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Like other modern Indo-Aryan languages, Nepali grammar has undergone significant syncretism, resulting in the loss of much of the complex declensional system found in older languages. In the 19th century, Nepali literature flourished remarkably within a span of just one hundred years. Around 1830, several Nepali poets began exploring themes from the Sanskrit epics, such as the [[Ramayana|Rāmāyaṇa]] and the [[Bhagavata Purana]]. This literary movement culminated in [[Bhanubhakta Acharya]]'s translation of the Ramayana into Nepali, which gained immense popularity due to its colloquial flavor, religious sincerity, and realistic natural descriptions. | Like other modern Indo-Aryan languages, Nepali grammar has undergone significant syncretism, resulting in the loss of much of the complex declensional system found in older languages. In the 19th century, Nepali literature flourished remarkably within a span of just one hundred years. Around 1830, several Nepali poets began exploring themes from the Sanskrit epics, such as the [[Ramayana|Rāmāyaṇa]] and the [[Bhagavata Purana]]. This literary movement culminated in [[Bhanubhakta Acharya]]'s translation of the Ramayana into Nepali, which gained immense popularity due to its colloquial flavor, religious sincerity, and realistic natural descriptions. | ||
== Etymology== | |||
[[File:"Languages & Nations of India" and "Political Divisions of India"in 1858, 10 of 'From New York to Delhi, by way of Rio de Janeiro, Australia, and China' (11053770654) (cropped).jpg|thumb|left|A map showing '''languages of India''' {{c.}} 1858; It refers to the language as "Nepalee".]] | |||
The term ''Nepali'' ({{lang-ne|नेपाली}}), derived from ''Nepal'' ({{lang-ne|नेपाल}}, was officially adopted by the [[Government of Nepal]] in 1933. This occurred when the ''Gorkha Bhasa Prakashini Samiti'' ({{lang-ne|गोरखा भासा प्रकाशिनी समिति}}; Gorkha Language Publishing Committee), established in 1913 (B.S. 1970) to promote ''Gorkha Bhasa'', rebranded itself as the ''Nepali Bhasa Prakashini Samiti'' ({{lang-ne|नेपाली भाषा प्रकाशिनी समिति}} ; Nepali Language Publishing Committee) in 1933 (B.S. 1990), which is now known as ''Sajha Prakashan'' (साझा प्रकाशन).<ref name="sajhaprakashan">{{cite web |title=साझा प्रकाशन एक झलक |url=https://sajha.org.np/chinari/28/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211030115002/https://sajha.org.np/chinari/28/ |archive-date=30 October 2021 |access-date=30 October 2021 |website=Sajha Prakashan}}</ref> Additionally, the term ''Gorkhali'' in the earlier national anthem titled "Shriman Gambhir" was replaced with Nepali in 1951.<ref>{{cite news |date=June 2003 |title=The kings song |newspaper=Himal Southasian |url=http://www.himalmag.com/component/content/article/4214-.html |url-status=dead |access-date=15 June 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121025182216/http://www.himalmag.com/component/content/article/4214-.html |archive-date=25 October 2012}}</ref> Notably, the term ''Nepali'' had been used prior to its official adoption, particularly by [[Jaya Prithvi Bahadur Singh]], regarded as one of Nepal's national heroes, who championed the use of the term.<ref name=":1">{{cite web |last1=Vasistha |first1=Kedar |title='गोर्खा पत्रिकाहरू'को पदचाप |url=https://gorkhapatraonline.com/arts/2021-05-07-36969 |access-date=9 November 2021 |website=Gorakhapatra Online |archive-date=9 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211109071349/https://gorkhapatraonline.com/arts/2021-05-07-36969 |url-status=live}} जङ्गबहादुरलाई पनि घिसार्ने गरिएको पाइन्छ तर उनको पालामा गोर्खा भाषा वा नेपाली भाषा नभनी पाष्या बोली वा पर्वते भाषाको प्रचलन रहेको देखिन्छ। तर उक्त सनद जारी भएको एक वर्षपछिको जङ्गबहादुरको एक पत्रमा उनले गोर्खा वा गोर्खाली वा नेपाली भाषाका नमुना भनी नभनी पाष्या (पाखे) बोली भनेका छन्।</ref> | |||
Initially, the Nepali language was referred to as "Khas Kura" ({{lang-ne|खस कुरा}}), meaning the ''language or speech of the Khas people'', who trace their lineage back to the ancient Khasas mentioned in the [[Mahabharata]]. The language evolved during the period of the Khasa Kingdom in western Nepal.<ref name="onlinekhabar1">{{cite news |date=3 October 2020 |title=5 features of Nepali, Nepal's lingua franca, that you are unaware of |publisher=Online Khabar |agency=Online Khabar |url=https://english.onlinekhabar.com/features-of-nepali-nepals-lingua-franca-that-you-are-unaware-of.html |url-status=live |access-date=30 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211030103855/https://english.onlinekhabar.com/features-of-nepali-nepals-lingua-franca-that-you-are-unaware-of.html |archive-date=30 October 2021}}</ref>{{sfn|Jain|Cardona|2007|p=543}} After the unification of Nepal led by [[Prithvi Narayan Shah]] of the Shah dynasty, the language became known as ''Gōrakhā Bhāṣā ({{lang-ne|गोरखा भाषा}}), meaning the language of the Gorkhas, as it was predominantly spoken by them.<ref name="rajendramaharjan2">{{cite web |last1=Maharjan |first1=Rajendra |title=एकल राष्ट्र–राज्यको धङधङी |url=https://ekantipur.com/opinion/2021/06/15/162372365631162234.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211030115001/https://ekantipur.com/opinion/2021/06/15/162372365631162234.html |archive-date=30 October 2021 |access-date=30 October 2021 |website=EKantipur |publisher=Kantipur Publication Limited}}आजभन्दा करिब नौ दशकअघि मात्रै देशको नाम 'नेपाल' का रूपमा स्विकारिएको हो भने, पहिले खस–पर्वते–गोर्खाली भनिने भाषालाई 'नेपाली' नामकरण गरिएको हो ।</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Baniya |first1=Karnabahadur |url=https://www.nepjol.info/index.php/nutaj/article/download/23470/19875/72601 |title=सेनकालीन पाल्पाको संस्कृति : एक ऐतिहासिक विवेचना |publisher=Tribhuvan Multiple Campus |location=Palpa |pages=3–4 |access-date=9 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211109072853/https://www.nepjol.info/index.php/nutaj/article/download/23470/19875/72601 |archive-date=9 November 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref> In the hilly regions, where snow is not typically present, the language was also referred to as ''{{lang|ne-Latn|Parvatē Kurā}}'' ({{lang-ne|पर्वते कुरा}}), meaning ''"the speech of the hills"'', reflecting the geographical identity of its speakers.<ref name="Lienhard, Siegfried 1992 Page 3">Lienhard, Siegfried (1992). ''Songs of Nepal: An Anthology of Nevar Folksongs and Hymns.'' New Delhi: Motilal Banarsidas. {{ISBN|81-208-0963-7}}. Page 3.</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Shrestha |first1=Shiva Raj |url=http://himalaya.socanth.cam.ac.uk/collections/journals/ancientnepal/pdf/ancient_nepal_143_03.pdf |title=Khaptad Region in Mythology |page=10 |access-date=9 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211109071349/http://himalaya.socanth.cam.ac.uk/collections/journals/ancientnepal/pdf/ancient_nepal_143_03.pdf |archive-date=9 November 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref> | |||
== Official status== | |||
Nepali, written in the [[Devanagari]] script, serves as the official language of [[Nepal]]. | |||
On 31 August 1992, it was recognised as one of the scheduled languages of India. In India, Nepali holds the status of the official language in the state of [[Sikkim]] and in the region of [[Gorkhaland]] in [[West Bengal]]. | |||
In [[Bhutan]], despite being spoken by approximately a quarter of the population, Nepali does not enjoy any official status. | |||
==References== | ==References== | ||