA|dʑʱ}} {{lang|sd|झ}}}}
-|style="border-right: 0;"|{{nobreak|{{IPAlink|k}} {{lang|sd|ڪ}}}}<br />{{nobreak|{{IPA|kʰ}} {{lang|sd|ک}}}}||style="border-left: 0;"|{{nobreak|{{IPAlink|ɡ}} {{lang|sd|گ}}}}<br />{{nobreak|{{IPA|ɡʱ}} {{lang|sd|گھ}}}}
+|style="border-right: 0;"|{{nobreak|{{IPAlink|k}} {{lang|sd|क}}}}<br />{{nobreak|{{IPA|kʰ}} {{lang|sd|ख}}}}||style="border-left: 0;"|{{nobreak|{{IPAlink|ɡ}} {{lang|sd|ग}}}}<br />{{nobreak|{{IPA|ɡʱ}} {{lang|sd|घ}}}}
 |colspan=2|
 |-
 ! <small>[[Implosive consonant|Implosive]]</small>
-|style="border-right: 0;"| ||style="border-left: 0;"|{{nobreak|{{IPAlink|ɓ}} {{lang|sd|ٻ}}}}
+|style="border-right: 0;"| ||style="border-left: 0;"|{{nobreak|{{IPAlink|ɓ}} {{lang|sd|ॿ}}}}
-|style="border-right: 0;"| ||style="border-left: 0;"|{{nobreak|{{IPAlink|ɗ}} {{lang|sd|ڏ}}}}
+|style="border-right: 0;"| ||style="border-left: 0;"|{{nobreak|{{IPAlink|ɗ}} {{lang|sd|ॾ}}}}
 |colspan=2|
-|style="border-right: 0;"| ||style="border-left: 0;"|{{nobreak|{{IPAlink|ʄ}} {{lang|sd|ڄ}}}}
+|style="border-right: 0;"| ||style="border-left: 0;"|{{nobreak|{{IPAlink|ʄ}} {{lang|sd|ॼ}}}}
-|style="border-right: 0;"| ||style="border-left: 0;"|{{nobreak|{{IPAlink|ɠ}} {{lang|sd|ڳ}}}}
+|style="border-right: 0;"| ||style="border-left: 0;"|{{nobreak|{{IPAlink|ɠ}} {{lang|sd|ॻ}}}}
 |colspan=2|
 |-
 ! <small>[[Fricative consonant|Fricative]]</small>
-|style="border-right: 0;"|{{nobreak|{{IPAlink|f}} {{lang|sd|ف}}}}||style="border-left: 0;"|
+|style="border-right: 0;"|{{nobreak|{{IPAlink|f}} {{lang|sd|फ़}}}}||style="border-left: 0;"|
-|style="border-right: 0;"|{{nobreak|{{IPAlink|s}} {{lang|sd|س}}}}||style="border-left: 0;"|{{nobreak|{{IPAlink|z}} {{lang|sd|ز}}}}
+|style="border-right: 0;"|{{nobreak|{{IPAlink|s}} {{lang|sd|स}}}}||style="border-left: 0;"|{{nobreak|{{IPAlink|z}} {{lang|sd|ज़}}}}
-|style="width:20px; border-right: 0;"|{{nobreak|{{IPAlink|ʂ}} {{lang|sd|ش}}}}||  style="width:20px; border-left:0;"|
+|style="width:20px; border-right: 0;"|{{nobreak|{{IPAlink|ʂ}} {{lang|sd|ष}}}}||  style="width:20px; border-left:0;"|
 |colspan=2|
-|style="border-right: 0;"|{{nobreak|{{IPAlink|x}} {{lang|sd|خ}}}}||style="border-left: 0;"|{{nobreak|{{IPAlink|ɣ}} {{lang|sd|غ}}}}
+|style="border-right: 0;"|{{nobreak|{{IPAlink|x}} {{lang|sd|ख़}}}}||style="border-left: 0;"|{{nobreak|{{IPAlink|ɣ}} {{lang|sd|ग़}}}}
-|  style="width:20px; border-right:0;"|{{nobreak|{{IPAlink|h}} {{lang|sd|ھ}}}}||  style="width:20px; border-left:0;"|
+|  style="width:20px; border-right:0;"|{{nobreak|{{IPAlink|h}} {{lang|sd|ह}}}}||  style="width:20px; border-left:0;"|
 |-
 ! <small>[[Approximant consonant|Approximant]]</small>
-|style="border-right: 0;"| ||style="border-left: 0;"|{{nobreak|{{IPAlink|ʋ}} {{lang|sd|و}}}}<br />&nbsp;
+|style="border-right: 0;"| ||style="border-left: 0;"|{{nobreak|{{IPAlink|ʋ}} {{lang|sd|व}}}}<br />&nbsp;
-|style="border-right: 0;"| ||style="border-left: 0;"|{{nobreak|{{IPAlink|l̪|l}} {{lang|sd|ل}}}}<br />{{nobreak|{{IPA|lʱ}} {{lang|sd|لھ}}}}
+|style="border-right: 0;"| ||style="border-left: 0;"|{{nobreak|{{IPAlink|l̪|l}} {{lang|sd|ल}}}}<br />{{nobreak|{{IPA|lʱ}} {{lang|sd|لھ}}}}
 |colspan=2|
-|style="border-right: 0;"| ||style="border-left: 0;"|{{nobreak|{{IPAlink|j}} {{lang|sd|ي}}}}<br />&nbsp;
+|style="border-right: 0;"| ||style="border-left: 0;"|{{nobreak|{{IPAlink|j}} {{lang|sd|य}}}}<br />&nbsp;
 |colspan=2|
 |colspan=2|
@@ Line 170: / Line 180: @@
 ! <small>[[Rhotic consonant|Rhotic]]</small>
 |colspan=2|
-|style="border-right: 0;"| ||style="border-left: 0;"|{{nobreak|{{IPAlink|r}} {{lang|sd|ر}}}}<br />&nbsp;
+|style="border-right: 0;"| ||style="border-left: 0;"|{{nobreak|{{IPAlink|r}} {{lang|sd|र}}}}<br />&nbsp;
-|style="border-right: 0;"| ||style="border-left: 0;"|{{nobreak|{{IPAlink|ɽ}} {{lang|sd|ڙ}}}}<br />{{nobreak|{{IPA|ɽʱ}} {{lang|sd|ڙھ}}}}
+|style="border-right: 0;"| ||style="border-left: 0;"|{{nobreak|{{IPAlink|ɽ}} {{lang|sd|ड़}}}}<br />{{nobreak|{{IPA|ɽʱ}} {{lang|sd|ढ़}}}}
 |colspan=2|
 |colspan=2|