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-{{Short description|Sectarian violence in the Indian state}}{{pp|small=yes}}{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}{{Infobox civil conflict| title = 2002 Gujarat riots| image = Ahmedabad riots1.jpg| caption = The skyline of [[Ahmedabad]] filled with smoke as buildings and shops are set on fire by rioting mobs.| date = February – March 2002| place = [[Gujarat]], [[India]]| causes = [[Godhra train burning]]<ref name="Baruah 2012 b"/><ref name="McLane 2010"/><br/>[[state terrorism]]<ref name="Pandey 2005 b"/><ref name="Baruah 2012 b"/><br/>[[ethnic cleansing]]<ref name="McLane 2010"/>| methods = [[Riot]]ing, [[pogrom]], [[arson]], [[mass rape]], [[kidnapping]], [[mass murder]]| injuries = 2,500+| fatalities = 790 Muslims and 254 Hindus (official)<br />1,926 to 2,000+ total (other sources)<ref name="teesta">{{cite web|last1=Setalvad|first1=Teesta|title=Talk by Teesta Setalvad at Ramjas college (March 2017)|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TKJDhISTtTk|website=www.youtube.com|publisher=You tube|access-date=4 July 2017|archive-date=27 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191127203614/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TKJDhISTtTk|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="auto">{{cite journal|last=Jaffrelot|first=Christophe|title=Communal Riots in Gujarat: The State at Risk?|journal=Heidelberg Papers in South Asian and Comparative Politics|date=July 2003|page=16|url=http://archiv.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/volltextserver/4127/1/hpsacp17.pdf|access-date=5 November 2013|archive-date=4 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131204131058/http://archiv.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/volltextserver/4127/1/hpsacp17.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=w5SlnZilfMMC&q=2000+deaths+gujarat+riots&pg=PA28|title=The Ethics of Terrorism: Innovative Approaches from an International Perspective|publisher=Charles C Thomas Publisher|year=2009|page=28|isbn=9780398079956|access-date=15 October 2020|archive-date=5 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211205030956/https://books.google.com/books?id=w5SlnZilfMMC&q=2000+deaths+gujarat+riots&pg=PA28|url-status=live}}</ref>|partof=[[religious violence in India]]|map_label=File:IN-GJ.svg}}{{Violence against Muslims in India}}The '''2002 Gujarat riots''', also known as the '''2002 Gujarat violence''',{{sfn|Ghassem-Fachand|2012|p=1-2}}<ref name="Bilgrami2013">{{cite book |author-link=Akeel Bilgrami |last=Bilgrami |first=Akeel |title=Democratic Culture: Historical and Philosophical Essays |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=C4YSqkgAWUsC&pg=PA143 |date=1 February 2013 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-136-19777-2 |pages=143}}</ref><ref name="Berenschot2014">{{cite book |last=Berenschot |first=Ward |chapter=Rioting as Maintaining Relations: Hindu-Muslim Violence and Political Mediation in Gujarat, India |editor1=Jutta Bakonyi |editor2=Berit Bliesemann de Guevara |title=A Micro-Sociology of Violence: Deciphering Patterns and Dynamics of Collective Violence |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-QjKAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA18 |date=11 June 2014 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-317-97796-4 |pages=18–37}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=Indian Social Institute |title=The Gujarat pogrom: compilation of various reports |year=2002 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=M0ZuAAAAMAAJ}}</ref> was a three-day period of inter-communal violence in the [[western India]]n state of [[Gujarat]]. The [[Godhra train burning|burning of a train]] in [[Godhra]] on 27 February 2002, which caused the deaths of 58 Hindu pilgrims and [[karsevaks]] returning from [[Ayodhya]], is cited as having instigated the violence.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Fundamentalist City?: Religiosity and the Remaking of Urban Space|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uKnHBQAAQBAJ&pg=PT34|quote=godhra train burning which led to the gujarat riots of 2002|publisher=Routledge|page=34|author=Nezar AlSayyad, Mejgan Massoumi|isbn=9781136921209|date=13 September 2010|access-date=7 July 2017|archive-date=9 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200309110528/https://books.google.com/books?id=uKnHBQAAQBAJ&pg=PT34|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Communal Violence, Forced Migration and the State: Gujarat since 2002|quote=gujarat 2002 riots caused godhra burning|publisher=Cambridge University Press|page=98|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MiW8CwAAQBAJ&pg=PA98|author=Sanjeevini Badigar Lokhande|isbn=9781107065444|date=13 October 2016|access-date=1 January 2020|archive-date=9 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200309110530/https://books.google.com/books?id=MiW8CwAAQBAJ&pg=PA98|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Resurgent India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8xxqCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA70|page=70|publisher=Prabhat Prakashan|isbn=9788184302011|year=2014|access-date=7 July 2017|archive-date=9 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200309110531/https://books.google.com/books?id=8xxqCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA70|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Isabelle Clark-Decès|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=98uLj5FpTHQC|title=A Companion to the Anthropology of India|quote=the violence occurred in the aftermath of a fire that broke out in carriage of the Sabarmati Express train|isbn=9781444390582|date=10 February 2011|access-date=7 July 2017|archive-date=10 November 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171110135901/https://books.google.com/books?id=98uLj5FpTHQC|url-status=live}}</ref> Following the initial riot incidents, there were further outbreaks of violence in [[Ahmedabad]] for three months; statewide, there were further outbreaks of [[Violence against Muslims in India|violence against the minority Muslim population]] of Gujarat for the next year.{{sfn|Ghassem-Fachand|2012|p=1-2}}<ref name="Escherle 2013"/>According to official figures, the riots ended with 1,044 dead, 223 missing, and 2,500 injured. Of the dead, 790 were Muslim and 254 Hindu.<ref name="Official death toll"/> The Concerned Citizens Tribunal Report,<ref>{{cite web|title=Report on Godhra riots|url=http://www.sabrang.com/tribunal/|website=www.sabrang.com|publisher=Concerned Citizens Tribunal Report|access-date=4 July 2017|archive-date=15 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200115112215/https://www.sabrang.com/tribunal/|url-status=live}}</ref> estimated that as many as 1,926 may have been killed.<ref name="teesta"/> Other sources estimated death tolls in excess of 2,000.<ref name="auto"/> Many brutal killings and [[Rape in India|rape]]s were reported on as well as widespread looting and destruction of property. [[Narendra Modi]], then [[List of Chief Ministers of Gujarat|Chief Minister of Gujarat]] and later [[Prime Minister of India]], was accused of condoning the violence, as were police and government officials who allegedly directed the rioters and gave lists of Muslim-owned properties to them.<ref name="Murphy 2011"/>In 2012, Modi was cleared of complicity in the violence by Special Investigation Team (SIT) appointed by the [[Supreme Court of India]]. The SIT also rejected claims that the state government had not done enough to prevent the riots.<ref>{{cite news|title=How SIT report on Gujarat riots exonerates Modi|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/how-sit-report-on-gujarat-riots-exonerates-modi-the-highlights/256848-3.html|work=CNN-IBN|date=11 November 2011|access-date=19 May 2014|archive-date=11 May 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150511054140/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/how-sit-report-on-gujarat-riots-exonerates-modi-the-highlights/256848-3.html}}</ref> The Muslim community was reported to have reacted with anger and disbelief.<ref name="Krishnan 2012" /> In July 2013, allegations were made that the SIT had suppressed evidence.<ref name="Times of India 2013" /> That December, an Indian court upheld the earlier SIT report and rejected a petition seeking Modi's prosecution.<ref name="WSJ1">{{cite news|title=Court Clears Narendra Modi in Riots Case|url=https://blogs.wsj.com/indiarealtime/2013/12/26/court-clears-narendra-modi-in-riots-case|work=The Wall Street Journal|date=26 December 2013}}</ref> In April 2014, the Supreme Court expressed satisfaction over the SIT's investigations in nine cases related to the violence, and rejected a plea contesting the SIT report as "baseless".<ref name="ITApr11">{{cite news|title=Supreme Court turns down plea questioning clean chit to Modi|url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/supreme-court-turns-down-plea-questioning-clean-chit-to-modi/1/355105.html|work=[[India Today]]|date=11 April 2014|access-date=13 April 2014|archive-date=10 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180110100846/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/supreme-court-turns-down-plea-questioning-clean-chit-to-modi/1/355105.html|url-status=live}}</ref>Though officially classified as a [[Communalism (South Asia)|communalist riot]], the events of 2002 have been described as a [[pogrom]] by many scholars,<ref>Chris Ogden. 2012. A Lasting Legacy: The BJP-led National Democratic Alliance and India's Politics Journal of Contemporary Asia Vol. 42, Iss. 1, 2012</ref><ref name="Dhattiwala 2012"/> with some commentators alleging that the attacks had been planned, with the attack on the train was a "staged trigger" for what was actually premeditated violence.{{sfn|Brass|2005|p=388}}<ref name="Baldwin 2002"/> Other observers have stated that these events had met the "legal definition of genocide,"<ref name="Garlough 2013"/> or referred to them as [[state terrorism]] or [[ethnic cleansing]].<ref name="Pandey 2005 b"/><ref name="Baruah 2012 b"/><ref name="McLane 2010"/> Instances of mass violence include the [[Naroda Patiya massacre]] that took place directly adjacent to a police training camp;<ref name="Patiya massacre"/> the [[Gulbarg Society massacre]] where [[Ehsan Jafri]], a former [[Parliament of India|parliamentarian]], was among those killed; and several incidents in [[Vadodara]] city.<ref name="Vadodara 2007"/> Scholars studying the 2002 riots state that they were premeditated and constituted a form of [[ethnic cleansing]], and that the state government and law enforcement were complicit in the violence that occurred.{{sfn|Brass|2005|p=388}}<ref name="Pandey 2005 b"/><ref name="Patiya massacre"/>{{sfn|Nussbaum|2008|p=50-51}}<ref name="Bobbio">{{cite journal |last=Bobbio |first=Tommaso |title=Making Gujarat Vibrant: Hindutva, development and the rise of subnationalism in India |journal=Third World Quarterly |volume=33 |issue=4 |year=2012 |pages=657–672 |doi=10.1080/01436597.2012.657423 |s2cid=154422056 |url=https://zenodo.org/record/1047619 |access-date=29 June 2019 |archive-date=1 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200301151004/https://zenodo.org/record/1047619 |url-status=live }}{{subscription required}}</ref>{{sfn|Shani|2007b|pp=168–173}}<ref name="Buncombe">{{cite news |title=A rebirth dogged by controversy |first=Andrew |last=Buncombe |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/a-rebirth-dogged-by-controversy-2357157.html |work=The Independent |date=19 September 2011 |access-date=10 October 2012 |location=London |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111225024707/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/a-rebirth-dogged-by-controversy-2357157.html |archive-date=25 December 2011}}</ref><ref name="Jaffrelot2013">{{cite journal |last=Jaffrelot |first=Christophe |author-link=Christophe Jaffrelot |title=Gujarat Elections: The Sub-Text of Modi's 'Hattrick'—High Tech Populism and the 'Neo-middle Class' |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/270671263 |journal=Studies in Indian Politics |volume=1 |issue=1 |date=June 2013 |pages=79–95 |doi= 10.1177/2321023013482789|s2cid=154404089 }}</ref>== Godhra train burning =={{main|Godhra train burning}}On the morning of 27 February 2002, the [[Sabarmati Express]], returning from [[Ayodhya]] to Ahmedabad, stopped near the [[Godhra]] railway station. The passengers were [[Hindu]] pilgrims, returning from Ayodhya.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-south-asia-12605659 | work=BBC News | title=Eleven sentenced to death for India Godhra train blaze | date=1 March 2011 | access-date=21 June 2018 | archive-date=24 June 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140624025021/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-south-asia-12605659 | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Gujarat riot death toll revealed|work=BBC News|date=11 May 2005|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/4536199.stm|access-date=23 July 2006|archive-date=25 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225050757/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/4536199.stm|url-status=live}}</ref> An argument erupted between the train passengers and the vendors on the railway platform.<ref name="sit">{{cite news|title=Is SIT hiding proof in Gujarat riots case?|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Is-SIT-hiding-proof-in-Gujarat-riots-case/articleshow/21132148.cms|access-date=4 July 2017|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=18 June 2013|archive-date=9 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210209053511/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Is-SIT-hiding-proof-in-Gujarat-riots-case/articleshow/21132148.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> The argument became violent and under uncertain circumstances four coaches of the train caught fire with many people trapped inside. In the resulting conflagration, 59 people (nine men, 25 women, and 25 children) burned to death.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-03-01/india/28643060_1_haji-billa-godhra-train-rajjak-kurkur | title=Death for 11, life sentence for 20 in Godhra train burning case | date=1 March 2011 | access-date=15 March 2014 | archive-date=8 July 2012 | archive-url=https://archive.today/20120708181940/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-03-01/india/28643060_1_haji-billa-godhra-train-rajjak-kurkur | work=[[The Times of India]] }}</ref>The government of Gujarat set up [[Gujarat High Court]] judge K. G. Shah as a one-man [[Nanavati-Shah commission|commission]] to look into the incident,<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/2002/03/07/stories/2002030706110100.htm |title=Probe panel appointed |newspaper=The Hindu |date=7 March 2002 |access-date=4 June 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030210180012/http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/2002/03/07/stories/2002030706110100.htm |archive-date=10 February 2003 |url-status=usurped}}</ref> but following outrage among families of victims and in the media over Shah's alleged closeness to Modi, retired Supreme Court judge [[G.T. Nanavati]] was added as chairman of the now two-person commission.<ref name="Jaffrelot 77–80">{{cite journal|last=Jaffrelot|first=Christophe|title=Gujarat 2002: What Justice for the Victims?|journal=Economic & Political Weekly|date=25 February 2012|volume=XLVII|issue=8|pages=77–80}}</ref>In 2003, The Concerned Citizens Tribunal (CCT){{refn|group=Note|The Concerned Citizen's Tribunal (CCT) was an eight-member committee headed by [[V. R. Krishna Iyer]], retired Judge of Supreme Court, with P. B. Sawant, Hosbet Suresh, K. G. Kannabiran, Aruna Roy, K. S. Subramanian, Ghanshyam Shah and Tanika Sarkar making up the rest. It was appointed by Citizens for Peace and Justice (CPJ), a group formed by some social activists from Mumbai and Ahmedabad. It released its first reports in 2003. CPJ members included Alyque Padamsee, Anil Dharkar, Cyrus Guzder, Ghulam Mohammed, I.M. Kadri, Javed Akhtar, Nandan Maluste, Titoo Ahluwalia, Vijay Tendulkar, Teesta Setalvad, Javed Anand; Indubhai Jani, Uves Sareshwala, Batuk Vora, Fr. Cedric Prakash, Najmal Almelkar.}} concluded that the fire had been an accident.<ref name="Tribunal 2003" /><ref name="AHRC 2003" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Godhra |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/godhra/218036 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220805184558/https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/godhra/218036/amp |archive-date=5 August 2022 |access-date=2022-08-31 |website=Outlook India|date=3 February 2022 }}</ref> Several other independent commentators have also concluded that the fire itself was almost certainly an accident, saying that the initial cause of the conflagration has never been conclusively determined.<ref name="Metcalf 2012" /><ref name="Jeffery 2011" /> Historian [[Ainslie Thomas Embree]] stated that the official story of the attack on the train (that it was organized and carried out by people under orders from Pakistan) was entirely baseless.<ref name="Embree 2012" />The Union government led by the [[Indian National Congress]] party in 2005 also set up a [[Godhra train burning#Banerjee Committee|committee]] to probe the incident, headed up by retired Supreme Court judge [[Umesh Chandra Banerjee]]. The committee concluded that the fire had begun inside the train and was most likely accidental.<ref name="IE222"/> However, the Gujarat High Court ruled in 2006 that the matter was outside the jurisdiction of the union government, and that the committee was therefore unconstitutional.<ref name="Press Trust 2006"/>After six years of going over the details, [[Nanavati-Mehta Commission]] submitted its preliminary report which concluded that the fire was an act of arson, committed by a mob of one to two thousand locals.<ref name="Jaffrelot 77–80"/><ref name="Khan, Times of India 2011"/> [[Mawlawi (Islamic title)|Maulvi]] Husain Haji Ibrahim Umarji, a cleric in Godhra, and a dismissed [[Central Reserve Police Force]] officer named Nanumiyan were presented as the "masterminds" behind the arson.<ref name="India 2008">[http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Repository/getFiles.asp?Style=OliveXLib:LowLevelEntityToPrint_TOI&Type=text/html&Locale=english-skin-custom&Path=TOIM/2008/09/27&ID=Ar01400 The Godhra conspiracy as Justice Nanavati saw it] The Times of India, 28 September 2008. Retrieved 19 February 2012. [https://web.archive.org/web/20130602070023/http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Repository/getFiles.asp?Style=OliveXLib:LowLevelEntityToPrint_TOI&Type=text/html&Locale=english-skin-custom&Path=TOIM/2008/09/27&ID=Ar01400 Archived] 21 February 2012.</ref> After 24 extensions, the commission submitted its final report on 18 November 2014.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/2002-gujarat-riots-nanavati-commission-submits-final-report-to-gujarat-chief-minister-anandiben-patel/article6611260.ece|title=Nanavati panel submits final report on Gujarat riots|date=18 November 2014|work=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=10 August 2017|archive-date=9 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210209053503/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/2002-gujarat-riots-nanavati-commission-submits-final-report-to-gujarat-chief-minister-anandiben-patel/article6611260.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> The findings of the commission were called into question by a video recording released by [[Tehelka]] magazine, which showed Arvind Pandya, counsel for the Gujarat government, stating that the findings of the Shah-Nanavati commission would support the view presented by the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP), as Shah was "their man" and Nanavati could be bribed.{{sfn| Jaffrelot |2011 |p=398}}In February 2011, the trial court convicted 31 people and acquitted 63 others based on the murder and conspiracy provisions of the [[Indian Penal Code]], saying the incident was a "pre-planned conspiracy."<ref name="Times of India-Verdict">{{cite news|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-02-22/india/28624491_1_maulvi-umarji-godhra-train-maulana-umarji|title=Godhra verdict: 31 convicted in Sabarmati Express burning case|date=22 February 2011|access-date=24 February 2011|archive-date=23 October 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131023060656/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-02-22/india/28624491_1_maulvi-umarji-godhra-train-maulana-umarji|work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindu.com/2008/09/26/stories/2008092660541300.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080927000205/http://www.hindu.com/2008/09/26/stories/2008092660541300.htm |archive-date=27 September 2008 |work=[[The Hindu]] |title=Front Page: Muslim mob attacked train: Nanavati Commission |date=2008-09-26 |access-date=9 June 2013}}</ref> Of those convicted, 11 were sentenced to death and the other 20 to life in prison.<ref name=Hindu1 /><ref>[http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/godhra-verdict-31-convicted-63-acquitted-86991 Godhra verdict: 31 convicted, 63 acquitted] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129024715/http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/godhra-verdict-31-convicted-63-acquitted-86991 |date=29 November 2014 }} NDTV&nbsp;– 1 March 2011</ref> Maulvi Umarji, presented by the Nanavati-Shah commission as the prime conspirator, was acquitted along with 62 others accused for lack of evidence.<ref name=liveindia>{{cite news|title=Special court convicts 31 in Godhra train burning case |url=http://liveindia.tv/india/states/special-court-convicts-31-in-godhra-train-burning-case/ |access-date=22 May 2013 |newspaper=Live India |date=22 February 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130119002050/http://liveindia.tv/india/states/special-court-convicts-31-in-godhra-train-burning-case/ |archive-date=19 January 2013 }}</ref><ref name=MD>{{cite news|title=Key accused let off in Godhra case|url=http://www.mid-day.com/news/2011/feb/230211-fast-track-court-Godhra-case-verdict-Sabarmati-Express.htm|access-date=22 May 2013|newspaper=Mid Day|date=23 February 2011}}</ref>==Post-Godhra violence=={{location map+|India Gujarat|float=right|width=300|caption=Location of major incidents.|places={{Location map~|India Gujarat|label='''Vadodara'''|mark=Red_pog.svg|position=left|lat=22|long=73}}{{Location map~|India Gujarat|label='''Naroda'''|mark=Red_pog.svg|position=bottom|lat=23|long=72}}{{Location map~|India Gujarat|label='''Ahmedabad'''|mark=Red_pog.svg|position=right|lat=23.03|long=72.58}}{{Location map~|India Gujarat|label='''Godhra'''|mark=Red_pog.svg|position=right|lat=22.777266|long=73.620253}}{{Location map~|India Gujarat|label='''Ode'''|mark=Red_pog.svg|position=right|lat=22.00|long=73.00}}{{Location map~|India Gujarat|label='''Gandhinagar'''|mark=Red_pog.svg|position=right|lat=23.22|long=72.68}}{{Location map~|India Gujarat|label='''Mehsana'''|mark=Red_pog.svg|position=left|lat=23.6|long=72.7}}{{Location map~|India Gujarat|label='''Bharuch'''|mark=Red_pog.svg|position=right|lat=21.7|long=72.97}}{{Location map~|India Gujarat|label='''Surat'''|mark=Red_pog.svg|position=right|lat=21.17|long=72.83}}{{Location map~|India Gujarat|label='''Rajkot'''|mark=Red_pog.svg|position=right|lat=22.3000|long=70.7833}}{{Location map~|India Gujarat|label='''Halvad'''|mark=Red_pog.svg|position=left|lat=23.02|long=71.18}}{{Location map~|India Gujarat|label='''Modasa'''|mark=Red_pog.svg|position=right|lat=23.4|long=73.3}}{{Location map~|India Gujarat|label='''Himatnagar'''|mark=Red_pog.svg|position=right|lat=23.6|long=72.95}}}}Following the attack on the train, the [[Vishva Hindu Parishad]] (VHP) called for a statewide ''[[bandh]],'' or strike. Although the Supreme Court had declared such strikes to be unconstitutional and illegal, and despite the common tendency for such strikes to be followed by violence, no action was taken by the state to prevent the strike. The government did not attempt to stop the initial outbreak of violence across the state.{{sfn|Shani|2007b|p=171}} Independent reports indicate that the state BJP president [[Rajendrasinh Rana|Rana Rajendrasinh]] had endorsed the strike, and that Modi and Rana used inflammatory language which worsened the situation.{{sfn|Simpson|2009|p=134}}Then-Chief Minister Narendra Modi declared that the attack on the train had been an act of terrorism, and not an incident of communal violence.<ref name=Tribune>{{cite news|title=My govt is being defamed, says Modi|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2002/20020310/main4.htm|access-date=28 June 2014|work=The Tribune|date=10 March 2002|archive-date=5 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211205030959/https://www.tribuneindia.com/2002/20020310/main4.htm|url-status=live}}</ref><!-- These words were interpreted as a signal to take vengeance on the Muslim community.{{Citation Needed|date=June 2014}} --> Local newspapers and members of the state government used the statement to incite violence against the Muslim community by claiming, without proof,<ref name="Embree 2012"/> that the attack on the train was carried out by Pakistan's [[Inter-Services Intelligence|intelligence]] agency and that local Muslims had conspired with them to attack Hindus in the state. False stories were also printed by local newspapers which claimed that Muslim people had kidnapped and raped Hindu women.<ref name="Hibbard 2010 b"/>Numerous accounts describe the attacks on the Muslim community that began on 28 February (the day after the train fire) as highly coordinated with mobile phones and government-issued printouts listing the homes and businesses of Muslims. Attackers arrived in Muslim communities across the region in trucks, wearing saffron robes and khaki shorts, bearing a variety of weapons. In many cases, attackers damaged or burned Muslim-owned or occupied buildings while leaving adjacent Hindu buildings untouched. Although many calls to the police were made from victims, they were told by the police that "we have no orders to save you." In some cases, the police fired on Muslims who attempted to defend themselves.<ref name="Murphy 2011"/><ref name="Human Rights Watch 2002"/> The rioters used mobile phones to coordinate their attacks.<ref name="Khan 2011 b"/> By the end of the day on 28 February a curfew had been declared in 27 towns and cities across the state.<ref name="Oommen 2005 a"/> A government minister stated that although the circumstances were tense in Baroda and Ahmedabad, the situation was under control, and that the police who had been deployed were enough to prevent any violence. In Baroda, the administration imposed a curfew in seven areas of the city.[[M. D. Antani]], then the deputy superintendent of police, deployed the [[Rapid Action Force]] to sensitive areas in Godhra.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/oldStory/31027/|title=Godhra gets that scare again – ''Indian Express''|date=6 September 2003|work=Indian Express|access-date=1 March 2017|archive-date=9 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210209053457/https://indianexpress.com/article/news-archive/godhra-gets-that-scare-again/|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Gordhan Zadafia]], the [[Minister of State]] for Home, believed there would be no retaliation from the Hindu community for the train burning.<ref name="Bhatt 2002"/><ref name="Desai 2002" /> Modi stated that the violence was no longer as intense as it had been and that it would soon be brought under control, and that if the situation warranted it, the police would be supported by deploying the army. A shoot-to-kill order was issued.<ref name="Dasgupta 2002"/> However the troop deployment was withheld by the state government until 1 March, when the most severe violence had ended.<ref name="Margatt 2011"/> After more than two months of violence a unanimous vote to authorize central intervention was passed in the [[Rajya Sabha|upper house of parliament]]. Members of the opposition made accusations that the government had failed to protect Muslim people in the worst rioting in India in more than 10 years.<ref name="BBC 6 May 2002"/>It is estimated that 230 [[mosque]]s and 274 [[dargah]]s were destroyed during the violence.{{sfn|Bunsha|2005}} For the first time in the history of communal riots Hindu women took part, looting Muslim shops.<ref name="Oommen 2005 a"/> It is estimated that up to 150,000 people were displaced during the violence.<ref name="Rubin 2010 b"/> It is estimated that 200 police officers died while trying to control the violence, and [[Human Rights Watch]] reported that acts of exceptional heroism were committed by Hindus, [[Dalit]]s and tribals who tried to protect Muslims from the violence.<ref name="Rosser 2003"/><ref name="Heroism" />==Attacks on Muslims==In the aftermath of the violence, it became clear that many attacks were focused not only on Muslim populations, but also on Muslim women and children.  Organizations such as [[Human Rights Watch]] criticised the [[Government of India|Indian government]] and the Gujarat state administration for failure to address the resulting humanitarian condition of victims who fled their homes for relief camps during the violence, the "overwhelming majority of them Muslim."<ref name="HRW May 2002"/> According to [[Teesta Setalvad]] on 28 February in the districts of Morjari Chowk and Charodia Chowk in Ahmedabad of all forty people who had been killed by police shooting were Muslim.{{refn|name=Setalvad|[[Teesta Setalvad]], "When guardians betray: The role of the police," in {{harvnb|Varadarajan|2002|p=181}}}} An international fact-finding committee formed of all women international experts from US, UK, France, Germany and Sri Lanka reported, "sexual violence was being used as a strategy for terrorizing women belonging to minority community in the state."<ref name="Press Trust of India"/>It is estimated that at least 250 girls and women were [[gang rape]]d and then burned to death.<ref name="Kabir 2011"/>Children were force fed petrol and then set on fire,<ref>{{cite book|date=2015|title=The Geometry of Genocide: A Study in Pure Sociology|page=87|publisher=University of Virginia Press|first=Bradley|last=Campbell}}</ref> pregnant women were gutted and then had their unborn child's body shown to them. In the [[Naroda Patiya massacre|Naroda Patiya mass grave]] of ninety-six bodies, forty-six were women. Rioters also flooded homes and electrocuted entire families inside.{{sfn|Jaffrelot|2011|p=388}} Violence against women also included them being stripped naked, violated with objects, and then killed. According to [[Kalpana Kannabiran]] the rapes were part of a well-organized, deliberate and pre-planned strategy, and which facts place the violence into the categories of political pogrom and genocide.<ref name="Kannabiran 2012"/><ref>{{Cite magazine|url=https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2019/12/09/blood-and-soil-in-narendra-modis-india|title=Blood and Soil in Narendra Modi's India|last=Filkins|first=Dexter|date=2019-12-09|magazine=The New Yorker|language=en|access-date=2020-02-03|archive-date=22 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200422170919/https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2019/12/09/blood-and-soil-in-narendra-modis-india|url-status=live}}</ref> Other acts of violence against women included [[Acid throwing|acid attacks]], beatings and the killing of women who were pregnant. Children were also killed in front of their parents.<ref name="Gangoli 2012"/> [[George Fernandes]] in a discussion in parliament on the violence caused widespread furor in his defense of the state government, saying that this was not the first time that women had been violated and raped in India.<ref name="Martin-Lucas 2010"/>Children were killed by being burnt alive and those who dug the mass graves described the bodies interred within them as "burned and butchered beyond recognition."<ref name="Smith 2007"/> Children and infants were speared and held aloft before being thrown into fires.<ref name="Wilkinson 2005"/> Describing the sexual violence perpetrated against Muslim women and girls, Renu Khanna writes that the survivors reported that it "consisted of forced nudity, mass rapes, gang-rapes, mutilation, insertion of objects into bodies, cutting of breasts, slitting the stomach and reproductive organs, and carving of Hindu religious symbols on women's body parts."<ref name="Renu Khanna 2008"/> The Concerned Citizens' Tribunal characterised the use of rape "as an instrument for the subjugation and humiliation of a community."<ref name="Renu Khanna 2008"/> Testimony heard by the committee stated that:<blockquote>A chilling technique, absent in pogroms unleashed hitherto but very much in evidence this time in a large number of cases, was the deliberate destruction of evidence. Barring a few, in most instances of sexual violence, the women victims were stripped and paraded naked, then gang-raped, and thereafter quartered and burnt beyond recognition.&nbsp;.&nbsp;.&nbsp;. The leaders of the mobs even raped young girls, some as young as 11 years old&nbsp;.&nbsp;.&nbsp;.&nbsp;before burning them alive.&nbsp;.&nbsp;.&nbsp;.&nbsp;Even a 20-day-old infant, or a fetus in the womb of its mother, was not spared.<ref name="Renu Khanna 2008"/></blockquote>[[Vandana Shiva]] stated that "Young boys have been taught to burn, rape and kill in the name of Hindutva."<ref name="Shiva 2003"/>[[Dionne Bunsha]], writing on the Gulbarg Society massacre and murder of Ehsan Jafri, has said that when Jafri begged the crowd to spare the women, he was dragged into the street and forced to parade naked for refusing to say "Jai Shri Ram." He was then beheaded and thrown onto a fire, after which rioters returned and burned Jafri's family, including two small boys, to death. After the massacre Gulbarg remained in flames for a week.{{sfn|Bunsha|2005}}<ref name="Ahmed 2003"/>==Attacks on Hindus==''The Times of India'' reported that over ten thousand Hindus were displaced during the violence.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/Riots-hit-all-classes-people-of-all-faith/articleshow/4007683.cms|title=Riots hit all classes, people of all faith|work=The Times of India|date=17 March 2002|access-date=20 May 2014|archive-date=5 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211205031053/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/Riots-hit-all-classes-people-of-all-faith/articleshow/4007683.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> According to police records, 157 riots after the Godhra incident were started by Muslims.<ref name="François">{{cite web|last1=Gautier|first1=François|title=Heed the New Hindu Mood|url=http://www.rediff.com/news/2003/mar/11franc.htm|access-date=4 November 2014|date=11 March 2003|archive-date=5 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211205030957/https://www.rediff.com/news/2003/mar/11franc.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> In Mahajan No Vando, a Hindu residential area in Jamalpur, residents reported that Muslim attackers injured approximately twenty-five Hindu residents and destroyed five houses on 1 March. The community head reported that the police responded quickly, but were ineffectual as there were so few of them present to help during the attack. The colony was later visited by Modi on 6 March, who promised the residents that they would be taken care of.<ref name="Human Rights Watch 2002"/>{{sfn|Oommen| 2008| p=71}}<ref name="Book - Bunsha">{{cite book|last1=Bunsha|first1=Dionne|title=Scarred: Experiments with Violence in Gujarat|date=1 January 2006|publisher=Penguin Books India|page=81|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cQPdGXeh31AC&pg=PA81|isbn=9780144000760|access-date=21 September 2016|archive-date=5 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211205031003/https://books.google.com/books?id=cQPdGXeh31AC&pg=PA81|url-status=live}}</ref>On 17 March, it was reported that Muslims attacked Dalits in the [[Danilimda (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Danilimda area]] of Ahmedabad. In [[Himatnagar]], a man was reportedly found dead with both his eyes gouged out. The Sindhi Market and Bhanderi Pole areas of Ahmedabad were also reportedly attacked by mobs.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.indiatoday.com/itoday/20020415/states.shtml|title=End of Hope|work=India Today|date=4 April 2002|access-date=20 May 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140713010309/http://www.indiatoday.com/itoday/20020415/states.shtml|archive-date=13 July 2014}}</ref>''[[India Today]]'' reported on 20 May 2002 that there were sporadic attacks on Hindus in Ahmedabad. On 5 May, Muslim rioters attacked Bhilwas locality in the Shah Alam area.<ref>[http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/gujarat-riots-as-death-toll-rises-cm-narendra-modi-image-hits-a-new-low/1/219805.html Gujarat riots: As death toll rises, CM Narendra Modi image hits a new low] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211205031017/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/states/story/20020520-gujarat-riots-as-death-toll-rises-cm-narendra-modi-image-hits-a-new-low-795273-2002-05-20 |date=5 December 2021 }}, India Today, 20 May 2002</ref> Hindu doctors were asked to stop practicing in Muslim areas after one Hindu doctor was stabbed.<ref>[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/Docs-told-to-stay-off-minority-areas/articleshow/6512317.cms Docs told to stay off minority areas] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211205030958/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/Docs-told-to-stay-off-minority-areas/articleshow/6512317.cms |date=5 December 2021 }}, Times of India, 11 April 2002</ref>''[[Frontline (magazine)|Frontline]]'' magazine reported that in Ahmedabad of the 249 bodies recovered by 5 March, thirty were Hindu. Of the Hindus that had been killed, thirteen had died as a result of police action and several others had died while attacking Muslim owned properties. Despite the relatively few attacks by Muslim mobs on Hindu neighbourhoods, twenty-four Muslims were reported to have died in police shootings.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/cover-story/article30244258.ece|title=Saffron Terror|work=Frontline|date=16 March 2002|access-date=21 May 2014|archive-date=28 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220228082637/https://frontline.thehindu.com/cover-story/article30244258.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>{{refn|Nandini Sundar, "A licene to kill: Patterns of violence in Gujarat", in {{harvnb|Varadarajan|2002|p=83}}}}==Media coverage==The events in Gujarat were the first instance of communal violence in India in the age of 24-hour news coverage and were televised worldwide. This coverage played a central role in the politics of the situation. Media coverage was generally critical of the Hindu right; however, the BJP portrayed the coverage as an assault on the honor of Gujaratis and turned the hostility into an emotive part of their electoral campaign.<ref name="Mehtaa 2006"/><ref name="Gupta 2012 p7"/> With the violence receding in April, a peace meeting was arranged at [[Sabarmati Ashram]], a former home of [[Mahatma Gandhi]]. [[Hindutva]] supporters and police officers attacked almost a dozen journalists. The state government banned television news channels critical of the government's response, and local stations were blocked. Two reporters working for [[ABP News|STAR News]] were assaulted several times while covering the violence. On a return trip from having interviewed Modi when their car was surrounded by a crowd, one of the crowd claimed that they would be killed should they be a member of a minority community.The Editors Guild of India, in its report on [[media ethics]] and coverage on the incidents stated that the news coverage was exemplary, with only a few minor lapses. The local newspapers ''[[Sandesh (newspaper)|Sandesh]]'' and ''[[Gujarat Samachar]]'', however, were heavily criticised.{{refn|[[Siddharth Varadarajan]] and [[Rajdeep Sardesai]], "The truth hurts: Gujarat and the role of the media", in {{harvnb|Varadarajan|2002|p=272}}}} The report states that ''Sandesh'' had headlines which would "provoke, communalize and terrorize people. The newspaper also used a quote from a VHP leader as a headline, "Avenge with blood." The report stated that ''Gujarat Samachar'' had played a role in increasing the tensions but did not give all of its coverage over to "hawkish and inflammatory reportage in the first few weeks". The paper carried reports to highlight communal harmony. ''[[Gujarat Today]]'' was given praise for showing restraint and for the balanced reportage of the violence.<ref name="Sonwalkar 2009"/> Critical reporting on the Gujarat government's handling of the situation helped bring about the Indian government's intervention in controlling the violence. The Editors Guild rejected the charge that graphic news coverage aggravated the situation, saying that the coverage exposed the "horrors" of the riots as well as the "supine if not complicit" attitude of the state, helping to propel remedial action.<ref name="Cole 2006"/>A two-part [[BBC]] documentary, ‘[[India: The Modi Question]],’ examines the role of India's prime minister Narendra Modi in the Gujarat violence of 2002 when Modi was the chief minister of Gujarat. The first and second parts of the [[Documentary film|documentary]] were released on 17 January 2023 and 24 January 2023 respectively.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-01-23 |title=India invokes emergency laws to ban BBC Modi documentary |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/jan/23/india-emergency-laws-to-ban-bbc-narendra-modi-documentary |access-date=2023-01-25 |website=the Guardian |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-01-25 |title=Jamia, JNU: India students angry after screenings of BBC Modi documentary blocked |language=en-GB |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-64371327 |access-date=2023-01-25}}</ref> The [[Government of India]] banned the documentary from being aired calling it a propaganda.<ref name="Guardian 2023">{{Cite web |date=23 January 2023 |title=India invokes emergency laws to ban BBC Modi documentary |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/jan/23/india-emergency-laws-to-ban-bbc-narendra-modi-documentary |access-date=23 January 2023 |website=the Guardian |language=en}}</ref>==Allegations of state complicity==Many scholars and commentators have accused the state government of being complicit in the attacks, either in failing to exert any effort to quell the violence or for actively planning and executing the attacks themselves. The [[United States Department of State]] ultimately banned [[Narendra Modi]] from travelling to the United States due to his alleged role in the attacks.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://2001-2009.state.gov/p/sca/rls/rm/2005/43701.htm|title=Issue of Gujarat Chief Minister Narendra Modi's Visa Status|publisher=US State Department|access-date=January 20, 2023|date=March 21, 2005}}</ref> These allegations center around several ideas. First, the state did little to quell the violence, with attacks continuing well through the Spring. The historian [[Gyanendra Pandey (historian)|Gyanendra Pandey]] described these attacks as state terrorism, saying that they were not riots but "organized political massacres."<ref name="Pandey 2005 b"/> According to [[Paul Brass]] the only conclusion from the evidence which is available points to a methodical Anti-Muslim pogrom which was carried out with exceptional brutality coordination.{{sfn|Brass|2005|p=388}}The media has described the attacks as state terrorism rather than "communal riots" due to the lack of state intervention.<ref name="Baruah 2012 b"/> Many politicians downplayed the incidents, claiming that the situation was under control.  One minister who spoke with [[Rediff.com]] stated that though the circumstances were tense in Baroda and Ahmedabad, the situation was under control, and that the police who had been deployed were enough to prevent any violence. The deputy superintendent of police stated that the [[Rapid Action Force]] had been deployed to sensitive areas in Godhra. [[Gordhan Zadafia]], the Minister of State for Home, stated that he believed there would be no retaliation from the Hindu community.<ref name="Bhatt 2002"/><ref name="Desai 2002" /> Once troops were airlifted in on 1 March, Modi stated that the violence was no longer as intense as it had been and that it would soon be brought under control.<ref name="Murphy 2011"/> The violence continued for 3 months with no intervention from the federal government until May.<ref name="BBC 6 May 2002"/> Local and state-level politicians were seen leading violent mobs, restraining the police and arranging the distribution of weapons, leading investigative reports to conclude that the violence was "engineered and launched."<ref name="Berenschot2014"/>Throughout the violence, attacks were made in full view of police stations and police officers who did not intervene.<ref name="Murphy 2011"/> In many instances, police joined the mobs in perpetrating violence. At one Muslim locality, of the twenty-nine deaths, sixteen were caused by police firing into the locality.<ref name="Berenschot2014"/> Some rioters even had printouts of voter registration lists, allowing them to selectively target Muslim properties.<ref name="Khan 2011 b"/><ref name="Rubin 2010 b"/><ref name="Human Rights Watch 2002"/> Selective targeting of properties was shown by the destruction of the offices of the Muslim [[Wakf]] board which was located within the confines of the high security zone and just 500 meters from the office of the chief minister.{{sfn|Shani|2007b|p=171}}According to Scott W. Hibbard, the violence had been planned far in advance, and that similar to other instances of communal violence the [[Bajrang Dal]], the VHP and the [[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh]] (RSS) all took part in the attacks.<ref name="Hibbard 2010 b"/> Following the attack on the train the VHP called for a statewide ''bandh'' (strike), and the state took no action to prevent this.{{sfn|Shani|2007b|p=171}}{{sfn|Simpson|2009|p=134}}The Concerned Citizens Tribunal (CCT) report includes testimony of the then Gujarat BJP minister [[Haren Pandya]] (since murdered), who testified about an evening meeting convened by Modi the evening of the train burning. At this meeting, officials were instructed not to obstruct the Hindu rage following the incident.<ref name="Puniyani 2009"/><ref name="Narula 2010">{{cite book |first=Smita |last=Narula |chapter=Law and Hindu nationalist movements |editor1=Timothy Lubin |editor2=Donald R. Davis Jr |editor3=Jayanth K. Krishnan |title=Hinduism and Law: An Introduction |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MtuhClbfL7EC&pg=PA248 |year=2010 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-139-49358-1 |pages=234–251}}</ref> The report also highlighted a second meeting, held in Lunawada village of [[Panchmahal district]], attended by state ministers [[Ashok Bhatt]], and Prabhatsinh Chauhan, among other BJP and RSS leaders, where "detailed plans were made on the use of kerosene and petrol for arson and other methods of killing."<ref name="Desai 2002"/><ref name="Narula 2010"/> The [[Jamiat Ulema-e-Hind|Jamiat Ulama-i-Hind]] claimed in 2002 that some regional Congress workers collaborated with the perpetrators of the violence.<ref name="Ramachandran 2003"/>[[Dipankar Gupta]] believes that the state and police were clearly complicit in the violence, but that some officers were outstanding in the performance of their duties, such as Himanshu Bhatt and [[Rahul Sharma (Gujarat police)|Rahul Sharma]]. Sharma was reported to have said "I don't think any other job would have allowed me to save so many lives."<ref name="Gupta 2011"/> [[Human Rights Watch]] has reported on acts of exceptional heroism by Hindus, Dalits and tribals who tried to protect Muslims from the violence.<ref name="Rosser 2003"/><ref name="Heroism"/>In response to allegations of state involvement, Gujarat government spokesman, Bharat Pandya, told the BBC that the rioting was a spontaneous Hindu backlash fueled by widespread anger against Muslims. He said "Hindus are frustrated over the role of Muslims in the on-going violence in Indian-administered Kashmir and other parts of India."<ref name="Sen March 2002"/> In support of this, the [[United States Commission on International Religious Freedom|US Ambassador at-large for International Religious Freedom]], [[John Hanford]], expressed concern over religious intolerance in Indian politics and said that while the rioters may have been aided by state and local officials, he did not believe that the BJP-led central government was involved in inciting the riots.<ref name="Krishnaswami 2006"/>==Criminal prosecutions==Prosecution of the perpetrators of the violence hampered by witnesses being bribed or intimidated and the perpetrators' names being deleted from the charge sheets.  Local judges were also biased.{{sfn|Nussbaum|2008|p=2}} After more than two years of acquittals, the [[Supreme Court of India]] stepped in, transferring key cases to the [[Bombay High Court]] and ordering the police to reopen two thousand cases that had been previously closed. The Supreme Court also lambasted the Gujarat government as "modern day Neros" who looked elsewhere when innocent women and children were burning and then interfered with prosecution.<ref name=BBC1>{{cite news |title=Court orders Gujarat riot review |work=BBC News |date=17 August 2004 |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/3572296.stm |access-date=4 February 2011 |archive-date=5 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211205030959/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/3572296.stm |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Narula 2010"/> Following this direction, police identified nearly 1,600 cases for re-investigation, arrested 640 accused and launched investigations against forty police officers for their failures.<ref name=BBC2>{{cite news |title=Gujarat riot cases to be reopened |work=BBC News |date=8 February 2006 |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/4693412.stm |access-date=4 February 2011 |archive-date=5 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211205030959/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/4693412.stm |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Gujarat riot probe panel moves against 41 cops |work=The Indian Express |location=India |date=9 February 2006 |url=http://www.indianexpress.com/archive/StoryO-87579-Gujarat-riot-probe-panel-moves-against-41-cops.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080319112614/http://www.indianexpress.com/archive/StoryO-87579-Gujarat-riot-probe-panel-moves-against-41-cops.html |archive-date=19 March 2008 |access-date=9 December 2015 }}</ref>{{refn|group=Note|[[Human Rights Watch]] alleged<ref name="hrw_bg_gujarat">{{cite web |url=http://hrw.org/backgrounder/asia/india/gujarat |title=Discouraging Dissent: Intimidation and Harassment of Witnesses, Human Rights Activists, and Lawyers Pursuing Accountability for the 2002 Communal Violence in Gujarat(Human Rights Watch, September 2004) |publisher=Human Rights Watch |access-date=11 July 2013 |archive-date=15 April 2013 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130415063958/http://www.hrw.org/legacy/backgrounder/asia/india/gujarat/ |url-status=live }}</ref> that state and law enforcement officials were harassing and intimidating<ref name="hrw_continued_harass">{{cite web|url=https://www.hrw.org/english/docs/2004/09/23/india9383.htm |title=India: After Gujarat Riots, Witnesses Face Intimidation (Human Rights Watch, 23 September 2004) |publisher=Human Rights Watch |date=25 September 2004 |access-date=20 June 2013}}</ref> key witnesses, NGOs, social activists and lawyers who were fighting to seek justice for riot victims. In its 2003 annual report, Amnesty International stated, "the same police force that was accused of colluding with the attackers was put in charge of the investigations into the massacres, undermining the process of delivery of justice to the victims."<ref name="AI-2003" />}}In March 2008, the Supreme Court ordered the setting up of a Special Investigation Team (SIT) to reinvestigate the Godhra train burning case and key cases of post-Godhra violence. The former [[Central Bureau of Investigation|CBI]] Director [[R. K. Raghavan]] was appointed to chair the Team.<ref name="Narula 2010"/> [[Christophe Jaffrelot]] notes that the SIT was not as independent as commonly believed. Other than Raghavan, half of the six members of the team were recruited from the Gujarat police, and the Gujarat High Court was still responsible for appointing judicial officers. The SIT made efforts to appoint independent prosecutors but some of them resigned due to their inability to function. No efforts were made to protect the witnesses and Raghavan himself was said to be an "absentee investigator," who spent only a few days every month in Gujarat, with the investigations being conducted by the remainder of the team.<ref name="Jaffrelot 2012">{{cite journal |last=Jaffrelot |first=Christophe |title=Gujarat 2002: What Justice for the Victims? The Supreme Court, the SIT, the Police and the State Judiciary |journal=Economic and Political Weekly |volume=XLVII |number=8 |date=25 February 2012 |url=http://xa.yimg.com/kq/groups/8951350/680768191/name/Gujarat+2002+-+What+Justice+for+the+Victims.pdf |access-date=21 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923221706/http://xa.yimg.com/kq/groups/8951350/680768191/name/Gujarat+2002+-+What+Justice+for+the+Victims.pdf |archive-date=23 September 2015 }}</ref>As of April 2013, 249 convictions had been secured of 184 Hindus and 65 Muslims. Thirty-one of the Muslim convictions were for the massacre of Hindus in Godhra.<ref name="Correspondent 2013"/>===Best Bakery case===The [[Best Bakery case|Best Bakery murder trial]] received wide attention after witnesses retracted testimony in court and all of the accused were acquitted. The [[Supreme Court of India|Indian Supreme Court]], acting on a petition by social activist [[Teesta Setalvad]], ordered a retrial outside Gujarat in which nine accused were found guilty in 2006.<ref>Dionne Bunsha, [http://www.frontline.in/static/html/fl2304/stories/20060310005611700.htm Verdict in Best Bakery case], ''Frontline'', Volume 23 – Issue 04, 25 February – 10 March 2006</ref> A key witness, [[Zaheera Sheikh]], who repeatedly changed her testimony during the trials and the petition was found guilty of [[perjury]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/news/2003/jul/08spec.htm |title=Why did Zaheera Sheikh have to lie? |work=Rediff.com |access-date=11 July 2013}}</ref>===Bilkis Bano case===After police dismissed the case against her assailants, Bilkis Bano approached the [[National Human Rights Commission of India]] and petitioned the Supreme Court seeking a reinvestigation. The Supreme Court granted the motion, directing the [[Central Bureau of Investigation]] (CBI) to take over the investigation. CBI appointed a team of experts from the [[Central Forensic Science Laboratory]] (CFSL) Delhi and [[All India Institute of Medical Sciences]] (AIIMS) under the guidance and leadership of Professor [[Tirath Das Dogra|T. D. Dogra]] to exhume the mass graves to establish the identity and cause of death of the victims. The team successfully located and exhumed the remains of the victims.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/the-meticulous-seven-and-a-sevenday-hunt-for-proof/264049|title=The meticulous seven, and a seven-day hunt for proof-Amitabh Sinha|location= New Delhi |date=21 January 2008 |work=The Indian Express|access-date=10 February 2013}}</ref> The trial of the case was transferred out of Gujarat and the central government was directed to appoint a public prosecutor.<ref name="Deccan-Herald-Aug-9-04" >{{cite news | title = A hopeful Bilkis goes public |work=Deccan Herald |location=India |date=9 August 2004 | url = http://www.deccanherald.com/archives/aug092004/n14.asp|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20080323094551/http://www.deccanherald.com/archives/aug092004/n14.asp|archive-date= 23 March 2008| access-date=4 February 2011 }}</ref><ref name="Telegraph-Aug-7-04">{{cite news | title = Second riot case shift | work = The Telegraph |date=7 August 2004 | url = http://www.telegraphindia.com/1040807/asp/frontpage/story_3595362.asp| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20040903144523/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1040807/asp/frontpage/story_3595362.asp| url-status = dead| archive-date = 3 September 2004| access-date=4 February 2011 }}</ref> Charges were filed in a Mumbai court against nineteen people as well as six police officials and a government doctor over their role in the initial investigations.<ref name="Hindu-Jan-14-05">{{cite news | title = Charges framed in Bilkis case |date=14 January 2005 | url = http://www.hindu.com/2005/01/14/stories/2005011403701300.htm | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20050130200053/http://www.hindu.com/2005/01/14/stories/2005011403701300.htm | archive-date = 30 January 2005 | location=Chennai, India| work = [[The Hindu]] | access-date=4 February 2011 }}</ref> In January 2008, eleven men were sentenced to life imprisonment for rapes and murders and a policeman was convicted of falsifying evidence.<ref>{{cite news | title = Rape victim Bilkis Bano hails victory for Muslims as Hindu assailants are jailed for life | author = Jeremy Page |work=The Times |location=London | date = 23 January 2008 | url = http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/asia/article3234530.ece | access-date=4 February 2011 }}</ref> The Bombay High Court upheld the life imprisonment of the eleven men convicted for the gang rape of Bilkis Bano and the murder of her family members during the 2002 Gujarat riots on 8 May 2017. The court also set aside the acquittal of the remaining seven accused in the case, including Gujarat police officers and doctors of a government hospital, who were charged with suppressing and tampering with evidence.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/bilkis-bano-verdict-gujarat-2002-riots-bombay-hc-life-imprisonment-cbi-death-convicts-4640051/|title=Bilkis Bano gangrape case verdict: Bombay HC convicts 5 Gujarat cops, 2 doctors, upholds life for 11|date=5 May 2017|work=The Indian Express|language=en-US}}</ref> Later, the final verdict came on 23 April 2019 as the Supreme Court ordered the Gujarat government to pay Bilkis Yakoob Rasool Bano ₹50 lakh as compensation, and to provide her with a government job and housing in the area of her choice.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/sc-orders-gujarat-govt-to-pay-50-lakh-compensation-to-bilkis-bano/article26919852.ece |title=SC orders Gujarat govt to pay ₹50 lakh compensation to Bilkis Bano |newspaper=The Hindu |date=23 April 2019 |access-date=24 April 2019 |archive-date=9 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210209053505/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/sc-orders-gujarat-govt-to-pay-50-lakh-compensation-to-bilkis-bano/article26919852.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>On 15 August 2022, the eleven men sentenced to life imprisonment in the Bilkis Bano gangrape case were released from a Godhra jail by the Gujarat government.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://scroll.in/latest/1030549/bilkis-bano-gangrape-11-men-sentenced-to-life-imprisonment-released-from-jail|title=Bilkis Bano gangrape: 11 men sentenced to life imprisonment released from jail|date=16 August 2022|work=Scroll.in|language=en-US}}</ref> The judge who sentenced the rapists said the early release set a bad precedent by the Gujarat government and warned that the move would have wide ramifications.<ref>{{cite news |title=Bilkis Bano case: Gujarat has set bad precedent by releasing convicts, says judge who sentenced them |url=https://scroll.in/latest/1030820/bilkis-bano-case-on-court-to-decide-if-releasing-convicts-is-right-says-judge-who-sentenced-them |access-date=20 August 2022 |work=Scroll.in |date=19 August 2022}}</ref>The panel which granted remission included two legislators from the BJP, which was the state government at that time, former BJP Godhra municipal councillor, and a BJP women wing member.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Langa |first1=Mahesh |title=Two BJP legislators on panel that backed remission in Bilkis Bano case |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/two-bjp-legislators-on-panel-that-backed-remission-in-bilkis-bano-case/article65780663.ece |access-date=2022-08-30 |newspaper=The Hindu |date=2022-08-17}}</ref> After being released from the jail, they were welcomed with sweets and their feet touched in respect.<ref>{{cite news |title=Bilkis Bano case convicts greeted with sweets; Owaisi questions PM Modi |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/owaisi-questions-pm-modi-as-bilkis-bano-case-convicts-greeted-with-sweets-101660650551483.html |access-date=2022-08-30 |work=Hindustan Times |date=2022-08-16}}</ref>Two days after the remission, Bilkis Bano issued a statement expressing her grief at the release of her rapists and said that the decision had shaken her faith in the justice system.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-08-18 |title=Bilkis Bano: The pain of seeing my rapists go free |language=en-GB |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-62574247 |access-date=2022-08-18}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Pal |first1=Sumedha |title='I Fear For Our Future': Bilkis Bano's Husband on Release of 11 Convicts |url=https://thewire.in/rights/bilkis-bano-husband-convict-release |access-date=20 August 2022 |work=The Wire |date=16 August 2022}}</ref> Many Muslims from her village left their homes due to safety concerns.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Dahiya |first1=Himanshi |title='Won't Go Back Till Convicts Out': Muslims Leave Bilkis Bano's Village Overnight |url=https://www.thequint.com/news/india/muslim-families-leave-randhikpur-bilkis-bano-case-gujarat-riots-2002 |access-date=2022-08-29 |work=The Quint |date=2022-08-25}}</ref>On 18 August 2022, around 6,000 signatories, including activists, eminent writers, historians, filmmakers, journalists and former bureaucrats, urged the Supreme Court to revoke the early release of the rapists,<ref>{{cite news |title=Over 6,000 Signatories Urge SC to Revoke Early Release of Convicts in Bilkis Bano Case |url=https://thewire.in/rights/over-6000-signatories-demand-revoking-remission-of-convicts-in-bilkis-bano-case |access-date=20 August 2022 |work=The Wire |date=18 August 2022}}</ref> while the Opposition parties criticised the BJP.<ref>{{cite news |title='Real Face' of New India: Opposition Slams Modi Over Release of Bilkis Bano Case Convicts |url=https://thewire.in/politics/opposition-slams-modi-bilkis-bano-case-release |access-date=20 August 2022 |work=The Wire |date=16 August 2022}}</ref> The convicts harassed the witnesses of the case when they were out on parole as recently as in the year 2021, which added to the criticism of the remission.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Pathak |first1=Maulik |title=Bilkis case convicts threatened witnesses in past, show records |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/bilkis-case-convicts-threatened-witnesses-in-past-show-records-101660935225918.html |access-date=2022-08-30 |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=2022-08-20}}</ref>A few days later, Supreme Court agreed to look into plea challenging release of 11 convicts.<ref>{{cite news |author=Scroll Staff |title=Bilkis Bano case: Supreme Court says it will look into plea challenging release of 11 convicts |url=https://scroll.in/latest/1031093/bilkis-bano-case-remission-of-11-convicts-challenged-before-supreme-court |access-date=2022-08-23 |work=Scroll.in |date=2022-08-23}}</ref> A bench comprising Chief Justice of India [[N. V. Ramana]], Justice Ajay Rastogi, and Justice Vikram Nath however posed a query with respect to the legal bar on grant of remission to the convicts.<ref>{{cite news |title= Chief Justice N V Ramana also asked the petitioners to implead those who have been granted remission as parties in the matter |url=https://bigmirror.in/sc-issues-notice-to-gujarat-govt-over-release-of-bilkis-bano-case-convicts |access-date=25 August 2022 |work=Big Mirror News|date=25 August 2022}}</ref>===Avdhootnagar case===In 2005, the Vadodara fast-track court acquitted 108 people accused of murdering two youths during a mob attack on a group of displaced Muslims returning under police escort to their homes in Avdhootnagar. The court passed strictures against the police for failing to protect the people under their escort and failing to identify the attackers they had seen.<ref>{{cite news |title=All accused in riot case acquitted |work=The Hindu |location=India |date=26 October 2005 |url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/2005/10/26/stories/2005102605681400.htm |access-date=4 February 2011  |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081226233220/http://www.hinduonnet.com/2005/10/26/stories/2005102605681400.htm |archive-date=26 December 2008 |url-status=usurped}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | title = Over 100 accused in post-Godhra riots acquitted | publisher = Rediff News |date=25 October 2005 | url = http://in.rediff.com/news/2005/oct/25godhra.htm | access-date=4 February 2011 }}</ref>===Danilimda case===Nine people were convicted of killing a Hindu man and injuring another during group clashes in Danilimda, Ahmedabad on 12 April 2005, while twenty-five others were acquitted.<ref>{{cite news | title = Sentencing in Gujarat Hindu death | author = Rajeev Khanna |work=BBC News |date=28 March 2006 | url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/4854760.stm| access-date=4 February 2011 }}</ref>===Eral case===Eight people, including a VHP leader and a member of the BJP, were convicted for the murder of seven members of a family and the rape of two minor girls in the village of Eral in Panchmahal district.<ref>{{cite news | title = Hindus jailed over Gujarat riots |work=BBC News |date=30 October 2007 | url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/7069809.stm | access-date=4 February 2011 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news| title = Godhra court convicts 11 in Eral massacre case; 29 acquitted| publisher = India Today| url = http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/Raped+German+girl+identifies+2+accused/1/1693| access-date = 30 October 2007}}{{Dead link|date=February 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>===Pavagadh and Dhikva case===Fifty-two people from Pavagadh and Dhikva villages in [[Panchmahal district]] were acquitted of rioting charges for lack of evidence.<ref>{{cite news | title = 52 acquitted in post-Godhra case | publisher = Rediff News |date=22 April 2006 | url = http://www.rediff.com/news/2006/apr/22godhra.htm | access-date=4 February 2011 }}</ref>===Godhra train-burning case===A stringent anti-terror law, the [[Prevention of Terrorism Act, 2002|POTA]], was used by the Gujarat government to charge 131 people in connection to the Godhra train fire, but not invoked in prosecuting any of the accused in the post-Godhra riots.<ref>{{Cite book | contribution = Hindu Nationalists and federal structures in an era of regionalism | author = Katharine Adeney | title = Coalition Politics And Hindu Nationalism | url = https://archive.org/details/coalitionpolitic00aden | url-access = limited |editor= Katharine Adeney |editor2=Lawrence Sáez | publisher = Routledge | year = 2005 | isbn = 978-0-415-35981-8 | page = [https://archive.org/details/coalitionpolitic00aden/page/n130 114] }}</ref><ref>{{cite book | title = A Time of Coalitions: Divided We Stand | author1 = Paranjoy Guha Thakurta | author2 = Shankar Raghuraman | publisher = Sage Publications | year = 2004 | isbn = 978-0-7619-3237-6 | page = [https://archive.org/details/timeofcoalitions0000guha/page/123 123] | url = https://archive.org/details/timeofcoalitions0000guha/page/123 }}</ref> In 2005 the POTA Review Committee set up by the central government to review the application of the law opined that the Godhra accused should not have been tried under the provisions of POTA.<ref>{{cite news | title = Pota Review Committee Gives Opinion on Godhra Case To POTA Court | publisher = Indlaw|date=21 June 2005 | url = http://www.indlawnews.com/0b4b3d8601312009fa9754c2386220f9|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20060526033930/http://www.indlawnews.com/0b4b3d8601312009fa9754c2386220f9 |archive-date = 26 May 2006}}</ref>In February 2011 a special fast track court convicted thirty-one Muslims for the Godhra train burning incident and the conspiracy for the crime<ref name=Hindu1>{{cite news|title=It was not a random attack on S-6 but kar sevaks were targeted, says judge|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/article1513008.ece|access-date=11 July 2013|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=6 March 2011|archive-date=17 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160117044114/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/article1513008.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>===Dipda Darwaza case===On 9 November 2011, a court in [[Ahmedabad]] sentenced thirty-one Hindus to life imprisonment for murdering dozens of Muslims by burning a building in which they took shelter.<ref name="Srivastava"/> Forty-one other Hindus were acquitted of murder charges due to a lack of evidence.<ref name="Srivastava">{{cite web |url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/asia-pacific/indian-court-finds-31-hindus-guilty-of-killing-dozens-of-muslims-in-rioting-9-years-ago/2011/11/09/gIQA5HPL4M_story.html |title=Indian court sentences 31 Hindus to life in prison for killing dozens of Muslims 9 years ago - the Washington Post |website=www.washingtonpost.com |access-date=15 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111111061735/http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/asia-pacific/indian-court-finds-31-hindus-guilty-of-killing-dozens-of-muslims-in-rioting-9-years-ago/2011/11/09/gIQA5HPL4M_story.html |archive-date=11 November 2011 }}</ref> Twenty-two further people were convicted for attempted murder on 30 July 2012, while sixty-one others were acquitted.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-india-19044830 |title=India convictions over Gujarat Dipda Darwaza killings |date=30 July 2012 |work=BBC News |access-date=31 July 2012 |archive-date=9 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210209053516/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-19044830 |url-status=live }}</ref>===Naroda Patiya Massacre==={{main|Naroda Patiya massacre}}On 29 July 2012, an Indian court convicted thirty people in the [[Naroda Patiya massacre]] case for their involvement in the attacks. The convicted included former state minister [[Maya Kodnani]] and Hindu leader [[Babu Bajrangi]]. The court case began in 2009, and over three hundred people (including victims, witnesses, doctors, and journalists) testified before the court. For the first time, the verdict acknowledged the role of a politician in inciting Hindu mobs. Activists asserted that the verdict would embolden the opponent of Narendra Modi, the then chief minister of Gujarat, in the crucial run-up to state elections later that year, when Modi would be seeking a third term (The BJP and he eventually went on to win the elections<ref>{{cite news|last1=D|first1=S|title=Modi3rdterm|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/state-election-victory-boosts-narendra-modis-national-ambitions/2012/12/20/55ad2108-4aa5-11e2-8758-b64a2997a921_story.html|access-date=31 October 2014}}</ref>). Modi refused to apologise and denied that the government had a role in the riots. Twenty-nine people were acquitted during the verdict. Teesta Setalvad said "For the first time, this judgment actually goes beyond neighborhood perpetrators and goes up to the political conspiracy. The fact that convictions have gone that high means the conspiracy charge has been accepted and the political influencing of the mobs has been accepted by the judge. This is a huge victory for justice."<ref name="WashPo verdict">{{cite news | url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/indian-court-convicts-former-government-minister-in-deadly-2002-riots/2012/08/29/3745a438-f1b3-11e1-b74c-84ed55e0300b_story.html | title=Indian court convicts former state minister in deadly 2002 anti-Muslim riots | newspaper=The Washington Post | author=Lakshmi, Rama | date=29 August 2012 | access-date=29 August 2012}}</ref>===Perjury cases===In April 2009, the SIT submitted before the Court that Teesta Setalvad had cooked up cases of violence to spice up the incidents. The SIT which is headed by former CBI director, R. K. Raghavan has said that false witnesses were tutored to give evidence about imaginary incidents by Setalvad and other NGOs.<ref name=toi>{{cite web|author=Dhananjay Mahapatra |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-04-14/india/28031729_1_riot-cases-r-k-raghavan-riot-victims |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811112141/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-04-14/india/28031729_1_riot-cases-r-k-raghavan-riot-victims |archive-date=11 August 2011 |title=NGOs, Teesta spiced up Gujarat riot incidents: SIT |date=14 April 2009 |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=20 June 2013}}</ref> The SIT charged her of "cooking up macabre tales of killings."<ref name=economictimes>Setalvad in dock for 'cooking up killings' [http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/News/PoliticsNation/Setalvad-in-dock-for-cooking-up-killings/articleshow/4397849.cms "Setalvad in dock for 'cooking up killings'"]. ''The Economic Times''. Retrieved 11 May 2009. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090417153054/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/News/PoliticsNation/Setalvad-in-dock-for-cooking-up-killings/articleshow/4397849.cms |date=17 April 2009 }} 14 May 2009.</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Gujarat riot myths busted |url=http://www.dailypioneer.com/169490/Gujarat-riot-myths-busted.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090520071215/http://www.dailypioneer.com/169490/Gujarat-riot-myths-busted.html |archive-date=20 May 2009 |access-date=11 May 2009  }}</ref>The court was told that twenty-two witnesses, who had submitted identical affidavits before various courts relating to riot incidents, were questioned by SIT and it was found that the witnesses had not actually witnessed the incidents and they were tutored and the affidavits were handed over to them by Setalvad.<ref name=economictimes/>==Inquiries==There were more than sixty investigations by national and international bodies many of which concluded that the violence was supported by state officials.<ref name="Evans 2011"/> A report from the [[National Human Rights Commission of India]] (NHRC) stated that [[res ipsa loquitur]] applied as the state had comprehensively failed to protect uphold the rights of the people as set out in the [[Constitution of India]].{{sfn|Engineer|2003|p=262}}  It faulted the Gujarat government for failure of intelligence, failure to take appropriate action, and failure to identify local factors and players.  NHRC also expressed "widespread lack of faith" in the integrity of the investigation of major incidents of violence.  It recommended that five critical cases should be transferred to the Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI).The US State Department's International Religious Freedom Report quoted the NHRC as concluding that the attacks had been premeditated, that state government officials were complicit, and that there was evidence of police not acting during the assaults on Muslims.  The US State Department also cited how Gujarat's high school textbooks described Hitler's "charismatic personality" and the "achievements of Nazism."{{sfn|Nussbaum|2008|p=50-51}}<ref>{{cite web |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/irf/2003/24470.htm |title=International Religious Freedom Report 2003: India |publisher=Bureau of democracy, human rights and labor, [[US State Department]] |website=2009-2017.state.gov |quote=The Gujarat State Higher Secondary Board, to which nearly 98 percent of schools in Gujarat belong, requires the use of certain textbooks in which Nazism is condoned. In the Standard 10 social studies textbook, the "charismatic personality" of "Hitler the Supremo" and the "achievements of Nazism" are described at length. The textbook does not acknowledge Nazi extermination policies or concentration camps except for a passing reference to "a policy of opposition towards the Jewish people and [advocacy for] the supremacy of the German race." The Standard 9 social studies textbook implies that Muslims, Christians, Parsees, and Jews are "foreigners." In 2002 the Gujarat State Higher Secondary Board administered an exam, while the riots were ongoing, in which students of English were asked to form one sentence out of the following: "There are two solutions. One of them is the Nazi solution. If you don't like people, kill them, segregate them. Then strut up and down. Proclaim that you are the salt of the earth."}}</ref> US Congressmen [[John Conyers]] and [[Joe Pitts (Pennsylvania politician)|Joe Pitts]] subsequently introduced a resolution in the House condemning the conduct of Modi for inciting religious persecution. They stated that Modi's government had a role in "promoting the attitudes of [[Racism|racial supremacy]], [[Bigotry|racial hatred]] and the legacy of [[Nazi]]sm through his government's support of school textbooks in which Nazism is glorified." They also wrote a letter to the US State Department asking it deny Modi a visa to the United States. The resolution was not adopted.<ref>{{cite web | last=Member | first=Any House | title=Text - H.Res.160 - 109th Congress (2005-2006): Condemning the conduct of Chief Minister Narendra Modi for his actions to incite religious persecution and urging the United States to condemn all violations of religious freedom in India. | website=Congress.gov | date=2005-03-16 | url=http://www.congress.gov/ | access-date=2022-08-20}}</ref>The CCT consisting of eminent high court judges released a detailed three-volume report on the riots.<ref name="wapo">{{cite news|title=What really happened in Godhra|last1=Chandrasekaran|first1=Rajeev|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]}}</ref><ref name="tribunal">{{cite web|title=Crimes against Humanity (3 volumes)|url=http://www.sabrang.com/tribunal/|website=www.sabrang.com|publisher=Official report on godhra riots by the Concerned Citizens Tribunal|access-date=5 July 2017|archive-date=15 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200115112215/https://www.sabrang.com/tribunal/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="deadlinkofgovernmentofficialreport">{{cite web|url=http://www.home.gujarat.gov.in/homedepartment/downloads/godharaincident.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090219062904/http://home.gujarat.gov.in/homedepartment/downloads/godharaincident.pdf|archive-date=19 February 2009|title=Official Nanavati Shah commission report|website=www.home.gujarat.gov.in|publisher=Government of Gujarat|access-date=5 July 2017}}</ref> Headed by retired Supreme Court Justice [[V. R. Krishna Iyer]], the CCT released its findings in 2003 and stated that, contrary to the government allegation of a conspiracy in Godhra, the incident had not been pre-planned and there was no evidence to indicate otherwise. On the statewide riots, the CCT reported that, several days before the Godhra incident, which was the excuse used for the attacks, homes belonging to Hindus in Muslim areas had been marked with pictures of Hindu deities or saffron flags, and that this had been done to prevent any accidental assaults on Hindu homes or businesses. The CCT investigation also discovered evidence that the VHP and the Bajrang Dal had training camps in which people were taught to view Muslims as an enemy. These camps were backed and supported by the BJP and RSS. They also reported that "The complicity of the state government is obvious. And, the support of the central government to the state government in all that it did is also by now a matter of common knowledge."<ref name="PUCL 2006"/>The state government commissioned J. G. Shah to conduct, what became, a controversial one man inquiry into the [[Godhra train burning|Godhra incident]], its credibility was questioned and the [[National Human Rights Commission of India|NHRC]] and the [[National Minorities Commission]] requested that a sitting judge from the supreme court be appointed. The supreme court overturned the findings by Shah stating, "this judgement is not based on the understanding of any evidence, but on imagination."{{sfn|Guha| 2002| p=437}}Early in 2003, the state government of Gujarat set up the [[Nanavati-Shah commission]] to investigate the entire incident, from the initial one at Godhra to the ensuing violence. The commission was caught up in controversy from the beginning. Activists and members of the opposition insisted on a judicial commission to be set up and headed by a sitting judge rather than a retired one from the high court. The state government refused. Within a few months Nanavati, before hearing any testimony declared there was no evidence of lapses by either the police or government in their handling of the violence.{{sfn|Oommen| 2008| p=73}} In 2008 Shah died and was replaced by Justice Akshay Mehta, another retired high court judge.<ref name="Economic Times 2012"/> Metha's appointment was controversial as he was the judge who allowed Babu Bajrangi, a prime suspect in the massacre [[Naroda Patiya massacre]], to be released on bail.<ref name="Tehelka Magazine 2008"/><ref name="Akshay Mehta 2008"/> In July 2013 the commission was given its 20th extension, and Mukul Sinha of the civil rights group ''[[Jan Sangharsh Manch]]'' said of the delays "I think the Commission has lost its significance and it now seems to be awaiting the outcome of the 2014 Lok Sabha election."<ref name="Soni 2013"/> In 2007 Tehelka in an undercover operation had said that the Nanavati-Shah commission had relied on "manufactured evidence." ''[[Tehelka]]'' editor [[Tarun Tejpal]] has claimed that they had taped witnesses who stated they had given false testimony after they had been bribed by the Gujarati police force. ''Tehelka'' also recorded Ranjitsinh Patel where he stated that he and Prabhatsinh Patel had been paid fifty thousand rupees each to amend earlier statements and to identify some Muslims as conspirators.<ref name="India Today 2008"/> According to [[B. G. Verghese|B G Verghese]], the Tehelka expose was far too detailed to have been fake.<ref name="Verghese 2010"/>A fact finding mission by the [[SAHMAT#Legacy|Sahmat]] organisation led by Dr. Kamal Mitra Chenoy concluded that the violence was more akin to ethnic cleansing or a pogrom rather than communal violence. The report said that the violence surpassed other periods of communal violence such as in [[1969 Gujarat riots|1969]], [[1985 Gujarat riots|1985]], [[1989 Bhagalpur violence|1989]], and [[Bombay riots|1992]] not only in the total loss of life, but also in the savagery of the attacks.<ref name="Sen March 2002"/><ref name="Chenoy 2002"/>==Aftermath=====Rioting in Gujarat===There was widespread destruction of property. 273 [[dargahs]], 241 mosques, 19 temples, and 3 churches were either destroyed or damaged.<ref name="religious structures destroyed">[http://www.radianceweekly.com/331/9584/indo-pak-relations-fostering-trust-legal-fraternity-steps-forward/2012-11-04/gujrat/story-detail/destroyed-damaged-religious-structures-in-gujarat-govt-silent-on-when-to-provide-compensation.html DESTROYED, DAMAGED RELIGIOUS STRUCTURES IN GUJARAT] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130503211746/http://www.radianceweekly.com/331/9584/indo-pak-relations-fostering-trust-legal-fraternity-steps-forward/2012-11-04/gujrat/story-detail/destroyed-damaged-religious-structures-in-gujarat-govt-silent-on-when-to-provide-compensation.html |date=3 May 2013 }} Radiance Viewsweekly, 10 November 2012.</ref>{{sfn|Jaffrelot|2011|p=389}} It is estimated that Muslim property losses were "100,000 houses, 1,100 hotels, 15,000 businesses, 3,000 handcarts and 5,000 vehicles."<ref name="Davies 2005"/> Overall, 27,780 people were arrested. Of them, 11,167 were arrested for criminal behavior (3,269 Muslim, 7,896 Hindu) and 16,615 were arrested as a preventive measure (2,811 Muslim, 13,804 Hindu). The CCT tribunal reported that 90 percent of those arrested were almost immediately granted bail, even if they had been arrested on suspicion of murder or arson. There were also media reports that political leaders gave those being released public welcomes. This contradicts the state government's statement during the violence that: "Bail applications of all accused persons are being strongly defended and rejected."{{sfn|Engineer|2003|p=265}}===Police transfers===According to [[R. B. Sreekumar]], police officers who followed the rule of law and helped prevent the riots from spreading were punished by the Modi government. They were subjected to disciplinary proceedings and transfers with some having to leave the state.<ref name="Sreekumar 2012"/> Sreekumar also claims it is common practice to intimidate whistleblowers and otherwise subvert the justice system,<ref name="Khetan 2011"/> and that the state government issued "unconstitutional directives", with officials asking him to kill Muslims involved in rioting or disrupting a Hindu religious event. The Gujarat government denied his allegations, claiming that they were "baseless" and based on malice because Sreekumar had not been promoted.<ref name="BBCUK">{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/4445107.stm |title=BBC UK Website |work=BBC News |date=14 April 2005 |access-date=20 June 2013}}</ref>===Further violence promotion by extremist groups===Following the violence [[Bal Thackeray]] then leader of the Hindu nationalist group [[Shiv Sena]] said "Muslims are a [[Eliminationism|cancer to this country]]. Cancer is an incurable disease. Its only cure is operation. O Hindus, take weapons in your hands and remove this cancer from your roots."<ref name="Haynes 2012 b"/> [[Pravin Togadia]], international president of the [[Vishva Hindu Parishad]] (VHP), said "All [[Hindutva]] opponents will get the death sentence" and [[Ashok Singhal]], the then president of the VHP, has said that the violence in Gujarat was a "successful experiment" which would be repeated nationwide.<ref name="Haynes 2012 b"/>The militant group [[Indian Mujahideen]] have carried out attacks in revenge and to also act as a deterrent against further instances of mass violence against Muslims.<ref name="Freedman 2012"/> They also claimed to have carried out the [[13 September 2008 Delhi bombings|2008 Delhi bombings]] in revenge for mistreatment of Muslims, referencing the destruction of the [[Babri Mosque]] and the violence in Gujarat 2002.<ref name="Basset 2012"/> In September 2002 there was an attack on the Hindu temple of [[Akshardham Temple attack|Akshardham]], gunmen carried letters on their persons which suggested that it was a revenge attack for the violence that Muslims had undergone.<ref name="Duffy Toft 2012"/> In August 2002 Shahid Ahmad Bakshi, an operative for the militant group [[Lashkar-e-Toiba]] planned to assassinate Modi, [[Pravin Togadia]] of the VHP, and other members of the right wing nationalist movement to avenge the 2002 Gujarat violence.<ref name="Swami 2005 p69" />Human Rights Watch has accused the state of orchestrating a cover-up of their role in the violence. Human rights activists and Indian solicitors have urged that legislation be passed so that "communal violence is treated as genocide."<ref name="Kiernan 2008"/> Following the violence thousands of Muslims were fired from their places of work, and those who tried to return home had to endure an economic and social boycott.<ref name="Rauf 2011"/>===Organisational changes and political reactions===On 3 May 2002, former Punjab police chief [[Kanwar Pal Singh Gill]] was appointed as security adviser to Modi.<ref name="News Service 2002">{{cite news|last=News Service|first=Tribune|title=Gill is Modi's Security Adviser|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2002/20020503/main4.htm|newspaper=The Tribune|date=2 May 2002}}</ref> Defending the Modi administration in the [[Rajya Sabha]] against charges of genocide, BJP spokesman V. K. Malhotra said that the official toll of 254 Hindus, killed mostly by police fire, indicates how the state authorities took effective steps to curb the violence.<ref name="Press Trust of India 2005">{{cite news|last=of India|first=Press Trust|title=BJP cites govt statistics to defend Modi|url=http://expressindia.indianexpress.com/news/fullstory.php?newsid=46626|newspaper=Express India|date=12 May 2005|access-date=28 July 2013|archive-date=9 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210209053510/https://indianexpress.com/?newsid=46626|url-status=live}}</ref> Opposition parties and three coalition partners of the BJP-led central government demanded the dismissal of Modi for failing to contain the violence, with some calling for the removal of Union Home Minister [[L. K. Advani]] as well.<ref name="Special Correspondent 2002">{{cite news|last=Correspondent|first=Special|title=Removal of Advani, Modi sought|url=http://www.hindu.com/2002/03/07/stories/2002030702791300.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080319202511/http://www.hindu.com/2002/03/07/stories/2002030702791300.htm|archive-date=19 March 2008|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=7 March 2002}}</ref>On 18 July, Modi asked the [[Governor of Gujarat]] to dissolve the state assembly and call fresh elections.<ref>{{cite news | title = Gujarat chief minister resigns |work=BBC News |date=19 July 2002 | url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/2139008.stm| access-date=4 February 2011 }}</ref> The [[Indian Election Commission]] ruled out early elections citing the prevailing law and order situation and held them in December 2002.<ref>{{cite news |title=2 Indian Elections Bring Vote Panel's Chief to Fore |author=Amy Waldman |work=The New York Times |date=7 September 2002 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2002/09/07/world/2-indian-elections-bring-vote-panel-s-chief-to-fore.html |access-date=4 February 2011 |archive-date=9 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210209053516/https://www.nytimes.com/2002/09/07/world/2-indian-elections-bring-vote-panel-s-chief-to-fore.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | title = India's electoral process in question | author = Mark Tully | publisher = CNN |date=27 August 2002 | url = http://edition.cnn.com/2002/WORLD/asiapcf/south/08/27/tully.india/index.html?related| access-date=4 February 2011 }}</ref>The BJP capitalised on the violence using posters and videotapes of the Godhra incident and painting Muslims as terrorists.  The party gained in all the constituencies affected by the communal violence and a number of candidates implicated in the violence were elected, which in turn ensured freedom from prosecution.<ref>{{cite news | title = Gujarat victory heartens nationalists |work=BBC News |date=15 December 2002 | url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/2576855.stm| access-date=4 February 2011 }}</ref><ref name="Narula 2010"/>===Media investigation===In 2004, the weekly magazine ''[[Tehelka]]'' published a hidden camera exposé alleging that BJP legislator Madhu Srivastava bribed Zaheera Sheikh, a witness in the Best Bakery case.<ref>{{cite news |title=I Paid Zaheera Sheikh Rs 18 Lakh |work=Tehelka |date=6 December 2007 |url=http://www.tehelka.com/story_main10.asp?filename=ts010105press.asp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081226174245/http://www.tehelka.com/story_main10.asp?filename=ts010105press.asp |archive-date=26 December 2008 |access-date=27 May 2009}}</ref> Srivastava denied the allegation,<ref>{{cite news | title = Politician denies bribing witness |work=BBC News |date=22 December 2004 | url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/4117875.stm| access-date=4 February 2011 }}</ref> and an inquiry committee appointed by the Supreme Court drew an "adverse inference" from the video footage, though it failed to uncover evidence that money was actually paid.<ref>{{cite news | title = Zahira sting: MLA gets clean chit |date=4 January 2006 | url = http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2006-01-04/india/27802438_1_sting-operation-clean-chit-zahira-sheikh | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110928220212/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2006-01-04/india/27802438_1_sting-operation-clean-chit-zahira-sheikh | archive-date = 28 September 2011 | work = [[The Times of India]] | access-date=4 February 2011 }}</ref> In a [[The Truth: Gujarat 2002 - Tehelka report|2007 expose]], the magazine released hidden camera footage of several members of the BJP, VHP and the Bajrang Dal admitting their role in the riots.<ref>{{cite web|title=Gujarat 2002: The Truth in the words of the men who did it |work=Tehelka |date=3 November 2007 |url=http://www.tehelka.com/story_main35.asp?filename=Ne031107gujrat_sec.asp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071027025856/http://www.tehelka.com/story_main35.asp?filename=Ne031107gujrat_sec.asp |archive-date=27 October 2007 |access-date=4 February 2011 }}</ref><ref name="express-oct-26">{{cite news |title=Sting traps footsoldiers of Gujarat riots allegedly boasting about killings with state support |work=The Indian Express |location=India |date=26 October 2007 |url=http://www.indianexpress.com/story/232545.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080417200637/http://www.indianexpress.com/story/232545.html |archive-date=17 April 2008 }}</ref> Among those featured in the tapes was the special counsel representing the Gujarat government before the Nanavati-Shah Commission, Arvind Pandya, who resigned from his post after the release.<ref>{{cite news | title = Gujarat Govt counsel quits | work = The Indian Express | location = India | date = 28 October 2007 | url = http://www.indianexpress.com/story/233175.html | access-date = 4 February 2011  | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20071101085909/http://www.indianexpress.com/story/233175.html | archive-date = 1 November 2007}}</ref> While the report was criticised by some as being politically motivated,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/holnus/001200710271941.htm |title=The Hindu News Update Service |publisher=Hinduonnet.com |date=27 October 2007 |access-date=11 July 2013 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081226233414/http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/holnus/001200710271941.htm |archive-date=26 December 2008  }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/Content/Oct272007/national2007102732570.asp |title=Deccan Herald – Tehelka is Cong proxy: BJP |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090126093410/http://www.deccanherald.com/Content/Oct272007/national2007102732570.asp |archive-date=26 January 2009 |access-date=19 April 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.outlookindia.com/full.asp?fodname=20071112&fname=Cover+Story+(F)&sid=6 |title=A Sting Without Venom &#124; Chandan Mitra |publisher=Outlookindia.com |date=12 November 2007 |access-date=11 July 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071105061447/http://www.outlookindia.com/full.asp?fodname=20071112&fname=Cover%2BStory%2B%28F%29&sid=6 |archive-date=5 November 2007  }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.asiantribune.com/index.php?q=node/8454 |title=Godhra Carnage Vs. Pundits Exodus |work=Asian Tribune |access-date=11 July 2013}}</ref> some newspapers said the revelations simply reinforced what was common knowledge.<ref name="express-oct-26" /><ref>{{cite news | title = Polls don't tell whole story |date=October 2007 | url = http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2007-10-30/edit-page/27965541_1_gujarat-assembly-tehelka-tapes-narendra-modi | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20121023235513/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2007-10-30/edit-page/27965541_1_gujarat-assembly-tehelka-tapes-narendra-modi | archive-date = 2012-10-23 | first1=Kingshuk | last1=Nag| work = [[The Times of India]] | access-date=4 February 2011 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Ghosts don't lie |work=The Indian Express |location=India |date=27 October 2007 |url=http://www.indianexpress.com/story/232757.html |access-date=4 February 2011  |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080709090641/http://www.indianexpress.com/story/232757.html |archive-date=9 July 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Everything, but the news |work=Hindustan Times |location=India |author=Chitra Padmanabhan |date=14 November 2007 |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/StoryPage/StoryPage.aspx?id=9ba3c46a-72dd-4b2a-9a04-6fa9c299b32a&MatchID1=4604&TeamID1=6&TeamID2=7&MatchType1=1&SeriesID1=1157&MatchID2=4575&TeamID3=8&TeamID4=2&MatchType2=1&SeriesID2=1147&PrimaryID=4604&Headline=Everything%2c+but+the+news |access-date=4 February 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081226161716/http://www.hindustantimes.com/StoryPage/StoryPage.aspx?id=9ba3c46a-72dd-4b2a-9a04-6fa9c299b32a&MatchID1=4604&TeamID1=6&TeamID2=7&MatchType1=1&SeriesID1=1157&MatchID2=4575&TeamID3=8&TeamID4=2&MatchType2=1&SeriesID2=1147&PrimaryID=4604&Headline=Everything%2C%2Bbut%2Bthe%2Bnews |archive-date=26 December 2008  }}</ref> However, the report contradicted official records with regard to Modi's alleged visit to Naroda Patiya and a local police superintendent's location.<ref name=ITMahurkar>{{cite news|last1=Mahurkar |first1=Uday |title=Gujarat: The noose tightens |url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/Gujarat:+The+noose+tightens/1/1716.html |access-date=17 December 2014 |work=India Today |date=1 November 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141207101903/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/Gujarat%3A%2BThe%2Bnoose%2Btightens/1/1716.html |archive-date=7 December 2014 |url-status=live }}</ref> The Gujarat government blocked telecast of cable news channels broadcasting the expose, a move strongly condemned by the Editors Guild of India.<ref>{{cite news | title =  Editors Guild condemns Gujarat action |date=30 October 2007 | url = http://www.hindu.com/2007/10/30/stories/2007103055681200.htm | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20071101035658/http://www.hindu.com/2007/10/30/stories/2007103055681200.htm | archive-date = 1 November 2007 | location=Chennai, India| work =  [[The Hindu]] | access-date=4 February 2011 }}</ref>Taking a stand decried by the media and other rights groups, Nafisa Hussain, a member of the [[National Commission for Women]] accused organisations and the media of needlessly exaggerating the plight of women victims of the riots,<ref name="Women's groups decry NCW stand">{{cite web|url=http://www.fisiusa.org/fisi_News_items/Godhra/godhra093.htm |title=Women's groups decry NCW stand |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090122085938/http://www.fisiusa.org/fisi_News_items/Godhra/godhra093.htm |archive-date=22 January 2009 |access-date=24 June 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tehelka.com/channels/currentaffairs/2002/apr/22/ca042202rinku.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020606124734/http://www.tehelka.com/channels/currentaffairs/2002/apr/22/ca042202rinku.htm |archive-date=6 June 2002 |title = tehelka.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.infochangeindia.org/archives1.jsp?secno=1&monthname=June&year=2002&detail=T |title=InfoChange India News & Features development news Indian Archives |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060110003657/http://www.infochangeindia.org/archives1.jsp?secno=1&monthname=June&year=2002&detail=T |archive-date=10 January 2006 |url-status=usurped |access-date=19 April 2014}}</ref> which was strongly disputed as Gujarat did not have a State Commission for Women to act on the ground.<ref name="Women's groups decry NCW stand"/> The newspaper ''Tribune'' reported that "The National Commission for Women has reluctantly agreed to the complicity of Gujarat Government in the communal violence in the state." The tone of their most recent report was reported by the ''Tribune'' as "lenient".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2002/20020426/main5.htm |title=NCM rejects Gujarat report:Directs state to follow its recommendations |publisher=Fisiusa.org |access-date=24 June 2013}}</ref>===Special Investigation Team===In April 2012, the three-member SIT formed in 2008 by the Supreme Court as a response to a petition by one of the aggrieved in the Gulmerg massacre absolved Modi of any involvement in the Gulberg massacre, arguably the worst episode of the riots.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dailypioneer.com/home/online-channel/top-story/56643-its-official-modi-gets-clean-chit-in-gulberg-massacre.html |title=It's official: Modi gets clean chit in Gulberg massacre |work=The Pioneer |location=India |date=10 April 2012 |access-date=11 July 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120718041715/http://www.dailypioneer.com/home/online-channel/top-story/56643-its-official-modi-gets-clean-chit-in-gulberg-massacre.html |archive-date=18 July 2012 }}</ref>In his report, [[Raju Ramachandran]], the [[amicus curiae]] for the case, strongly disagreed with a key conclusion of R. K. Raghavan who led SIT: that IPS officer [[Sanjiv Bhatt]] was not present at a late-night meeting of top Gujarat cops held at the Chief Minister's residence in the wake of 27 February 2002 Godhra carnage. It has been Bhatt's claim—made in an affidavit before the apex court and in statements to the SIT and the amicus—that he was present at the meeting where Modi allegedly said Hindus must be allowed to carry out retaliatory violence against Muslims. Ramachandran was of the opinion that Modi could be prosecuted for alleged statements he had made. He said there was no clinching material available in the pre-trial stage to disbelieve Bhatt, whose claim could be tested only in court. "Hence, it cannot be said, at this stage, that Shri Bhatt should be disbelieved and no further proceedings should be taken against Shri Modi."<ref name="the hindu">{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/article3393808.ece|title=Proceed against Modi for Gujarat riots: amicus|work=The Hindu|date=7 May 2012|access-date=5 September 2012}}</ref><ref name="the hindu2">{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/article3398456.ece|title=No evidence of Modi promoting enmity: SIT|work=The Hindu|date=9 May 2012|access-date=5 September 2012|last1=Dasgupta|first1=Manas}}</ref>Further, R. K. Shah, the public prosecutor in the Gulbarg Society massacre, resigned because he found it impossible to work with the SIT and further stated that "Here I am collecting witnesses who know something about a gruesome case in which so many people, mostly women and children huddled in Jafri's house, were killed and I get no cooperation. The SIT officers are unsympathetic towards witnesses, they try to browbeat them and don't share evidence with the prosecution as they are supposed to do."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.outlookindia.com/article.aspx?264745 |publisher=Outlook India |date=29 March 2010 |title=Nero Hour |access-date=5 May 2013 |archive-date=4 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131104215723/http://www.outlookindia.com/article.aspx?264745 |url-status=live }}</ref> Teesta Setalvad referred to the stark inequalities between the SIT team's lawyers who are paid 9 lakh rupees per day and the government prosecutors who are paid a pittance. SIT officers have been paid Rs. 1.5 lakh per month for their participation in the SIT since 2008.<ref>{{citation|last1=Setalvad|first1=Filed by Teesta|title=Right to information petition – SIT team (lawyers compensaton)|publisher=Central Information Commission, Government of India}}</ref>==Diplomatic ban==Modi's failure to stop anti-Muslim violence led to a ''de facto'' travel ban imposed by the [[United Kingdom]], [[United States]], and several European nations, as well as the boycott of his provincial government by all but the most junior officials.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/oct/22/uk-ends-boycott-narendra-modi |title=UK government ends boycott of Narendra Modi |website=[[TheGuardian.com]] |date=22 October 2012 |access-date=20 December 2016 |archive-date=14 September 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130914031502/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/oct/22/uk-ends-boycott-narendra-modi |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2005, Modi was refused a US visa as someone held responsible for a serious violation of [[religious freedom]]. Modi had been invited to the US to speak before the [[Asian American Hotel Owners Association|Asian-American Hotel Owners Association]]. A petition was set up by [[Coalition Against Genocide]] led by [[Angana P. Chatterji|Angana Chatterji]] and signed by 125 academics requesting that Modi be refused a diplomatic visa.<ref>{{cite news |last=Chatterji |first=Angana |title=How we made U.S. deny visa to Modi |url=http://www.coalitionagainstgenocide.org/news/2005/mar/21.aa.modi.php |newspaper=Asian Age |date=21 March 2005 }}</ref>Hindu groups in the US also protested and planned to demonstrate in cities in Florida. A resolution was submitted by [[John Conyers]] and [[Joseph R. Pitts]] in the [[United States House of Representatives|House of Representatives]] which condemned Modi for inciting religious persecution. Pitts also wrote to then [[United States Secretary of State]] [[Condoleezza Rice]] requesting Modi be refused a visa. On 19 March Modi was denied a diplomatic visa and his tourist visa was revoked.{{sfn|Nussbaum|2008|p=50-51}}<ref name=allamerican>{{cite news |title=All-American Grand Slam |newspaper=Outlook |date=4 April 2005 |access-date=31 August 2014 |url=http://www.outlookindia.com/article/AllAmerican-Grand-Slam/226975}}</ref>As Modi rose to prominence in India, the UK and the EU lifted their bans in October 2012 and March 2013, respectively,<ref>{{cite news |title=UK government ends boycott of Narendra Modi |first=Jason |last=Burke |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/oct/22/uk-ends-boycott-narendra-modi |date=22 October 2012 |access-date=12 May 2013 |archive-date=14 September 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130914031502/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/oct/22/uk-ends-boycott-narendra-modi |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title= Germany delinks Narendra Modi's image from human rights issues |url= http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/germany-delinks-narendra-modi-s-image-from-human-rights-issues-338646 |publisher= NDTV |date= 6 March 2013 |access-date= 6 March 2013 |archive-date= 8 March 2013 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20130308142057/http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/germany-delinks-narendra-modi-s-image-from-human-rights-issues-338646 |url-status= live }}</ref> and after his election as prime minister he was invited to [[Washington, D.C.|Washington]], in the US.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the-press-office/2014/05/16/readout-president-s-call-prime-ministerial-candidate-narendra-modi-india|title=Readout of the President's Call with Prime Ministerial Candidate Narendra Modi of India|date=16 May 2014|access-date=14 June 2014|archive-date=16 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170216153654/https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the-press-office/2014/05/16/readout-president-s-call-prime-ministerial-candidate-narendra-modi-india|via=[[NARA|National Archives]]|work=[[whitehouse.gov]]|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="newyorker-may14">{{cite news|last=Cassidy|first=John|title=What Does Modi's Victory Mean for the World?|url=http://www.newyorker.com/rational-irrationality/what-does-modis-victory-mean-for-the-world|newspaper=[[The New Yorker]]|date=16 May 2014|access-date=21 May 2014|archive-date=24 September 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140924070852/http://www.newyorker.com/rational-irrationality/what-does-modis-victory-mean-for-the-world|url-status=live}}</ref>==Relief efforts==By 27 March 2002, nearly one-hundred thousand displaced people moved into 101 relief camps. This swelled to over 150,000 in 104 camps the next two weeks.{{sfn|Brass|2005|p=385-393}} The camps were run by community groups and NGOs, with the government committing to provide amenities and supplementary services. Drinking water, medical help, clothing and blankets were in short supply at the camps.<ref name="timesoI_nostatehelp">{{cite news | title = Rains, epidemic threaten relief camps |date=2 July 2002 | author = Ruchir Chandorkar | url = http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2002-07-02/ahmedabad/27313985_1_relief-camps-medicines-rains| archive-url = https://archive.today/20130628041123/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2002-07-02/ahmedabad/27313985_1_relief-camps-medicines-rains| archive-date = 28 June 2013| work = [[The Times of India]] | access-date=4 February 2011 }}</ref> At least another 100 camps were denied government support, according to a camp organiser,<ref>{{cite news|title=Camp Comatose |author=Priyanka Kakodkar |date=15 April 2002 |work=Outlook |url=http://www.outlookindia.com/full.asp?fodname=20020415&fname=Cover+Stories&sid=4 |access-date=4 February 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030130171258/http://www.outlookindia.com/full.asp?sid=4&fodname=20020415&fname=Cover%2BStories |archive-date=30 January 2003  }}</ref> and relief supplies were prevented from reaching some camps due to fears that they may be carrying arms.<ref name="bbc_gujaratviolence">{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/1881497.stm |title=NGO says Gujarat riots were planned |work=BBC News |date=19 March 2002 |access-date=20 June 2013}}</ref>Reactions to the relief effort were further critical of the Gujarat government. Relief camp organisers alleged that the state government was coercing refugees to leave relief camps, with twenty-five thousand people made to leave eighteen camps which were shut down. Following government assurances that further camps would not be shut down, the Gujarat High Court bench ordered that camp organizers be given a supervisory role to ensure that assurances were met.<ref>{{cite news | title = Govt not to close relief camps |date=27 June 2002 | url = http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2002-06-27/ahmedabad/27290804_1_relief-camps-camp-organisers-violence-victims | archive-url = https://archive.today/20130628041157/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2002-06-27/ahmedabad/27290804_1_relief-camps-camp-organisers-violence-victims | archive-date = 28 June 2013 | work = [[The Times of India]] | access-date=27 June 2013 }}</ref>On 9 September 2002, Modi mentioned during a speech that he was against running relief camps. In January 2010, the Supreme Court ordered the government to hand over the speech and other documents to the SIT.<blockquote>What brother, should we run relief camps? Should I start children-producing centres there? We want to achieve progress by pursuing the policy of family planning with determination. Ame paanch, Amara pachhees! (we are five and we have twenty-five)&nbsp;.&nbsp;.&nbsp;. Can't Gujarat implement family planning? Whose inhibitions are coming in our way? Which religious sect is coming in the way?&nbsp;.&nbsp;.&nbsp;."<ref name="modi_speech">{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/news-analysis-in-absolving-modi-sit-mixes-up-godhra-postgodhra-perpetrators/article3419147.ece |title=News Analysis: In absolving Modi, SIT mixes up Godhra, post-Godhra perpetrators |work=The Hindu |date=15 May 2012 }}</ref></blockquote>On 23 May 2008, the [[Government of India|Union Government]] announced a 3.2&nbsp;billion rupee (US$80&nbsp;million) relief package for the victims of the riots.<ref>{{cite news |title= Relief for Gujarat riot victims|url= http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/7416073.stm|work=BBC News  |date= 23 May 2008 |access-date=11 September 2008 }}</ref>In contrast, Amnesty International's annual report on India in 2003 claimed the "Gujarat government did not actively fulfill its duty to provide appropriate relief and rehabilitation to the survivors".<ref name="AI-2003">{{cite web|url=http://web.amnesty.org/report2003/ind-summary-eng |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030704200816/http://web.amnesty.org/report2003/ind-summary-eng |archive-date=4 July 2003 |title=Amnesty International &#124; Working to Protect Human Rights |publisher=Amnesty International |access-date=11 July 2013}}</ref> The Gujarat government initially offered compensation payments of 200,000 rupees to the families of those who died in the Godhra train fire and 100,000 rupees to the families of those who died in the subsequent riots, which local Muslims took to be discriminatory.<ref name="Dugger child">Dugger, Celia W. (Ahmedabad Journal) "In India, a Child's Life Is Cheap Indeed". ''[[The New York Times]]''. 7 March 2002</ref>==In popular culture==* ''[[Final Solution (2003 film)|Final Solution]]'' is a 2003 documentary directed by [[Rakesh Sharma (filmmaker)|Rakesh Sharma]] about the 2002 Gujarat violence. The film was denied entry to [[Mumbai International Film Festival]] in 2004 due to objections by [[Censor Board of India]], but won two awards at the 54th Berlin International Film Festival 2004. The ban was later lifted in October 2004.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindu.com/2004/02/17/stories/2004021701112200.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040304074115/http://www.hindu.com/2004/02/17/stories/2004021701112200.htm |archive-date=4 March 2004 |title=A miss at MIFF, accolades at Berlinale |date=17 February 2004 |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=11 July 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2004-02-17/news-interviews/28324546_1_wolfgang-staudte-award-bags-two-awards-indian-film | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130617082213/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2004-02-17/news-interviews/28324546_1_wolfgang-staudte-award-bags-two-awards-indian-film | archive-date=17 June 2013 | title=Mumbai reject finally shines in Berlin | work=[[The Times of India]] | date=17 February 2004 | agency=Press Trust of India | access-date=27 March 2013}}</ref>* ''Passengers: A Video Journey in Gujarat'' is a 2003 documentary film co-directed by [[Akanksha Damini Joshi]]. It is a critically acclaimed 52-minute long film that narrates the journey of a Hindu and a Muslim family during and after the violence. The politics of division is experienced intimately through the lives two families in Ahmedabad.<ref>{{cite web|title=Passengers|url=http://magiclanternmovies.in/film/passengers|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140318035047/http://www.magiclanternmovies.in/film/passengers|archive-date=2014-03-18|publisher=Magic Lantern Movies}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Dr. Navras Jaat Aafreedi's Social Activism|date=28 October 2009|url=http://openspacelucknow.blogspot.com/2009/10/remembering-gujarat-2002.html|publisher=openspacelucknow|access-date=25 January 2020|archive-date=24 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200124192242/http://openspacelucknow.blogspot.com/2009/10/remembering-gujarat-2002.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Passengers: A Video Journey in Gujarat|date=27 March 2014|url=https://earthwitnessfilm.wordpress.com/passengers-a-video-journey-in-gujarat/|publisher=Earth Witness|access-date=25 January 2020|archive-date=9 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210209053516/https://earthwitnessfilm.wordpress.com/passengers-a-video-journey-in-gujarat/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Passengers, by Akanksha Joshi & Nooh Nizami, a trailer by Under Construction|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uOmE29WZ7Dk |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211219/uOmE29WZ7Dk |archive-date=2021-12-19 |url-status=live|publisher=YouTube}}{{cbignore}}</ref> The film, completed in 2003, has been screened at the 9th Open Frame Festival,<ref>{{cite web|title=PSBT presents Annual International Film Festival / 11th to 17th September 09|url=http://www.ardeecityrwa.com/psbt-presents-annual-international-film-0111.html|publisher=Ardee City Resident's Welfare Association|access-date=25 January 2020|archive-date=24 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200124192228/http://www.ardeecityrwa.com/psbt-presents-annual-international-film-0111.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Artivist Film Festival, [[United States|USA]], Films for Freedom, [[Delhi]], the [[World Social Forum|World Social Forum 2004]], [[Madurai]] International Documentary and Short Film Festival and Persistence Resistance, [[New Delhi]].* Gujarati play  ''Dost Chokkas Ahin Ek Nagar Vastu Hatu'' by [[Saumya Joshi]] is a black comedy-based on 2002 riots.<ref name="fss">{{cite news|url=http://www.governancenow.com/views/interview/dalits-una-gujarat-jignesh-mevani-dalit-atyachar-anandiben-patel-modi-lower-castes|title = Here is a spiritual opportunity for...}}</ref>* ''[[Parzania]]'' is a 2007 drama film set after the violence and looks at the aftermath of the riots. It is based on the true story of a ten-year-old Parsi boy, Azhar Mody. [[Rahul Dholakia]] won the Golden Lotus [[National Film Award for Best Direction]] and [[Sarika]] won the Silver Lotus [[National Film Award for Best Actress]].* [[T. V. Chandran]] made a trilogy of [[Malayalam]] films based on the aftermaths of the Gujarat riots. The trilogy consists of ''[[Kathavasheshan]]'' (2004), ''[[Vilapangalkkappuram]]'' (2008) and ''[[Bhoomiyude Avakashikal]]'' (2012). The narrative of all these films begin on the same day, 28 February 2002, that is, on the day after the Godhra train burning.<ref name="thhh">{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/arts/cinema/all-things-bright-and-beautiful/article3965306.ece |title=All things bright and beautiful&nbsp;... |date=4 October 2012 |access-date=28 October 2012 |author=C. S. Venkiteswaran |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121008043654/http://www.thehindu.com/arts/cinema/all-things-bright-and-beautiful/article3965306.ece |archive-date=8 October 2012 }}</ref>* ''[[Firaaq]]'' is a 2008 political thriller film set one month after the violence and looks at the aftermath in its effects on the lives of everyday people.* ''[[Mausam (2011 film)|Mausam]]'' is a 2011 romantic drama film directed by [[Pankaj Kapoor]], spanned over the period between 1992 and 2002 covering major events.* ''[[Kai Po Che!]]'' is a 2013 Hindi film which depicted riots in its plot.*The [[BBC]] documentary [[India: The Modi Question]], the first part of which was released in January 2023, examines the Gujarat riots and the role of Modi's administration.<ref name="Guardian 2023" />==See also=={{Portal|India|Crime|Genocide|2000s}}*[[Violence against Muslims in India]]*[[1969 Gujarat riots]]*[[1985 Gujarat riots]]*[[2006 Vadodara riots]]*[[Religious violence in India]]*[[Gujarat Files|Gujarat Files: Anatomy of a Cover Up]], Rana Ayyub's investigative book on the riots==References===== Notes ==={{Reflist|group=Note}}=== Citations ==={{Reflist|colwidth = 30em| refs =<ref name="Metcalf 2012">{{cite book|last=Metcalf|first=Barbara D.|title=A Concise History of Modern India|year=2012|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1107026490|page=280}}</ref><ref name="Escherle 2013">{{cite book|last=Escherle|first=Nora Anna|title=Haunted Narratives: Life Writing in an Age of Trauma|year=2013|publisher=University of Toronto Press|isbn=978-1-4426-4601-8|page=205|edition=3rd Revised|editor-last=Rippl|editor-first=Gabriele|location=Toronto|oclc=841909784|editor2-last=Schweighauser|editor2-first=Philipp|editor-link2=Philipp Schweighauser|editor3-last=Kirss|editor3-first=Tina|editor4-last=Sutrop|editor4-first=Margit|editor5-last=Steffen|editor5-first=Therese}}</ref><ref name="Baldwin 2002">{{cite book|last=Kabir|first=Ananya Jahanara|title=Feminism, Literature and Rape Narratives: Violence and Violation|year=2010|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0-415-80608-4|editor1=Sorcha Gunne |editor2=Zoe Brigley Thompson }}</ref><ref name="Official death toll">{{cite news|title=Gujarat riot death toll revealed|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/4536199.stm|publisher=BBC|date=11 May 2005|access-date=13 July 2013|archive-date=6 January 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090106234202/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/4536199.stm|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Embree 2012">{{cite book|last=Campbell|first=John|title=The Routledge Handbook of Religion and Security|year=2012|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0-415-66744-9|page=233|editor1=Chris Seiple |editor2=Dennis Hoover |editor3=Dennis R. Hoover |editor4=Pauletta Otis }}</ref><ref name="Murphy 2011">{{cite book|last=Murphy|first=Eamon|title=Contemporary State Terrorism: Theory and Practice|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0-415-66447-9|page=86,90|editor1=Richard Jackson |editor2=Eamon Murphy |editor3=Scott Poynting |date=24 March 2011}}</ref><ref name="Krishnan 2012">{{cite news|last=Krishnan|first=Murali|title=Modi's clearance in the Gujarat riots case angers Indian Muslims|url=http://www.dw.de/modis-clearance-in-the-gujarat-riots-case-angers-indian-muslims/a-15874606|publisher=Deutsche Welle|date=11 March 2012|author2=Shamil Shams|access-date=5 July 2013|archive-date=20 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141020223515/http://www.dw.de/modis-clearance-in-the-gujarat-riots-case-angers-indian-muslims/a-15874606|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Times of India 2013">{{cite news |author=Times of India|title=Is SIT hiding proof in Gujarat riots case?|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-07-18/india/40656297_1_zakia-jafri-train-burning-godhra-incident|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130809043508/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-07-18/india/40656297_1_zakia-jafri-train-burning-godhra-incident|archive-date=9 August 2013|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=18 July 2013}}</ref><ref name="Dhattiwala 2012">{{cite journal|last=Dhattiwala|first=Raheel|author2=Michael Biggs|title=The Political Logic of Ethnic Violence The Anti-Muslim Pogrom in Gujarat, 2002 |url=https://violent-interactions.org/images/PAS_RDhattiwala.pdf |journal=Politics and Society|year=2012|volume=40|issue=4|page=485|doi=10.1177/0032329212461125|s2cid=154681870}}</ref><ref name="Garlough 2013">{{cite book|last=Garlough|first=Christine L.|title=Desi Divas: Political Activism in South Asian American Cultural Performances|year=2013|publisher=University Press of Mississippi|isbn=978-1-61703-732-0|page=123}}</ref><ref name="Pandey 2005 b">{{cite book|last=Pandey|first=Gyanendra|title=Routine violence: nations, fragments, histories|publisher=Stanford University Press|isbn=978-0-8047-5264-0|pages=[https://archive.org/details/routineviolencen0000pand/page/187 187–188]|date=November 2005|url=https://archive.org/details/routineviolencen0000pand/page/187}}</ref><ref name="Baruah 2012 b">{{cite book|last=Baruah|first=Bipasha|title=Women and Property in Urban India|year=2012|publisher=University of British Columbia Press|isbn=978-0-7748-1928-2|page=41|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/319504819 |via=ResearchGate}}</ref><ref name="McLane 2010">{{cite book|last=McLane|first=John R. |chapter=Hindu Victimhood and India's Muslim Minority|title=The Fundamentalist Mindset: Psychological Perspectives on Religion, Violence, and History|year=2010|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-537965-5|page=212|editor1=Charles B. Strozier |editor2=David M. Terman |editor3=James W. Jones |editor4=Katherine A. Boyd |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oflQEAAAQBAJ&dq=In+2002+ethnic+violence+in+Gujarat,+which+for+decades+has+had+the+highest+level+of+ethnic+violence,+reached+Partition-level+proportions.&pg=PA212}}</ref><ref name="Patiya massacre">{{cite book|last=Gupta|first=Dipankar|title=Justice before Reconciliation: Negotiating a 'New Normal' in Post-riot Mumbai and Ahmedabad|year=2011|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0-415-61254-8|page=24}}</ref><ref name="Vadodara 2007">{{cite book|last=Ganguly|first=Rajat|title=The State of India's Democracy|year=2007|publisher=Johns Hopkins University Press|isbn=978-0-8018-8791-8|page=60|editor1=Sumit Ganguly |editor2=Larry Diamond |editor3=Marc F. Plattner }}</ref><!--ref name="Hampton 2002">{{cite book|last=Hampton|first=Janie|title=Internally Displaced People: A Global Survey|year=2002|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-85383-952-8|page=116}}</ref--><!--ref name="Nussbaum 2009 p81">{{cite book|last=Nussbaum|first=Martha C.|title=Values and Violence: Intangible Aspects of Terrorism|year=2009|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-90-481-3404-5|page=81}}</ref--><ref name="Press Trust 2006">{{cite news|author=Press Trust of India|title=Banerjee panel illegal: Gujarat HC|url=http://expressindia.indianexpress.com/news/fullstory.php?newsid=75485|newspaper=The Indian Express|date=13 October 2006}}</ref><!--ref name="Spodek 2008">{{cite journal|last=Spodek|first=Howard Spodek|title=In the Hindutva Laboratory: Pogroms and Politics in Gujarat, 2002|journal=Modern Asian Studies|year=2008|page=351|doi=10.1017/S0026749X08003612}}</ref--><ref name="Tribunal 2003">{{cite web |author=Concerned Citizens Tribunal  |title=Crime Against Humanity  |url=http://www.sabrang.com/tribunal/tribunal2.pdf  |publisher=Citizens for Justice and Peace  |access-date=11 July 2013  |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120316170313/http://www.pucl.org/Topics/Religion-communalism/2003/gujarat-tribunal-report.htm |archive-date=16 March 2012 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="AHRC 2003">{{cite web |author=Asian Human Rights Commission  |title=Genocide in Gujarat: Patterns of violence  |url=http://www.humanrights.asia/resources/journals-magazines/article2/0201/genocide-in-gujarat-patterns-of-violence  |publisher=Asian Human Rights Commission  |access-date=11 July 2013  |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921045429/http://www.humanrights.asia/resources/journals-magazines/article2/0201/genocide-in-gujarat-patterns-of-violence |archive-date=21 September 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Khan, Times of India 2011">{{cite news|last=Khan|first=Saeed|title=Nanavati Commission's term extended till Dec-end|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-06-21/india/29682704_1_justice-mehta-nanavati-commission-post-godhra-riots|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130705034236/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-06-21/india/29682704_1_justice-mehta-nanavati-commission-post-godhra-riots|archive-date=5 July 2013|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=21 June 2011}}</ref><!--ref name="Metcalf 2012">{{cite book|last=Metcalf|first=Barbara D.|title=A Concise History of Modern India|year=2012|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-107-02649-0|page=280}}</ref--><ref name="Jeffery 2011">{{cite book|last=Jeffery|first=Craig|title=A Companion to the Anthropology of India|year=2011|publisher=Wiley-Blackwell|isbn=978-1-4051-9892-9|page=1988|editor=Isabelle Clark-Decès}}</ref><ref name="Hibbard 2010 b">{{cite book|last=Hibbard|first=Scott W.|title=Religious Politics and Secular States: Egypt, India, and the United States|url=https://archive.org/details/religiouspolitic00hibb|url-access=limited|year=2010|publisher=Johns Hopkins University Press|isbn=978-0-8018-9669-9|page=[https://archive.org/details/religiouspolitic00hibb/page/n189 171]}}</ref><ref name="Khan 2011 b">{{cite book|last=Khan|first=Yasmin|title=The Blackwell Companion to Religion and Violence|year=2011|publisher=Wiley-Blackwell|isbn=978-1-4051-9131-9|page=369|editor=Andrew R. Murphy}}</ref><ref name="Bhatt 2002">{{cite news|last=Bhatt|first=Sheela|title=Mob sets fire to Wakf board office in Gujarat secretariat|url=http://in.rediff.com/news/2002/feb/28sheela.htm|newspaper=Rediff|date=28 February 2002|access-date=10 May 2011|archive-date=9 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210209053520/https://in.rediff.com/news/2002/feb/28sheela.htm|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Dasgupta 2002">{{cite news|last=Dasgupta|first=Manas|title=Shoot orders in many Gujarat towns, toll over 200|url=http://www.hindu.com/2002/03/02/stories/2002030203050100.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101120054556/http://www.hindu.com/2002/03/02/stories/2002030203050100.htm|archive-date=20 November 2010|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=2 March 2002}}</ref><ref name="Margatt 2011">{{cite book|last=Margatt|first=Ruth|title=Acting Together: Resistance and reconciliation in regions of violence|year=2011|publisher=New Village Press|isbn=978-0-9815593-9-1|page=[https://archive.org/details/actingtogetherpe0000unse/page/188 188]|editor1=Cynthia E. Cohen|editor2=Roberto Gutierrez Varea|editor3=Polly O. 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Sharpe|isbn=978-0-7656-1988-4|page=88}}</ref><ref name="Ahmed 2003">{{cite book|last=Ahmed|first=Akbar S.|title=Islam Under Siege: Living Dangerously in a Post- Honor World|year=2003|publisher=Polity Press|isbn=978-0-7456-2210-1|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/islamundersiegel0000ahme}}</ref><ref name="Human Rights Watch 2002">{{cite news|first=Smita|last=Narula|url=https://www.hrw.org/reports/2002/india/gujarat.pdf<!--https://www.hrw.org/reports/2002/india/index.htm#TopOfPage-->|title="We Have No Orders To Save You:" State Participation and Complicity in Communal Violence in Gujarat|publisher=Human Rights Watch|date=April 2002|access-date=10 August 2017|archive-date=9 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210209053447/https://www.hrw.org/reports/2002/india/gujarat.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Mehtaa 2006">{{cite journal|last=Mehtaa|first=Nalin|title=Modi and the Camera: The Politics of Television in the 2002 Gujarat Riots|journal=Journal of South Asian Studies|year=2006|volume=26|issue=3|pages=395–414|doi=10.1080/00856400601031989|s2cid=144450580}}</ref><ref name="Gupta 2012 p7">{{cite book|last=Gupta|first=Amit|title=Global Security Watch—India|year=2012|publisher=Praeger|isbn=978-0-313-39586-4|page=7}}</ref><ref name="Sonwalkar 2009">{{cite book|last=Sonwalkar|first=Prasun|title=Conflict, Terrorism and the Media in Asia|year=2009|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0-415-54554-9|pages=93–94|editor=Benjamin Cole}}</ref><ref name="Cole 2006">{{Cite book|first=Prasun|last=Sonwalkar|editor-last=Cole|editor-first=Benjamin|contribution=Shooting the messenger? 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Christian Green }}</ref><ref name="PUCL 2006">{{cite news|author=PUCL Bulletin|title=Crime Against Humanity|url=http://www.pucl.org/Topics/Religion-communalism/2003/gujarat-tribunal-report.htm|newspaper=Citizens for Justice and Peace|date=January 2006|access-date=4 July 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120316170313/http://www.pucl.org/Topics/Religion-communalism/2003/gujarat-tribunal-report.htm|archive-date=16 March 2012}}</ref><ref name="Economic Times 2012">{{cite news|author=Economic Times|title=Gujarat government extends term of Nanavati panel till June 30, 2013|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2012-12-31/news/36079392_1_godhra-train-justice-k-g-shah-akshay-mehta|newspaper=The Economic Times|date=31 December 2012}}</ref><ref name="Tehelka Magazine 2008">{{cite news|author=Tehelka Magazine |title=A Compromised Commission |url=http://archive.tehelka.com/story_main38.asp?filename=Ne260408compromised_commission.asp |newspaper=Tehelka |date=16 April 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140326105457/http://archive.tehelka.com/story_main38.asp?filename=Ne260408compromised_commission.asp |archive-date=26 March 2014 }}</ref><ref name="Akshay Mehta 2008">{{cite news|author=CNN-IBN|title=Controversial ex-judge joins Gujarat riots probe|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/controversial-exjudge-joins-gujarat-riots-probe/62984-3.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100624012654/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/controversial-exjudge-joins-gujarat-riots-probe/62984-3.html|archive-date=24 June 2010|newspaper=CNN IBN|date=9 April 2008}}</ref><ref name="Soni 2013">{{cite news|last=Soni|first=Nikunj|title=Nanavati commission: A new lease of life, for the 20th time!|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/ahmedabad/1856383/report-nanavati-commission-a-new-lease-of-life-for-the-20th-time|newspaper=DNA India|date=3 July 2013}}</ref><ref name="India Today 2008">{{cite news|author=India Today|title=Nanavati report based on manufactured evidence: Tehelka|url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/Nanavati+report+based+on+manufactured+evidence:+Tehelka/1/16298.html|newspaper=India Today|date=27 September 2008}}</ref><ref name="Verghese 2010">{{cite book|last=Verghese|first=B G|title=First Draft: Witness to the Making of Modern India|year=2010|publisher=Westland|isbn=978-93-80283-76-0|page=448}}</ref><ref name="Chenoy 2002">{{cite news|last=Chenoy|first=Kamal Mitra|title=Ethnic Cleansing in Ahmedabad|url=http://www.outlookindia.com/article.aspx?214962|newspaper=Outlook India|date=22 March 2002}}</ref><ref name="Davies 2005">{{cite book|last=Davies|first=Gloria|title=Globalization in the Asian Region: Impacts And Consequences edited by Gloria Davies|year=2005|publisher=Edward Elgar Publishing|isbn=978-1-84542-219-6|page=111|editor1=Gloria Davies |editor2=Chris Nyland }}</ref><ref name="Haynes 2012 b">{{cite book|last=Haynes|first=Jeffrey|title=Religious Transnational Actors and Soft Power|year=2012|publisher=Ashgate|isbn=978-1-4094-2508-3|page=107}}</ref><ref name="Freedman 2012">{{cite book|last=Freedman|first=Lawrence|title=Security Studies: An Introduction|year=2012|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0-415-78281-4|page=211|edition=2nd|author2=Srinath Raghavan|editor=Paul D. Williams}}</ref><ref name="Basset 2012">{{cite book|last=Basset|first=Donna|title=Encyclopedia of Terrorism|year=2012|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-0-313-30895-6|page=532|editor=Peter Chalk}}</ref><ref name="Duffy Toft 2012">{{cite book|last=Duffy Toft|first=Monica|title=Rethinking Religion and World Affairs|year=2012|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-982797-8|page=132|editor1=Timothy Samuel Shah |editor2=Alfred Stepan |editor3=Monica Duffy Toft }}</ref><ref name="Swami 2005 p69">{{cite book|last=Swami|first=Praveen|title=Terrorism in Southeast Asia: Implications for South Asia|year=2005|publisher=Pearson Education|isbn=978-81-297-0998-1|page=69|editor1=Wilson John |editor2=Swati Parashar }}</ref><ref name="Kiernan 2008">{{cite book|last=Kiernan|first=Ben|title=Blood and Soil: Modern Genocide 1500–2000|year=2008|publisher=Melbourne University Press|isbn=978-0-522-85477-0|page=15}}</ref><ref name="Rauf 2011">{{cite journal|last=Rauf|first=Taha Abdul|title=Violence Inficted on Muslims:Direct, Cultural and Structural|journal=Economic & Political Weekly|date=4 June 2011|volume=xlvi|issue=23|pages=69–75|url=https://www.academia.edu/1050326}}{{Dead link|date=February 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref name="Sreekumar 2012">{{cite news|last=Sreekumar|first=R B.|title=Gujarat genocide: The State, law and subversion|newspaper=Rediff|date=27 February 2012|quote=Significantly, practically all police officers who had genuinely enforced the rule of law to ensure security to minorities had incurred the wrath of the Modi government and many of these persons who refused to carry out the covert anti-minority agenda of the CM were punished with disciplinary proceedings, transfers, by-passing in promotion and so on. A few upright officers have to leave the state on deputation.}}</ref><ref name="Khetan 2011">{{cite news|last=Khetan|first=Ashish|title=Senior IPS Officer Sanjeev Bhatt Arrested in Ahmedabad|url=http://www.tehelka.com/senior-ips-officer-sanjeev-bhatt-arrested-in-ahmedabad/|newspaper=Tehelka|date=19 February 2011|access-date=17 July 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130703091242/http://www.tehelka.com/senior-ips-officer-sanjeev-bhatt-arrested-in-ahmedabad/|archive-date=3 July 2013}}</ref>}}==Bibliography=={{refbegin}}* {{cite book|author-link=Paul Brass|last=Brass|first=Paul R.|title=The Production of Hindu-Muslim Violence in Contemporary India|publisher=University of Washington Press|isbn=978-0-295-98506-0|page=388|date=15 July 2005}}* {{cite book|author-link=Dionne Bunsha|last=Bunsha|first=Dionne|title=Scarred: Experiments with Violence in Gujarat|year=2005|publisher=Penguin|isbn=978-0-14-400076-0|title-link=Scarred: Experiments with Violence in Gujarat}}* {{cite book|author-link=Asgharali Engineer|last=Engineer|first=Asgharali|title=The Gujarat Carnage|year=2003|publisher=Orient Blackswan|isbn=978-81-250-2496-5}}* {{cite book|last=Ghassem-Fachandi|first=Parvis|title=Pogrom in Gujarat: Hindu Nationalism and Anti-Muslim Violence in India|url=http://press.princeton.edu/chapters/i9755.pdf|year=2012|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=978-0-691-15177-9|ref={{sfnref|Ghassem-Fachand|2012}}}}* {{cite book|last=Guha|first=Ramachandra|title=Gujarat, the making of a tragedy |publisher=Penguin Books |location=India |date=2002 |isbn=978-0-14-302901-4 }}* {{cite book|author-link=Christophe Jaffrelot|last=Jaffrelot|first=Christophe|title=Religion, Caste, and Politics in India|year=2011|publisher=C Hurst & Co|isbn=978-1849041386}}* {{cite book|author-link=Madhu Kishwar|last=Kishwar |first=Madhu Purnima |title=Modi, Muslims and Media: Voices from Narendra Modi's Gujarat |year=2014 |publisher=Manushi Publications |isbn=978-81-929352-0-1 }}* {{cite book|last=Marino |first=Andy |title=Narendra Modi: A Political Biography |year=2014 |publisher=HarperCollins Publishers India |isbn=978-93-5136-217-3 }}* {{cite book|last=Mitta |first=Manoj |title=The Fiction of Fact-Finding: Modi & Godhra |year=2014 |publisher=HarperCollins Publishers India |isbn=978-93-5029-187-0 }}* {{cite book|author-link=Martha Nussbaum|last=Nussbaum|first=Martha Craven|title=The Clash Within: Democracy, Religious Violence, and India's Future|year=2008|publisher=Harvard University Press|isbn=978-0-674-03059-6}}* {{cite book|last=Oommen|first=T. K.|title=Reconciliation in Post-Godhra Gujarat: The Role of Civil Society|year=2008|publisher=Pearson Education India|isbn=978-81-317-1546-8}}* {{cite book|last=Shani|first=Ornit|title=Communalism, Caste and Hindu Nationalism: The Violence in Gujarat|year=2007|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-72753-2|ref={{sfnref|Shani|2007b}}}}* {{cite book|last=Simpson|first=Edward|title=Muslim Society and the Western Indian Ocean: The Seafarers of Kachchh|year=2009|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0-415-54377-4}}* {{cite book |editor-link=Siddharth Varadarajan|editor-last=Varadarajan|editor-first=Siddharth|title=Gujarat: The Making of a Tragedy|year=2002|publisher=Penguin (India)|isbn=978-0-14-302901-4|title-link=Gujarat The making of a tragedy}}{{refend}}==External links==* {{Citation|title=Report: Nanavati Commission|url=http://home.gujarat.gov.in/homedepartment/downloads/godharaincident.pdf|publisher=[[Government of Gujarat]]|access-date=25 September 2009|archive-date=16 March 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130316134832/http://home.gujarat.gov.in/homedepartment/downloads/godharaincident.pdf}}* {{Citation|title=Godhra riots by Citizen Tribunal|url=http://www.sabrang.com/tribunal/|publisher=[[Sabrang Communications]]}}*{{Citation|title=Issue of Gujarat CM US visa|url=http://2001-2009.state.gov/p/sca/rls/rm/2005/43701.htm|publisher=[[United States Department of State|US State Department]]}}{{2002 Gujarat Violence}}{{Religious persecution}} {{Riots in India}}{{IslamismSA}}{{Authority control}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Gujarat violence}}[[Category:2002 Gujarat riots| ]][[Category:History of Gujarat (1947–present)]][[Category:2002 riots]][[Category:Riots and civil disorder in India]][[Category:Religious riots]][[Category:Religiously motivated violence in India]][[Category:Mass murder in 2002]][[Category:Attacks on religious buildings and structures in India]][[Category:Anti-Muslim violence in India]][[Category:Persecution of Hindus]][[Category:Persecution by Hindus]][[Category:Sexual violence at riots and crowd disturbances]][[Category:Massacres in India]][[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party]][[Category:February 2002 events in India]][[Category:March 2002 events in India]][[Category:2002 murders in India]][[Category:Genocidal massacres]]
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