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| {{Short description|Armed rebellion and government counteraction}}
| | #REDIRECT [[Insurgency in Punjab, India]] |
| {{Use Indian English|date=August 2019}}
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| {{Infobox military conflict
| | {{R from move}} |
| | conflict = Punjab Insurgency
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| | image = IN-PB.svg
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| | caption = Affected areas coloured in Red
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| | image_size = 300px
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| | date = 1984{{sfn|Mahmood|1996|p=83|ps=: "Here, I concentrate on the epochal battle at the Golden Temple between the militants and the Indian Army that has spawned what we now know as the Khalistan movement."}}<ref name=karim>{{cite book |last1=Karim |first1=Afsir |title=Counter Terrorism, the Pakistan Factor |date=1991 |publisher=Lancer Publishers |isbn=978-8170621270 |page=36 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QoqwQb38SQEC |quote="Previously the conflict had been limited to a few radical groups, after [Operation Blue Star], it touched the whole of Punjab, with organized insurgency not taking root in Punjab until after the operation."}}</ref>–1995<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5sSXCwAAQBAJ|title=Unconventional Warfare in South Asia: Shadow Warriors and Counterinsurgency|first1=Scott|last1=Gates|first2=Kaushik|last2=Roy|year=2016|publisher=Routledge|access-date=10 October 2017|via=Google Books|pages=163|isbn=978-1317005414}}</ref><br />({{Age in years, months, weeks and days|year1=1984|year2=1995}})
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| | place = [[Punjab, India]]
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| | result = * Insurgency weakened and neutralized
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| | territory =
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| | combatant1 = '''{{flag|India}}'''
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| | combatant2 = * [[Khalistan movement|Sikh militants]]<ref>{{cite book | first=K. S. | last=Brar | date= 1993 | title=Operation Blue Star: the true story | publisher=UBS Publishers' Distributors | pages=56–57 | isbn=978-81-85944-29-6}}</ref><ref>Dogra, Cander Suta. "Operation Blue Star – the Untold Story". ''The Hindu'', 10 June 2013. 9 Aug 2013.</ref>{{sfn|Mahmood|1996|pp=Title, 91, 21, 200, 77, 19}}{{page needed|date=February 2021}}<!-- which page is where?? -->
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| ** [[File:KLF Logo.jpg|15px]] [[Khalistan Liberation Force]]
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| **[[Babbar Khalsa]]
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| ** [[Khalistan Commando Force]]
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| ** [[Dal Khalsa (International)|Dal Khalsa]]
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| ----
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| {{collapsible list
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| | title = '''Supported by:'''
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| |{{flag|Pakistan}} (allegedly, denied by Pakistan) <ref name="Kiessling"/>{{sfn|Martin|2013|p=190}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/pakistan-supporting-sikh-militants-say-fresh-intelligence-inputs/story-KJTEQPdHMj9FBawDC2gOrN.html|title=Pakistan supporting Sikh militants, say fresh intelligence inputs|date=2 September 2017|work=Hindustan Times}}</ref>
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| }}
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| | commander1 = {{flagdeco|India}} [[Zail Singh]]<br />{{flagdeco|India}} [[Ramaswamy Venkataraman]]<br />{{flagdeco|India}} [[Shankar Dayal Sharma]]<br />{{flagdeco|India}} [[Indira Gandhi]]{{KIA}}<br />{{flagdeco|India}} [[Kanwar Pal Singh Gill]]<br />{{flagdeco|India}} [[Kuldip Singh Brar]]<br />{{flagdeco|India}} [[Ranjit Singh Dyal]]<br />{{flagdeco|India}} [[Rajiv Gandhi]]<br />{{flagdeco|India}} [[Vishwanath Pratap Singh]]<br />{{flagdeco|India}} [[Chandra Shekhar]]<br />{{flagdeco|India}} [[Pamulaparti Venkata Narasimha Rao|Pamulaparti Rao]]<br />{{flagdeco|India}} [[Krishnaswamy Sundarji]]<br />{{flagdeco|India}} [[Beant Singh (politician)|Beant Singh]] {{KIA}}<br />{{flagdeco|India}} [[Arun Shridhar Vaidya]] {{KIA}}<br />{{flagdeco|India}} [[Lalit Maken]] {{KIA}}
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| | commander2 = [[Jarnail Singh Bhindranwala]]{{KIA}}<br />[[Amrik Singh]]{{KIA}}<br />[[Shabeg Singh]]{{KIA}}<br />[[Manbir Singh Chaheru]]{{KIA}}<br />[[Labh Singh]]{{KIA}}<br />Kanwaljit Singh Sultanwind{{Surrendered}}<br />[[Jagjit Singh Chohan|Jagjit Singh Chauhan]]{{Surrendered}}<br />Paramjit Singh Panjwar<br />Ranjit Singh Neeta<br />Aroor Singh{{KIA}}<br />Avtar Singh Brahma{{KIA}}<br />[[Gurjant Singh Budhsinghwala|Gurjant Singh]]{{KIA}}<br />Navroop Singh{{KIA}}<br />Navneet Singh Khadian{{KIA}}<br />Pritam Singh Sekhon{{KIA}}<br />[[Gurbachan Singh Manochahal|Gurbachan Singh]]{{KIA}}<br />Balwinder Singh<br />[[Talwinder Singh Parmar]]{{KIA}}<br />[[Sukhdev Singh Babbar]]{{KIA}}<br />Wadhawa Singh Babbar<br />[[Harjinder Singh Jinda]]{{Executed}}<br />[[Sukhdev Singh Sukha]]{{Executed}}
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| | units1 = * {{army|India}}
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| * {{flagicon image|Emblem_of_India.svg}}[[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|Ministry of Home Affairs]]
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| ** [[Intelligence Bureau (India)|Intelligence Bureau]]
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| ** {{nowrap|[[File:CRPF Flag.svg|22px|Flag of Central Reserve Police Forces]] [[Central Reserve Police Force]]}}
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| ** {{nowrap|[[File:BSF Flag.svg|22px|Logo of Border Security Forces]] [[Border Security Force]]}}
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| * [[Punjab Police (India)|Punjab Police]]
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| | units2 = * [[Babbar Khalsa]]
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| * [[Khalistan Zindabad Force]]
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| * [[Khalistan Commando Force]]
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| * {{nowrap|[[File:KLF Logo.jpg|18px]] [[Khalistan Liberation Force]] }}
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| * [[Bhindranwale Tigers Force of Khalistan]]
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| ----
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| * {{flagicon|Pakistan}} [[Inter Services Intelligence|ISI]] (alleged) <ref name="Kiessling"/>{{sfn|Martin|2013|p=190}}
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| * {{flagicon|Pakistan}} [[Special Services Group]] (alleged) <ref name="Kiessling"/>
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| | strength1 = {{flagicon|India}} 150,000<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/readingroom/docs/CIA-RDP06T00412R000606740001-7.pdf|title=Punjab Military Conflict|publisher=Central Intelligence Agency|date=12 December 2000|access-date=14 August 2019}}</ref>
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| | strength2 = 30,000 <ref>{{cite journal|url=https://journals.lib.unb.ca/index.php/jcs/article/view/4293/4888|title= Counter-Insurgency in India: Observations from Punjab and Kashmir|journal= Journals of Conflict Studies|date =1 August 2001 | access-date =14 January 2021}}</ref>
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| | casualties1 = 1,700-6,000 (est.) security forces killed (Official and unofficial, yet reputable estimates) vary significantly<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-operation-blue-star-india-s-first-tryst-with-militant-extremism-2270293|title= Operation Bluestar|publisher=DNA|date=5 November 2015|access-date=14 August 2019}}</ref>
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| | casualties2 = 8,000 militants killed according to government statistics<ref name="Punjab Militant attacks">{{cite news|url=https://www.oneindia.com/india/punjab-militancy-there-have-been-12-000-civilian-deaths-1818756.html|title=Punjab Militant attacks|publisher=One India|date=27 July 2015|access-date=29 July 2015}}</ref>
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| | casualties3 = 12,000 civilian deaths according to government statistics,<ref name="Punjab Militant attacks" /> 500,000 deployed Indian troops operating in Punjab caused an estimated 250,000 Sikh deaths between 1984 and 1992.<ref>{{citation|last1=Martin|first1=Gus|title=Understanding Terrorism: Challenges, Perspectives, and Issues|url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Understanding_Terrorism/1Iwd0--ZBUcC|date=2010|publisher=Sage|isbn=9781412970594|page=190}}</ref>
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| }} | | }} |
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| The '''Insurgency in Punjab''' that happened from early 1980s to early 1990s, was an armed campaign by the Sikh militant nationalist [[Khalistan movement]].<ref name="Jayanta484">{{cite book |last1=Ray |first1=Jayanta Kumar |title=Aspects of India's International Relations, 1700 to 2000: South Asia and the World |date=2007 |publisher=Pearson Education India |isbn=978-8131708347 |page=484 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Nyk6oA2nOlgC&q=khalistan |access-date=23 July 2018}}</ref> In the 1980s, the movement had evolved into a secessionist movement after the perceived indifference of the Indian state in regards to mutual negotiations.<ref name="The Punjab Crisis: A disastrous case of failed negotiations">{{cite report|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/33436078|title=The Punjab Crisis: A disastrous case of failed negotiations|publisher=South Asia Institute Department of Political Science University of Heidelberg|access-date = 14 Jan 2021 |date=June 2008}}</ref> The [[Green Revolution]] brought several social and economic changes which, along with factionalism of the politics, in the Punjab state increased tension between rural Sikhs in Punjab with the union Government of India.<ref name="Jayanta484" /> Pakistani strategists then began supporting the militant dimension of the Khalistan movement.<ref name="Jayanta484" />
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| In the 1972 Punjab state elections, Congress won and [[Akali Dal]] was defeated. In 1973, Akali Dal put forward the [[Anandpur Sahib Resolution]] to demand more autonomic powers to the state of Punjab.<ref name="auto">{{cite book|last=Singh|first=Khushwant|title=The Anandpur Sahib Resolution and Other Akali Demands|url=http://www.oxfordscholarship.com/view/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195673098.001.0001/acprof-9780195673098-chapter-20|work=oxfordscholarship.com/|year=2005|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-908059-5|access-date=5 April 2013}}</ref> The Congress government considered the resolution a secessionist document and rejected it.<ref name="Giorgio2008"/> [[Jarnail Singh Bhindranwale]] then joined the Akali Dal to launch the [[Dharam Yudh Morcha]] in 1982, to implement Anandpur Sahib resolution. Bhindranwale had risen to prominence in the Sikh political circle with his policy of getting the [[Anandpur Resolution]] passed, failing which he wanted to declare a semi-autonomous, federal region of Punjab as a [[homeland]] for Sikhs.<ref name="Joshi, Chand 1984 p. 129">Joshi, Chand, ''Bhindranwale: Myth and Reality'' (New Delhi: Vikas Publishing House, 1984), p. 129.</ref>
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| Bhindranwale was credited by the government with launching Sikh militancy in Punjab.{{sfn|Mahmood|1996|p=77}} Under Bhindranwale, the number of people initiating into the Khalsa increased. He also increased the awareness amongst the populace about the ongoing assault on Sikh values by politicians, alleging their intentions to influence Sikhism and eradicate its individuality by conflating it with Pan-Indian Hinduism.{{sfn|Mahmood|1996|p=77}} Bhindranwale and his followers started carrying firearms at all times for self defense.{{sfn|Mahmood|1996|p=77}} In 1983, he along with his militant followers occupied and fortified [[Akal Takht]].<ref name="MuniTerrorism">{{cite book |last1=Muni |first1=S. D. |title=Responding to Terrorism in South Asia |date=2006 |publisher=Manohar Publishers & Distributors, 2006 |isbn=978-8173046711 |pages=36 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PYraAAAAMAAJ&q=bhindranwale+terrorist |access-date=8 July 2018}}</ref> While critics claimed that he entered the akal takht to escape arrest in 1983, there was no arrest warrant issued in his name, and he was regularly found giving interviews to the press in and outside the Akal Takht. He made the Sikh religious building his headquarters and led a campaign for autonomy in Punjab with the strong backing of Major General [[Shabeg Singh]]. They then took refuge in the Akal Takht as the extrajudicial violence against Sikhs increased in the months before Operation Bluestar. <ref name="Robert2008"/>
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| On the 1st of June 1984, [[Operation Blue Star]] was launched to remove him and the armed militants from the [[Golden Temple]] complex. On 6 June, on Guru Arjan Dev ji's Martyrdom Day, Bhindranwale was killed by the Indian military in the operation.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/the-big-story/story/20120625-jarnail-singh-bhindranwale-col-ghuman-758812-2012-06-15|title=The Man Who Saw Bhindranwale Dead: Col Gurinder Singh Ghuman|author=Asit Jolly|date=June 25, 2012|website=India Today|access-date=2020-02-13}}</ref> The operation carried out in the Gurudwara caused outrage among the Sikhs and increased the support for Khalistan Movement.<ref name="Jayanta484"/> Four months after the operation, on 31 October 1984, Prime Minister of India, Indira Gandhi was [[Assassination of Indira Gandhi|assassinated]] in vengeance by her two bodyguards, [[Satwant Singh]] and [[Beant Singh (assassin)|Beant Singh]].<ref name="dnaindia.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-operation-blue-star-india-s-first-tryst-with-militant-extremism-2270293|title=Operation Blue Star: India's first tryst with militant extremism |date=5 November 2016|website=Dnaindia.com|access-date=29 October 2017}}</ref> Public outcry over Gandhi's death led to the slaughter of Sikhs in the ensuing [[1984 anti-Sikh riots|1984 Sikh Massacre]].<ref name="auto1">{{cite book|last=Singh|first=Pritam|title=Federalism, Nationalism and Development: India and the Punjab Economy|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mQLDcjhNoJwC&q=Blue+Star&pg=PR4|access-date=29 July 2010|year=2008|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0-415-45666-1|page=45}}</ref> These events played a major role in the violence by Sikh militant groups supported by Pakistan and consumed Punjab until the early 1990s when the Khalistan movement eventually slowed down.<ref>Documentation, Information and Research Branch, Immigration and Refugee Board, DIRB-IRB. India: Information from four specialists on the Punjab, Response to Information Request #IND26376.EX, 17 February 1997 (Ottawa, Canada).</ref>
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| In the middle 1990s, the insurgency petered out, and the movement failed to reach its objective due to multiple reasons including a heavy police crackdown militants, factional infighting and loss of public support, with the militancy brought under the control of law enforcement agencies by 1993.
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| == Background ==
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| In the 1950s the [[Punjabi Suba movement]] for linguistic reorganisation of the state of Punjab and status for the Punjabi language took place, which the government finally agreed to in 1966 after protests and recommendation of the States Reorganisation commission.<ref name="Jayanta484"/> The state of East Punjab was later split into the states of [[Himachal Pradesh]], the new state [[Haryana]] and current day [[Punjab, India|Punjab]].<ref>{{cite journal|last=Singh|first=Atamjit|title=The Language Divide in Punjab|url=http://www.apnaorg.com/book-chapters/language/|journal=South Asian Graduate Research Journal|volume=4|issue=1, Spring 1997|publisher=Apna|access-date=4 April 2013}}</ref>
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| The process of Sikh alienation from the national mainstream was set in motion shortly after Independence due to the communalism of national and regional parties and organization including the [[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh|RSS]], [[Jan Sangh]], and the [[Arya Samaj]], exacerbated by Congress mishandling and local politicians and factions.{{sfn|Karim|1991|p=29}} According to Indian general [[Afsir Karim]], many observers believed that separatist sentiments began in 1951 when Punjabi Hindus disowned the Punjabi language under the influence of radical elements, and "doubts on the concepts of a Punjabi Suba" created mutual suspicion, bitterness, and further misunderstanding between the two communities.{{sfn|Karim|1991|p=29}} The 1966 reorganization left the Sikhs highly dissatisfied, with the unresolved status of Chandigarh and the distribution of river waters intensifying bitter feelings.{{sfn|Karim|1991|p=29}}
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| While the [[Green Revolution]] in Punjab had several positive impacts, the introduction of the mechanised agricultural techniques led to uneven distribution of wealth. The industrial development was not done at the same pace of agricultural development, the Indian government had been reluctant to set up heavy industries in Punjab due to its status as a high-risk border state with Pakistan.<ref name="Larry2007">{{cite book | author1=Sumit Ganguly | author2=Larry Diamond | author3=Marc F. Plattner | title=The State of India's Democracy | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lgs1tFTh-JMC&pg=PA56 | access-date=18 August 2013 | date= 2007 | publisher=JHU Press | isbn=978-0-8018-8791-8 | pages=56 }}</ref> The rapid increase in the higher education opportunities without adequate rise in the jobs resulted in the increase in the unemployment of educated youth.<ref name="Jayanta484"/> The resulting unemployed rural Sikh youth were drawn to the militant groups, and formed the backbone of the militancy.<ref name="WolfeYang1996">{{cite book | author1=Alvin William Wolfe | author2=Honggang Yang | title=Anthropological Contributions to Conflict Resolution | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=521m3YG-N38C&pg=PA17 | access-date=18 August 2013 | year=1996 | publisher=University of Georgia Press | isbn=978-0-8203-1765-6 | pages=17 }}</ref>
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| After being routed in [[1972 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|1972 Punjab election]],<ref name="auto"/> the [[Akali Dal]] put forward the [[Anandpur Sahib Resolution]] in 1973 to address these and other grievances,{{sfn|Karim|1991|p=30}} and demand more autonomy to Punjab.<ref name="auto"/> The resolution included both religious and political issues. It asked for recognising Sikhism as a religion It also demanded that power be generally devoluted from the Central to state governments.<ref name="Jayanta484"/> The Anandpur Resolution was rejected by the government as a secessionist document. Thousands of people joined the movement, feeling that it represented a real solution to demands such as a larger share of water for irrigation and the return of [[Chandigarh]] to Punjab.<ref name="Akshay1991">{{cite book|author=Akshayakumar Ramanlal Desai|title=Expanding Governmental Lawlessness and Organized Struggles | year=1991|publisher=Popular Prakashan|isbn=978-81-7154-529-2|pages=64–66 }}</ref>
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| The [[1978 Sikh-Nirankari clashes]] had been within the Sikh community, but the pro-Sant Nirankari stance of some Hindus in Punjab and Delhi had led to further division, including Jan Sangh members like Harbans Lal Khanna joining the fray, who, in a protest against holy city status for [[Amritsar]], raising inflammatory slogans like ''"Kachha, kara, kirpan, bhejo inko Pakistan"'' ("those who wear the [[5 Ks]] (Sikhs), send them to Pakistan"), led to aggressive counter demonstrations.{{sfn|Karim|1991|p=30}}
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| ==Dharam Yudh Morcha==
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| {{Main|Dharam Yudh Morcha}}
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| Bhindranwale had risen to prominence in the Sikh political circle with his policy of getting the [[Anandpur Sahib Resolution]] passed.<ref name="Joshi, Chand 1984 p. 129"/> [[Indira Gandhi]], the leader of the Akali Dal's rival [[Indian National Congress|Congress]], considered the Anandpur Sahib Resolution as a secessionist document although it was purely humanitarian and according to earlier promises by the government but rejected.<ref name="Giorgio2008">{{cite book|author=Giorgio Shani | title=Sikh nationalism and identity in a global age | year=2008 | publisher=Routledge | isbn=978-0-415-42190-4 | pages=51–60 }}</ref> The Government was of the view that passing of the resolution would have allowed Punjab to be autonomous.
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| As high-handed police methods normally used on common criminals were used on protesters during the [[Dharam Yudh Morcha]], creating state repression affecting a very large segment of Punjab's population, retaliatory violence came from a section of the Sikh population, widening the scope of the conflict by the use of violence of the state on its own people, creating fresh motives for Sikh youth to turn to insurgency.{{sfn|Karim|1991|pp=32-33}} The concept of Khalistan was still vague even while the complex was fortified under the influence of former Sikh army officials alienated by government actions who now advised Bhindranwale, Major General Shabeg Singh and retired Major General and Brigadier Mohinder Singh, and at that point the concept was still not directly connected with the movement he headed.{{sfn|Karim|1991|pp=32-33}} In other parts of Punjab, a "state of chaos and repressive police methods" combined to create "a mood of overwhelming anger and resentment in the Sikh masses against the authorities", making Bhindranwale even more popular, and demands of independence gain currency, even amongst moderates and Sikh intellectuals.{{sfn|Karim|1991|pp=32-33}} Extrajudicial killings by the police of orthodox Sikh youth in rural areas in Punjab during the summer and winter of 1982 and early 1983, provoking reprisals.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Pettigrew |first1=Joyce |title=In Search of a New Kingdom of Lahore |journal=Pacific Affairs |date=1987 |volume=60 |issue=1 |page=24 |doi=10.2307/2758827 |jstor=2758827}}</ref> Over 190 Sikhs had been killed in the first 19 months of the protest movement.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Dhillon |first1=Gurdarshan Singh |title=Truth about Punjab: SGPC White Paper |date=1996 |publisher=Shiromani Gurdwara Parbandhak Committee |location=Amritsar, Punjab |isbn=978-0836456547 |edition=1st |page=198 |url=https://archive.org/details/TruthAboutPunjab/mode/2up}}</ref>
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| == Operation Blue Star ==
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| {{Main|Operation Blue Star}}
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| [[Operation Blue Star]] was an Indian military operation carried out between 1 and 8 June 1984, ordered by [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]] Indira Gandhi to remove religious leader [[Jarnail Singh Bhindranwale|Sant Jarnail Singh Bhindranwale]] and his armed followers from the buildings of the [[Harmandir Sahib]] complex in [[Amritsar]], [[Punjab, India|Punjab]].<ref name="TH_Mi6">{{cite news|title=RAW chief consulted MI6 in build-up to Operation Bluestar|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/raw-chief-consulted-mi6-in-buildup-to-operation-bluestar/article5579516.ece|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=16 January 2014|access-date=31 January 2014|location=Chennai, India|first=Praveen|last=Swami}}</ref> In July 1983, the Sikh political party [[Akali Dal]]'s President [[Harcharan Singh Longowal]] had invited Bhindranwale to take up residence in [[Golden Temple|Golden Temple Complex]].<ref>Khushwant Singh, ''A History of the Sikhs'', Volume II: 1839–2004, New Delhi, Oxford University Press, 2004, p. 337.</ref><ref name="dnaindia.com"/> Bhindranwale later on made the sacred temple complex an [[arsenal|armoury]] and headquarters.<ref name="LA_accord">{{cite news |title=Sikh Leader in Punjab Accord Assassinated |url=https://articles.latimes.com/1985-08-21/news/mn-1021_1_sikh-militants |access-date=14 June 2018 |agency=Times Wire Services |work=LA Times |date=21 August 1985}}</ref><ref name=rakshak>[http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/LAND-FORCES/Army/History/1970s/Bluestar.html Operation Bluestar, 5 June 1984] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090408084615/http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/LAND-FORCES/Army/History/1970s/Bluestar.html |date=8 April 2009 }}</ref> In the violent events leading up to the Operation Blue Star, the militants had killed 165 Nirankaris, Hindus and Nirankaris, even 39 Sikhs opposed to Bhindranwale were killed. The total number of deaths was 410 in violent incidents and riots while 1,180 people were injured.<ref name= ms_casualty_terror>{{cite book | last =Mark Tully | first = Satish Jacob | title = Amritsar; Mrs. Gandhi's Last Battle|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bxhuAAAAMAAJ&q="deaths+in+violent" | year = 1985 | location = London|edition = e-book | page= 147, Ch. 11 | isbn = 978-0224023283 }}</ref>
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| Counterintelligence reports of the Indian agencies had reported that three prominent figures in the operation, [[Shabeg Singh]], Balbir Singh and [[Amrik Singh]] had made at least six trips each to Pakistan between the years 1981 and 1983.<ref name="Kiessling"/> Intelligence Bureau reported that weapons training was being provided at gurdwaras in [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]] and [[Himachal Pradesh]]. Soviet intelligence agency [[KGB]] reportedly tipped off the Indian agency RAW about the CIA and ISI working together on a Plan for Punjab with a code name "Gibraltar". RAW from its interrogation of a Pakistani Army officer received information that over a thousand trained [[Special Service Group]] commandos of the [[Pakistan Army]] had been dispatched by Pakistan into the Indian Punjab to assist Bhindranwale in his fight against the government. A large number of Pakistani agents also took the smuggling routes in the Kashmir and Kutch n for three days ending on 8 June. A clean-up operation codenamed as [[Operation Woodrose]] was also initiated throughout Punjab.<ref name="Kiessling"/>
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| The army had underestimated the firepower possessed by the militants. Militants had Chinese made [[rocket-propelled grenade launchers]] with armour piercing capabilities. [[Tank]]s and [[heavy artillery]] were used to attack the militants using anti-tank and machine-gun fire from the heavily fortified Akal Takht. After a 24-hour firefight, the army finally wrested control of the temple complex. Casualty figures for the Army were 83 dead and 249 injured.<ref name = "tribune-army">{{cite web|url= http://www.tribuneindia.com/2007/20070320/punjab1.htm | title = Army reveals startling facts on Bluestar |publisher= Tribune India |date= 30 May 1984 | access-date = 9 August 2009}}</ref> According to the official estimate presented by the Indian government, 1592 were apprehended and there were 493 combined militant and civilian casualties.<ref name="WhitePaper1984">{{cite book |title=White Paper on the Punjab Agitation |date=1984 |publisher=[[Shiromani Akali Dal]] and [[Government of India]] |page=169 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wqSAngEACAAJ&q=493 |access-date=15 July 2018}}</ref> High civilian casualties were attributed by the state to militants using [[pilgrim]]s trapped inside the temple as [[human shield]]s.<ref name="Kiss_Khalistan">{{cite book |last1=Kiss |first1=Peter A. |title=Winning Wars amongst the People: Case Studies in Asymmetric Conflict |date=2014 |publisher=Potomac Books |isbn=978-1612347004 |page=100 |edition=Illustrated |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uIY6AwAAQBAJ&q=khalistani+currency+bhindranwale&pg=PA100 |access-date=15 July 2018}}</ref> According to Indian army generals, it was "doubtful" that Bhindranwale had any assurance of help or promise of asylum from Pakistan, as he made no attempt to escape with any associates, in additions to traditions of martyrdom.{{sfn|Karim|1991|p=34}}
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| == Assassination of Indira Gandhi and anti-Sikh riots ==
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| The Operation Bluestar was criticized by many Sikhs bodies, who interpreted the military action as an assault on Sikh religion.<ref name=david>{{cite book | last = Westerlund | first = David | title = Questioning The Secular State: The Worldwide Resurgence of Religion in Politics. | publisher = C. Hurst & Co | year = 1996 | page = 1276 | isbn =1-85065-241-4 }}</ref> Four months after the operation, on 31 October 1984, Indira Gandhi was [[Assassination of Indira Gandhi|assassinated]] in vengeance by her two Sikh bodyguards, [[Satwant Singh]] and [[Beant Singh (assassin)|Beant Singh]].<ref name="dnaindia.com"/>
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| Public outcry and instigation of the public by several high-profile politicians and actors<ref>India: No Justice for 1984 Anti-Sikh Bloodshed. (2014, October 29). Human Rights Watch. https://www.hrw.org/news/2014/10/29/india-no-justice-1984-anti-sikh-bloodshed</ref> over Gandhi's death led to the killings of more than 3,000 Sikhs in the ensuing [[1984 anti-Sikh riots]].<ref name="auto1"/> In the aftermath of the riots, the government reported that 20,000 had fled the city; the [[People's Union for Civil Liberties]] reported "at least" 1,000 [[displaced person]]s.<ref name="Mukhoty 1984">{{Citation |title=Who are the Guilty ? | last1 =Mukhoty | first1 =Gobinda | last2 =Kothari | first2 =Rajni |url=http://www.sacw.net/aii/WhoaretheGuilty.html |year=1984 |publisher=[[People's Union for Civil Liberties]]| access-date=4 November 2010 }}</ref> The most-affected regions were the Sikh neighbourhoods of [[Delhi]]. Human rights organisations and newspapers across India believed that the massacre was organised.<ref name="2009BBCremember"/><ref name="IBN23April">{{cite news|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/1984-antisikh-riots-backed-by-govt-police-cbi/251375-37-64.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120425011626/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/1984-antisikh-riots-backed-by-govt-police-cbi/251375-37-64.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=25 April 2012 |title=1984 anti-Sikh riots backed by Govt, police: CBI |publisher=[[IBN Live]]|date=23 April 2012 |access-date=27 April 2012}}</ref><ref name="Swadesh Bahadur Singh 1996">Swadesh Bahadur Singh (editor of the Sher-i-Panjâb weekly): "Cabinet berth for a Sikh", ''The Indian Express'', 31 May 1996.</ref> The collusion of political officials in the violence and judicial failure to penalise the perpetrators alienated Sikhs and increased support for the Khalistan movement.<ref name="Watch/Asia(US)1994">{{cite book|last1=Watch/Asia|first1=Human Rights|last2=(U.S.)|first2=Physicians for Human Rights|title=Dead silence: the legacy of human rights abuses in Punjab|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Dx7b8w6snbsC&pg=PA13|access-date=29 July 2010|date=May 1994|publisher=Human Rights Watch|isbn=978-1-56432-130-5|page=10}}</ref>
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| == Militancy ==
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| Since the November 1984 pogrom, the Sikhs considered themselves a besieged community.{{sfn|Karim|1991|p=20}} The majority of Sikhs in Punjab would come to support the insurgents as harsh police measures, harassment of innocent Sikh families, and fake encounters from the state had progressively increased support, and provided fresh motives for angry youth to join the insurgents, who were extolled by the community as martyrs as they were killed by police.{{sfn|Karim|1991|p=20}} Police activity discriminatory towards Sikhs increased alienation greatly, triggering indiscriminate militant incidents.{{sfn|Karim|1991|p=20}} However, the insurgent groups were also highly vulnerable to infiltration by security forces, providing possible motive as to frequent assassination of those suspected of being informants.{{sfn|Karim|1991|p=20}}
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| A section of Sikhs turned to militancy in Punjab; some Sikh militant groups aimed to create an independent state called [[Khalistan]] through acts of violence directed at members of the Indian government, army or forces. Others demanded an autonomous state within India, based on the [[Anandpur Sahib Resolution]]. Rajiv Gandhi congratulated a "large number" of Sikhs in a speech in 1985 for condemning the actions of the militants "for the first time."<ref name="JCSP1992">{{cite book | author1=J. C. Aggarwal | author2=S. P. Agrawal | title=Modern History of Punjab | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d-CN0Q4g-dwC&pg=PA108 | access-date=19 October 2012 | year=1992 | publisher=Concept Publishing Company | isbn=978-81-7022-431-0 | page = 117 }}</ref>
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| An anthropological study by Puri et al. had posited fun, excitement and expressions of masculinity, as explanations for the young men to join militants and other religious nationalist groups. Puri et al. stated that undereducated and illiterate young men, and with few job prospects had joined pro-Khalistan militant groups with "fun" as one of the primary reasons, asserting that the pursuit of Khalistan was the motivation for only 5% of "militants".<ref>Puri et al., Terrorism in Punjab, pp. 68–71</ref>{{sfn|Van Dyke|2009|p=991}}{{full citation needed|date=March 2021}} Among the arrested terrorists were Harjinder Singh Jinda, who was a convicted bank robber and had escaped from prison, Devinder Singh Bai, a suspect in murder case and was Bhindranwale's close associate, and two drug smugglers, Upkar Singh and Bakshish Singh.<ref name="IT_1986_Pak">{{cite news |title=Pakistan involvement in Sikh terrorism in Punjab based on solid evidence: India |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/special-report/story/19860515-pakistan-involvement-in-sikh-terrorism-in-punjab-based-on-solid-evidence-india-800879-1986-05-15 |access-date=7 November 2018 |work=India Today |date=15 May 1986}}</ref> However, retired Indian Army general [[Afsir Karim]] had described "myths" that had become part of the conventional wisdom of the establishment, including that of "Sikhs have no cause to be dissatisfied or disgruntled" or "have no grievances", or that "terrorism and violence is the work of a handful of misguided youth and criminals and can be curbed by strong measures taken by the state law and order apparatus", stating that the terrorism was a preliminary stage of insurgency in Punjab, that it was well organized, and that the militants were highly motivated and that crime was not their motive.{{sfn|Karim|1991|p=65}} Army leaders during the earlier operation had noted that "it was now evident that this was no rabble army, but a determined insurgent army fired up with religious fervour."<ref name=rakshak/> The movement would only begin to attract lumpen elements in the late 1980s, joining for the allure of money rather than the long cherished cause of a separate homeland for the Sikhs,<ref>{{cite journal |last=Jetly |first=Rajshree |title=The Khalistan Movement in India: The Interplay of Politics and State Power |journal=International Review of Modern Sociology |date=2008 |volume=34 |issue=1 |page=73 |jstor=41421658 }}</ref> as well as by entryists like [[Naxalites]] who "took advantage of the situation for their own ends."<ref name="JCSP1992"/>
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| According to [[Human Rights Watch]] in the beginning, on the 1980s, terrorists committed indiscriminate bombings in crowded places, as Indian security forces killed, disappeared, and tortured thousands of innocent Sikhs extrajudicially during its counterinsurgency campaign.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://hrw.org/english/docs/2007/10/18/india17103.htm|title=India: Time to Deliver Justice for Atrocities in Punjab (Human Rights Watch, 18-10-2007)|date=18 October 2007}}</ref> In October 1983, state-employed "Black Cats", who regularly adopted insincere and sadistic tactics to defame the militants, stopped a bus and shot six Hindu passengers.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.satp.org/satporgtp/publication/faultlines/volume18/article2.htm|title=Counter Terrorism in the Indian Punjab: Assessing the 'Cat' System (SATP.org, January 2007)}}</ref> On the same day, in another location, a group of militants killed two officials during an attack on a train.<ref name="Robert2008">{{cite book | author1=Robert L. Hardgrave | author2=Stanley A. Kochanek | title=India: Government and Politics in a Developing Nation | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pSyRgcSQhuIC&pg=PT187 | access-date=20 October 2012 | year=2008 | publisher=Cengage Learning | isbn=978-0-495-00749-4 }}</ref>{{rp|174}} Trains were attacked and people were shot after being pulled from buses.
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| The Congress(I)-led Central Government dismissed its own Punjab's government, declaring a state of emergency, and imposed the President's Rule in the state.<ref name="Robert2008"/>{{rp|175}}
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| The Operation Blue Star and Anti-Sikh riots across Northern India were crucial events in the evolution of the Khalistan movement. The nationalist groups grew in numbers and strength.<ref name="Kiessling"/> The financial funding from the Sikh diaspora sharply increased and the Sikhs in the US, UK and Canada donated thousands of dollars every week for the insurgency. [[Manbir Singh Chaheru]] the chief of the Sikh militant group [[Khalistan Commando Force]] admitted that he had received more than $60,000 from Sikh organisations operating in Canada and Britain. One of the militant stated, "All we have to do is commit a violent act and the money for our cause increased drastically."<ref name="Pruthi162">{{cite book |last1=Pruthi |first1=Raj |title=Sikhism and Indian Civilization |date=2004 |publisher=Discovery Publishing House |isbn=978-8171418794 |page=162 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KxndvJs3wUkC&q=khalistan+flag&pg=PA162 |access-date=25 October 2018}}</ref> Indira Gandhi's son and political successor, [[Rajiv Gandhi]], [[Punjab accord|tried]] unsuccessfully to bring peace to Punjab.<ref name="LA_accord"/>
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| The opportunity that the government had after 1984 was lost and by March 1986, the Golden Temple was back in control of Sikh institution [[Damdami Taksal]].<ref name="Kiessling"/> By 1985, the situation in Punjab had become highly volatile. In December 1986, a bus was attacked by Sikh militants in which 24 Hindus were shot dead and 7 were injured and shot near Khuda in the [[Hoshiarpur district]] of Punjab.<ref name="LAT24Hindus">{{cite news |last1=Tempest |first1=Rone |title=Sikh Gunmen Kill 24 Hindus, Wound 7 on Punjab Bus |url=https://articles.latimes.com/1986-12-01/news/mn-198_1_sikh-terrorists |access-date=17 October 2018 |work=Los Angeles Times |date=1 December 1986}}</ref> The Sikh militants, however, dissociated, insistently inculpating the state-affiliated Black Cats.<ref>Mahadevan, P. (2007, January 18). [https://www.satp.org/satporgtp/publication/faultlines/volume18/article2.htm "Counter Terrorism in the Indian Punjab: Assessing the Cat System"]. SATP</ref>
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| == Pakistan involvement ==
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| According to Indian general Afsir Karim, there was "nothing to suggest that the initial break between Sikhs and the national mainstream was engineered by outside agencies."{{sfn|Karim|1991|p=19}} The first impetus occurred shortly after Independence in 1951 when Punjabi Hindus, under the influence of local Hindu radical groups,{{sfn|Karim|1991|p=19}} abandoned Punjabi to call Hindi their mother tongue in falsified censuses to prevent the formation of the [[Punjabi Suba]], which brought out other differences between the two communities in the open.{{sfn|Karim|1991|p=19}} Despite this, it required an event of the magnitude of Operation Blue Star to give rise to militancy in an organized form.{{sfn|Karim|1991|p=19}} The pre-operation period generated enough heat to draw Pakistan interest, but it was Operation Blue Star which gave the final push to angry Sikh youth to cross the border and accept Pakistani assistance and support.{{sfn|Karim|1991|p=19}} Even then their anger was "not particularly against the Hindu population but against the humiliation of Blue Star compounded by the anti-Sikh riots of 1984."{{sfn|Karim|1991|p=19}}
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| In 1964, Pakistani state-owned [[Pakistan Radio|radio station]] began airing separatist propaganda targeted for Sikhs in Punjab, which continued during the [[Indo-Pak war of 1965]].<ref name="IT_1986_Pak"/> Pakistan had been promoting the Sikh secessionist movement since the 1970s. The Pakistani prime minister [[Zulfikar Ali Bhutto]] had politically supported the idea of Khalistan wherever possible. Under [[Zia ul Haq]], this support became even more prominent. The motive for supporting Khalistan was the revenge for India's role in [[Liberation of Bangladesh|splitting of Pakistan in 1971]] and to discredit India's global status by splitting a Sikh state to vindicate [[Jinnah]]'s [[Two-nation theory]].<ref name="Kiessling">{{cite book |last1=Kiessling |first1=Hein |title=Faith, Unity, Discipline: The Inter-Service-Intelligence (ISI) of Pakistan |date=2016 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-1849048637 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=y_cgDgAAQBAJ&q=bhindranwale+ISI&pg=PT146 |access-date=2 October 2018}}</ref> Zia had seen this as an opportunity to weaken and distract India in another war of insurgency following the Pakistani military doctrine to "[[Bleed India with a Thousand Cuts]]". Former Director General of ISI [[Hamid Gul]] had once stated that "Keeping Punjab destabilized is equivalent to the Pakistan Army having an extra division at no cost to the taxpayers."<ref name="Sirrs2016">{{cite book |last1=Sirrs |first1=Owen L. |title=Pakistan's Inter-Services Intelligence Directorate: Covert Action and Internal Operations |date=2016 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1317196099 |page=167 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_S-TDAAAQBAJ&q=bhindranwale+ISI&pg=PA167 |access-date=7 November 2018}}</ref>
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| Since the early 1980s, for the fulfillment of these motives, the spy agency Inter-Service-Intelligence (ISI) of Pakistan became involved with the Khalistan movement.<ref name="Kiessling"/> ISI created a special Punjab cell in its headquarter to support the militant Sikh followers of Bhindranwale and supply them with arms and ammunitions. Terrorist training camps were set up in Pakistan at [[Lahore]] and [[Karachi]] to train them. ISI deployed its Field Intelligence Units (FIU) on the [[Indo-Pak Border]]. Organisations like Bhindranwale Tiger Force, the Khalistan Commando Force, the Khalistan Liberation Force and the Babbar Khalsa were provided support.<ref name="Kiessling"/>
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| A three-phase plan was followed by the Punjab cell of ISI.<ref name="Kiessling"/>
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| * ''Phase 1'' had the objective to initiate alienation of the Sikh people from rest of the people in India.
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| * ''Phase 2'' worked to subvert government organisation and organize mass agitations opposing the government.
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| * ''Phase 3'' marked the beginning of a ''reign of terror in Punjab'' where the civilians became victims of violence by the militants and counter-violence by the government, due to which a vicious cycle of terrorism would be induced and utter chaos would ensue.<ref name="Kiessling"/>
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| The ISI also attempted to make appeals to the five-member Panthic Committee, elected from among the religious leaders of the Panth at the [[Panj Takht]]s as the upholders of the Sikh religion, as well as the [[Shiromani Gurdwara Parbandhak Committee]] due to its substantial financial resources,<ref name="Kiessling"/> and as both Sikh committees had major political influence over Punjab and New Delhi.<ref name="Kiessling"/>
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| [[Sikhs in Pakistan]] were a small minority and the Panthic Committee in Pakistan assisted the propaganda campaign of ISI in its propaganda and psychological warfare. The Sikh community in the country and abroad were its target. Panthic Committee delivered religious speeches and revealing incidents of torture to the Sikhs. Sikhs were instigated to take up arms against the Indian Government "in the name of a hypothetical autonomous Sikh nation".<ref name="Kiessling"/>
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| ISI used Pakistani Sikhs as partners for its operation in the Indian Punjab. The terrorist training program was spread over and the Sikh gurdwaras on both sides of International border were used as place for residence and [[armoury]] for storing weapons and ammunitions.<ref name="Kiessling"/>
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| The direct impact of these activities was felt during the Operation Blue Star where the Sikh insurgents fighting against the army were found to be well trained in warfare and had enough supply of ammunitions.<ref name="Kiessling"/> After the Operation Blue Star several modern weapons found inside the temple complex with the Pakistan or Chinese markings on them.<ref name="weapons">{{cite news |title=Operation Bluestar |work=India Today |date=1999}}</ref>
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| ===Training and infrastructure===
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| Pakistan had been involved in training, guiding, and arming Sikh militants.<ref name="Kiessling"/> Interrogation reports of Sikh militants arrested in India gave details of the training of Sikh youth in Pakistan including arms training in the use of rifles, [[sniper rifle]], [[light machine gun]], [[grenade]], automatic weapons, chemical weapons, demolition of buildings and bridges, sabotage and causing explosions using gunpowder by the Pak-based Sikh militant leaders and Pakistani army officers. A dozen terrorist training camps had been set up in Pakistan along the International border. These camps housed 1500 to 2000 Sikh militants who were imparted guerrilla warfare training.<ref name="IT_1986_Pak"/> Reports also suggested plans of ISI to cause explosions in big cities like Amritsar, Ludhiana, Chandigarh, Delhi and targeting politicians.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.satp.org/satporgtp/countries/india/document/papers/pakistan_report/anex_h.htm|title=Pakistan's Involvement in Terrorism against India}}</ref><ref name="Rediff_CIA">{{cite news |title=CIA, ISI encouraged Sikh terrorism: Ex-R&AW official |url=http://www.rediff.com/news/2007/jul/26raw.htm |access-date=7 November 2018 |publisher=Rediff News |date=26 July 2007}}</ref> According to KPS Gill, terrorists had been mainly using crude bombs but since 1990s more modern explosives supplied by Pakistan had become widespread in usage among them. The number of casualties also increased with more explosives usage by the terrorists.<ref name="Kiessling"/>
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| ===Weapons===
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| By providing modern sophisticated weapons to the Sikh extremists, the Pakistani ISI was efficacious in producing an environment which conducted [[guerrilla warfare]].<ref name="Kiessling"/> AK-47 provided by ISI was primarily used by the militants as an ideal weapon in their guerrilla warfare, based on its superior performance in comparison to other weapons. While the Indian policemen fighting the militants had [[Lee–Enfield|.303 Lee–Enfield]] rifles that were popular in the World war II and only a few of them had [[FN FAL|7.62 1A]] self loading rifles. These weapons were outmatched by automatic AK-47s.
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| A militant from [[Babbar Khalsa]] who had been arrested in the early 1990s had informed Indian authorities about Pakistani ISI plans to use aeroplanes for Kamikaze attacks on Indian installations. The Sikhs however refused to participate in such operations on religious grounds as Sikhism prohibits suicide assassinations.<ref name="Kiessling"/> In a [[1984 Indian Airlines Airbus A300 hijacking|hijacking in 1984]] a German manufactured pistol was used and during the investigations, Germany's [[Federal Intelligence Service]] then confirmed that the weapon was part of a weapon consignment for Pakistani government. The American government had then issued warnings over the incident after which the [[List of hijackings of Indian aeroplanes|series of hijackings of Indian aeroplanes]] had stopped.<ref name="Kiessling"/>
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| ==End of violence==
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| Between 1987 and 1991, [[Punjab (India)|Punjab]] was placed under an ineffective President's rule and was governed from [[Delhi]]. [[Elections]] were eventually held in 1992 but the voter turnout was poor. A new Congress(I) government was formed and it gave the Chief of the [[State Police|Punjab Police (India)]] [[KPS Gill|K.P.S. Gill]] a free hand.
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| Under his Command, police had launched multiple intelligence-based operations like [[Operation Black Thunder#Operation Black Thunder II|Operation Black Thunder]] to neutralise Sikh militants. Police was also successful in killing multiple High-value terrorists thus suppressing the violence and putting an end to mass killings.<ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/1988/05/11/world/gandhi-under-pressure-to-oust-sikhs-from-temple.html Gandhi Under Pressure to Oust Sikhs From Temple] ''[[The New York Times]]'', 1988-05-11</ref>
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| By 1993, the Punjab insurgency had petered out, with a last major incident being the [[Beant Singh (Chief Minister)#Assassination|Assassination of Chief Minister Beant Singh]] occurring in 1995.<ref name="Kiessling"/>
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| == Timeline ==
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| {{main|Timeline of the insurgency in Punjab}}
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| {| class="wikitable" style="margin: 1em auto 1em auto"
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| |+ '''Punjab Insurgancy Chronology Outline'''
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| ! Date || Event || Source
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| | March 1967||[[Akali Dal]] heavily defeats INC Indian Congress Party in successive elections after [[1967 Punjab Legislative Assembly election]]. ||
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| | March 1972||[[Akali Dal]] loses in [[1972 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|Punjab elections]], Congress wins. ||
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| |17 October 1973 ||[[Anandpur Resolution|Akalis ask for their rights through Anandpur Sahib Resolution]] ||
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| |25 April 1980||[[Gurbachan Singh]] of Sant Nirankari sect shot dead.||
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| | 2 June 1980||Akalis lose suspect election in Punjab ||<ref>{{cite news|title=Mrs. Gandhi's Party Wins In 8 of 9 States Holding Elections|work=The New York Times|date=3 June 1980|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1980/06/03/archives/mrs-gandhis-party-wins-easily-in-8-of-9-states-holding-elections.html?sq=akali++1980&scp=1}}</ref>
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| |16 Aug 1981||Sikhs in [[Harmandir Sahib|Golden Temple]] meet foreign correspondent about their views on Khalistan||<ref>{{cite news|title=IN INDIA, SIKHS RAISE A CRY FOR INDEPENDENT NATION|author=MICHAEL T. KAUFMAN|work=THE NEW YORK TIMES|date=16 August 1981}}</ref>
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| |9 Sep 1981||[[Jagat Narain]], Editor, Hind Samachar group murdered.||<ref>{{cite news|title=GUNMEN SHOOT OFFICIAL IN A TROUBLED INDIAN STATE|work=THE NEW YORK TIMES|date=18 October 1981}}</ref>
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| |29 Sep 1981||Sikh Separatists hijack aircraft to Pakistan.||<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1981/09/30/world/sikh-separatists-hijack-indian-jetliner-to-pakistan.html|title = Sikh Separatists Hijack Indian Jetliner to Pakistan|newspaper = The New York Times|date = 30 September 1981|last1 = Kaufman|first1 = Michael T.}}</ref>
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| | 11 Feb 1982||US gives Visa to [[Jagjit Singh Chauhan]].|| <ref>{{cite news|title=Two Visa Disputes Annoy and Intrigue India|author=MICHAEL T. KAUFMAN|work=The New York Times|date=11 February 1982}}</ref>
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| |11 Apr 1982||US Khalistani G.S. Dhillon Barred From India||<ref>{{cite news|title=Sikh Separatist Is Barred From Visiting India|work=The New York Times|date=11 April 1982}}</ref>
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| | July 1982|| Sikh militants storm the parliament in a protest related to the deaths of 34 Sikhs who were tortured in police custody. ||<ref name="select.nytimes.com">{{cite news|title=ANGRY SIKHS STORM INDIA'S ASSEMBLY BUILDING|author=WILLIAM K. STEVENS|work=THE NEW YORK TIMES|date=12 October 1982|url=https://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F40A14FA3C5F0C718DDDA90994DA484D81&scp=1&sq=ANGRY+SIKHS+STORM+INDIA%27S+ASSEMBLY+BUILDING}}</ref>
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| | 4 Aug 1982||Akalis demand autonomy and civil rights for Punjab||<ref>''The Sikh Diaspora: The Search for Statehood'' by Darshan Singh Tatla</ref>
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| | 11 Oct 1982||Sikh stage protests at the Indian Parliament which is violently broken up ||<ref name="select.nytimes.com"/>
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| | Nov 1982||Longowal threatens to disrupt [[Asian Games]] but Sikhs are mass arrested and abducted before reaching the games,protests disrupted||<ref>{{cite news|title=Sikhs Raise the Ante at A Perilous Cost to India|author=WILLIAM K. STEVENS|work=The New York Times|date=7 November 1982}}</ref>
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| | 27 Feb 1983||Sikhs permitted to carry daggers in domestic flights||<ref>{{cite news|title=Concessions Granted to Sikhs By Mrs. Gandhi's Government|work=The New York Times|date=February 28, 1983}}</ref>
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| | 23 April 1983||Punjab Police [[Deputy Inspector General]] [[A. S. Atwal]] was shot dead as he left the Harmandir Sahib compound by a unknown gunman, widely believed to be anti-Damdami Taksal and anti-brindranwale Sikh group AKJ, who had also occupied the Darbar Sahib Complex with firearms ||<ref name="satp prophet"/>
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| |3 May 1983||[[Jarnail Singh Bhindranwale]], talks of violence being perpetuated against Sikhs without being reported since 1977 in Haryana, Rajasthan and some villages of South Punjab and for India to act||<ref>[https://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F6071FF73E5C0C708CDDAC0894DB484D81&scp=8&sq=Bhindranwale&st=nyt SIKH HOLY LEADER TALKS OF VIOLENCE], WILLIAM K. STEVENS, ''The New York Times'', 3 May 1983</ref>
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| |18 June 1983||A detective inspector from Punjab police killed by Sikh militants.||<ref name="JeffreySpringer"/>
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| |14 July 1983||Four policemen killed by Sikh militants.||<ref name="JeffreySpringer"/>
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| |21 September 1983||Senior superintendent of Punjab Police wounded and his guard killed by Sikh militants.||<ref name="JeffreySpringer"/>
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| |29 September 1983||5 Punjab Police constables killed by Sikh militants in a week.||<ref name="JeffreySpringer"/>
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| |14 Oct 1983|| 3 people killed at a Hindu festival in Chandigarh ||<ref>{{cite news|title=Mrs. Gandhi Says Terrorism Will Fail|author=WILLIAM K. STEVENS|work=The New York Times|date=16 October 1983}}</ref>
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| |5 Oct 1983||6 Hindu passengers dragged off bus and shot dead in [[1983 Dhilwan bus massacre]].||<ref name="ReferenceA">{{cite news|title=INDIAN GOVERNMENT TAKES OVER A STATE SWEPT BY RELIGIOUS STRIFE|author=WILLIAM K. STEVENS|date=7 October 1983}}</ref><ref name="JeffreySpringer">{{cite book |last1=Jeffrey |first1=Robin |title=What's Happening to India?: Punjab, Ethnic Conflict, and the Test for Federalism |date=2016 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-1349234103 |page=167 |edition=2, Illustrated |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qQO_DAAAQBAJ&q=6+hindu+bus+passengers+killed&pg=PA167 |access-date=5 November 2018}}</ref>
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| |6 Oct 1983||President's rule imposed in Punjab||<ref name="JeffreySpringer"/>
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| | Oct 1983|| 3 Hindus pulled off a train and killed.||<ref>{{cite news|title=11 PEOPLE KILLED IN PUNJAB UNREST|author=WILLIAM K. STEVENS|work=The New York Times|date=23 February 1984}}</ref>
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| |21 Oct 1983||A passenger train was derailed and 19 agricultural labourers from Bihar were killed by Sikh militants along with 2 other passengers.||<ref name="JeffreySpringer"/>
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| |18 Nov 1983||A bus was hijacked and 4 Hindu passengers were killed by Sikh militants.||<ref name="JeffreySpringer"/>
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| | 9 Feb 1984||A Hindu wedding procession in [[Hambran]] of [[Ludhiana district]] bombed by Sikh militants. 14 reported dead.||<ref>{{cite news|title=General Strike Disrupts Punjab|author=SANJOY HAZARIKA|work=The New York Times|date=9 February 1984}}</ref>
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| | 14 Feb 1984||Six policemen abducted from a post in Amritsar and one of them killed in captivity.||<ref name="satp prophet">{{cite book |last=Gill |first=Kanwar Pal Singh |author-link=Kanwar Pal Singh Gill |title=Punjab, the Knights of Falsehood |url=http://www.satp.org/satporgtp/publication/nightsoffalsehood/falsehood4.htm |year=1997 |publisher=Har-Anand Publications }}</ref>
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| | 14 Feb 1984||More than 12 people killed in Sikh-Hindu riots in Punjab and Haryana.||<ref name="JeffreySpringer"/>
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| | 19 Feb 1984||Sikh-Hindu clashes spread in North India.||<ref>{{cite news|title=Sikh-Hindu Clashes Spread in North India|work=The New York Times|date=19 February 1984}}</ref>
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| | 23 Feb 1984||11 Hindus killed and 24 injured by Sikh militants.|| <ref>{{cite news |title=11 HINDUS KILLED IN PUNJAB UNREST |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1984/02/23/world/11-hindus-killed-in-punjab-unrest.html |access-date=5 November 2018 |work=New York Times |date=23 February 1984}}</ref>
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| |-
| |
| | 25 Feb 1984||6 Hindus killed in a bus by Sikh militants, total 68 people killed over last 11 days. ||<ref name="NYT25Feb1983">{{cite news |title=Sikh-Hindu Violence Claims 6 More Lives |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1984/02/25/world/around-the-world-sikh-hindu-violence-claims-6-more-lives.html |access-date=5 November 2018 |work=New York Times |date=25 February 1984}}</ref>
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| |-
| |
| | 29 Feb 1984||Bhindranwale still openely speaks of first seeking civil rights for Sikhs and Punjab before seeking Khalistan, as opposed to the AKJ group.||<ref>[https://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F10C17FE3F5D0C7A8EDDAB0894DC484D81&scp=14&sq=Bhindranwale&st=nyt Sikh Temple: Words of Worship, Talk of Warfare], ''The New York Times'', 29 February 1984</ref>
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| |-
| |
| | 28 March 1984||Harbans Singh Manchanda, the Delhi Sikh Gurudwara Management Committee (DSGMC) president murdered.||<ref name="DSGMC_IT_Manchanda">{{cite news |title=DSGMC president Harbans Singh Manchanda murder in Delhi sends security forces in a tizzy |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/indiascope/story/19840430-dsgmc-president-harbans-singh-manchanda-murder-in-delhi-sends-security-forces-in-a-tizzy-802973-1984-04-30 |access-date=10 July 2018 |work=India Today |date=30 April 1984}}</ref>
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| |-
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| |3 April 1984||Militants popularity grows and so does instability in Punjab.||<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1984/04/03/world/with-punjab-the-prize-sikh-militants-spread-terror.html|title=With Punjab the Prize, Sikh Militants Spread Terror|last=Stevens|first=William K.|date=1984-04-03|work=The New York Times|access-date=2019-10-30|issn=0362-4331}}</ref>
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| |-
| |
| | 8 April 1984||[[Harcharan Singh Longowal|Longowal]] writes – he cannot control Bhindranwale anymore||<ref>{{cite news|title=SIKH WARNS NEW DELHI ABOUT PUNJAB STRIFE|work=The New York Times|date=8 April 1984}}</ref>
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| |-
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| | 14 April 1984||Surinder Singh Sodhi, a follower of Bhindranwale, shot dead at a temple by a man and a woman.||<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1984/04/15/world/around-the-world-125341.html|title=Around the World|date=1984-04-15|work=The New York Times|access-date=2019-10-30|issn=0362-4331}}</ref>
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| |-
| |
| | 17 April 1984||Deaths of 3 Sikh Activists in factional fighting.||<ref>{{cite news|title=3 Sikh Activists Killed In Factional Fighting|work=The New York Times|date=17 April 1984}}</ref>
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| |-
| |
| | 27 May 1984||Ferozepur politician killed by Sikh militants after confessing to fake police encounters with "terrorist" killings.||<ref>[https://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F40616FE3F5F0C748EDDAC0894DC484D81&scp=22&sq=Bhindranwale&st=nyt 5 MORE DIE IN CONTINUING INDIAN UNREST], ''The New York Times'', 17 April 1984</ref>
| |
| |-
| |
| |1 June 1984|| Total media and the press black out in Punjab, the rail, road and air services in Punjab suspended. Foreigners' and NRIs' entry was also banned and water and electricity supply cut off. ||<ref>{{cite news | last = Hamlyn |first = Michael | title = Journalists removed from Amritsar: Army prepares to enter Sikh shrine | pages =36| work = The Times | date = 6 June 1984}}</ref><ref>{{cite book
| |
| |title=Amritsar: Mrs Gandhi's Last Battle
| |
| |last=Tully
| |
| |first=Mark
| |
| |publisher=Jonathan Cape
| |
| |year=1985
| |
| }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | title = Gun battle rages in Sikh holy shrine| pages =1| work = The Times | date = 5 June 1984}}</ref>
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| |-
| |
| | 1 June 1984||Operation Blue Star to remove militants from Harmandir Sahib commences, Punjab shut-down from outside world.||<ref>{{cite news|title=HEAVY FIGHTING REPORTED AT SHRINE IN PUNJAB|work=The New York Times|date=5 June 1984}}</ref>
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| |-
| |
| |3 June 1984||Army takes control of Punjab's security. ||<ref>[https://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=FB0A11FB3E5F0C708CDDAF0894DC484D81&scp=9&sq=Bhindranwale&st=nyt "Indian Army Takes Over Security in Punjab as New Violence Flares"], ''The New York Times'', 3 June 1984</ref>
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| |-
| |
| |6 June 1984|| 5 day-long battle over control of the Golden Temple concludes. ||<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1984/06/06/world/indians-report-daylong-battle-at-sikh-temple.html|title=Indians Report Daylong Battle at Sikh Temple|last1=Stevens|first1=William K.|date=1984-06-06|work=The New York Times|access-date=2019-10-30|last2=Times|first2=Special To the New York|issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title=Correcting Previous Statement on Golden Temple|journal=Congressional Record – Senate (US Government)|date=17 June 2004|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7KC0dkdQWWwC&q=sikhs+murders++dates&pg=PA13756|access-date=5 April 2013}}</ref>
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| |-
| |
| | 6 June 1984||[[Jarnail Singh Bhindranwale]] shot dead by military.||<ref>{{cite news|url=https://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F50A1FF8395F0C7B8CDDAF0894DC484D81&scp=2&sq=Bhindranwale&st=nyt|title=Sikh Chiefs: Fundamentalist Priest, Firebrand Student and Ex-general|work=New York Times|date=June 8, 1984}}</ref>
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| |-
| |
| | 7 June 1984||Indian military finally take full control of [[Harmandir Sahib]] after 8 days. Operation Bluestar concludes.||<ref>[https://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F70914FB395F0C748CDDAF0894DC484D81&scp=3&sq=Bhindranwale&st=nyt "308 People Killed as Indian Troops Take Sikh Temple"], ''The New York Times'', 7 June 1984</ref>
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| |-
| |
| |8 June 1984||27 Sikhs killed in protests in Srinagar, Ludhiana, Amritsar after Government forces indiscriminately fired on protesters.||<ref>[https://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F10D11F9395F0C7B8CDDAF0894DC484D81&scp=4&sq=Bhindranwale&st=nyt SIKHS PROTESTING RAID ON SHRINE; 27 DIE IN RIOTS], ''The New York Times'', 8 June 1984</ref>
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| |-
| |
| |9 June 1984|| Weapons and Ammunition of Sikh militants inside the Golden Temple seized by Indian troops. 2 Indian troops and 4 militants killed in shootout on the outskirts of Amritsar.||<ref>[https://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F10D11F9395F0C7B8CDDAF0894DC484D81&scp=4&sq=Bhindranwale&st=nyt Sikhs in Temple Hold Out: More Violence is Reported; 27 Die in Riots"], ''The New York Times'', 9 June 1984</ref>
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| |-
| |
| | 10 June 1984||Reports of Anti-Sikh riots and killings in Delhi.||<ref>[https://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F10911FE385F0C738DDDAF0894DC484D81&scp=8&sq=Bhindranwale&st=nyt "Indian Government Takes on Sikhs in a Bloody Encounter"], ''The New York Times'', 10 June 1984</ref>
| |
| |-
| |
| |11 June 1984||Negotiators close to a settlement on waters.||<ref>[https://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F00B14FB385F0C718DDDAF0894DC484D81&scp=4&sq=Bhindranwale&st=nyt, ''The New York Times'', 12 June 1984]</ref>
| |
| |-
| |
| | 24 August 1984||7 Sikh militants abduct 100 passengers in [[1984 Indian Airlines Airbus A300 hijacking]].||<ref name="Nyt_IA_hijack1984">{{cite news |title=Indian Jet Carrying Z264 Hijacked to Pakistan, Reportedly by Sikhs |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1984/07/06/world/indian-jet-carrying-z264-hijacked-to-pakistan-reportedly-by-sikhs.html |access-date=13 July 2018 |work=New York Times |date=1984 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180713171330/https://www.nytimes.com/1984/07/06/world/indian-jet-carrying-z264-hijacked-to-pakistan-reportedly-by-sikhs.html |archive-date=13 July 2018 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all }}</ref>
| |
| |-
| |
| |31 October 1984||[[Assassination of Indira Gandhi|Indira Gandhi assassinated by her 2 Sikh bodyguards, Satwant Singh and Beant Singh in retaliation for Operation Bluestar]].||<ref>{{cite news|url=https://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F1091FFF385D0C728CDDA80994DC484D81&scp=5&sq=Indira+gandhi+killed&st=nyt|title=Gandhi, Slain, Is Succeeded by Son; Killing Laid to 2 Sikh Bodyguards|work=New York Times|date=November 1, 1984}}</ref>
| |
| |-
| |
| |1 November 1984||In the retaliation of Indira Gandhi's assassination, [[1984 anti-Sikh riots]] begin in Delhi.||<ref name="2009BBCremember">{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/8306420.stm|title=Indira Gandhi's death remembered|last=Bedi|first=Rahul|date=1 November 2009|publisher=BBC|quote=The 25th anniversary of Indira Gandhi's assassination revives stark memories of some 3,000 Sikhs killed brutally in the orderly pogrom that followed her killing|access-date=2 November 2009| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20091102113639/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/8306420.stm| archive-date= 2 November 2009 | url-status= live}}</ref>
| |
| |-
| |
| |3 November 1984|| Anti-Sikh violence concludes. A total of 2,733 Sikhs were killed in the violence.||<ref name="2009BBCremember"/>
| |
| |-
| |
| |23 June 1985|| [[Air India Flight 182]] was bombed by Sikh terrorists killing 329 passengers (including 22 crew members); almost all of them Hindus||
| |
| |-
| |
| |20 August 1985||[[Harcharan Singh Longowal]] assassinated by Sikh militants.||<ref>''Religion and Nationalism in India: The Case of the Punjab'', by Harnik Deol, Routledge, 2000</ref>
| |
| |-
| |
| |29 September 1985
| |
| ||60% vote, Akali Dal won 73 of 115 seats, Barnala CM||<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1985/09/29/weekinreview/the-world-gandhi-hails-a-loss-in-punjab.html|title=THE WORLD; Gandhi Hails A Loss in Punjab|last1=Freudenheim|first1=Milt|date=1985-09-29|work=The New York Times|access-date=2019-10-30|last2=Levine|first2=Richard|issn=0362-4331|last3=Giniger|first3=Henry}}
| |
| </ref>
| |
| |-
| |
| |26 January 1986
| |
| ||Sikhs have a global meeting and the rebuilding of [[Akal Takht]] declared as well as the five member Panthic Committee selected and have draft of the Constitution of Khalistan written.||<ref>{{cite book|last1=Tatla|first1=Darsham|title=The Sikh Diaspora: The Search For Statehood|date=2009|publisher=Routledge|location=London|isbn=978-1135367442|page=277}}</ref>
| |
| |-
| |
| |29 April 1986
| |
| | Resolution of Khalistan passed by [[Sarbat Khalsa]] and Khalistan Commando Force also formed at [[Akal Takht]] with more than 80,000 Sikhs present. ||<ref>{{cite book|last1=Mandair|first1=Arvind-Pal|title=Sikhism: A Guide for the Perplexed|date=2013|publisher=A&C Black|isbn=978-1441102317|page=103}}</ref>
| |
| |-
| |
| |25 July 1986
| |
| | 14 Hindus and one Sikh passenger killed in the [[1986 Muktsar Bus massacre]] by Sikh militants. ||<ref name="LAT15Hindus">{{cite news |last1=Tempest |first1=Rone |title=Suspected Sikh Terrorists Kill 15 on India Bus |url=https://articles.latimes.com/1986-07-26/news/mn-2_1_sikhs |access-date=17 October 2018 |work=Los Angeles Times |date=26 July 1986}}</ref>
| |
| |-
| |
| |30 November 1986
| |
| || 24 Hindu passengers killed in the [[1986 Hoshiarpur Bus massacre]] by Sikh militants. ||<ref name="NYT_1Dec1986">{{cite news |title=TEMPLE SIKH EXTREMISTS HIJACK PUNJAB BUS AND KILL 24 PEOPLE |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1986/12/01/world/sikh-extremists-hijack-punjab-bus-and-kill-24-people.html |access-date=17 October 2018 |work=The New York Times |date=1 December 1986}}</ref>
| |
| |-
| |
| | 19 May 1987 || State Committee Member CPI(M) Comrade [[Deepak Dhawan]] was murdered at Village Sangha, Tarn Taran.||<ref name="IDSA">{{cite book | url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/IDSA_News_Review_on_South_Asia_Indian_Oc/WVw8AAAAMAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=0&bsq=Deepak%20Dhawan | title=Deepak Dhawan gunned down by Extremists | page=987,994 | publisher=Institute for Defence Studies | year=1987}}</ref>
| |
| |-
| |
| | 7 July 1987|| Sikh militants from [[Khalistan Commando Force]] attacked two buses. They singled out and killed 34 Hindu bus passengers in [[1987 Haryana killings]]. ||<ref name=":NYT_34hindus">{{cite web |last1=Hazarika |first1=Sanjoy |title=34 Hindus Killed in New Bus Raids; Sikhs Suspected |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1987/07/08/world/34-hindus-killed-in-new-bus-raids-sikhs-suspected.html |work=New York Times |access-date=12 July 2018 |date=8 July 1987}}</ref>
| |
| |-
| |
| | 12 May 1988||[[Operation Black Thunder II]] initiated to remove militants from Harmandir Sahib.||<ref>{{cite book|last1=Singh|first1=Sarabjit|title=Operation Black Thunder: An Eyewitness Account of Terrorism in Punjab|date=2002|publisher=SAGE Publications|isbn=978-0761995968}}</ref>
| |
| |-
| |
| |10 January 1990||Senior Superintendent of Batala Police, Gobind Ram, killed in bomb blast in retaliation for him and his Hindu police officers along with the [[Border Security Force|BSF]] gang-raping Sikh women during a search on Gora Choor village.||{{sfn|Mahmood|1996|p=46}}<ref>{{cite book|last1=Ghosh|first1=S. K.|title=Terrorism, World Under Siege|date=1995|publisher=APH Publishing|location=New Delhi|isbn=978-8170246657|page=469}}</ref>
| |
|
| |
| |-
| |
| | 16 June 1991||80 people killed on two trains by Sikh militants.||<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1991/06/16/world/extremists-in-india-kill-80-on-2-trains-as-voting-nears-end.html|title=Extremists in India Kill 80 on 2 Trains As Voting Nears End|last=Crossette|first=Barbara|date=1991-06-16|work=The New York Times|access-date=2019-10-30|issn=0362-4331}}</ref>
| |
| |-
| |
| | 17 October 1991||40 people killed and 197 injured in [[1991 Rudrapur bombings]] by Sikh militants in Uttarakhand. All of the victims were Hindu civilians.||
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|
| |
| |-
| |
| | 25 February 1992||Congress achieves a major victory in Punjab Assembly elections.||<ref name="asiansurvey">{{cite news|title=The Punjab Elections 1992: Breakthrough or Breakdown?|author=Gurharpal Singh|work=Asian Survey|volume=32|issue=11|date=Nov 1992|pages=988–999}} {{JSTOR|2645266}}</ref>
| |
| |-
| |
| | 7 January 1993||Punjab's biggest police encounter done in village of Chhichhrewal Tehsil Batala; 11 Khalistani militants were successfully eliminated.||<ref name="asiansurvey"/>
| |
| |-
| |
| | 3 September 1995
| |
| ||CM of Punjab [[Beant Singh (chief minister)|Beant Singh]] killed in bomb blast by Sikh militants.||<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1995/09/03/world/assassination-reminds-india-that-sikh-revolt-is-still-a-threat.html|title=Assassination Reminds India That Sikh Revolt Is Still a Threat|last=Burns|first=John F.|date=1995-09-03|work=The New York Times|access-date=2019-10-30|issn=0362-4331}}</ref>
| |
| |}
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|
| |
| == See also ==
| |
| * [[1984 Anti-Sikh riots]]
| |
| * [[Operation Blue Star]]
| |
| * [[Khalistan]]
| |
| * [[1991 Punjab killings]]
| |
| * [[1987 Punjab killings]]
| |
|
| |
| == References ==
| |
| {{Reflist|30em}}
| |
|
| |
| === Bibliography ===
| |
| {{refbegin|2}}
| |
| * {{cite book|title=The Punjab Mass Cremations Case: India Burning the Rule of Law|url=http://www.ensaaf.org/publications/reports/cremations.pdf|date=January 2007|publisher=Ensaaf|access-date=23 June 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110717045932/http://www.ensaaf.org/publications/reports/cremations.pdf|archive-date=17 July 2011|url-status=dead}}
| |
| * {{cite journal|last=Kaur|first=Jaskaran|author2=Sukhman Dhami |url=https://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/reports/india1007webwcover.pdf|date=October 2007|title=Protecting the Killers: A Policy of Impunity in Punjab, India|publisher=[[Human Rights Watch]]|location=New York|volume=19|issue=14}}
| |
| * {{cite book|last1=Lewis|first1=Mie|last2=Kaur|first2=Jaskaran|title=Punjab Police: Fabricating Terrorism Through Illegal Detention and Torture|url=http://www.ensaaf.org/publications/reports/fabricatingterrorism/fabricatingterrorism.pdf|date=5 October 2005|publisher=Ensaaf|location=Santa Clara|access-date=23 June 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110717045959/http://www.ensaaf.org/publications/reports/fabricatingterrorism/fabricatingterrorism.pdf|archive-date=17 July 2011|url-status=dead}}
| |
| * {{citation|last1=Martin|first1=Gus|title=Understanding Terrorism: Challenges, Perspectives, and Issues|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uJ6MeYq_FbkC&q=khalistan&pg=PA190|date=2013|publisher=Sage|isbn=978-1-4522-0582-3|page=174}}
| |
| * {{cite book|last1=Silva|first1=Romesh|last2=Marwaha|first2=Jasmine|last3=Klingner|first3=Jeff|title=Violent Deaths and Enforced Disappearances During the Counterinsurgency in Punjab, India: A Preliminary Quantitative Analysis|url=http://www.ensaaf.org/publications/reports/descriptiveanalysis/reportwcover.pdf|date=26 January 2009|publisher=Ensaaf and the Benetech Human Rights Data Analysis Group (HRDAG)|location=Palo Alto|access-date=23 June 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110717050107/http://www.ensaaf.org/publications/reports/descriptiveanalysis/reportwcover.pdf|archive-date=17 July 2011|url-status=dead}}
| |
| * ''Cry, the beloved Punjab: a harvest of tragedy and terrorism'', by Darshan Singh Maini. Published by Siddharth Publications, 1987.
| |
| * {{cite book |last1=Mahmood |first1=Cynthia Keppley |title=Fighting for Faith and Nation: Dialogues with Sikh Militants |date=1996 |publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press |location=Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S.A. |isbn=978-0812215922 |pages=50–80 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FqvTRUrwt2UC}}
| |
| * ''Genesis of terrorism: an analytical study of Punjab terrorists'', by Satyapal Dang. Published by Patriot, 1988.
| |
| * ''Combating Terrorism in Punjab: Indian Democracy in Crisis'', by Manoj Joshi. Published by Research Institute for the Study of Conflict and Terrorism, 1993.
| |
| * ''Politics of terrorism in India: the case of Punjab'', by Sharda Jain. Published by Deep & Deep Publications, 1995. {{ISBN|81-7100-807-0}}.
| |
| * ''Terrorism: Punjab's recurring nightmare'', by Gurpreet Singh, Gourav Jaswal. Published by Sehgal Book Distributors, 1996.
| |
| * ''Terrorism in Punjab: understanding grassroots reality'', by Harish K. Puri, Paramjit S. Judge, Jagrup Singh Sekhon. Published by Har-Anand Publications, 1999.
| |
| * ''Terrorism in Punjab'', by Satyapal Dang, V. D. Chopra, Ravi M. Bakaya. Published by Gyan Books, 2000. {{ISBN|81-212-0659-6}}.
| |
| * ''Rise and Fall of Punjab Terrorism, 1978–1993'', by Kalyan Rudra. Published by Bright Law House, 2005. {{ISBN|81-85524-96-3}}.
| |
| * ''The Long Walk Home'', by Manreet Sodhi Someshwar. Harper Collins, 2009.
| |
| * ''Global secutiy net ''2010, Knights of Falsehood by KPS Gill, 1997
| |
| {{refend}}
| |
|
| |
| == External links ==
| |
| * [http://info.indiatimes.com/1984/6.html Times of India article on riots]
| |
| * [https://web.archive.org/web/20061203184445/http://web.amnesty.org/library/Index/ENGASA200022003?open&of=ENG-IND Amnesty International on Punjab lack of Justice and Impunity]
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|
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| {{Sikhism}}
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| {{Sikh politics}}
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| {{India separatist movements}}
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| {{Military of India}}
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|
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| {{DEFAULTSORT:Punjab Insurgency}}
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| [[Category:20th-century conflicts]]
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| [[Category:20th century in India]]
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| [[Category:Rebellions in India]]
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| [[Category:History of the Republic of India]]
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| [[Category:History of Sikhism]]
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| [[Category:History of Punjab, India (1947–present)]]
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| [[Category:Insurgency in Punjab| ]]
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| [[Category:Khalistan movement]]
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| [[Category:1984 in India]]
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| [[Category:1980s conflicts]]
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| [[Category:1990s conflicts]]
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| [[Category:Sikh terrorism]]
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| [[Category:Sikh politics]]
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| [[Category:Sikh terrorism in India]]
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| [[Category:Operations involving special forces]]
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| [[Category:Indira Gandhi administration]]
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| [[Category:Assassination of Indira Gandhi]]
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| [[Category:Operations involving Indian special forces]]
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| [[Category:Rao administration]]
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| [[Category:Terrorism]]
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| [[Category:Religiously motivated violence in India]]
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| [[Category:Terrorist incidents in Asia in 1984]]
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| [[Category:Revolution-based civil wars]]
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| [[Category:Wars involving India]]
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| [[Category:Insurgencies in Asia]]
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| [[Category:Victims of Sikh terrorism]]
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| [[Category:Terrorism in Punjab, India]]
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