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#REDIRECT [[Kalinga (region)]]
{{About|the region|other uses|Kalinga (disambiguation){{!}}Kalinga}}
 
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{{Infobox settlement
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| subdivision_name1              = [[Odisha]], NE [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| established_title              = <!-- Established -->
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| blank1_name_sec1                = Ancient Capitals
| blank1_info_sec1                = [[Mukhalingam|Kalinganagara]], [[Cuttack]], [[Puri]], [[Jajpur]], [[Jeypore]]
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'''Kalinga''' is a historical [[List of regions of India|region of India]]. It is generally defined as the [[Eastern coastal plains|eastern coastal region]] between the [[Mahanadi]] and the [[Godavari]] rivers, although its boundaries have fluctuated with the territory of its rulers. The core territory of Kalinga now encompasses a large part of [[Odisha]] and northerneastern part of [[Andhra Pradesh]]. At its widest extent, the Kalinga region also included parts of present-day southwestern [[West Bengal]] and [[Chhattisgarh]].
The [[Kalinga (Mahabharata)|Kalingas]] have been mentioned as a major tribe in the legendary text ''[[Mahabharata]]''. In the 3rd century BCE, the region came under [[Mauryan Empire|Mauryan]] control as a result of the [[Kalinga War]]. It was subsequently ruled by several regional dynasties whose rulers bore the title ''Kalingadhipati'' ("Lord of Kalinga"); these dynasties included [[Mahameghavahana dynasty|Mahameghavahana]], [[Vasishtha dynasty|Vasishtha]], [[Mathara dynasty|Mathara]], [[Pitrbhakta dynasty|Pitrbhakta]], [[Shailodbhava dynasty|Shailodbhava]], [[Somavamshi dynasty|Somavamshi]], and [[Eastern Ganga dynasty|Eastern Ganga]]. The last major dynasties to rule over Kalinga were the [[Gajapati Empire|Gajapati dynasty]] and the Suryavansh dynasty of Nandapur. {{sfn|Dutt|2009|p=43}}
== Extent ==
<mapframe text="Extreme points of Kalinga, as mentioned in the historical records" width="350" height="350" zoom="5" longitude="84" latitude="19.5">
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"type": "Feature",
"properties": { "marker-symbol": "monument", "title": "Mouth of [[Godavari River|Godavari]]" },
"geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [82.343778, 16.729472] }
},
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"type": "Feature",
"properties": { "marker-symbol": "monument", "title": "Mouth of [[Ganges River|Ganga]]" },
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The Kalinga region is generally defined as the [[Eastern coastal plains|eastern coastal region]] between the [[Mahanadi]] and the [[Godavari]] rivers. However, its exact boundaries have fluctuated at various times in the history{{sfn|R. C. Majumdar|1996|p=1}} and its widest extent can be interpreted from the word ''Tri-Kalinga'' (which means 'the whole of Kalinga') stretching from the river Ganges in the north to the river Godavari in the south.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/outlineofhistory00rcma |title=Outline of the History of Kalinga |first=R.C. |last=Majumdar |quote=''Tri-Kalinga has been usually interpreted as denoting the whole of Kalinga in its widest extent...Tri-Kalinga country which extended from the river Ganges in the North to the river Godavari in the South'' |publisher=[[Asian Educational Services]] |date=1996|accessdate=May 1, 2021}}</ref>
In the ancient Indian literature, the Kalinga region is associated with the [[Mahendragiri, Odisha|Mahendragiri]] mountain located in the [[Ganjam district]] of [[Odisha]], near its border with [[Andhra Pradesh]].{{sfn|Dineschandra Sircar|1971|p=167}}
At times, the southern border of Kalinga extended further up to the [[Krishna river]]. In the north, it sometimes extended beyond the Mahandi river, up to the [[Baitarani River|Vaitarani]] river. The Kalinga region did not encompass the whole of present-day [[Odisha]]: the north-eastern part of Odisha was included in the distinct [[Utkala Kingdom|Utkala]] region.{{sfn|Dineschandra Sircar|1971|pp=168-171}} Utkala gradually lost its identity, and came to be considered as a part of Kalinga.{{sfn|Mano Mohan Ganguly|1912|p=11}}
The eastern boundary of Kalinga was formed by the sea (the [[Bay of Bengal]]). Its western boundary is difficult to pinpoint, as it varied with the political power of its rulers. However, the [[Puranas|Puranic literature]] suggests that Kalinga extended up to the [[Amarkantak|Amarakantaka]] hills in the west.{{sfn|Chandramani Nayak|2004|p=6}}
Several ancient inscriptions mention the term "Trikalinga", which has been interpreted in several ways. According to one theory, Trikalinga refers to the widest extent of Kalinga. However, the [[Eastern Chalukya]] records suggest that Kalinga and Trikalinga were two distinct regions, with Trikalinga denoting the hilly region to the west of Kalinga.{{sfn|R. C. Majumdar|1996|p=19}}
== History ==
The name of the region is derived from a tribe of the same name. According to the legendary text ''[[Mahabharata]]'', the progenitors of the [[Kalinga (Mahabharata)|Kalingas]] and of their neighbouring tribes were brothers. These neighbours included the [[Anga]]s, the [[Vanga Kingdom|Vangas]], the [[Pundra Kingdom|Pundras]], and the [[Suhma Kingdom|Suhmas]].{{sfn|Dineschandra Sircar|1971|p=168}}
The Kalingas occupied the extensive territory stretching from river ''[[Baitarani River|Baitarani]]'' in [[Odisha]] to the ''Varahanandi'' in the [[Visakhapatnam district]].{{sfn|K. A. Nilakanta Sastri|1988|p=18}} Its capital in the ancient times was the city of ''Dantakura'' or [[Dantapura]] (now ''Dantavaktra'' fort near [[Chicacole]] in the [[Srikakulam district]], washed by the river ''Languliya'' or ''Langulini'').{{sfn|K. A. Nilakanta Sastri|1988|p=18}}
The [[Hathigumpha inscription]] suggests that a king named Nandaraja had excavated an aqueduct there in the past. Assuming that Nandaraja refers to a king of the [[Nanda dynasty]], it appears that the Kalinga region was annexed by the Nandas at some point.{{sfn|Jagna Kumar Sahu|1997|p=24}} It appears to have become independent again after the fall of the Nandas. It is described as "[[Calingae]]" in [[Megasthenes]]' ''Indica'' (3rd century BCE):
{{quote|The Prinas and the Cainas (a tributary of the [[Ganges]]) are both navigable rivers. The tribes which dwell by the Ganges are the Calingae, nearest the sea, and higher up the Mandei, also the Malli, among whom is Mount Mallus, the boundary of all that region being the Ganges.|Megasthenes fragm. XX.B. in Pliny. ''Hist. Nat.'' V1. 21.9–22. 1.<ref name="Megasthenes Indica">[http://www.sdstate.edu/projectsouthasia/upload/Megasthene-Indika.pdf Megasthenes Indica] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150321164350/http://www.sdstate.edu/projectsouthasia/upload/Megasthene-Indika.pdf |date=21 March 2015 }}</ref>}}
{{quote|The royal city of the Calingae is called Parthalis. Over their king 60,000 foot-soldiers, 1,000 horsemen, 700 elephants keep watch and ward in "procinct of war."|Megasthenes fragm. LVI. in Plin. ''Hist. Nat.'' VI. 21. 8–23. 11.<ref name="Megasthenes Indica"/>}}
===Annexation by the Mauryas===
Kalinga was [[Kalinga under the Mauryan|annexed]] by the [[Mauryan Empire|Mauryan]] emperor [[Ashoka]] in the 3rd century BCE after the [[Kalinga War]]. After the final battle near the Dhauli hills, the capital [[Sisupalgarh]] fell to the Mauryas. The headquarters of the Mauryan province of Kalinga was located at [[Tosali]]. After the decline of the Mauryan Empire, the region came under the control of the [[Mahameghavahana dynasty|Mahameghavahana]] family, whose king [[Kharavela]] described himself as the "supreme Lord of Kalinga".{{sfn|Dineschandra Sircar|1971|p=167}}
Kalinga came under [[Gupta Empire|Gupta]] suzerainty in the 4th century CE. After the Gupta withdrawal, it was ruled by several minor dynasties, whose rulers bore the title ''Kalingadhipati'' ("Lord of Kalinga". These included the [[Vasishtha dynasty|Vasishthas]], the [[Mathara dynasty|Matharas]], and the [[Pitrbhakta dynasty|Pitrbhaktas]].{{sfn|Snigdha Tripathy|1997|p=219}}
===Eastern Ganga===
In the 7th century, the [[Shailodbhava dynasty|Shailodbhava]] king Madhavaraja II as well as the [[Eastern Ganga dynasty|Eastern Ganga]] king Indravarman claimed the title ''Sakala-Kalingadhipati'' ("the lord of the entire Kalinga"). {{sfn|Snigdha Tripathy|1997|pp=64-65}}
During the 8th-10th centuries, the [[Bhauma-Kara dynasty]] ruled the region, although they called their kingdom "Tosala" (derived from Tosali, the ancient capital of Kalinga).{{sfn|Umakanta Subuddhi|1997|p=32}} The subsequent [[Somavamshi dynasty|Somavamshi]] kings called themselves the lord of Kalinga, [[Dakshina Kosala|Kosala]], and Utkala.{{sfn|Walter Smith|1994|p=25}}
During the 11th-15th century, the Eastern Gangas became the dominant power in the region, and bore the title ''Kalingadhipati''. Their capital was originally located at Kalinganagara (modern [[Mukhalingam]]), and was later transferred to Kataka (modern [[Cuttack]]) during the reign of [[Anantavarman Chodaganga]] in the 12th century.{{sfn|Dineschandra Sircar|1971|p=169}}
==Influence==
Kalinga is also an important part of the legendary history of [[Sri Lanka]], as it was the birthplace of legendary [[Prince Vijaya]] according to the ''[[Mahavamsa]]''.<ref>{{cite book |author=Thera Mahanama-sthavira |title=Mahavamsa: The Great Chronicle of Sri Lanka |year=1999 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pBxpTwfTx4QC&pg=PA196 |publisher=Jain |isbn=978-0-89581-906-2 |page=196 }}</ref>
The merchant [[Kaundinya I]], who became the co-founder of the [[Funan]] kingdom(centered in modern [[Cambodia]]) after he married the local [[Nāga]] princess [[Queen Soma|Soma]] also has his origins from the ancient Kalinga region.<ref name="Churn">{{Cite book|last=Sanyal|first=Sanjeev|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oNekDAAAQBAJ&q=the+ocean+of+churn&pg=PP1|title=The Ocean of Churn: How the Indian Ocean Shaped Human History|pages=82–84|date=2016-08-10|publisher=Penguin UK|isbn=978-93-86057-61-7|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Tarling|first=Nicholas|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/cambridge-history-of-southeast-asia/917298863AB03D1105768B453E3A4183|title=The Cambridge History of Southeast Asia|date=March 2008|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=9781139055482|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Hall|first=DGE|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sqnCQgAACAAJ|title=History of South East Asia|date=14 May 1981|publisher=Macmillan Education UK|isbn=9780333241646|language=en}}</ref>
According to scholar [[R. C. Majumdar]], the 8th century CE [[Shailendra dynasty]] of Java likely originated from Kalinga and the dynasty was also powerful in Cambodia and Champa(Annam) region.<ref>{{citation |title=The Origin of the Sailendra Dynasty: Present Status of the Question |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/595536?read-now=1&refreqid=excelsior%3Af11ac77d83bdcb39dbd9cf073dc060d3&seq=8#page_scan_tab_contents |publisher=American Oriental Society |page=83 |last=Briggs |first=Lawrence Palme |journal = Journal of the American Oriental Society|date=April-June 1950 |volume = 70|issue = 2|doi = 10.2307/595536|jstor = 595536}}</ref><ref>Majumdar, 1933: 121-141</ref> The Shailendras are considered to have been a thalassocracy and ruled vast swathes of maritime Southeast Asia and the dynasty appeared to be the ruling family of both the Medang Kingdom of Central Java, for some period and the Srivijaya Kingdom in Sumatra.
Burma went by the name of Kalinga-rattha (likely observed in the old Indo-Chinese records for Pegu) and there is evidence of very early merchant settlements and Buddhist missions in the southern Mon regions and by the 2nd century CE, the rule of Kalinga migrants centered around Kale, the Arakan River valley and Pegu, around the Gulf of Martaban. The remains of a ship excavated at Tante, near Yangon is thought to have belonged to Kalingan traders. Place names and similarities in architecture also indicate close contacts across the Gulf of Bengal.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Patnaik|first=Durga Prasad|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=90_qAeMT1bwC|title=Palm Leaf Etchings of Orissa|date=1989|publisher=Abhinav Publications|isbn=81-7017-248-9|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{citation |url=http://magazines.odisha.gov.in/Orissareview/nov2005/engpdf/Kalinga_and_Burma-A_Study_%20in_%20Ancient_Relations.pdf |title=Kalinga and Burma - A Study in Ancient Relations |author=Benudhar Patra |date=November 2005 |publisher=Orissa Review }}</ref>
As per Maldivian history, the first kingdom [[List of sultans of the Maldives#Kingdom of Dheeva Maari, Solar dynasty (Adeetta Vansa)|Dheeva Maari]] was established before 3rd century BC by Soorudasaruna-Adeettiya of the Solar dynasty, an exiled prince and son of King Brahmaadittiya of the Kalinga Kingdom and laid the foundation of the Adeetta dynasty.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Mohamed |first=Naseema |title=First Settlers |url=https://www.persee.fr/doc/arch_0044-8613_2005_num_70_1_3970 |journal=Note on the Early History of the Maldives |date=2005 |page=9 |access-date=21 March 2021 }}</ref>
In the Philippines according to researcher Eric Casino, the chief (or "king") of [[Butuan (historical polity)|Butuan]] was called as Kiling, is not Visayan in origin but rather Indian, as Kiling is referred to the people of India similar to the word [[Keling]] which was used in the nearby Malay regions.<ref> Eric Casino. "The Barangays of Butuan: Lumad Mindanaoans in China and the Sulu Zone". Asia Mindanaw: Dialogue of Peace and Development (2014): 2.</ref>
== Medieval Era ==
The last [[Eastern Ganga dynasty|Eastern Ganga]] ruler Bhanudeva IV was dethroned by [[Kapilendra Deva]] in 1435. This event marked the foundation of the [[Gajapati Empire]] that ruled over the regions of [[Utkala Kingdom|Utkala]] (North Odisha) and Kalinga (South Odisha, North Andhra Pradesh). [[Prataparudra Deva]] was the last great king of the [[Suryavamsi Gajapati dynasty|Suryavamsi Gajapatis]] and soon after his death his minister [[Govinda Vidyadhara]] usurped the throne by murdering the last two Gajapati scions. The fall of the Gajapati Empire meant the independence of their many tributary and feudal states.
Evidently, a tributary kingdom called Nandapur ruled by the [[Solar dynasty|Suryavansh]] dynasty that arrived in the region in 13th century from [[Kashmir Valley|Kashmir]].{{sfn|Mohanty|2013|}} The king of this little kingdom was [[Vishwanath Dev Gajapati]] who began expanding his kingdom in the southern region of Odisha and northern region of Andhra. In 1545, he sent his military commander and the chief of [[Kasimkota]], Mukund Harichandran to conquer the northern plains of Odisha which were under control of the weak [[Bhoi dynasty]] of Govind Vidyadhar.{{sfn|KBS Singh|1939|p=26}}
Govind Vidyadhar signed a truce with Vishwanath Dev and was granted the status of a tributary state. Mukund Harichandran was appointed as the minister in order to seek full control over the region, however, he later assassinated the last two Bhoi heirs and declared himself as the new king of Utkala. Nevertheless, Kalinga was still ruled by the Suryavanshi kings until they were defeated and became a [[Vassal]] of the [[Golconda]] [[Qutb Shahi dynasty|Qutb Shahi]] during the reign of Balaram Dev, who failed to control the vast dominion of his predecessor, Vishwanath Gajapati.{{sfn|Dutt|2009|p=43}} His successors ruled over the region as 'Maharajah of Kalinga' until the feud of Ramchandra Dev I and Balaram Dev III which marked the end of their domination over Kalinga.{{sfn|Dutt|2009|p=44}} They came to be known as [[Kingdom of Jeypore|Jeypore Samasthanam]] under the British rule until 1947.
Derived from Kalinga is the still current term [[Keling]] or [[Kling]], used in parts of [[Southeast Asia]] to denote a person of the [[Indian subcontinent]] or [[Indian diaspora]] and at present having some derogatory and pejorative connotations, especially in Malaysia.<ref name=Minerva>{{cite book| title=Minerva English-Malay Malay-English Dictionary |author=Aiman Mohamad|year=1991 |location=Kuala Lumpur}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title = KBBI - Keling | work = Kamus Besar bahasa Indonesia | url = http://kbbi.web.id/Keling}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | title = 'Keling' and proud of it | author = M. Veera Pandiyan | work = The Star online | date = 10 August 2016 | url = http://www.thestar.com.my/opinion/columnists/along-the-watchtower/2016/08/10/keling-and-proud-of-it-the-k-word-deemed-to-be-derogatory-and-offensive-to-the-indian-community-sinc/}}</ref> The 16th-century Portuguese traveller [[Fernão Lopes de Castanheda|Castanheda]] wrote of the Keling community in Melaka who lived in the northern part of the city of [[Malacca]](Melaka). The merchants were known as Quelins (Kling, the people of Kalinga from India).<ref>{{cite web |title=Foreign Notices Of South India From Megasthenes To Ma Huan |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.505186 |page=311 |author=KA Nilakanta Sastri |date=1939 }}</ref>
== See also ==
{{Commons category|Kalinga, India}}
* [[History of Odisha]]
* [[List of rulers of Odisha]]
* [[Kalinga alphabet]], derived from Brahmi script
* [[Keling]]
* [[Kalingga Kingdom]]
== References ==
===Citations===
{{Reflist}}
=== Sources ===
{{ref begin}}
* {{cite book |author=Chandramani Nayak |title=Trade and Urban Centres in Ancient and Early Medieval Orissa |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nbZIAAAAYAAJ |year=2004 |publisher=New Academic |isbn=978-81-86772-17-1 }}
* {{cite book |author=Tara Dutt |title=Nabarangpur District Gazetteer |url=https://cdn.s3waas.gov.in/s3605ff764c617d3cd28dbbdd72be8f9a2/uploads/2018/05/2018050468.pdf |year=2009 |publisher=Odisha State Government |isbn=978-81-86772-17-1 }}
* {{cite book |author=Indrajit Mohanty |title= Jeypore - A Historical Perspective|url=http://magazines.odisha.gov.in/Orissareview/2013/jun/engpdf/70-72.pdf |year=2013 |publisher= Government of Odisha State |isbn=978-81-86772-17-1 }}
* {{cite book |author=Jagna Kumar Sahu |title=Historical Geography of Orissa |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NjhuAAAAMAAJ |year=1997 |publisher=Decent Books |isbn=978-81-86921-00-5 }}
* {{cite book |author=KBS Singh |title=Nandapur A Forsaken Kingdom |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.209240 |year=1939 |publisher=Utkal Sahitya Press |isbn=978-81-86772-17-1 |ref={{sfnref|KBS_Singh1939}} }}
* {{cite book |author=R. C. Majumdar |author-link=R. C. Majumdar |title=Outline of the History of Kalinga |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LNCcpkqesJ0C&pg=PA1 |year=1996 |publisher=Asian Educational Services |isbn=978-81-206-1194-8 }}
* {{cite book |author=Dineschandra Sircar |title=Studies in the Geography of Ancient and Medieval India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AqKw1Mn8WcwC&pg=PA167 |year=1971 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-81-208-0690-0 }}
* {{cite book |editor=K. A. Nilakanta Sastri |editor-link=K. A. Nilakanta Sastri |title=Age of the Nandas and Mauryas |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YoAwor58utYC |date=1988 |orig-year=1967 |publisher=[[Motilal Banarsidass]] |location=[[Delhi]] |isbn=81-208-0465-1 |edition=Second }}
* {{cite book |author=Mano Mohan Ganguly |title=Orissa and Her Remains--ancient and Medieval: (District Puri) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XMJIAQAAIAAJ |year=1912 |publisher=Thacker, Spink & Company }}
* {{cite book |author=Snigdha Tripathy |title=Inscriptions of Orissa |volume=I - Circa 5th-8th centuries A.D |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XUiYu3XByNgC&pg=PR3 |year=1997 |publisher=[[Indian Council of Historical Research]] and [[Motilal Banarsidass]] |isbn=978-81-208-1077-8 }}
* {{cite book |author=Umakanta Subuddhi |chapter=Economic Life of Orissa under the Bhauma-Karas |editor=Nihar Ranjan Patnaik |title=Economic History of Orissa |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1AA9W9_4Z9gC&pg=PA32 |year=1997 |publisher=Indus |isbn=978-81-7387-075-0 }}
* {{cite book |author=Walter Smith |title=The Mukteśvara Temple in Bhubaneswar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=y0MQmNx8g2gC&pg=PA21 |year=1994 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-81-208-0793-8 }}
{{ref end}}
{{Authority control}}
[[Category:Historical regions]]
[[Category:Historical Indian regions]]
[[Category:History of Odisha]]
[[Category:History of Andhra Pradesh]]

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