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{{Short description|South Indian predominant Muslim community}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Use American English|date=July 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}
{{ethnic group
{{ethnic group
| group            = Rowther/Röwther/Ravuthar/Rawther
| group            = Rowther
| native_name      =Rowther
| native_name      = இராவுத்தர்/ராவுத்தர்/റാവുത്തർ
| native_name_lang =  
| native_name_lang =  
| image            = Rowther King Horse Riding tamil deity.jpg
| image            = Muslims of tamilnadu.jpg
| poptime          =  
| image_caption    = Tamil Muslims of [[Madras presidency]] in 1830
| popplace        = [[India]] ([[Tamil Nadu]], [[Kerala]], [[Karnataka]]), [[Pakistan]], [[Singapore]], [[Malaysia]], [[Middle East]] ([[UAE]], [[Saudi Arabia]], [[Yeman]]), [[Turkey]]
| population      =  
| rels            = [[Sunni]], [[Islam]]
| popplace        = [[Tamilnadu]], [[Kerala]], [[Karnataka]], [[Maritime Southeast Asia]], [[Arabian Peninsula]], [[Western Europe]], [[North America]]
| related_groups  = [[Indo-Turkic people]] • [[Seljuk]] • [[Tamil People]] • [[Mukkulathors]]
| rels            = [[Islam]] (Sect – [[Sunni]], Madhab – Majority [[Hanafi]])
| langs            = [[Urdu]] • [[Malayalam]] • [[Arabic]] • [[Tamil language|Tamil]]  
| related_groups  = [[Tamil People]] • [[Tamil Muslims]] • [[Dravidian peoples|Dravidian]]
| langs            = [[Tamil language|Tamil]] (Mother Tongue) • [[Malayalam]]
}}
}}
'''Rawatar''' ([[Anglicisation|anglicised]] as '''Rowther''', '''Rawther''', '''Ravuttar,''' '''Ravuthar''', '''Ravuta''', '''Ravutta''', '''Rahtore''', '''Ravoot''') ([[Tamil language|Tamil]]: '''இராவுத்தர் ''Irauttar''''') is a Muslim community from the southern [[States and union territories of India|Indian state]] of [[Tamil Nadu]] and [[Kerala]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last=More |first=J. B. Prashant |title=The political evolution of Muslims in Tamilnadu and Madras, 1930-1947 |date=1997 |publisher=Orient Longman |isbn=81-250-1011-4 |location=Hyderabad, India |pages=21–22 |oclc=37770527}}</ref> They are descendants of Seljuk Turkic peoples who had come to South India during the [[Chola dynasty|Chola Period.]]<ref>{{Citation|title=What is Rowther? Explain Rowther, Define Rowther, Meaning of Rowther|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VponPPLkHb8 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/VponPPLkHb8 |archive-date=2021-12-21 |url-status=live|language=en|access-date=2021-03-25}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Hussein|first=Asiff|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1kVuAAAAMAAJ&q=Rajputs|title=Sarandib: An Ethnological Study of the Muslims of Sri Lanka|date=2007|publisher=Asiff Hussein|isbn=978-955-97262-2-7|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Hussein|first=Asiff|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1kVuAAAAMAAJ&q=Rawthers+martial|title=Sarandib: An Ethnological Study of the Muslims of Sri Lanka|date=2007|publisher=Asiff Hussein|isbn=978-955-97262-2-7|language=en}}</ref> Rowthers are Cavalrymen of [[Chola dynasty|Chola]], [[Pandya dynasty|Pandya kingdoms]] and many military Cavalry Chieftains in Tamil Rulers Army.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Tschacher|first=Torsten |title=Islam in Tamilnadu : varia|date=2001|publisher=Institut für Indologie und Südasienwissenschaften der Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg|isbn=3-86010-627-9|location=Halle (Saale)|pages=94, 95|oclc=50208020}}</ref> Rawatars are a traditionally a clan-based Martial population like the [[Maravar]]s,<ref>{{Cite book|last=Hiltebeitel, Alf |title=The cult of Draupadī|date=1988 |publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=0-226-34045-7|location=Chicago|pages=13|oclc=16833684}}</ref> and constitute Large one part of the multi-ethnic [[Tamil Muslim]] community. Rowthers traditionally follow the [[Hanafi]] school of ''[[fiqh]]''.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |title=People of India: India's communities |date=1998 |publisher=Oxford University Press|editor=Singh, K. S. |isbn=0-19-563354-7|location=New Delhi, India |pages=3001–3002 |oclc=40849565}}</ref> Ravuttars have been found as Tamil [[Polygar|poligers]], [[zamindar]]s and chieftains throughout the 16th to 18th centuries.<ref name=":7">{{Cite book|last=Hiltebeitel, Alf|title=The cult of Draupadī|date=1988–1991|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=0-226-34045-7|location=Chicago|pages=13–14, 102|oclc=16833684}}</ref> In the modern era, they are often economically successful and act as [[Entrepreneurship|entrepreneurs]], [[Business|business peoples]] and [[landlord]]s. They remember their historic heroic valour during their marriage ceremonies, where the bridegroom is conducted into the procession on a horse, but this process is fast disappearing.<ref name=":10">{{Cite book|last=Rājāmukamatu|first=Je|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HxpuAAAAMAAJ&q=ravuthars+heroic|title=Maritime History of the Coromandel Muslims: A Socio-historical Study on the Tamil Muslims 1750-1900|date=2005|publisher=Director of Museums, Government Museum|language=en}}</ref>
The '''Rowther''' ({{ipa|ta|(i)ra(ːʋ)ut̪ːɐr|ipa}}, also known as ''Irauttar, Rawther, Ravuttar, Ravutta, Ravuthar, Ravuthamar'') are a distinct [[Muslim]] community living largely in the [[States and union territories of India|south Indian states]] of [[Tamil Nadu]] and [[Kerala]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|last=More |first=J. B. Prashant |title=The political evolution of Muslims in Tamilnadu and Madras, 1930–1947 |date=1997 |publisher=Orient Longman |isbn=81-250-1011-4 |location=Hyderabad, India |pages=21–22 |oclc=37770527}}</ref> They are a  native warrior clan population who converted to Islam under the influence of saints like [[Nathar Shah|Nathar Shah (Nathar Wali)]] in 10th–11th centuries.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mohan |first=A. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7d7NNdswXA4C&dq=Rowthers+Turkish&pg=PA206 |title=Utopia and the Village in South Asian Literatures |date=2012-07-24 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-1-137-03189-1 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=K. S. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=beexzq__jCsC&q=Rowthers+Turkish |title=People of India: pt.1-3 Kerala |date=1992 |publisher=Anthropological Survey of India |isbn=978-81-85938-99-8 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Veneration of the prophet Muhammad in an Islamic Pillaittamil. - Free Online Library |url=https://www.thefreelibrary.com/Veneration+of+the+prophet+Muhammad+in+an+Islamic+Pillaittamil.-a014320853 |access-date=2023-02-18 |website=www.thefreelibrary.com}}</ref> Even after conversion they retained their '''''Ravuttar''''' caste name. they were one of the earliest Muslim communities in India.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Pandian |first=Soorian Kasi |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=B90uj14NHjMC&dq=tiruchirapalli+Ravuttans&pg=PA49 |title=India, That Is, Sidd |date=1996 |publisher=Allied Publishers |isbn=978-81-7023-561-3 |language=en}}</ref> They were elite cavalrymen of the [[Chola dynasty|Chola]] and [[Pandya dynasty|Pandya kingdoms]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Tschacher|first=Torsten |title=Islam in Tamilnadu : varia|date=2001|publisher=Institut für Indologie und Südasienwissenschaften der Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg|isbn=3-86010-627-9|location=Halle (Saale)|pages=94, 95|oclc=50208020}}</ref> They were traditionally a martial clan like the [[Maravar]]s,<ref>{{Cite book|last=Hiltebeitel, Alf |title=The cult of Draupadī|date=1988 |publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=0-226-34045-7|location=Chicago|page=13|oclc=16833684}}</ref> and constitute large part of the multi-ethnic [[Tamil Muslim]] community.<ref>{{Cite book |title=People of India: India's communities |date=1998 |publisher=Oxford University Press|editor=Singh, K. S. |isbn=0-19-563354-7|location=New Delhi, India |pages=3001–3002 |oclc=40849565}}</ref> Rowthers have also been found as Tamil [[polygar]]s, [[zamindar]]s and chieftains from the 16th to 18th centuries.<ref name=":7">{{Cite book|last=Hiltebeitel, Alf|title=The cult of Draupadī|date=1988–1991|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=0-226-34045-7|location=Chicago|pages=13–14, 102|oclc=16833684}}</ref> The traditional homelands of the Rowthers were in the interior of Southern [[Tamilakam]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=More |first=J. B. Prashant |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=11FYACaVySoC&dq=ravuttars++in+tamil+country&pg=PA13 |title=Muslim Identity, Print Culture, and the Dravidian Factor in Tamil Nadu |date=2004 |publisher=Orient Blackswan |isbn=978-81-250-2632-7 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":10">{{Cite book|last=Rājāmukamatu|first=Je|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HxpuAAAAMAAJ&q=ravuthars+heroic|title=Maritime History of the Coromandel Muslims: A Socio-historical Study on the Tamil Muslims 1750–1900|date=2005|publisher=Director of Museums, Government Museum|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Jairath |first=Vinod K. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MKIT9muBRuoC&q=Rowthers+caste&pg=PT107 |title=Frontiers of Embedded Muslim Communities in India |date=2013-04-03 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-136-19679-9 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Hussein |first=Asiff |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1kVuAAAAMAAJ&q=Rajputs |title=Sarandib: An Ethnological Study of the Muslims of Sri Lanka |date=2007 |publisher=Asiff Hussein |isbn=978-955-97262-2-7 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":4" /><ref name=":0" />


==Etymology==
== Etymology ==
The name ''Ravuttar'' (or ''Ravutta,'' ''Ravuthar'', ''Rahtore'', ''Rathaur'', ''Rowther'', ''Rawther'') is derived [[Sanskrit]] {{lang|sa|राजपुत्र}} (''[[International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration|Rājaputra]]''), in the sense of 'prince', 'nobleman', or 'horseman'. D.C. Sircar points out that ''Ravutta'' or ''Rahutta'', as a title, means a 'subordinate ruler'.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Rao|first=C. V. Ramachandra|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YowBAAAAMAAJ&q=Ravutta|title=Administration and Society in Medieval Āndhra (A.D. 1038-1538) Under the Later Eastern Gaṅgas and the Sūryavaṁśa Gajapatis|publisher=Mānasa Publications|year=1976|isbn=|location=|pages=88|language=en}}</ref> Some scholars claim that the name comes from [[Rathore]], a name common among the [[Muslim Rajputs]] of North India.<ref name=":4">{{Cite book|last=Bayly, Susan|title=Saints, goddesses, and kings : Muslims and Christians in South Indian Society, 1700-1900|date=1989|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=0-521-37201-1|location=Cambridge, England|page=98|oclc=70781802}}</ref> Historically, they are parts of clans traditionally holding positions as rulers and military folk. Ravuta means a high-ranking title King, lord, feudatory ruling chief.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MWN4SiqU9VQC&q=Ravutta|title=Itihas|date=1975|publisher=Director of State Archives, Government of Andhra Pradesh.|language=en}}</ref>
The name ''Ravuttar'' (or ''Ravutta'', ''Ravuthar'', ''Rowther'', ''Rawther'') means king, horseman, or cavalry warrior in the [[Tamil language|Tamil]] language and is derived from the word ''[[International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration|Rājaputra]]'', in the sense of 'prince', 'nobleman', or 'horseman'. D.C. Sircar points out that ''Ravutta'' or ''Rahutta'', as a title, means a 'subordinate ruler'.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Rao|first=C. V. Ramachandra|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YowBAAAAMAAJ&q=Ravutta|title=Administration and Society in Medieval Āndhra (A.D. 1038–1538) Under the Later Eastern Gaṅgas and the Sūryavaṁśa Gajapatis|publisher=Mānasa Publications|year=1976|page=88|language=en}}</ref> Some scholars claim that the name comes from [[Rathore (surname)|Rathore]], a name common among the [[Muslim Rajputs]] of North India.<ref name=":4">{{Cite book|last=Bayly, Susan|title=Saints, goddesses, and kings : Muslims and Christians in South Indian Society, 1700–1900|date=1989|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=0-521-37201-1|location=Cambridge, England|page=98|oclc=70781802}}</ref> Historically, they are parts of clans traditionally holding positions as rulers and military folk. '<nowiki/>''Ravuta''' means a high-ranking title King, lord, or feudatory ruling chief.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MWN4SiqU9VQC&q=Ravutta|title=Itihas|date=1975|publisher=Director of State Archives, Government of Andhra Pradesh.|language=en}}</ref>


They are also commonly known as '''<nowiki/>'Turukkar or thulukar'<nowiki/>''' meaning Turks owing to their Turkish Ancestry ([[Seljuk Dynasty]]). Their cavalry in medieval times was also known as '''<nowiki/>'Thulukapadai''''
''<nowiki/>'Rahut'<nowiki/>'' or '<nowiki/>''rowt'<nowiki/>'' means Warrior and '<nowiki/>''raya'<nowiki/>'' means captain.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FKg-AAAAcAAJ&q=rahut&pg=PA18|title=The Wars of the Rajas, Being the History of Anantapuram: Written in Telugu; in Or about the Years 1750–1810. Translated Into English by Charles Philip Brown. II|date=1853|publisher=Printed at the Christian knowledge society's Press|language=en}}</ref> '<nowiki/>''Rāvuttarayan'<nowiki/>'' or '<nowiki/>''Rāvuttakartan''' means high military chief of cavalry.
Rahut or Rowt means "'''''Warrior'''''", Raya means '''''"Captain"'''''<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FKg-AAAAcAAJ&q=rahut&pg=PA18|title=The Wars of the Rajas, Being the History of Anantapuram: Written in Telugu; in Or about the Years 1750 - 1810. Translated Into English by Charles Philip Brown. II|date=1853|publisher=Printed at the Christian knowledge society's Press|language=en}}</ref> ''Rāvuttarayan or Rāvuttakartan means High Military chief of Cavalry troops.''


== Demography ==
== Demography ==
Rawther are found all over [[Tamil Nadu]] and [[Kerala]]. Their mother tongue is [[Tamil language|Tamil]] and they use the Tamil script. Many of them are conversant in [[Urdu]] and familiar with the [[Perso-Arabic Script Code for Information Interchange|Perso-Arabic script]]. They follow the tenets of Islam and read the Quran and other religious texts in Arabic.<ref name="Singh 2007 707">{{Cite book|last1=Singh|first1=Ashok Pratap |title=Psychological implications in industrial performance |date=2007 |publisher=Global Vision Pub. House |first2=Patiraj |last2=Kumari |isbn=978-81-8220-200-9 |edition=1st |location=New Delhi, India |page=707 |oclc=295034951}}</ref>
Rowthers are largest Muslim community in Tamil Nadu. they found all over [[Tamil Nadu]] and in Central and Southern [[Kerala]]. Their mother tongue is [[Tamil language|Tamil]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=SUDHEER |first=NISHADA |date=12 September 2021 |title=The History of Ravuthers in Irinjalakuda: Life, Culture and History of Ravuthharangadi |url=http://dspace.christcollegeijk.edu.in:8080/jspui/bitstream/123456789/1346/11/CCATMHI015.pdf }}</ref> Many of them are familiar with the [[Perso-Arabic Script Code for Information Interchange|Perso-Arabic script]]. They adhere to the principles of [[Islam]], engaging in the study of the [[Quran]] and other religious texts in Arabic. Simultaneously, despite their commitment to their Islamic faith, they share a common pride with all [[Tamils]] in their rich Tamil language and vibrant cultural heritage.<ref name="Singh 2007 707">{{Cite book|last1=Singh|first1=Ashok Pratap |title=Psychological implications in industrial performance |date=2007 |publisher=Global Vision Pub. House |first2=Patiraj |last2=Kumari |isbn=978-81-8220-200-9 |edition=1st |location=New Delhi, India |page=707 |oclc=295034951}}</ref>


== Food and Dress ==
== Culture ==
They drink tea and coffee. They are prohibited from taking alcoholic drinks on religious grounds. The men wear [[Kandora]], Kurta, Dhoti, Shirt, and Cap, women wear [[Abaya]], Churidar and some may wear saree too. Women should wear modest yet in a proper manner.<ref name="Singh 2007 707"/>
Rowthers generally speak [[Tamil language|Tamil]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Parmar|first=Pooja|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ik3zCQAAQBAJ&dq=Rauther+tamil+culture&pg=PA44|title=Indigeneity and Legal Pluralism in India: Claims, Histories, Meanings|date=2015-07-20|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-107-08118-5|language=en}}</ref>


== Titles/Surname ==
They have their own distinct culinary traditions which notably include Rowther [[Biryani]].,<ref>{{cite web|last=Chatterjee|first=Priyadarshini|date=2020-05-23|title=The Indian Eid feast goes beyond biryani and sevaiyan|url=https://www.livemint.com/mint-lounge/features/a-very-indian-eid-11590161532702.html|access-date=2022-01-12|website=mint|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Jeshi|first=K.|date=2021-05-04|title=The myriad tastes and cultural influences of iftar|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/life-and-style/food/the-myriad-tastes-and-cultural-influences-of-iftar/article34481550.ece|access-date=2022-01-12|issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TjVuAAAAMAAJ&q=rawthers+|title=A Handbook of Kerala|date=2000|publisher=International School of Dravidian Linguistics|isbn=978-81-85692-31-9|language=en}}</ref> which is made of Jeera Samba rice, and desserts like ''Dumroot'', a cake-like dish made out of [[semolina]]. [[Lamb and mutton|Mutton]] is the preferred meat for special occasions like wedding events, house warming ceremonies, etc.{{Citation needed|date=July 2024}}
Ravuttar/Rawther/Rowther are common surnames among the group,<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MWN4SiqU9VQC&q=ravutta+prince|title=Itihas|date=1975|publisher=Director of State Archives, Government of Andhra Pradesh.|language=en}}</ref> but other titles often used are below:
 
Much like other Muslim communities, [[Drinking culture|Drinking Culture]] is non-existent due to Islam's stance regarding consumption of [[Khamr|alcohol]]. As is the consumption of [[pork]] and usage of products derived from pigs. Due to following Hanafi rulings, they also might abstain from consuming [[shellfish]] like prawns, shrimps, crabs, lobsters, etc.due to them being deemed ''[[Makruh]]'' in the Hanafi madhab.
 
The Elderly Men wear solid white [[Vēṭṭi|''Vēṭṭis'']] (unstitched) or solid white ''[[Lungi|Kayili]]'' (stitched) for formal occasions. For more informal settings, a colored and patterned (checkered or striped) ''kayili'' is worn, usually as [[Casual wear|loungewear]], regardless of age group and social standings. Religious Clerics or men who might be devout in their beliefs wear a ''[[Kurta|jubbah]],'' often paired with a ''kayili''. For special occasions, men might wear a [[waistcoat]]. Men usually get married wearing either a [[Suit|Western Suit]] or a [[Sherwani]]. They wear a white [[Taqiyah (cap)|skullcap]] as headgear, especially if they are devout. Other headgear include the [[Turban]] and the [[Fez (hat)|Fez]], which aren't worn as frequently as everyday headgear as how the white skullcap might be, usually reserved for special occasions.
 
Women's traditional attire is the ''[[sari]]'',<ref name="Singh 2007 707" /><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=தமிழ் முஸ்லிம்களின் பொங்கல் கொண்டாட்டம் கொண்டிருக்கும் சேதி |url=https://www.arunchol.com/kombai-anwar-article-on-tamil-muslims-pongal |access-date=2022-08-10 |website=அருஞ்சொல்}}</ref> serving as a [[Wedding dress|bridal wear]] and for other formal occasions. Elderly women usually wear the ''sari'' as an everyday attire, regardless of the occasion. Over the decades, both as formal and informal wear, as is the case with the rest of the Indian subcontinent, the [[Shalwar kameez|''Salwar Kameez'']] has become more prevalent, especially among working women and among the younger generations.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Osella |first1=Caroline |last2=Osella |first2=Filippo |date=June 2007 |title=Muslim Style in South India |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.2752/136270407X202790 |journal=Fashion Theory |language=en |volume=11 |issue=2–3 |pages=233–252 |doi=10.2752/136270407X202790 |issn=1362-704X}}</ref> The older generations used to wrap around an unstitched and white over-sheet by the name of ''<nowiki/>'Thupathi''' over their garments'','' as a marker of modesty and ''[[Purdah]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Facebook |url=https://www.facebook.com/IMCollectiveSG/posts/the-much-awaited-post-on-the-thuppati-or-duppati-is-here-before-the-burqa-made-i/138137807904280/ |access-date=2024-07-10 |website=www.facebook.com}}</ref> However, due to evolving trends and cultural exchange, nowadays, as Purdah, women wear the ''[[Abaya]]'', usually black in colour, paired with a [[headscarf]].
 
Both men and women might dye their hair (and beard, in the case of men) with [[Henna]], in compliance with a [[Sunnah|Prophetic tradition]]. Women also apply Henna as [[Mehndi|bridal makeup]] and for other special occasions.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hussain |first=Zainab |date=2022-10-30 |title=Henna: An Ode To Islamic Tradition |url=https://muslimgirl.com/henna-an-ode-to-islamic-tradition/ |access-date=2024-07-10 |website=Muslim Girl |language=en-US}}</ref> Applying [[Kohl (cosmetics)|''Surma'']] as an eyeliner is another Prophetic tradition, as it is also a local cultural practice, especially more prevalent among women. Men might refrain from wearing silk garments and gold accessories due to a religious dictate of gold and silk being [[Makruh|discouraged]] for men.
 
The community also celebrates a festival called Chandanakudam every year.{{citation needed|date=May 2024}}
 
== Titles/surname ==
'Ravuttar', 'Rawther', and 'Rowther' are common surnames among the group,<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MWN4SiqU9VQC&q=ravutta+prince|title=Itihas|date=1975|publisher=Director of State Archives, Government of Andhra Pradesh.|language=en}}</ref> but other titles often used are below:


* [[Sahib]]<ref>{{Cite book|last=Singh|first=K. S. |title=Communities, segments, synonyms, surnames and titles|date=1996|publisher=Anthropological Survey of India|isbn=0-19-563357-1|location=Delhi|oclc=35662663}}</ref>
* [[Sahib]]<ref>{{Cite book|last=Singh|first=K. S. |title=Communities, segments, synonyms, surnames and titles|date=1996|publisher=Anthropological Survey of India|isbn=0-19-563357-1|location=Delhi|oclc=35662663}}</ref>
* [[Khan (title)|Khan]]<ref>{{Cite book|last=General|first=India Office of the Registrar|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hrXUAAAAMAAJ&q=rawthers+khan|title=Census of India, 1961: Pondicherry state|date=1964|publisher=Manager of Publications|page=12|language=en}}</ref>
* [[Khan (title)|Khan]]<ref>{{Cite book|last=General|first=India Office of the Registrar|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hrXUAAAAMAAJ&q=rawthers+khan|title=Census of India, 1961: Pondicherry state|date=1964|publisher=Manager of Publications|page=12|language=en}}</ref>
*[[Nawab]]
* [[Pillai (Kerala title)|Pillai]]<ref>{{Cite book |title=A handbook of Kerala |date=2000–2002 |publisher=International School of Dravidian Linguistics |author=T. Madhava Menon |isbn=81-85692-27-0 |edition=1st |location=Thiruvananthapuram |page=830 |oclc=47863627}}</ref>
* [[Shah]]
* [[Shah]]
* '''Ambalam'''
* [[Pillai (surname)|Pillai/Pillay/Thampi/Thambi]]<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TjVuAAAAMAAJ&q=pillai+title+Rawthers |title=Many Rawthers in erstwhile Travancore used the title "Pillai/Pillay" in south kerala, A Handbook of Kerala |date=2000 |publisher=International School of Dravidian Linguistics |isbn=978-81-85692-31-9 |language=en}}</ref> ([[Travancore]] and [[Tamil Nadu]])
*'''Servai'''<ref>{{Cite book|last=Congress|first=Indian History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bQ9DAAAAYAAJ&q=Ravuthar+servai|title=Proceedings|date=2000|publisher=Indian History Congress|language=en}}</ref> Servaikkarar (In 1730s, '''''Ravuttan Servaikkarar''''' (‘Rauten Cheerwegaren’) was a high military ranked man in [[Ramnad estate|Ramnad Kingdom]].<ref>[https://www.academia.edu/8170165/The_Heirs_of_Vijayanagara_Court_Politics_in_Early_Modern_South_India_in_preparation_ The Heirs of Vijayanagara Court Politics in Early-Modern South India]
* Ambalam and Vijayan<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kamāl |first=Es Em |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XIIcAAAAIAAJ&q=%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D+%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D |title=Muslīmkaḷum Tamil̲akamum |date=1990 |publisher=Islāmiya Āyvu Paṇpāṭu Maiyam |language=ta}}</ref> ([[Ramnad estate|Ramnad Zamindhari Estate]])
* Servai<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bQ9DAAAAYAAJ&q=Ravuthar+servai|title=Proceedings|date=2000|publisher=Indian History Congress|language=en}}</ref> Servaikkarar (In 1730s, ''Ravuttan Servaikkarar'' (''Rauten Cheerwegaren'') was a high military ranked man in [[Ramnad estate|Ramnad Kingdom]].<ref>[https://www.academia.edu/8170165/The_Heirs_of_Vijayanagara_Court_Politics_in_Early_Modern_South_India_in_preparation_ The Heirs of Vijayanagara Court Politics in Early-Modern South India] Author ; Lennart Bes</ref>)


Author ; Lennart Bes</ref>)
== Identity and origins ==
Rowthers are Soldiers, officials, and literati attached to Muslim Court in the Deccan.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Richman|first=Paula|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TgqqQAsXOW0C&q=Ravuttars&pg=RA1-PA34|title=Extraordinary Child: Poems from a South Indian Devotional Genre|date=1997-10-01|publisher=University of Hawaii Press|isbn=978-0-8248-1063-4|language=en}}</ref> In described as a Rāuta, Rāutta or Rāvutta derived from Sanskrit ''Rajaputra'' and was often assumed by subordinate rulers.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QGPVAAAAMAAJ&q=Ravuta+title|title=Indian Studies|date=1967|publisher=Ramakrishna Maitra|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Aiyangar|first1=Sakkottai Krishnaswami|url=https://archive.org/details/cu31924024066742|title=South India and her Muhammadan Invaders|year=1921|publisher=Oxford University Press|pages=95–96|ref=Aiyangar}}</ref>


== Identity and origins ==
Later, Chola kings too invited Horse traders from the [[Seljuk Empire]] who belonged to the [[Hanafi]] school.<ref name="Abraham">{{Cite book|last=Abraham|first=George|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RK__DwAAQBAJ&q=rawther+muslim+turkish+cavalry&pg=PT404|title=Lanterns on the Lanes: Lit for Life…|date=2020-12-28|publisher=Notion Press|isbn=978-1-64899-659-7|language=en}}</ref> During 8th-10th centuries, an armada of Turkish traders settled in [[Madurai]], [[Thanjavur|Tanjore]], [[Tiruchirappalli|Tiruchirapalli]], [[Tharangambadi]], [[Nagapattinam]], [[Muthupet]], [[Koothanallur]] and [[Podakkudi]].<ref>{{Cite book |title=Pferde in Asian : Geschichte, Handel und Kultur |trans-title=Horses in Asia : history, trade, and culture |author=Fragner, Bert G. |author2=Kauz, Ralph |author3=Ptak, Roderich |author4=Schottenhammer, Angela |year=2009 |isbn=978-3-7001-6638-2 |location=Wien |pages=150–160 |oclc=1111579097}}</ref>
Ravuttars are Soldiers, officials and literati attached to Muslim Court in the Deccan.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Richman|first=Paula|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TgqqQAsXOW0C&q=Ravuttars&pg=RA1-PA34|title=Extraordinary Child: Poems from a South Indian Devotional Genre|date=1997-10-01|publisher=University of Hawaii Press|isbn=978-0-8248-1063-4|language=en}}</ref> In many of the inscription of king [[Anangabhima Deva III|King Anangabhima III]] himself and his successors, In Ganga Monarch described as a Rāuta, Rāutta or Rāvutta is derived from Sanskrit Rajaputra (literally a "Prince" but really title of Nobility) and was often assumed by Subordinate Rulers.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QGPVAAAAMAAJ&q=Ravuta+title|title=Indian Studies|date=1967|publisher=Ramakrishna Maitra|language=en}}</ref>


The [[Cholas]], who dominated Tamil Nadu for over two centuries (approximately 950 AD to 1200 AD) waned, and [[Pandya]] kings had the upper hand for the next century (approximately 1200 AD to 1300 AD). King [[Maravarman Kulasekara Pandyan I]] (1268 - 1310) had two sons: Jatavarman Sundara Pandyan III, who was by the king's wife, and Jatavarman Veera Pandyan II, who was by a mistress. The king proclaimed that Veera Pandyan would succeed him. This enraged Sundara Pandyan, who assassinated his father and became king in 1310.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Aiyangar|first1=Sakkottai Krishnaswami|url=https://archive.org/details/cu31924024066742|title=South India and her Muhammadan Invaders|year=1921|publisher=Oxford University Press|pages=95–96|ref=Aiyangar}}</ref> Some local chieftains in the kingdom swore allegiance to the younger brother Veera Pandyan and a civil war broke out.
These new settlements were now added to the Rowther community. There are some [[Anatolian languages|Anatolian]] and [[Safavid Iran|Safavid]] inscriptions found in a wide area from [[Thanjavur|Tanjore]] to [[Thiruvarur]] and in many villages. These inscriptions are seized by the [[Government Museum, Chennai|Madras Museum]]. Some Turkish inscriptions were also stolen from the Big Mosque of [[Koothanallur]] in 1850.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Arunachalam, S. |title=The history of the pearl fishery of the Tamil coast |date=2011 |publisher=Pavai Publications |isbn=978-81-7735-656-4 |page=96 |oclc=793080699}}</ref>


Sundara Pandyan was defeated and he fled the country. He sought help from the far-off northern ruler Sultan [[Ala-ud-din Khilji]], who was ruling much of northern India from Delhi. At that time, his army under General [[Malik Kafur]] was in the south at Dvarasamudra (far to the north of Tamil Nadu). Khilji agreed to help Sundara Pandyan and ordered Malik Kafur's army to march to Tamil Nadu. With Sundara Pandyan's assistance, this Muslim army from the north entered [[Tamil Nadu]] in 1311. Many historians believe that Malik Kafur, who was based in Dvarasamudra at that time, was not planning to march south all the way to Tamil Nadu, and that, but for Sundara Pandyan's request to Sultan Ala-ud-din Khilji, he would never have invaded Tamil Nadu. Thus the first invasion of Tamil Nadu from Delhi was a direct result of the internal quarrel in the Pandyan royal family. Once inside Tamil Nadu and his army well entrenched with not much opposition, Malik Kafur turned on [[Sundara Pandyan]] also, whom he came to help. The latter fled [[Madurai]] to southern Pandya Nadu. Sultan Ala-ud-din Khilji and Malik Kafur never intended to conquer and hold Tamil Nadu as part of the Delhi Sultanate; he did not occupy Tamil Nadu but turned back north. (Sundara Pandyan's uncle Vikrama Pandyan did win a couple of battles against Malik Kafur but many historians do not believe it to be the reason for Malik Kafur leaving Tamil Nadu.)
There are two factions of Rowthers in Tamil Nadu, Tamils cavalry warriors covers majority of Tamil Nadu while Seljuk Turkic clan remains in [[Chola Nadu|Delta districts]] and some [[Pandya Nadu|south tamilnadu]] districts and [[Kerala]].<ref name="Abraham" /> Both now Tamil and Turkish Hanafi expanded with population and some circumstantial evidence in historical sources that the Rowthers are related to [[Vellalar]] converts.<ref name=":6">{{Cite book|author=Tschacher, Torsten |title=Islam in Tamilnadu : varia |date=2001 |publisher=Institut für Indologie und Südasienwissenschaften der Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg |isbn=3-86010-627-9|location=Halle (Saale)|page=99|oclc=50208020}}</ref> Rowthers worked in the administration of the Vijayanagar Nayaks.<ref name=":5">{{Cite book |title=Madras, Chennai : a 400-year record of the first city of modern India|date=2008|publisher=Palaniappa Brothers |editor=Muthiah, S. |isbn=978-81-8379-468-8|edition=1st |location=Chennai|page=140|oclc=419265511}}</ref>


Before invasion of Moghul, Chola King invited Turks of the [[Seljuk Empire]] the Fractions of [[Hanafi]] school (Known as Rowther in South India)<ref name="Abraham">{{Cite book|last=Abraham|first=George|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RK__DwAAQBAJ&q=rawther+muslim+turkish+cavalry&pg=PT404|title=Lanterns on the Lanes: Lit for Life…|date=2020-12-28|publisher=Notion Press|isbn=978-1-64899-659-7|language=en}}</ref> for Horse trade link in 8th-10th century. The biggest armada of Turks traders and missionaries settled in [[Tharangambadi]], [[Nagapattinam]], Karaikal, Muthupet, [[Koothanallur]] and Podakkudi.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Pferde in Asian : Geschichte, Handel und Kultur |trans-title=Horses in Asia : history, trade, and culture |author=Fragner, Bert G. |author2=Kauz, Ralph |author3=Ptak, Roderich |author4=Schottenhammer, Angela |year=2009 |isbn=978-3-7001-6638-2 |location=Wien |pages=150–160 |oclc=1111579097}}</ref> Turkish Rowthers were unable to convert Hindus in Tanjore regions since Hindus were very stubborn in their belief, so the Turkish mission and traders settled in this area's with their armada and expanded to a moderate size of Islam community. These new settlements were now added to the Rowther community. Hanafi fractions have a mix of fair and pale complexions because they were more closely connected with the Turkish than others in the South, Rowther women wear [[Purdah]] same as Turks and Iranian compared to Marakkars ( sea traders) who just wear sarees. There are some Turkish Anatolian and Safavid Inscriptions found in a wide area from Tanjore to Thiruvarur and in many villages. These inscriptions are seized by Madras Museum and are available for public viewing. Contact Archeologic Division at Madras Museum, for viewing and further research. Some Turkish inscriptions were also stolen from the Big Mosque of Koothanallur in 1850. And Last Pandya kingdom great Pandya Kulasekara, the agent of the Horse trading [[:ta:செய்யிது சமாலுதீன்|Pandya Sultan Jamaludin]] (Horse Trader-Rowther), Governor of Shiraz, held the chief place in the region. He occupied, according to Muslim historians, a place even in the council of Pandyas.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Arunachalam, S. |title=The history of the pearl fishery of the Tamil coast |date=2011 |publisher=Pavai Publications |isbn=978-81-7735-656-4 |page=96 |oclc=793080699}}</ref>
=== Social system: kinship ===
The Rowthers were an [[Endogamy|endogamous group]]. But like all modern societies, they have adapted to modern norms and rituals.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Kumari|first=Ashok Pratap Singh& Patiraj|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MHNsxbiEM4UC&q=rawther&pg=PA707|title=Psychological Implications in Industrial Performance|date=2007|publisher=Global Vision Publishing House|isbn=978-81-8220-200-9|language=en}}</ref>


There are two factions of Rowthers in Tamil Nadu, Sultan Ala-ud-din Khilji's (Moghul) clan descendants Turkish Sultans and their Rathore (Rajputs) warriors covers majority of Tamil Nadu while Seljuk Turkic clans remains in Tharangambadi, Nagapattinam, Karaikal, Muthupet, Koothanallur and Podakkudi.<ref name="Abraham"/> Both now Moghul and Turkish Hanafi expanded with Population and some circumstantial evidence in historical sources that the Rowthers are part related to [[Maravar]] converts.<ref name=":6">{{Cite book|author=Tschacher, Torsten |title=Islam in Tamilnadu : varia |date=2001 |publisher=Institut für Indologie und Südasienwissenschaften der Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg |isbn=3-86010-627-9|location=Halle (Saale)|pages=99|oclc=50208020}}</ref> Ravuttars worked in the administration of the Vijayanagar Nayaks.<ref name=":5">{{Cite book |title=Madras, Chennai : a 400-year record of the first city of modern India|date=2008|publisher=Palaniappa Brothers |editor=Muthiah, S.  |isbn=978-81-8379-468-8|edition=1st |location=Chennai|pages=140|oclc=419265511}}</ref>
==== Kinship terms ====
{| class="wikitable"
!''English''
!''Rowther's Tamil/Malayalam''
|-
|''Father''
|''Aththaa or Atthaa''/ Vappichi
|-
|''Mother''
|''Amma''/''Buva''
|-
|''Elder Brother''
|''Annan''
|-
|''Younger Brother''
|''Thambi''
|-
|''Elder Sister''
|''Akka''
|-
|''Younger Sister''
|''Thangai''/''Thangachi''
|-
|''Paternal Grandfather''
|''Atthatha/Ayya/Appa/Radha''
|-
|''Paternal Grandmother''
|''Aththamma/Radhima'' or ''Thathima''
|-
|''Maternal Grandfather''
|''Ayya/Appa or Ammatha/Nanna''
|-
|''Maternal Grandmother''
|''Mooma/Ammama/Nannimma''
|-
|''Father's Elder Brother/ Husband of Mother's Elder Sister''
|''Periyatha'' or ''Periyavaapa''
|-
|''Mother's Elder Sister / Wife of Father's Elder Brother''
|''Periyamma'' or ''Periyabuva''
|-
|''Father's Younger Brother''
|''Chaacha/Chinnaththa''
|-
|''Mother's Younger Sister''
|''Khalamma/Chinnamma/Chiththi''
|-
|''Maternal Uncle''
|''Mama''
|-
|''Maternal Aunt''
|''Maami''
|-
|''Cousins''
|''Machan & Machi''
|-
|''Elder Brother's Wife''
|''Madhini/Machi''
|}


== Social System:Kinship ==
== Rites and rituals ==
The Rowthers are an [[Endogamy|endogamous group]]. "The concern is for matching spouses who share the same economic backgrounds and the same cultural and particularly religious tradition. Specific religious and social practices vary widely among the different Muslim Tamil sub-divisions and attitudes about what is not vary too. Nevertheless, in cities, inter-marriages do occur, although they rare" (Mines, 1973).<ref>{{Cite book|last=Kumari|first=Ashok Pratap Singh& Patiraj|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MHNsxbiEM4UC&q=rawther&pg=PA707|title=Psychological Implications in Industrial Performance|date=2007|publisher=Global Vision Publishing House|isbn=978-81-8220-200-9|language=en}}</ref>
=== Marriage ===
Nevertheless, in cities, inter-marriages do occur, although they are rare" (Vines, 1973). cross-cousins are potential spouses. Remembering the community's historic valor, during marriage ceremonies, the bridegroom is conducted in a horseback procession.<ref name=":10" />


== Ata/Atha - A Rowther's Kinship Term ==
=== Occupational activities ===
The Rowthers of Tamil Nadu and Kerala to this day address their fathers as Atha (அத்தா). 'Ata' or 'Atha' meaning father' in Turkish<ref>{{Cite book|last=Kriza|first=János|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PUUKAAAAIAAJ&q=atha+&pg=PA318|title=The Folk-tales of the Magyars|date=1889|publisher=Folk-lore Society|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VZ1LAQAAMAAJ&q=atha&pg=PA318|title=Publications of the Folk-lore Society|date=1889|publisher=Folk-lore Society|language=en}}</ref> and other Turkic languages.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Yule|first=Sir Henry|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H5EXAQAAMAAJ&q=atha+turkish|title=Cathay and the Way Thither: Being a Collection of Medieval Notices of China|date=1913|publisher=Hakluyt Society|language=en}}</ref>  ''''Atatürk'''<nowiki/>' in Turkish means 'Father of the Turkish Nation', the title given to [[Mustafa Kemal Atatürk|Mustafa kemal]], the first President of Turkey. However, in modern Turkish, it means 'ancestor/forefather'. The Persian loanword 'baba' is used predominantly by the Urdu/Hindi speaking Muslims and the word 'Ata' or 'Atha' is seldom used by this group of Muslims to address their fathers. What is more interesting is that the word in Turkic/Turkish is pronounced exactly the same way as pronounced by the Rowthers.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Elia|first=Pasquale M. d'|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dalFAAAAIAAJ&q=atha+turkish+father|title=The Catholic Missions in China: A Short Sketch of the History of the Catholic Church in China from the Earliest Records to Our Own Days|date=1934|publisher=Commercial Press, Limited|language=en}}</ref>
Traditionally the Rowthers were [[landlord]]s and landowning community (historically mentioned as Rowthers were brave cavaliers and early Muslim horse-traders in Tamil literature<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zIDWAAAAMAAJ&q=Horse+trader|title=Special Volume on Conservation of Stone Objects|date=2003|publisher=Commissioner of Museums, Government Museum|language=en}}</ref>), but today, they deal with various trade and occupations, mostly being [[Self-employment|self-employed]]. They deal in gemstones, gold, textiles, and real estate and participate in the [[Foodservice|food, beverage, and hospitality]] industry, construction work, and general merchandising. Some profess traditionally [[White-collar worker|white-collar professions]] like doctors, engineers, advocates, civil servants, accountants, and teachers.<ref name=":9" />


== Family ==
=== Administration and justice ===
Extended families are more frequent among the Rawther than nuclear families. A joking relationship exists between a man and his wife's brothers and sisters. Both sons and daughters inherit property equally. Rowthers upbring and treat their both male and female child equally.<ref name="Singh 2007 707"/>
There is traditional caste council or panchayat among the Rowthers. In Kerala Rawther Welfare Society (Rawther federation of India) and also Learned and Elderly individuals, and Religious Clerics act as advisors.<ref name=":9">{{Cite book|last1=Singh|first1=Ashok Pratap |title=Psychological implications in industrial performance |date=2007 |publisher=Global Vision Pub. House |first2=Patiraj |last2=Kumari |isbn=978-81-8220-200-9 |edition=1st |location=New Delhi, India |page=708 |oclc=295034951}}</ref>


== Rites and Rituals ==
=== Religion ===
'''''Birth:''''' The [[Valaikaapu|valaikaapu ceremony]] is observed among the Rawther during the ninth month of pregnancy. The husband's relatives bring bangles, a sari, sweets, and flowers for the pregnant woman. A feast of a child, an elderly person utters the azan (call for prayer) in the child's ear. The naming ceremony is held on the third, seventh, or fortieth day. On the sixth day, Kalima is pronounced, and the child is made to taste honey. The Aqiqa (tonsuring ceremony) may be held on the fortieth day after birth or some time later. The child starts reading the Quran at the age of five or six and after the completion of the Quran, sweets are distributed to friends and relatives. The ustad (teacher) is given gifts as a mark of respect. This ceremony is called the Hadiya. The khatna (circumcision) is a compulsory rite. This ritual performed before a boy attains the age of twelve. A Rawther girl, on attaining menarche, is kept in seclusion. On the seventh day, she is ceremonially bathed to terminate pollution and is accepted back into the house. For seven days after menstruation, a woman has to avoid praying, fasting, and reading the Quran. This is followed during the lifetime of a woman.<ref name=":9">{{Cite book|last1=Singh|first1=Ashok Pratap |title=Psychological implications in industrial performance |date=2007 |publisher=Global Vision Pub. House |first2=Patiraj |last2=Kumari |isbn=978-81-8220-200-9 |edition=1st |location=New Delhi, India |page=708 |oclc=295034951}}</ref>
Rowthers belong to the [[Sunni Islam|Sunni]] sect of Islam and subscribe to the [[Hanafi]] school of jurisprudence. They follow the five basic tenets of Islam, which are:


== Marriage ==
# Belief in the [[Shahada]]h,
Nevertheless, in cities, inter-marriages do occur, although they are rare" (Vines, 1973). Parallel and cross-cousins are potential spouses. Earlier, marriages were performed soon after a girl attained puberty, but now girls get married between 20 and 22 and boys between 22 and 25. Most marriages are negotiated by the elders. Monogamy is the norm.<ref name=":9"/> They remember their historic '''Heroic Valour''' during their marriage ceremonies, where the bridegroom is conducted into the procession on a Horse, but this process is fast disappearing.<ref name=":10" />
# Offering mandatory [[Salah|Prayers]] five times a day, at specific and prescribed time periods,
# Observing fast during the month of [[Ramadan]],
# Giving charity ([[Zakah]]) to the poor, and
# Going on the [[Haj]]j pilgrimage, once in a person's lifetime, if said person has the means to do so (financially, physically, or otherwise).


== Occupational Activities ==
Their adherence to the [[Hanafi school|Hanafi madhab]]
Traditionally the Rowthers were [[Landlord|Landlords]] (Historically mentioned as Rowthers are Brave Cavaliers and Early Muslim Horse-traders in tamil Literature<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zIDWAAAAMAAJ&q=Horse+trader|title=Special Volume on Conservation of Stone Objects|date=2003|publisher=Commissioner of Museums, Government Museum|language=en}}</ref>) but now they are engaged in various occupations, mostly their own businesses. They deal in gems, gold, textiles, and real estate and participate in the industry, construction work, and general merchandising. Some are professionals, such as doctors, engineers, and lawyers, and some are teachers.<ref name=":9"/>


== Administration and Justice ==
Being Hanafi adherents, Rowthers tend to subscribe to the [[Deobandi movement]], which is a reformist movement that arose during the 19th century in North India. The aim of this movement is to eradicate [[Bid'ah|religious innovations]] and other practices that the movement might deem 'heretical' or 'deviant', all of which might have crept within the subcontinent's Muslims and their practices over the centuries.
There is no traditional caste council or panchayat as such among the Rawthers. Learned and elderly persons act as advisers. The Rawther have an association which preaches against dowry.  


== Religion and Culture ==
In contrast, they can also be part of the [[Barelvi movement]] (''Sunnat Jamaath''), which also began in North India during the late 19th century. The Barelvi movement emphasise more on retaining the centuries of religious traditions and practices, and encourages visiting the resting place ([[Dargah]]s) of Awliyas and seeking [[Tawassul|intercession]].
The Rawther belong to the Sunni sect of Islam and the [[Hanafi]] school. They follow the five basic tenets of Islam, which are, reciting the Kalima, offering namaz (prayer) five times a day, observing rosa (fasting) during the month of Ramzan, giving zakah (charity) to the poor, and going on the Haj pilgrimage to Mecca and Madina. The two major festivals celebrated are Ramzan and Bakr-id.<ref name=":9" />


== Inter Community Relation ==
The major festivals celebrated are [[Puthandu]], [[Pongal (festival)|Pongal]], [[Eid al-Fitr|Eid-Ul-Fitr]], Chandanakudam, and [[Eid al-Adha|Bakr-id]].<ref name=":9" />
The Rawther share a ritual and social linkage with other sects of Muslims. They mix freely with their neighbors and friends belonging to other communities, and exchange food and sweets during festivals. They share wells and water sources with other communities. They share mosques and burial grounds with others belonging to the Sunni sect.<ref name=":9" />


== Closeness in Tamil inscriptions and literature ==
== Closeness in Tamil inscriptions and literature ==
The role of the Rowthers is very much in the religious harmony and social cohesion of Tamil Nadu<ref name=":8">{{Cite news|last=Anwar|first=Kombai S.|date=2018-06-07|title=A secular temple in Kongu heartland|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/society/history-and-culture/a-secular-temple-in-the-heart-of-kongu-nadu/article24103046.ece|access-date=2020-12-23|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
The well-known legend of the [[Shiva]] saint [[Manikkavacakar]] of the 9th century is connected with the purchase of horses for the Pandya king. In that, the god Shiva who appeared in disguise as a horse trader to protect the saint and he is called as Rowther. Also, the Tamil god [[Kartikeya|Murugan]] is praised by saint [[Arunagirinathar]] as ''சூர் கொன்ற ராவுத்தனே'' (Oh Ravuttan, who vanquished Sooran) and ''மாமயிலேரும் ராவுத்தனே'' (Oh Ravuttan, who rides on the great peacock) in his Kanthar Alangaram ([https://ta.wikisource.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D கந்தர் அலங்காரம்]) and in Kanthar Venba (கந்தர் வெண்பா).<ref>{{cite web|title=மயிலேறும் இராவுத்தன்|url=https://www.hindutamil.in/news/supplements/anantha-jothi/562251-lord-muruga.html|access-date=2021-04-19|website=Hindu Tamil Thisai|date=2 July 2020 |language=ta}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=கமால்|first=எஸ் எம்|title=முஸ்லீம்களும் தமிழகமும்/ராவுத்தர் - விக்கிமூலம்|url=https://ta.wikisource.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B4%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D/%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D|access-date=2021-04-19|website=ta.wikisource.org|language=ta}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |title=Madras, Chennai: a 400-year record of the first city of modern India |date=2008 |publisher=Palaniappa Brothers |author=Muthiah, S. |isbn=978-81-8379-468-8 |edition=1st |location=Chennai |page=140 |oclc=419265511}}</ref>


The well-known legend of the [[Shiva|Siva]] Saint [[Manikkavacakar|Manikkavasagar]] of the 9th century A.D. is connected with the purchase of horses for the Pandya king. In that the Lord Siva who appeared in disguise as a horseman to protect Manickavasagar and he is called by the name ''''Rawthar'''‘ [[Kartikeya|Lord Muruga]] is praised as ''''Rawthar'''' by saint [[Arunagirinathar]]. Thus the term Rawther was also being used as a title of respect and honor.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Rājāmukamatu|first=Je|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HxpuAAAAMAAJ&q=rawthar|title=Maritime History of the Coromandel Muslims: A Socio-historical Study on the Tamil Muslims 1750-1900|date=2005|publisher=Director of Museums, Government Museum|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Cōmale|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uYkeAAAAMAAJ&q=%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D+%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A3%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D|title=Maturai Māvaṭṭam|date=1980|publisher=Kastūrpā Kānti Kan̲yā Kurukulam, Veḷiyīṭṭup Pakuti|language=ta}}</ref>
This shows the religious harmony of Rowthers and [[Shaivism|Saivites]] in early [[Tamilakam]] till now.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Rājāmukamatu|first=Je|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HxpuAAAAMAAJ&q=rawthar|title=Maritime History of the Coromandel Muslims: A Socio-historical Study on the Tamil Muslims 1750–1900|date=2005|publisher=Director of Museums, Government Museum|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Cōmale|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uYkeAAAAMAAJ&q=%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D+%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A3%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D|title=Maturai Māvaṭṭam|date=1980|publisher=Kastūrpā Kānti Kan̲yā Kurukulam, Veḷiyīṭṭup Pakuti|language=ta}}</ref><ref name=":8">{{Cite news|last=Anwar|first=Kombai S.|date=2018-06-07|title=A secular temple in Kongu heartland|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/society/history-and-culture/a-secular-temple-in-the-heart-of-kongu-nadu/article24103046.ece|access-date=2020-12-23|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>


Initially , most horses and warriors were drawn from [[Persia]] and [[Central Asia]] . For the Indian population the most prominent feature of these warriors was their distinctive religion or ethnic identity but their military and equine expertise , which was always for hire . Apart from being loosely labelled '''Muslims''' or '''Turks ( Turushka ) ,''' these mounted men were known as '''Ashvapatis''' ( lords of horses ) or '''Irauttars''' (Turukkar) '''- இராவுத்தர்''' ( horsemen ).<ref>{{Cite book|last=Gommans|first=Jos|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HkpnDwAAQBAJ&dq=irauttars&pg=PT49|title=The Indian Frontier: Horse and Warband in the Making of Empires|date=2017-12-22|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-351-36356-3|language=en}}</ref>
There were Tamil Rowthers working in the administration of the [[Vijayanagara Empire]] in the Khurram Kunda. The inscription details the dedication of the land by the Rowther to a [[Kartikeya|Murugan]] temple in Cheyyur.
[[File:Murugan Ravuttan.jpg|thumb|Arunagirinathar Tamil poet say Murugan as Ravuttar]]
[[File:Sri Muthallu Rawother.JPG|thumb|Muththal Ravuttar Deity]]
Muththaal Ravuttar (meaning Muslim Rowther is a Prakrit derivation from ''raja-putra'') figures as Tamil male deities who protect Tamil land.<ref name=":7" />


The Tamil Muslim Ravuttars working in the administration of the [[Vijayanagara Empire|Vijayanagar nayak]]  somewhere In the Khurram kunda.The inscription details the dedication of the land by the Rowther Muslim to near a Murugan temple in Cheyyur. The inscription not only reiterates the fact that Ravuttars (Rowthers) Muslim in the part of the Vijayanagar administration, but also that their relationship went beyond religion, As can be seen by the donation to the temple. Much before the Tamil Muslim Ravuttars made the Contribution to the Murugan temple,
== Modernisation ==
[[File:Murugan Ravuttan.jpg|thumb|Arunagirinathar Tamil poet say Murugan as Ravuttar (Muslim Community title)]]
Rowthers are one of the most prominent Muslim groups in South India, making their mark in various fields, from jurisprudence to Entertainment.<ref name=":9" />
 
[[Arunagirinathar]], the 15th Century Tamil poet, calls [[Lord Murugan]] as 'soor kondra ravuttane! - சூர்க்கொன்ற ராவுத்தனே! - Oh Ravuttan, who vanquised the Soor/Demon!' and 'maamayilerum ravuttane! - மாமயிலேறும் ராவுத்தனே! - Oh Ravuttan, who rides on the great peacock' in his Kanthar Alangaram ([https://ta.wikisource.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D கந்தர் அலங்காரம்]) and in Kanthar Venba (கந்தர் வெண்பா).<ref>{{Cite web|title=மயிலேறும் இராவுத்தன்|url=https://www.hindutamil.in/news/supplements/anantha-jothi/562251-lord-muruga.html|access-date=2021-04-19|website=Hindu Tamil Thisai|language=ta}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=கமால்|first=எஸ் எம்|title=முஸ்லீம்களும் தமிழகமும்/ராவுத்தர் - விக்கிமூலம்|url=https://ta.wikisource.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B4%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D/%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D|access-date=2021-04-19|website=ta.wikisource.org|language=ta}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |title=Madras, Chennai : a 400-year record of the first city of modern India |date=2008 |publisher=Palaniappa Brothers |author=Muthiah, S. |isbn=978-81-8379-468-8 |edition=1st |location=Chennai |page=140 |oclc=419265511}}</ref>
 
== Mutthal Ravuttar ==
[[File:Rowther warrior god.jpg|thumb|Muttal Ravuttar statue]]


Muttal Ravuttar is that it is specifically as a Muslim that he figures as a [[kshatriya]] who"Protect the field" of the kingdom who ultimately Hindu ideal the Draupathi cult espouses with these considerations in mind, we may now look more closely at the anomalous figure: First at the god himself and then myths, iconography, and rituals that define his relation to Draupathi and his role in her cult.
The community gives importance to education. Due to Globalization and [[Economic liberalisation in India|the 1991 Economic Reforms]], a lot of societal and cultural shifts have taken place. The aftermath has resulted in women being more active participants of the workforce and an increase in their participation in higher education and academia.<ref>{{Cite web |title=More Muslim Women Enrolled in Higher Edu Institutes Than Muslim Men: AISHE Report |url=https://thewire.in/education/more-muslim-women-in-higher-education-than-muslim-men-aishe-report |access-date=2024-07-11 |website=The Wire |language=en}}</ref> Grants and scholarships have been established by numerous Muslim minority institutions to make education easier for women to seek and access. Thus, women today, are encouraged and emphasised to pursue and excel in secular education as much as it might be encouraged for them to excel in religious education.


As we noted in chapter 3, The Muttal Ravuttar derives its Second element from a term meaning Muslim Rowther (Cavalier, Horseman, or trooper). The term comes from Urdu Raut, apparently via a Prakrit derivation from 'raja-putra' (Prince).<ref name=":7" />
Due to easier and better access to religious resources and more religious awareness, the community has also gradually begun to allow women to pray in [[Mosque|masjids]], particularly during the occasions of [[Friday prayer|Jummah]] and [[Eid prayers|Eid]], and make them more active participants in masjid activities (hosting seminars, workshops, and classes). Historically, in the Indian subcontinent, due to societal and cultural reasons, more so than any religious mandate, women were discouraged to attend, pray, and participate in masjids.<ref>{{Cite news |author=Staff Reporter |date=2019-01-08 |title='No ban on women entering Vavar mosque' |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/no-ban-on-women-entering-vavar-mosque/article25941783.ece |access-date=2024-07-11 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2016-04-19 |title=Juma Masjid to be opened for women |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/juma-masjid-to-be-opened-for-women/article8496761.ece |access-date=2024-07-11 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Aafaq |first=Zafar |date=2022-12-16 |title=For Muslim women in India, mosques remain largely out of bound – even without entry bans |url=https://scroll.in/article/1039610/for-women-jama-masjids-temporary-entry-ban-is-a-reminder-of-their-exclusion-from-mosques-in-india |access-date=2024-07-11 |website=Scroll.in |language=en}}</ref>
 
== Modernisation ==
The Rowthers give importance to education. They support woman empowerment. Higher education and many have taken up great jobs and contributed much to the society. [[Fathima Beevi]], India's first woman Supreme Court judge,a prominent Rowther family in [[Pathanamthitta district|Pathanamthitta]] (Kerala).They have access to all civic amenities.<ref name=":9"/>


== Notable persons ==
== Notable people ==
{{Main|List of Rowthers}}
{{Main|List of Rowthers}}


==See also==
== See also ==
*[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seljuk_dynasty Seljuk Dynasty]
*[[Tamils|Tamil people]]
*
*[[Indo-Turkic people]]
*[[Maravar]]s
*[[Carnatic Sultanate|Nawab of Arcot]]
*[[M. Muhammad Ismail|Quaid-e-Millath]]
*[[M. Muhammad Ismail|Quaid-e-Millath]]
*[[Tamil muslim]]
*[[Tamil Muslim]]s
*[[Mukkulathor]]


==References==
== References ==
{{reflist}}
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}


== Bibliography ==
== Bibliography ==
*J. P. Mulliner. Rise of Islam in India.  University of Leeds chpt. 9. Page 215
*J. P. Mulliner. ''Rise of Islam in India''.  University of Leeds chpt. 9. Page 215
*{{Cite book|author=Hussein, Asiff |title=Sarandib : an ethnological study of the Muslims of Sri Lanka|date=2007|publisher=Asiff Hussein|isbn=978-955-97262-2-7|edition=1st |location=Nugegoda|oclc=132681713}}
*{{Cite book|author=Hussein, Asiff |title=Sarandib : an ethnological study of the Muslims of Sri Lanka|date=2007|publisher=Asiff Hussein|isbn=978-955-97262-2-7|edition=1st |location=Nugegoda|oclc=132681713}}
*{{Cite book |title=People of India. Tamil Nadu|date=1997|publisher=Affiliated East-West Press [for] Anthropological Survey of India|editor=Singh, K. S. |editor2=Thirumalai, R. |editor3=Manoharan, S. |isbn=81-85938-88-1|location=Madras|pages=1259–1262|oclc=48502905}}
*{{Cite book |title=People of India. Tamil Nadu|date=1997|publisher=Affiliated East-West Press [for] Anthropological Survey of India|editor=Singh, K. S. |editor2=Thirumalai, R. |editor3=Manoharan, S. |isbn=81-85938-88-1|location=Madras|pages=1259–1262|oclc=48502905}}
*{{Cite book |title=Kerala|date=2002|publisher=Affiliated East-West Press [for] Anthropological Survey of India|editor=Singh, K. S. |editor2=Madhava Menon, T. |editor3=Tyagi, D. |editor4=Kulirani, B. Francis |isbn=81-85938-99-7|location=New Delhi|pages=1306|oclc=50814919}}
*{{Cite book |title=Kerala|date=2002|publisher=Affiliated East-West Press [for] Anthropological Survey of India|editor=Singh, K. S. |editor2=Madhava Menon, T. |editor3=Tyagi, D. |editor4=Kulirani, B. Francis |isbn=81-85938-99-7|location=New Delhi|page=1306|oclc=50814919}}
* Mines, Mattison. ''Social Stratification among the Muslim Tamils in Tamil Nadu, South India'', Imtiaz Ahmad, ed, Caste and Social Stratification among the Muslims, Manohar book service, New Delhi, 1973.
* Mines, Mattison. ''Social Stratification among the Muslim Tamils in Tamil Nadu, South India'', Imtiaz Ahmad, ed, Caste, and Social Stratification among the Muslims, Manohar book service, New Delhi, 1973.
* Nanjundayya, H.V. and lyer, LK.A, 1931, ''The Mysore Tribes and Castes, IV'', The Mysore University. Mysore.
* Nanjundayya, H.V. and lyer, LK.A, 1931, ''The Mysore Tribes and Castes, IV'', The Mysore University. Mysore.
* Thurston, E., ''Castes and Tribes of Southern India'', Government Press, Madras, 1909.
* Thurston, E., ''Castes and Tribes of Southern India'', Government Press, Madras, 1909.
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{{Indian Muslim}}
{{Indian Muslim}}


[[Category:History of Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Muslim communities lists]]
[[Category:Turkish communities outside Turkey]]
[[Category:Muslim communities of India]]
[[Category:Muslim communities of India]]
[[Category:Social groups of Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Social groups of Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Indian people of Turkish descent]]
[[Category:South Indian communities]]
[[Category:Turkic peoples of Asia]]

Latest revision as of 03:48, 14 March 2026


Rowther
இராவுத்தர்/ராவுத்தர்/റാവുത്തർ
Tamil Muslims of Madras presidency in 1830
Regions with significant populations
Tamilnadu, Kerala, Karnataka, Maritime Southeast Asia, Arabian Peninsula, Western Europe, North America
Languages
Tamil (Mother Tongue) • Malayalam
Religion
Islam (Sect – Sunni, Madhab – Majority Hanafi)
Related ethnic groups
Tamil People • Tamil Muslims • Dravidian

The Rowther (Template:Ipa, also known as Irauttar, Rawther, Ravuttar, Ravutta, Ravuthar, Ravuthamar) are a distinct Muslim community living largely in the south Indian states of Tamil Nadu and Kerala.[1] They are a native warrior clan population who converted to Islam under the influence of saints like Nathar Shah (Nathar Wali) in 10th–11th centuries.[2][3][4] Even after conversion they retained their Ravuttar caste name. they were one of the earliest Muslim communities in India.[5] They were elite cavalrymen of the Chola and Pandya kingdoms.[6] They were traditionally a martial clan like the Maravars,[7] and constitute large part of the multi-ethnic Tamil Muslim community.[8] Rowthers have also been found as Tamil polygars, zamindars and chieftains from the 16th to 18th centuries.[9] The traditional homelands of the Rowthers were in the interior of Southern Tamilakam.[10][11][12][13][14][15]

Etymology[edit | edit source]

The name Ravuttar (or Ravutta, Ravuthar, Rowther, Rawther) means king, horseman, or cavalry warrior in the Tamil language and is derived from the word Rājaputra, in the sense of 'prince', 'nobleman', or 'horseman'. D.C. Sircar points out that Ravutta or Rahutta, as a title, means a 'subordinate ruler'.[16] Some scholars claim that the name comes from Rathore, a name common among the Muslim Rajputs of North India.[14] Historically, they are parts of clans traditionally holding positions as rulers and military folk. 'Ravuta' means a high-ranking title King, lord, or feudatory ruling chief.[17]

'Rahut' or 'rowt' means Warrior and 'raya' means captain.[18] 'Rāvuttarayan' or 'Rāvuttakartan' means high military chief of cavalry.

Demography[edit | edit source]

Rowthers are largest Muslim community in Tamil Nadu. they found all over Tamil Nadu and in Central and Southern Kerala. Their mother tongue is Tamil.[19] Many of them are familiar with the Perso-Arabic script. They adhere to the principles of Islam, engaging in the study of the Quran and other religious texts in Arabic. Simultaneously, despite their commitment to their Islamic faith, they share a common pride with all Tamils in their rich Tamil language and vibrant cultural heritage.[20]

Culture[edit | edit source]

Rowthers generally speak Tamil.[21]

They have their own distinct culinary traditions which notably include Rowther Biryani.,[22][23][24] which is made of Jeera Samba rice, and desserts like Dumroot, a cake-like dish made out of semolina. Mutton is the preferred meat for special occasions like wedding events, house warming ceremonies, etc.[citation needed]

Much like other Muslim communities, Drinking Culture is non-existent due to Islam's stance regarding consumption of alcohol. As is the consumption of pork and usage of products derived from pigs. Due to following Hanafi rulings, they also might abstain from consuming shellfish like prawns, shrimps, crabs, lobsters, etc.due to them being deemed Makruh in the Hanafi madhab.

The Elderly Men wear solid white Vēṭṭis (unstitched) or solid white Kayili (stitched) for formal occasions. For more informal settings, a colored and patterned (checkered or striped) kayili is worn, usually as loungewear, regardless of age group and social standings. Religious Clerics or men who might be devout in their beliefs wear a jubbah, often paired with a kayili. For special occasions, men might wear a waistcoat. Men usually get married wearing either a Western Suit or a Sherwani. They wear a white skullcap as headgear, especially if they are devout. Other headgear include the Turban and the Fez, which aren't worn as frequently as everyday headgear as how the white skullcap might be, usually reserved for special occasions.

Women's traditional attire is the sari,[20][15] serving as a bridal wear and for other formal occasions. Elderly women usually wear the sari as an everyday attire, regardless of the occasion. Over the decades, both as formal and informal wear, as is the case with the rest of the Indian subcontinent, the Salwar Kameez has become more prevalent, especially among working women and among the younger generations.[25] The older generations used to wrap around an unstitched and white over-sheet by the name of 'Thupathi' over their garments, as a marker of modesty and Purdah.[26] However, due to evolving trends and cultural exchange, nowadays, as Purdah, women wear the Abaya, usually black in colour, paired with a headscarf.

Both men and women might dye their hair (and beard, in the case of men) with Henna, in compliance with a Prophetic tradition. Women also apply Henna as bridal makeup and for other special occasions.[27] Applying Surma as an eyeliner is another Prophetic tradition, as it is also a local cultural practice, especially more prevalent among women. Men might refrain from wearing silk garments and gold accessories due to a religious dictate of gold and silk being discouraged for men.

The community also celebrates a festival called Chandanakudam every year.[citation needed]

Titles/surname[edit | edit source]

'Ravuttar', 'Rawther', and 'Rowther' are common surnames among the group,[28] but other titles often used are below:

Identity and origins[edit | edit source]

Rowthers are Soldiers, officials, and literati attached to Muslim Court in the Deccan.[35] In described as a Rāuta, Rāutta or Rāvutta derived from Sanskrit Rajaputra and was often assumed by subordinate rulers.[36][37]

Later, Chola kings too invited Horse traders from the Seljuk Empire who belonged to the Hanafi school.[38] During 8th-10th centuries, an armada of Turkish traders settled in Madurai, Tanjore, Tiruchirapalli, Tharangambadi, Nagapattinam, Muthupet, Koothanallur and Podakkudi.[39]

These new settlements were now added to the Rowther community. There are some Anatolian and Safavid inscriptions found in a wide area from Tanjore to Thiruvarur and in many villages. These inscriptions are seized by the Madras Museum. Some Turkish inscriptions were also stolen from the Big Mosque of Koothanallur in 1850.[40]

There are two factions of Rowthers in Tamil Nadu, Tamils cavalry warriors covers majority of Tamil Nadu while Seljuk Turkic clan remains in Delta districts and some south tamilnadu districts and Kerala.[38] Both now Tamil and Turkish Hanafi expanded with population and some circumstantial evidence in historical sources that the Rowthers are related to Vellalar converts.[41] Rowthers worked in the administration of the Vijayanagar Nayaks.[42]

Social system: kinship[edit | edit source]

The Rowthers were an endogamous group. But like all modern societies, they have adapted to modern norms and rituals.[43]

Kinship terms[edit | edit source]

English Rowther's Tamil/Malayalam
Father Aththaa or Atthaa/ Vappichi
Mother Amma/Buva
Elder Brother Annan
Younger Brother Thambi
Elder Sister Akka
Younger Sister Thangai/Thangachi
Paternal Grandfather Atthatha/Ayya/Appa/Radha
Paternal Grandmother Aththamma/Radhima or Thathima
Maternal Grandfather Ayya/Appa or Ammatha/Nanna
Maternal Grandmother Mooma/Ammama/Nannimma
Father's Elder Brother/ Husband of Mother's Elder Sister Periyatha or Periyavaapa
Mother's Elder Sister / Wife of Father's Elder Brother Periyamma or Periyabuva
Father's Younger Brother Chaacha/Chinnaththa
Mother's Younger Sister Khalamma/Chinnamma/Chiththi
Maternal Uncle Mama
Maternal Aunt Maami
Cousins Machan & Machi
Elder Brother's Wife Madhini/Machi

Rites and rituals[edit | edit source]

Marriage[edit | edit source]

Nevertheless, in cities, inter-marriages do occur, although they are rare" (Vines, 1973). cross-cousins are potential spouses. Remembering the community's historic valor, during marriage ceremonies, the bridegroom is conducted in a horseback procession.[11]

Occupational activities[edit | edit source]

Traditionally the Rowthers were landlords and landowning community (historically mentioned as Rowthers were brave cavaliers and early Muslim horse-traders in Tamil literature[44]), but today, they deal with various trade and occupations, mostly being self-employed. They deal in gemstones, gold, textiles, and real estate and participate in the food, beverage, and hospitality industry, construction work, and general merchandising. Some profess traditionally white-collar professions like doctors, engineers, advocates, civil servants, accountants, and teachers.[45]

Administration and justice[edit | edit source]

There is traditional caste council or panchayat among the Rowthers. In Kerala Rawther Welfare Society (Rawther federation of India) and also Learned and Elderly individuals, and Religious Clerics act as advisors.[45]

Religion[edit | edit source]

Rowthers belong to the Sunni sect of Islam and subscribe to the Hanafi school of jurisprudence. They follow the five basic tenets of Islam, which are:

  1. Belief in the Shahadah,
  2. Offering mandatory Prayers five times a day, at specific and prescribed time periods,
  3. Observing fast during the month of Ramadan,
  4. Giving charity (Zakah) to the poor, and
  5. Going on the Hajj pilgrimage, once in a person's lifetime, if said person has the means to do so (financially, physically, or otherwise).

Their adherence to the Hanafi madhab

Being Hanafi adherents, Rowthers tend to subscribe to the Deobandi movement, which is a reformist movement that arose during the 19th century in North India. The aim of this movement is to eradicate religious innovations and other practices that the movement might deem 'heretical' or 'deviant', all of which might have crept within the subcontinent's Muslims and their practices over the centuries.

In contrast, they can also be part of the Barelvi movement (Sunnat Jamaath), which also began in North India during the late 19th century. The Barelvi movement emphasise more on retaining the centuries of religious traditions and practices, and encourages visiting the resting place (Dargahs) of Awliyas and seeking intercession.

The major festivals celebrated are Puthandu, Pongal, Eid-Ul-Fitr, Chandanakudam, and Bakr-id.[45]

Closeness in Tamil inscriptions and literature[edit | edit source]

The well-known legend of the Shiva saint Manikkavacakar of the 9th century is connected with the purchase of horses for the Pandya king. In that, the god Shiva who appeared in disguise as a horse trader to protect the saint and he is called as Rowther. Also, the Tamil god Murugan is praised by saint Arunagirinathar as சூர் கொன்ற ராவுத்தனே (Oh Ravuttan, who vanquished Sooran) and மாமயிலேரும் ராவுத்தனே (Oh Ravuttan, who rides on the great peacock) in his Kanthar Alangaram (கந்தர் அலங்காரம்) and in Kanthar Venba (கந்தர் வெண்பா).[46][47][48]

This shows the religious harmony of Rowthers and Saivites in early Tamilakam till now.[49][50][51]

There were Tamil Rowthers working in the administration of the Vijayanagara Empire in the Khurram Kunda. The inscription details the dedication of the land by the Rowther to a Murugan temple in Cheyyur.

Arunagirinathar Tamil poet say Murugan as Ravuttar
Muththal Ravuttar Deity

Muththaal Ravuttar (meaning Muslim Rowther is a Prakrit derivation from raja-putra) figures as Tamil male deities who protect Tamil land.[9]

Modernisation[edit | edit source]

Rowthers are one of the most prominent Muslim groups in South India, making their mark in various fields, from jurisprudence to Entertainment.[45]

The community gives importance to education. Due to Globalization and the 1991 Economic Reforms, a lot of societal and cultural shifts have taken place. The aftermath has resulted in women being more active participants of the workforce and an increase in their participation in higher education and academia.[52] Grants and scholarships have been established by numerous Muslim minority institutions to make education easier for women to seek and access. Thus, women today, are encouraged and emphasised to pursue and excel in secular education as much as it might be encouraged for them to excel in religious education.

Due to easier and better access to religious resources and more religious awareness, the community has also gradually begun to allow women to pray in masjids, particularly during the occasions of Jummah and Eid, and make them more active participants in masjid activities (hosting seminars, workshops, and classes). Historically, in the Indian subcontinent, due to societal and cultural reasons, more so than any religious mandate, women were discouraged to attend, pray, and participate in masjids.[53][54][55]

Notable people[edit | edit source]

Main article: List of Rowthers

See also[edit | edit source]

References[edit | edit source]

  1. ↑ More, J. B. Prashant (1997). The political evolution of Muslims in Tamilnadu and Madras, 1930–1947. Hyderabad, India: Orient Longman. pp. 21–22. ISBN 81-250-1011-4. OCLC 37770527.
  2. ↑ Mohan, A. (24 July 2012). Utopia and the Village in South Asian Literatures. Springer. ISBN 978-1-137-03189-1.
  3. ↑ Singh, K. S. (1992). People of India: pt.1-3 Kerala. Anthropological Survey of India. ISBN 978-81-85938-99-8.
  4. ↑ "Veneration of the prophet Muhammad in an Islamic Pillaittamil. - Free Online Library". www.thefreelibrary.com. Retrieved 18 February 2023.
  5. ↑ Pandian, Soorian Kasi (1996). India, That Is, Sidd. Allied Publishers. ISBN 978-81-7023-561-3.
  6. ↑ Tschacher, Torsten (2001). Islam in Tamilnadu : varia. Halle (Saale): Institut für Indologie und Südasienwissenschaften der Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg. pp. 94, 95. ISBN 3-86010-627-9. OCLC 50208020.
  7. ↑ Hiltebeitel, Alf (1988). The cult of Draupadī. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. p. 13. ISBN 0-226-34045-7. OCLC 16833684.
  8. ↑ Singh, K. S., ed. (1998). People of India: India's communities. New Delhi, India: Oxford University Press. pp. 3001–3002. ISBN 0-19-563354-7. OCLC 40849565.
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 Hiltebeitel, Alf (1988–1991). The cult of Draupadī. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. pp. 13–14, 102. ISBN 0-226-34045-7. OCLC 16833684.
  10. ↑ More, J. B. Prashant (2004). Muslim Identity, Print Culture, and the Dravidian Factor in Tamil Nadu. Orient Blackswan. ISBN 978-81-250-2632-7.
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 Rājāmukamatu, Je (2005). Maritime History of the Coromandel Muslims: A Socio-historical Study on the Tamil Muslims 1750–1900. Director of Museums, Government Museum.
  12. ↑ Jairath, Vinod K. (3 April 2013). Frontiers of Embedded Muslim Communities in India. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-136-19679-9.
  13. ↑ Hussein, Asiff (2007). Sarandib: An Ethnological Study of the Muslims of Sri Lanka. Asiff Hussein. ISBN 978-955-97262-2-7.
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 Bayly, Susan (1989). Saints, goddesses, and kings : Muslims and Christians in South Indian Society, 1700–1900. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. p. 98. ISBN 0-521-37201-1. OCLC 70781802.
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 "தமிழ் முஸ்லிம்களின் பொங்கல் கொண்டாட்டம் கொண்டிருக்கும் சேதி". அருஞ்சொல். Retrieved 10 August 2022.
  16. ↑ Rao, C. V. Ramachandra (1976). Administration and Society in Medieval Āndhra (A.D. 1038–1538) Under the Later Eastern Gaṅgas and the Sūryavaṁśa Gajapatis. Mānasa Publications. p. 88.
  17. ↑ Itihas. Director of State Archives, Government of Andhra Pradesh. 1975.
  18. ↑ The Wars of the Rajas, Being the History of Anantapuram: Written in Telugu; in Or about the Years 1750–1810. Translated Into English by Charles Philip Brown. II. Printed at the Christian knowledge society's Press. 1853.
  19. ↑ SUDHEER, NISHADA (12 September 2021). "The History of Ravuthers in Irinjalakuda: Life, Culture and History of Ravuthharangadi" (PDF).
  20. ↑ 20.0 20.1 Singh, Ashok Pratap; Kumari, Patiraj (2007). Psychological implications in industrial performance (1st ed.). New Delhi, India: Global Vision Pub. House. p. 707. ISBN 978-81-8220-200-9. OCLC 295034951.
  21. ↑ Parmar, Pooja (20 July 2015). Indigeneity and Legal Pluralism in India: Claims, Histories, Meanings. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-107-08118-5.
  22. ↑ Chatterjee, Priyadarshini (23 May 2020). "The Indian Eid feast goes beyond biryani and sevaiyan". mint. Retrieved 12 January 2022.
  23. ↑ Jeshi, K. (4 May 2021). "The myriad tastes and cultural influences of iftar". The Hindu. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 12 January 2022.
  24. ↑ A Handbook of Kerala. International School of Dravidian Linguistics. 2000. ISBN 978-81-85692-31-9.
  25. ↑ Osella, Caroline; Osella, Filippo (June 2007). "Muslim Style in South India". Fashion Theory. 11 (2–3): 233–252. doi:10.2752/136270407X202790. ISSN 1362-704X.
  26. ↑ "Facebook". www.facebook.com. Retrieved 10 July 2024.
  27. ↑ Hussain, Zainab (30 October 2022). "Henna: An Ode To Islamic Tradition". Muslim Girl. Retrieved 10 July 2024.
  28. ↑ Itihas. Director of State Archives, Government of Andhra Pradesh. 1975.
  29. ↑ Singh, K. S. (1996). Communities, segments, synonyms, surnames and titles. Delhi: Anthropological Survey of India. ISBN 0-19-563357-1. OCLC 35662663.
  30. ↑ General, India Office of the Registrar (1964). Census of India, 1961: Pondicherry state. Manager of Publications. p. 12.
  31. ↑ Many Rawthers in erstwhile Travancore used the title "Pillai/Pillay" in south kerala, A Handbook of Kerala. International School of Dravidian Linguistics. 2000. ISBN 978-81-85692-31-9.
  32. ↑ Kamāl, Es Em (1990). Muslīmkaḷum Tamil̲akamum (in தமிழ்). Islāmiya Āyvu Paṇpāṭu Maiyam.
  33. ↑ Proceedings. Indian History Congress. 2000.
  34. ↑ The Heirs of Vijayanagara Court Politics in Early-Modern South India Author ; Lennart Bes
  35. ↑ Richman, Paula (1 October 1997). Extraordinary Child: Poems from a South Indian Devotional Genre. University of Hawaii Press. ISBN 978-0-8248-1063-4.
  36. ↑ Indian Studies. Ramakrishna Maitra. 1967.
  37. ↑ Aiyangar, Sakkottai Krishnaswami (1921). South India and her Muhammadan Invaders. Oxford University Press. pp. 95–96.
  38. ↑ 38.0 38.1 Abraham, George (28 December 2020). Lanterns on the Lanes: Lit for Life…. Notion Press. ISBN 978-1-64899-659-7.
  39. ↑ Fragner, Bert G.; Kauz, Ralph; Ptak, Roderich; Schottenhammer, Angela (2009). Pferde in Asian : Geschichte, Handel und Kultur [Horses in Asia : history, trade, and culture]. Wien. pp. 150–160. ISBN 978-3-7001-6638-2. OCLC 1111579097.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  40. ↑ Arunachalam, S. (2011). The history of the pearl fishery of the Tamil coast. Pavai Publications. p. 96. ISBN 978-81-7735-656-4. OCLC 793080699.
  41. ↑ Tschacher, Torsten (2001). Islam in Tamilnadu : varia. Halle (Saale): Institut für Indologie und Südasienwissenschaften der Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg. p. 99. ISBN 3-86010-627-9. OCLC 50208020.
  42. ↑ Muthiah, S., ed. (2008). Madras, Chennai : a 400-year record of the first city of modern India (1st ed.). Chennai: Palaniappa Brothers. p. 140. ISBN 978-81-8379-468-8. OCLC 419265511.
  43. ↑ Kumari, Ashok Pratap Singh& Patiraj (2007). Psychological Implications in Industrial Performance. Global Vision Publishing House. ISBN 978-81-8220-200-9.
  44. ↑ Special Volume on Conservation of Stone Objects. Commissioner of Museums, Government Museum. 2003.
  45. ↑ 45.0 45.1 45.2 45.3 Singh, Ashok Pratap; Kumari, Patiraj (2007). Psychological implications in industrial performance (1st ed.). New Delhi, India: Global Vision Pub. House. p. 708. ISBN 978-81-8220-200-9. OCLC 295034951.
  46. ↑ "மயிலேறும் இராவுத்தன்". Hindu Tamil Thisai (in தமிழ்). 2 July 2020. Retrieved 19 April 2021.
  47. ↑ கமால், எஸ் எம். "முஸ்லீம்களும் தமிழகமும்/ராவுத்தர் - விக்கிமூலம்". ta.wikisource.org (in தமிழ்). Retrieved 19 April 2021.
  48. ↑ Muthiah, S. (2008). Madras, Chennai: a 400-year record of the first city of modern India (1st ed.). Chennai: Palaniappa Brothers. p. 140. ISBN 978-81-8379-468-8. OCLC 419265511.
  49. ↑ Rājāmukamatu, Je (2005). Maritime History of the Coromandel Muslims: A Socio-historical Study on the Tamil Muslims 1750–1900. Director of Museums, Government Museum.
  50. ↑ Cōmale (1980). Maturai Māvaṭṭam (in தமிழ்). Kastūrpā Kānti Kan̲yā Kurukulam, Veḷiyīṭṭup Pakuti.
  51. ↑ Anwar, Kombai S. (7 June 2018). "A secular temple in Kongu heartland". The Hindu. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 23 December 2020.
  52. ↑ "More Muslim Women Enrolled in Higher Edu Institutes Than Muslim Men: AISHE Report". The Wire. Retrieved 11 July 2024.
  53. ↑ Staff Reporter (8 January 2019). "'No ban on women entering Vavar mosque'". The Hindu. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 11 July 2024.
  54. ↑ "Juma Masjid to be opened for women". The Hindu. 19 April 2016. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 11 July 2024.
  55. ↑ Aafaq, Zafar (16 December 2022). "For Muslim women in India, mosques remain largely out of bound – even without entry bans". Scroll.in. Retrieved 11 July 2024.

Bibliography[edit | edit source]

  • J. P. Mulliner. Rise of Islam in India. University of Leeds chpt. 9. Page 215
  • Hussein, Asiff (2007). Sarandib : an ethnological study of the Muslims of Sri Lanka (1st ed.). Nugegoda: Asiff Hussein. ISBN 978-955-97262-2-7. OCLC 132681713.
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