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| {{Short description|Capital of Karnataka, India}}
| | #REDIRECT [[Bengaluru]] |
| {{Other uses}}
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| {{Distinguish|Mangalore}}
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| {{pp-semi-indef}}
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| {{pp-move-indef}}
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| {{Use dmy dates|date=June 2019}}
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| {{Use Indian English|date=October 2020}}
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| {{Infobox settlement
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| | name = Bangalore
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| | official_name = Bengaluru
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| | image_blank_emblem =
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| | blank_emblem_type = [[Bruhat Bengaluru Mahanagara Palike]]
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| | blank_emblem_size = 100px
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| | native_name = <!-- Please do not add any Indic script in this infobox, per WP:INDICSCRIPT guideline. -->
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| | native_name_lang = [[Kannada]]
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| | settlement_type = [[Metropolis]]
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| | image_skyline = {{Photomontage
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| | photo1a = UB City at night .jpg
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| | photo2a = Bangalore India.jpg
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| | photo2b = BangaloreInfosys.jpg
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| | photo3a = Lalbagh Glasshouse night panorama.jpg
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| | photo3b = Bangalore Palace - Jayamahal.jpg
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| | photo4a = ISKCON Banglaore Temple.jpg
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| | spacing =
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| | color_border = white
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| | color =
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| | size = 300
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| }}
| |
| | image_alt =
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| | image_caption = ''Clockwise from top:'' [[UB City]], [[Infosys]], [[Bangalore Palace]], [[ISKCON Temple Bangalore|ISKCON Temple at Night]], [[Lal Bagh]], [[Bagmane Tech Park]]
| |
| | nicknames = Silicon Valley of India,<ref name="cnn-Dec2012" /> Garden City<ref name="Basavaraja" />
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| | image_map = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=y|frame-width=300|frame-height=300|frame-align=center|type=shape|from=India/Karnataka/Bangalore Urban.map}}
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| | map_caption = Interactive map outlining Bangalore
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| | pushpin_map = India Bangalore#Karnataka#India#Asia#Earth
| |
| | pushpin_mapsize = 300
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| | pushpin_label_position = left
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| | pushpin_map_alt =
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| | pushpin_map_caption = Location in Bangalore##Location in Karnataka##Location in India##Location in Asia##Location in Earth
| |
| | coordinates = {{coord|12.979|N|77.591|E|type:city(8500000)_region:IN-KA|display=inline,title}}
| |
| | subdivision_type = Country
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| | subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
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| | subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|State]]
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| | subdivision_name1 = {{flagicon image|..Karnataka Flag(INDIA).png}} [[Karnataka]]
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| | subdivision_type2 = Region
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| | subdivision_name2 = [[Bayaluseeme|Bayaluseemé]]
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| | subdivision_type3 = District
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| | subdivision_name3 = [[Bangalore Urban district|Bangalore Urban]]
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| | established_title = Established
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| | established_date = 1537
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| | founder = [[Kempe Gowda I]]
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| | named_for =
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| | government_type = [[Municipal Corporations in India|Municipal Corporation]]
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| * [[Bruhat Bengaluru Mahanagara Palike]]
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| * [[Bangalore Metropolitan Region Development Authority]]
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| | leader_title1 = Administrator <br />{{small|(In absence of Mayor)}}
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| | leader_name1 = Rakesh Singh, [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]]
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| | leader_title2 = [[Bruhat Bengaluru Mahanagara Palike|Municipal Commissioner]]
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| | leader_name2 = Gaurav Gupta, [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]]<ref>https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/gaurav-gupta-is-new-bbmp-commissioner/article34208951.ece</ref>
| |
| | unit_pref = Metric
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| | area_footnotes = <ref>{{cite web|title=History of BBMP|url=https://bbmp.gov.in/historyofbbmp.html|website=Bruhat Bengaluru Mahanagara Palike (BBMP)|access-date=20 May 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Introduction - BMRDA|url=https://bmrda.karnataka.gov.in/info-1/Introduction/en|website=Bangalore Metropolitan Region Development Authority|access-date=20 May 2021}}</ref>
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| | area_rank =
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| | area_total_km2 = 741
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| | area_metro_km2 = 8005
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| | elevation_footnotes = <ref name="iisc_profile">{{Cite journal
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| | author1 = H.S. Sudhira
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| | author2 = T.V. Ramachandra
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| | author3 = M.H. Bala Subrahmanya
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| | title = City Profile — Bangalore
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| | journal = Cities
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| | volume = 24
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| | issue = 5
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| | place = Bangalore
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| | page = 382
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| | year = 2007
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| | doi = 10.1016/j.cities.2007.04.003
| |
| | url = http://www.ces.iisc.ernet.in/biodiversity/pubs/ces_pubs/pubs_2007/theme4_42.pdf
| |
| | access-date = 13 October 2013
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| | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20121224120858/http://www.ces.iisc.ernet.in/biodiversity/pubs/ces_pubs/pubs_2007/theme4_42.pdf
| |
| | archive-date = 24 December 2012
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| | url-status = dead
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| | df = dmy-all
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| }}</ref>
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| | elevation_m = 920
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| | population_as_of = 2011
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| | population_total = 8443675
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| | population_footnotes = <ref name="census2011.co.in Bangalore" />
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| | population_rank = [[List of most populous cities in India|3rd]]
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| | population_density_km2 = auto
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| | population_urban = 10,456,000
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| | population_urban_footnotes = <ref name="UNcities2016" />
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| | population_blank1_title = Rank
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| | population_blank1 = [[List of million-plus urban agglomerations in India|5th]]
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| | population_blank1_footnotes = <ref name="ua_2011">{{cite web
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| | title = INDIA STATS : Million plus cities in India as per Census 2011
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| | url = http://pibmumbai.gov.in/scripts/detail.asp?releaseId=E2011IS3
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| | website = Press Information Bureau, Mumbai
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| | publisher = National Informatics Centre
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| | access-date = 20 August 2015
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| | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150630112755/http://pibmumbai.gov.in/scripts/detail.asp?releaseId=E2011IS3
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| | archive-date = 30 June 2015
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| | url-status = dead
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| | df = dmy-all
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| }}</ref>
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| | population_demonym = Bangalorean, Bengalurinavaru, Bengalurean, Bengaluriga
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| | blank_name_sec1 = [[Gross metropolitan product|Metro GDP]] <!-- GDP consensus approach, per [[Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Indian Economy#City economy size and rank claims – a consensual approach|WikiProject Indian Economy talk]] -->
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| | blank_info_sec1 = $45–83 billion<ref name=gdp />
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| | timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
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| | utc_offset1 = +05:30
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| | postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|Pincode(s)]]
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| | postal_code = 560 xxx
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| | area_code = [[Telephone numbers in India|+91-(0)80]]
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| | registration_plate = [[List of RTO districts in India#KA—Karnataka|KA]]-01, 02, 03, 04, 05, 41, 50, 51, 52, 53, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61
| |
| | blank2_name = {{nowrap|[[Official language]]}}
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| | blank2_info = [[Kannada]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM50thReport.pdf |title=50th Report of the Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities in India (July 2012 to June 2013) |access-date=14 January 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160708012438/http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM50thReport.pdf |archive-date=8 July 2016 }}</ref>
| |
| | website = {{URL|www.bbmp.gov.in/}}
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| | footnotes =
| |
| }}
| |
| | |
| '''Bangalore''' ({{IPAc-en|b|æ|ŋ|ɡ|ə|ˈ|l|ɔː|r}}), [[List of renamed Indian cities and states|officially]] known as '''Bengaluru'''<ref>{{cite web
| |
| | url = http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/It-is-official-Bangalore-becomes-Bengaluru/articleshow/45000684.cms
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| | title = It is official: Bangalore becomes Bengaluru
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| | work = The Times of India
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| }}</ref> ({{IPA-kn|ˈbeŋɡəɭuːɾu||Bengaluru-Kannada-Pronunciation.ogg}}), is the [[Capital city|capital]] and the largest city of the [[Indian state]] of [[Karnataka]]. It has a population of more than {{nowrap|8 million}} and a [[metropolitan area|metropolitan]] population of around {{nowrap|11 million}}, making it the [[List of most populous cities in India|third most populous city]] and [[List of million-plus urban agglomerations in India|fifth most populous urban agglomeration]] in India.<ref name="2011 pp tableA2">{{cite web
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| | url = http://www.citypopulation.de/php/india-karnataka.php
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| | title = Karnataka (India): Districts, Cities, Towns and Outgrowth Wards – Population Statistics in Maps and Charts
| |
| }}</ref> Located in [[southern India]] on the [[Deccan Plateau]], at a height of over {{convert|3000|ft|m|sigfig=1|disp=flip|abbr=on}} above sea level, Bangalore is known for its pleasant climate throughout the year. Its elevation is the highest among the major cities of India.<ref>{{cite book
| |
| | last1 = Swaminathan
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| | first1 = Jayashankar M.
| |
| | title = Indian Economic Superpower: Fiction Or Future?
| |
| | volume = 2 of World Scientific series on 21st century business, ISSN 1793-5660
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| | publisher = World Scientific
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| | year = 2009
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| | isbn = 9789812814661
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| | page = 20
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| }}</ref>
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| | |
| The city's history dates back to around 890 CE, in a stone inscription found at the [[Nageshvara Temple, Begur|Nageshwara Temple]] in [[Begur, Bangalore]]. The Begur inscription is written in Halegannada (ancient Kannada), mentions 'Bengaluru Kalaga' (battle of Bengaluru). It was a significant turning point in the history of Bangalore as it bears the earliest reference to the name 'Bengaluru'.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/1000-year-old-inscription-stone-bears-earliest-reference-to-Bengaluru/articleshow/17446311.cms|title=1000-year old inscription stone bears earliest reference to Bengaluru | Bengaluru News – Times of India|website=The Times of India}}</ref> In 1537 CE, [[Kempe Gowda I|Kempé Gowdā]] – a feudal ruler under the [[Vijayanagara Empire]] – established a [[Bengaluru Pete|mud fort]] considered to be the foundation of modern Bangalore and its oldest areas, or ''petes'', which exist to the present day.
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| After the fall of Vijayanagar empire in 16th century, the [[Mughals]] sold Bangalore to [[Chikkadevaraja Wodeyar]] (1673–1704), the then ruler of the [[Kingdom of Mysore]] for three lakh rupees.<ref name="ekoji">
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| {{Cite news
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| |url = http://www.hindu.com/mp/2005/02/22/stories/2005022201010300.htm
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| |title = The bean city
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| |first = S
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| |last = Srinivas
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| |access-date = 2 July 2007
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| |date = 22 February 2005
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| |location = Chennai, India
| |
| |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120213025649/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2005/02/22/stories/2005022201010300.htm
| |
| |archive-date = 13 February 2012
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| |url-status = dead
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| |newspaper = [[The Hindu]]
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| |df = dmy-all
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| }}
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| </ref> When [[Hyder Ali|Haider Ali]] seized control of the Kingdom of Mysore, the administration of Bangalore passed into his hands. It was captured by the [[British East India Company]] after victory in the [[Fourth Anglo-Mysore War]] (1799), who returned administrative control of the city to the [[Maharaja of Mysore]]. The old city developed in the dominions of the [[Maharaja of Mysore]] and was made capital of the [[Princely State of Mysore]], which existed as a nominally sovereign entity of the [[British Raj]]. In 1809, the British shifted their [[Bangalore Cantonment|cantonment]] to Bangalore, outside the old city, and a town grew up around it, which was governed as part of [[British India]]. Following [[independence of India|India's independence]] in 1947, Bangalore became the capital of [[Mysore State]], and remained capital when the new Indian state of [[Karnataka]] was formed in 1956. The two urban settlements of Bangalore – city and cantonment – which had developed as independent entities merged into a single urban centre in 1949. The existing [[Kannada]] name, ''Bengalūru'', was declared the [[official name]] of the city in 2006.
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| Bangalore is widely regarded as the "[[Silicon Valley]] of India" (or "IT capital of India") because of its role as the nation's leading [[information technology]] (IT) exporter.<ref name="cnn-Dec2012">
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| * {{cite news| url = http://edition.cnn.com/2012/12/06/tech/bangalore-india-internet-access| title = How the 'Silicon Valley of India' is bridging the digital divide| last = Canton| first = Naomi| publisher = CNN| access-date = 6 December 2012| date = 6 December 2012| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20121218052853/http://edition.cnn.com/2012/12/06/tech/bangalore-india-internet-access| archive-date = 18 December 2012| url-status = live| df = dmy-all}}
| |
| * {{cite news | url = https://www.nytimes.com/2006/03/20/business/worldbusiness/20bangalore.html | title = Is the Next Silicon Valley Taking Root in Bangalore? | last = RAI | first = Saritha | work = [[The New York Times]] | access-date = 20 March 2006 | date = 20 March 2006 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20111013023256/http://www.nytimes.com/2006/03/20/business/worldbusiness/20bangalore.html | archive-date = 13 October 2011 | url-status = live | df = dmy-all }}
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| * {{cite news| url = https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-india-20201666| title = Can the 'American Dream' be reversed in India?| last = Vaidyanathan| first = Rajini| publisher = [[BBC World News]]| access-date = 5 November 2012| date = 5 November 2012| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20121105101908/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-india-20201666| archive-date = 5 November 2012| url-status = live| df = dmy-all}}</ref> Indian technological organisations are headquartered in the city. A demographically diverse city, Bangalore is the second fastest-growing major metropolis in India.<ref>{{cite web
| |
| | url = http://us.rediff.com/money/2008/feb/06sld2.htm
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| | work = Rediff News
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| | date = 6 February 2008
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| | title = India's 10 fastest growing cities
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| | access-date = 7 April 2009
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| | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090324171237/http://us.rediff.com/money/2008/feb/06sld2.htm
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| | archive-date = 24 March 2009
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| | url-status=live
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| }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-01-06|title=What makes Bengaluru India's science capital?|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/specials/what-makes-bengaluru-indias-science-capital-935670.html|access-date=2021-01-23|website=Deccan Herald|language=en}}</ref> Recent estimates of the [[Gross metropolitan product|metro economy]] of its urban area have ranked Bangalore either the [[List of cities by GDP|fourth- or fifth-most productive metro area]] of India.<ref name=gdp /><ref name="India Today">{{Cite web |url=http://library.cqpress.com/cqresearcher/document.php?id=cqresrre2018100500 |title= <!--ACTUAL ARTICLE TITLE BELONGS HERE! --> |work=India Today |last=Broder |first=Jonathan |date=5 October 2018 |publisher=SAGE Publications |language=en-US |id=cqresrre2018100500 |access-date=4 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181005030813/http://library.cqpress.com/cqresearcher/document.php?id=cqresrre2018100500 |archive-date=5 October 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref> Bangalore is home to 7,700 millionaires and 8 billionaires with a total wealth of $320 billion.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/kolkata-has-9600-millionaires-290-billion-in-total-wealth/articleshow/57285430.cms|title=Kolkata has 9,600 millionaires, $290 billion in total wealth |work=[[The Times of India]]|date=22 February 2017|access-date=22 February 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170227063903/http://indianexpress.com/article/india/mumbai-richest-indian-city-with-total-wealth-of-820-billion-delhi-comes-second-report-4544685/|archive-date=27 February 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/mumbai-richest-indian-city-with-total-wealth-of-820-billion-delhi-comes-second-report-4544685/|title=Mumbai richest Indian city with total wealth of $820 billion, Delhi comes second: Report|work=[[The Indian Express]]|date=27 February 2017|access-date=28 February 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170227063903/http://indianexpress.com/article/india/mumbai-richest-indian-city-with-total-wealth-of-820-billion-delhi-comes-second-report-4544685/|archive-date=27 February 2017}}</ref> It is home to many educational and research institutions. Numerous state-owned [[aerospace]] and [[defence industry|defence organisations]], are located in the city. The city also houses the [[Kannada film industry]]. It was ranked the most liveable Indian city with a population of over a million under the Ease of Living Index 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Sen|first=Meghna|date=2021-03-04|title=Ease of Living Index: Bengaluru is the best city to live in India, Pune next|url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/ease-of-living-index-2020-bengaluru-tops-list-pune-second-ahmedabad-ranked-third-full-list-11614844555278.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210304082244/https://www.livemint.com/news/india/ease-of-living-index-2020-bengaluru-tops-list-pune-second-ahmedabad-ranked-third-full-list-11614844555278.html|archive-date=2021-03-04|access-date=2021-03-15|website=mint|language=en}}</ref>
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| == References ==
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| {{Reflist}}
| |
| | |
| === Works cited ===
| |
| {{Refbegin|30em}}
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| * {{cite book
| |
| | last1 = De
| |
| | first1 = Aditi
| |
| | title = Multiple city: writings on Bangalore
| |
| | publisher = Penguin Books India
| |
| | year = 2008
| |
| | isbn = 978-0-14-310025-6
| |
| | ref = Aditi2008
| |
| }}
| |
| | |
| * {{cite book
| |
| | last1 = Government of Karnataka
| |
| | title = Karnataka State Gazetteer: Bangalore District
| |
| | year = 1990
| |
| | ref = kar
| |
| | author-link1 = Government of Karnataka
| |
| }}
| |
| | |
| * {{cite book
| |
| | last1 = Nair
| |
| | first1 = Janaki
| |
| | title = The Promise of the Metropolis: Bangalore's Twentieth Century
| |
| | edition = illustrated
| |
| | publisher = [[Oxford University Press]]
| |
| | year = 2005
| |
| | isbn = 978-0-19-566725-7
| |
| | ref = nair
| |
| }}
| |
| | |
| * {{cite book
| |
| | last1 = Pinto
| |
| | first1 = Jerry
| |
| | last2 = Srivastava
| |
| | first2 = Rahul
| |
| | title = Talk of the Town
| |
| | publisher = Penguin Books India
| |
| | year = 2008
| |
| | isbn = 978-0-14-333013-4
| |
| | ref = TalkoftheTown
| |
| }}
| |
| | |
| * {{cite book|last=Plunkett|first=Richard|title=South India|publisher=[[Lonely Planet]]|date=2001|isbn=1-86450-161-8}}
| |
| * {{cite book
| |
| | last1 = Raman
| |
| | first1 = A.
| |
| | title = Bangalore — Mysore
| |
| | edition = illustrated
| |
| | publisher = [[Orient Blackswan]]
| |
| | year = 1994
| |
| | isbn = 978-0-86311-431-1
| |
| | ref = bm
| |
| }}
| |
| | |
| * {{cite book
| |
| | last = Rao
| |
| | first = C. Hayavadana
| |
| | author-link = C. Hayavadana Rao
| |
| | title = The Mysore State Gazetteer
| |
| | year = 1929
| |
| | ref = mg
| |
| }}
| |
| | |
| * {{cite book
| |
| | last1 = Sarma
| |
| | first1 = I.K.
| |
| | author-link = Inguva Kartikeya Sarma
| |
| | title = Temples of the Gangas of Karnataka
| |
| | publisher = Archaeological Survey of India
| |
| | year = 1992
| |
| | isbn = 978-0-19-560686-7
| |
| }}
| |
| | |
| * {{cite book
| |
| | last1 = Srinivas
| |
| | first1 = Smriti
| |
| | title = Landscapes of Urban Memory: The Sacred and the Civic in India's High-tech City
| |
| | edition = revised
| |
| | publisher = [[Orient Blackswan]]
| |
| | year = 2004
| |
| | isbn = 9788125022541
| |
| | ref = Sri2004
| |
| }}
| |
| {{Refend}}
| |
| | |
| == Further reading ==
| |
| {{Refbegin|30em}}
| |
| | |
| * {{cite web|author=Archaeological Survey of India|author-link=Archaeological Survey of India|url=https://archive.org/details/in.gov.ignca.22764/page/n1/mode/1up|title=Annual Report of the Archaeological researches in Mysore during the year 1914-15|publisher=Central Archaeological Library|location=New Delhi}}
| |
| * {{cite book
| |
| | last = Rangachari
| |
| | first = Edgar Thurston, K.
| |
| | title = Castes and tribes of southern India
| |
| | year = 1993
| |
| | publisher = Asian Educational Services
| |
| | location = New Delhi
| |
| | isbn = 9788120602885
| |
| | ref = EdgarThurston
| |
| }}
| |
| | |
| * {{cite book
| |
| | last = Rice
| |
| | first = B. Lewis
| |
| | title = Mysore : a gazetteer compiled for government.
| |
| | url = https://archive.org/details/mysoregazetteerc0000rice
| |
| | year = 2001
| |
| | publisher = Asian Educational Services
| |
| | location = New Delhi
| |
| | isbn = 978-8120609778
| |
| | ref = MysoreGazetteer
| |
| }}
| |
|
| |
|
| * {{cite book
| | {{R cat shell|1= |
| | last = Stein
| | {{R from move}} |
| | first = Burton
| | {{R from alternative name}} |
| | title = The New Cambridge History of India.
| |
| | year = 1989
| |
| | publisher = Cambridge Univ. Press
| |
| | location = Cambridge
| |
| | isbn = 978-0-521-26693-2
| |
| | ref = BurtonStein
| |
| | title-link = The New Cambridge History of India
| |
| }}
| |
| | |
| * {{cite book|last=Hasan|first=Fazlul|title=Bangalore Through The Centuries|location=Bangalore|publisher=Historical Publications|date=1970}}
| |
| * {{cite web |last=Vagale|first=Uday Kumar|url= http://hdl.handle.net/10919/9941 |title= Public Space in Bangalore: Present and Future Projections |hdl= 10919/9941 |access-date= 26 September 2020 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120605195117/http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-05172004-231956/unrestricted/4.pdf |archive-date= 5 June 2012 |url-status=live |df= dmy-all }} {{small|(773 KB)}}. Digital Libraries and Archives. 2006. Virginia Tech. 27 April 2004.
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| * {{cite book|last1=Meyer|first1=William Stevenson|last2=Burn|first2=Richard|last3=Cotton|first3=James Sutherland|last4=Risley|first4=Herbert Hope|url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/|title=The Imperial Gazetteer of India|date=2006|location=Oxford|publisher=[[Clarendon Press]]|orig-year=1909}}
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| * {{cite EB1911 |wstitle=Bangalore|volume=3|page=315|short=1}}
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| {{Refend}}
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| == External links ==
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| * [http://www.bbmp.gov.in/ Bruhat Bengaluru Mahanagara Palike] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100225072009/http://www.bbmp.gov.in/ |date=25 February 2010 }}
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| * [http://www.bdabangalore.org/ Official website of Bangalore Development Authority]
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| * {{curlie|Regional/Asia/India/Karnataka/Localities/Bangalore/}}
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| * [https://www.britannica.com/place/Bangalore-India "Bengaluru"]—''Encyclopædia Britannica'' entry
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| {{Geographic location | |
| |Centre = Bangalore
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| |North = [[Maharashtra]]
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| |East = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
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| |South = [[Tamil Nadu]]
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| |West = ''[[Arabian Sea]]''
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| }}
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| {{Navboxes
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| | title = Articles related to Bangalore
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| | list =
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| {{Bangalore topics|left}}
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| {{Navboxes
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| | title = [[File:Gnome-globe.svg|25px]]{{nbsp}}Geographic locale
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| | list =
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| '''[[Geographic coordinate system|Lat. <small>and</small> Long.]] {{Coord|12|58|N|77|34|E|display=inline}}'''
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| }} | | }} |
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| {{Authority control}}
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| [[Category:Bangalore| ]]
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| [[Category:1537 establishments in India]]
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| [[Category:Cities and towns in Bangalore Urban district]]
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| [[Category:Cities in Karnataka]]
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| <!-- state capital city -->
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| [[Category:High-technology business districts in India]]
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| [[Category:Indian capital cities]]
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| <!-- present day capital of Karnataka state -->
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| [[Category:Metropolitan cities in India]]
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| [[Category:Populated places established in 1537]]
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| [[Category:Geographical articles missing image alternative text]]
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